AE-705: Introduction to Flight

STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

Udit Vohra
Aerospace Engineering Department
PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
 LAYOUT
• Earth’s Atmosphere

• Atmospheric Standards

• Different Altitudes

• Two magical equations

• Q Codes for altitudes

• Weather Effects

http://www.newtonsapple.org.uk/earth-as-a-magnet/

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 ATMOSPHERE

http://www.slideshare.net/shalinipandey77985/res525-origin-of-earth-and -earth-atmosphere

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 AEROSPACE VEHICLES

Atmospheric vehicles Space vehicles

To study the
Vehicles which
design and
Vehicles
Why do wewhich
need fly
Lets see what I fly in deep space
in earth’sthese ?
togot
study
performance of
for you egthese
-satellites
vehicle
atmosphere only

http://static1.businessinsider.com/image/5374f0df
6bb3f73f5c360e25-1200-
1715/ap090416034735.jpg https://iasmania.com/launch-vehicles-for-satellites-space-probes/

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Why do we need ISA ?

 ISA (International Standard Atmosphere)

 Aerospace Vehicles Design and Performance determination

 Simulation and Analysis

 To relate Flight test Wind tunnel results A/C design and performance
to a common reference

 Properties of real atmosphere Constant ISA

Create a hypothetical model

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
 Somebody
help..!!

What are they ?

DIFFERENT ALTITUDES

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Somebody
help..!!

Geometric Density Alt.

Absolute Temperature.
Alt.

Geopotential Pressure Alt.

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Depends on whom
you ask..!!

Geometric Density Alt.

Absolute Temperature.
Alt.

Geopotential Pressure Alt.

We will study first
These will be
three for now
studied later

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Indicated Altitude

http://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2017/05/the-5-types-of-flying-altitudes/

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Also called
GEOMETRIC ALTITUDE

Geometric Altitude/True Altitude – altitude from sea level

http://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2017/05/the-5-types-of-flying-altitudes/

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Absolute Altitude – Altitude from the center of earth

Anderson-Introduction%20to%20Flight-McGraw-Hill%20Science_Engineering_Math%20(2011).pdf

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

Geopotential Altitude - variation in g is considered with the altitude

h=
Where h is the Geopotential altitude
http://hemantmore.org/physics-1/p11202005/3898/

Figure out yourself

Geopotential altitude
&
is considered ONLY in
report
Why not foronatmospheric
Moodle..!!
case of space vehicles
vehicles??

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Hydrostatic Equation
Fluid element at rest

John%20Anderson-Introduction%20to%20Flight-
McGrawHill%20Science_Engineering_Math%20(2011).pdf
https://wikis.engrade.com/energyandearthsatmospher

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Pressure, temperature, density, viscosity

PARAMETER VARIATION WITH ALTITUDE

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Lets see it layer by layer

AE-705 Introduction to Flight

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Comparison_International_Standard_Atmosphere_spac
e_diving.svg/576px-Comparison_International_Standard_Atmosphere_space_diving.svg.png

Lecture 01
Capsule-01
with
P and T

Altitude
Variation of

geometric
Temperature Variation with Altitude

Atmospheric vehicles (fly at

about 10km ) …so we will not
consider this part

Gradient layer

Isothermal layer

Gradient layer

JohnAnderson-Introduction%20to%20Flight-McGraw-
Hill%20Science_Engineering_Math%20(2011).pdf

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 P & ρ variation with altitude

Isothermal

Two magical equations

dp= - ρgdh
p= ρRT

Gradient layer

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Viscosity
 Sutherland’s Formula

https://www.google.com/search?q=sutherland+formula+for+viscosity&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjQ8OWao5TU
AhUDq48KHb_XC9kQ_AUIBigB&biw=1408&bih=671&dpr=0.97#imgrc=Lyv9kfZ5j2KqoM:&spf=1496032614588

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Pressure Altitude
 Altitude corresponding to the pressure values in the ISA table

Here –
the theoretical
location where at 15
degrees Celsius the
altimeter setting will
equal 29.92 inches
of mercury

Temp &
pressure
corrections

http://www.boldmethod.com/blog/lists/2017/05/the-5-types-of-flying-altitudes/
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
 Density Altitude
 Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature

How to read

https://www.m0a.com/calculating-density-altitude/
this graph ??

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Temperature Altitude
 Altitude corresponding to the temp values in the ISA table

https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2015/april/pilot/t_mm

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Important points

 Use the geometric altitude of the tables when referring to p,

density, and temp altitudes

 Pressure altitude can be different from temp altitude and

density altitude and vice-versa

 These altitude might differ from geometric altitude as well

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 USA, India, Arctic, Tropical, ….

OTHER STANDARD ATMOSPHERES

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Other Standard Atmospheres

1976 U.S.
Standard
Atmosphere

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Standard_Atmosphere

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 1976 U.S. Standard
Atmosphere cont..

https://www.google.com/search?q=united+states+standard+atmosphere+1976&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=
0ahUKEwjygv3XkJTUAhUMQo8KHeYeBl0Q_AUIBigB&biw=1570&bih=748#imgrc=hi4JaikQVNPzhM:&spf=1496027490886
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
 Indian Reference Atmosphere
Valid in Indian Equatorial Zone from Surface to 80 km
Data recorded in 1985
Series of tables containing data related to
• Temperature (K)
• Pressure (millibars)
• Density (kg m-3)

71
64
53

32
24

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-016-3293-2

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-016-3293-2

Monthly temperature profiles from 14 years of observations (2002-15)

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Mumbai Weather Data (Nov 2016)
 Actual Data

Elevation of
Mumbai is
14 m AMSL
https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/mumbai/historic?month=11&year=2016

 ISA
Hence, Mumbai atmosphere is
ISA +14

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Arctic Minimum & Tropical Maximum

 Minimum temperature (Antarctic) = -75 oC

 Maximum temperature (Somalia, South Africa) = + 65 oC

 Earth’s surface Temperature varies from -75 oC to + 65 oC

 Temperature as Latitude

https://www.google.com/#q=arctic+minimum+atmosphere&spf=14968184947
50
AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
Q CODES FOR ALTITUDES

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 QNH
• Pressure measured at ground reduced to MSL pressure
• Altitude displayed AMSL

Flight level
Height
QFE QNH
Altitude

station 1013.2

elevation
MSL
1013.2

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 QFE & QNE

QFE
• SL pressure corrected for
QNE temp for specific station
ISA mean atm pressure at SL
Referred as Standard
QFE • height above the station
QNE
QNH Runway (station)

29.92’’(1013.2 hpa ) Datum SL reference Datum (adjusted)

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01
 Weather effects

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01

 Weather Effects

Rain & Hail Turbulence

Microburst Windshear

Clouds

AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture 01 Capsule-01