Antidiabetic Effect of Syzygium Cumini L. Seed On Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Antidiabetic Effect of Syzygium Cumini L. Seed On Type 2 Diabetic Rats
Antidiabetic Effect of Syzygium Cumini L. Seed On Type 2 Diabetic Rats
19(2): 157‐164, 2010 (July)
ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI L. SEED
ON TYPE 2 DIABETIC RATS
ZAIED AHMED BHUYAN, BEGUM ROKEYA, NURUZZAMAN MASUM1,
SHAHDAT HOSSAIN2 AND ISHTIAQ MAHMUD1*
Department of Immunology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes,
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue,
Dhaka‐1000, Bangladesh
Key words: Syzygium cumini, Diabetes, Cholesterol
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effects of powder and ethanol extract of
Syzygium cumini seeds (1.25/ kg bw) treatment for 21 days on glucose
homeostasis, serum insulin, serum lipids and liver glycogen content in
streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetic rats. The administration of S. cumini
seed powder and ethanol extract for 21 days to type 2 diabetic rats significantly
reduced the fasting glucose level although it did not alter the blood glucose level
after glucose challenge. The insulin level and liver glycogen content also were
not changed after dietary administration of Syzygium cumin powder or ethanol
extract. In addition to hypoglycemic effect, the Syzygium cumini significantly
ameliorated the lipid profile. The plasma LDL‐cholesterol level, an atherogenic
lipid, significantly (p < 0.01) decreased with a concurrent increase (p < 0.01) in
the plasma HDL‐cholesterol level, thus suggesting dietary Syzygium cumini
could be used as one of the alternatives in the treatment of diabetes.
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders
affecting mankind all over the world. People of the developing countries are the worst
victims of such life‐long diseases. An increasing world‐wide prevalence of diabetes has
been acknowledged by several authorities and today the situation in several areas of the
Third World is considered an epidemia.(1) Diabetes mellitus is ranked seventh among the
leading causes of death and third when it’s fatal complications are taken into account.(2)
Traditional preparations of plant sources are widely used almost everywhere in
the world to treat this disease.(3‐5) Recently, there is an increasing trend by diabetic
patients to use the natural products with antidiabetic activity, due to the side effects
associated with the use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents.(6‐8) Therefore, plant
materials are considered to be the alternative sources for finding out new leads for hypo‐
/antihyperglycemic agents. Following a standardized procedure,(9) antidiabetic plant
*Corresponding author. 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka,
Dhaka‐1000, Bangladesh. 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of
Jahangirnagar, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
158 BHUYAN et al.
materials are being screened in BIRDEM for their hypoglycemic properties. As a
continuation of this screening process, S. cumini has been tested on type 2 diabetic rats.
The seed and bark of S. cumini has been reported to have hypoglycemic effect by
many investigators in type 1 diabetic model rats. (10‐13) However, majority of the human
diabetic population are of type 2 in nature. So the present study was undertaken to
evaluate the hypo‐ and antihyperglycemic effects of S. cumini seed in type 2 diabetic
model rats and to find out their possible mode(s) of antidiabetic action.
Method and Materials
Syzygium cumini L. fruits were bought from the market in the month of May, 2007
and the seeds were removed. The seeds were washed carefully and dried in sunlight. The
dried seeds were then grinded to make a fine powder. Seeds (950 g) dried in sunlight
yielded 800 g powder. Seven hundred g of dry seed powder were dissolved in 1500 ml
ethanol (80% ethanol). The suspension was filtered with thin and clean cloth and then
filtered by filter paper. The suspension was dried by BUCHI Rota vapor R‐114, connected
with BUCHI water bath B‐480 at 70ºC and 58 g dried ethanol extract was obtained. Both
S. cumini powder and ethanol extract were kept in the refrigerator and utilized for
biological screening at BIRDEM.
Long‐Evans rats bred in BIRDEM animal house were used in the study. Type II
diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, at a
dose of 90 mg/kg bw) in citrate buffer (10 ml) to the 48 hr old rat pups.(14) Experiments
were carried out 3 months later after performing an oral glucose tolerance test. The
female rats were taken to carry out the experiment.
A total number of 32 rats were equally divided into four groups: (1) water control, (2)
glibenclamide treated, (3) S. cumini seed powder fed group, (4) ethanol extract of S.
cumini seed powder fed group.
Acute study in terms of glucose overload was performed at the begining and on 21st
day of the experiment. In acute study, the rats were fasted for overnight, fed seed
powder and/or ethanol extract of seed powder (1.25 g/kg BW), and then glucose at an
acute dose of 2.5 g/kg BW dissolved in 10 ml water were intubated by gastric tube.
Afterwards, blood was drawn at 0, 30 and 75 min of glucose overload to evaluate the
effect of Syzygium cumini against controls on the blood sugar level. The dietary
administrations of Syzygium cumini to all these rats were continued until the end of the
experiment for determination of chronic effect of Syzygium cumini on type 2 diabetic
female rats.
In chronic studies, the rats were fed with a single dose per day for 21 consecutive
days with the seed powder and ethanol extract (1.25 g/kg bw dissolved in 10 ml water)
and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg bw) for positive control rats. The rats were sacrificed on the
22nd day by decapitation and blood was collected, centrifused and serum was separated
ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI SEED 159
for biochemical analyses. Liver was removed and washed with ice‐cold saline, patted dry
and taken for glycogen estimation.
Serum glucose levels were estimated by glucose oxidase (GOD‐POD) method using a
commercial kit (Boehringer‐Mannheim GmbH), serum insulin level by Elisa,(16) hepatic
glycogen content estimation from rat liver by anthrone solution,(17) serum lipid profile
(serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density
lipoprotein) by enzymatic‐colorimetric method.
Data from the experiments were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical
analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software for
windows version 12 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA,
Bonferroni Post Test) was done to see any difference between the groups. The level of
significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Results and Discussion
Injection of streptozotocin to 48 hr old pups (producing type 2 diabetic models)
resulted in diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose level was
found to be 7.54 ‐ 8.74 mmol/l) after three months of injection.
Effect of seed powder and ethanol extract on fasting serum glucose level of type 2
rats is depicted in Table 1. It is seen from the Table 1 that fasting glucose level was almost
similar on 1st day (Fasting glucose mmol/l, 8.71 ± 0.45, 8.01 ± 1.64, 7.54 ± 0.78 and 8.47 ±
1.66 for water control, glibenclamide, seed powder and extract treated group,
respectively). After 15 days of feeding, fasting glucose level decreased significantly in
glibenclamide as well as S. cumini treated groups (4.94 ± 1.29, 5.56 ± 1.30 and 5.36 ± 1.04,
Table 1. Chronic effect of S. cumini seed powder and ethanol extract on fasting glucose
level of type 2 diabetic rats.
Data are presented as mean ± Sd and compared using paired ‘t’ test. *p< 0.01, ** p < 0.001.
Glu = Serum glucose level; n= Number of rats.
respectively; p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). However, in the control
group, no change was noticed in the fasting level on day 15. As the treatment continued
for 21 days, the fasting glucose levels were found to be further decreased in other groups.
On the 22nd day, fasting glucose was mean ± Sd; mmol/l: 4.94 ± 1.65, 5.34 ± 1.03 and 5.22
160 BHUYAN et al.
± 0.94 in glibenclamide, powder and ethanol extract groups, respectively; p < 0.001, p <
0.01 and p < 0.01. As before, no significant change was found in control group.
Acute effect of seed powder and ethanol extract on serum glucose level has been
presented in Table 2. From Table 2, it is evident that serum glucose level sharply rises at
30 min following glucose load but there was no tendency to fall glucose level at 75 min
interval by powder and ethanol extract of S. cumini seed. Again, when the oral glucose
tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on 21st day of experiment, similar results were
found. Therefore, it seems that S. cumini seed does not improve oral glucose tolerance.
Table 2. Effect of S. cumini seed powder and ethanol extract on blood glucose levels of type 2
diabetic rats when fed simultaneously with glucose load on 1st day and 21st day.
Results are mean ± SD. ANOVA (Bonferroni test) was performed as the test of significance.
Glu = Serum glucose level; n = Number of rats, min = Minute.
Change in body weight of type 2 rats during the experimental period is presented
in Table 3. As it is seen from the Table 3, there was a reduction in body weight of all
groups of rats. The reduction was not statistically significant when compared with the
initial value (1st day value) with the exception of ethanol extract treated group. After 21
days of chronic feeding, the ethanol extract group showed a significant weight reduction
when compared with the baseline value (p < 0.01). The weight reduction might have been
caused due to diabetes and general decrease in food intake associated with interventional
stress.
The effect of seed powder and ethanol extract of S. cumini seeds on serum insulin and
liver glycogen content is presented in Table 4. It is evident from the Table 4 that S. cumini
seed powder and ethanol extract has no significant effect on the serum insulin levels and
hepatic glycogen content (Table 4) of type 2 rats after 21 days of consecutive feeding.
The effect of different treatment on the lipid profile is shown in Fig. 1. Chronic
feeding of S. cumini powder and ethanol extract did not significantly change the total
cholesterol and triglyceride levels in type 2 rats. The beneficial HDL‐cholesterol level
increased in all the groups after 21 days of chronic experiment. However this increase
ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI SEED 161
was more significant (p < 0.01) in seed powder treated group. A lowering of LDL‐
cholesterol level was observed in all the groups but the lowering was more significant (p
< 0.001) in seed powder and extract fed groups.
Table 3. Chronic effect of S. cumini seed powder and ethanol extract on body weight (BW) of
type 2 diabetic model rats.
Results are mean ± Sd and compared using paired t test, ** p < 0.01, n = Number of rats.
Table 4. Chronic effect of S. cumini seed powder and ethanol extract on serum insulin level and
liver glycogen content of type 2 diabetic rats.
Results are mean ± Sd and compared using paired t test, n = Number of rats.
Conventional treatment for diabetes involving the use of insulin, sulphonylureas
and biguanides carry several deficiencies and limitations. In the search for new
hypoglycemic compounds, it would be imprudent to ignore the traditional treatment of
diabetes, which continues to provide the mainstay of therapy in region of the world
where conventional drugs are not readily available or cannot be afforded. From this
point of view, screening of plant materials for hypoglycemic properties is important
because it might provide a new lead(s) as antidiabetic agent(s).
The present study was undertaken to assess the antidiabetic effect (acute and
chronic) and to investigate the underlying mechanism of action of S. cumini seed powder
and ethanol extract in type 2 diabetic model rats. Glibenclamide was used as a standard
drug for type 2 diabetic rats. Thus administration of glibenclamide to type 2 rats almost
normalizes serum glucose level.
In acute study, as no significant antihyperglycemic activity was observed following
glucose load which means that extracts may not have any effect in the intestinal glucose
162 BHUYAN et al.
absorption. But after 21 days of chronic feeding, both the plant materials have significant
reduction in the fasting glucose levels compared with the control group.
Fig 1. The effect of S. cumini powder and ethanol extract on the lipid profile.
Type 2 model rats which were made diabetic by the single intraperitoneal injection
of streptozotocin (STZ). The STZ has been known to induce free radical production and
cause tissue injury.(18) The pancreas is very much susceptible to the action of STZ induced
free radical damage. The ethanol extract of S. cumini seed coat was evaluated recently for
its potent antioxidant potential against DPPH•, OH•, O2•− and lipid peroxidation and
high degree of phenolic and anthocyanins content,(19) it significantly decreased free
radical damage and hepatic lipid peroxidation. Therefore, the antidiabetic effect of S.
cumini seed powder and ethanol extract in present studies, which was found after 21
days of consecutive feeding, may be due to increased insulin sensitivity. Insulin
sensitivity can be increased by affecting these mechanisms. The extracts may also
improve insulin sensitivity by reducing glucotoxicity which is one of the causes of insulin
resistance in type 2 rats.
Apart from the blood sugar lowering effect, beneficial changes in lipid profile have
also been observed. Abnormalities in lipid profile are one of the most common
complications in diabetes mellitus, which is found in about 40% of diabetics. Since
dyslipidemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of macro‐ and microvascular
complications of diabetes, hence, improvement in the lipid abnormalities must play
ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI SEED 163
beneficial role in inhibiting the complications of diabetes. In the present study, anti‐
hyperlipidemic efficacy of S. cumini seed powder and ethanol extract was evaluated and
the efficacy was compared with glibenclamide. The results showed that seed powder and
extract after 21 days of chronic feeding significantly increased serum HDL‐cholesterol
and decreased LDL‐cholesterol. Thus, S. cumini seed powder and ethanol extract have
potential antihyperlipidemic effect in type 2 diabetic model rats.(20)
It may be concluded that, Syzygium cumini seed powder and its ethanol extract
possesses chronic antidiabetic effect in type 2 diabetic rats. In addition to this, they
improved lipidemic status which is characterized by improving HDL‐cholesterol and
significantly decreasing atherogenic lipid as LDL‐cholesterol. Therefore, seed powder
and extract may be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Further studies are
required to identify the underlying mechanism of the antidiabetic properties of S. cumini
seed.
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(Manuscript received on 25 October, 2009; revised on 6 March, 2010)