Cambridge IGCSE™

* 1 7 0 3 9 2 5 1 3 2 *

BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2020

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 24 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

DC (JC/CT) 180482/4
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1 Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment.

(a) Human skin is involved in the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature.

(i) Skin is an organ.

State why the skin is an organ.

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(ii) State the name of the organ that coordinates the control of body temperature.

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Fig. 1.1 shows a diagram of a section through human skin.

A
F

Fig. 1.1

(iii) State the names of structures A, B and C in Fig. 1.1.

A ........................................................................................................................................

B ........................................................................................................................................

C ........................................................................................................................................
[3]

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(iv) Structure D is a shunt vessel and E is an arteriole.

Describe how these blood vessels are involved in maintaining a constant internal body
temperature in a cold environment.

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(b) Energy is used to maintain body temperature.

State three other uses of energy in humans.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 11]

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2 Pregnancy can occur after the fusion of a male gamete and a female gamete.

(a) State the name of the ball of cells that implants into the uterus after fertilisation.

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(b) There are many changes that occur in a fetus during pregnancy.

Compare the development of a fetus in the early stages of pregnancy to its development in
the late stages of pregnancy.

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(c) Describe the functions of amniotic fluid and the amniotic sac.

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(d) The umbilical artery is found in the umbilical cord. This artery transports blood away from the
heart of the fetus.

The umbilical artery is unusual because it transports deoxygenated blood.

(i) State the name of one other artery in the mother that transports deoxygenated blood.

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(ii) State one excretory product that is transported from the fetus to the placenta.

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(iii) State the name of the process that allows substances to move down a concentration
gradient across the placenta.

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(e) One of the functions of the placenta is to provide a barrier to toxins and pathogens.

A study was done on donated afterbirths. The afterbirth is a placenta with part of the umbilical
cord attached.

The purpose of the study was to find the maximum size of particles that can pass through the
placenta and enter the umbilical cord.

The researchers inserted beads with a diameter of 0.5 µm into blood vessels in the placenta.
Three hours later they recorded the percentage of beads found in the blood in the placenta
and in the umbilical cord.

They then repeated the tests using beads with diameters of 0.8 µm, 2.4 µm, 5.0 µm and
8.0 µm.

Their results are shown in Fig. 2.1.

100

80

percentage of 60
beads found in
the blood after
3 hours
40

20

0
0.5 μm 0.8 μm 2.4 μm 5.0 μm 8.0 μm
bead size
Key:
umbilical cord
placenta

Fig. 2.1

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(i) Convert the diameter of the 5.0 µm beads into millimetres (mm).

Space for working.

................................................... mm [1]

(ii) One million beads with a diameter of 2.4 µm were injected into the placenta.

Calculate the number of these beads in the umbilical cord after 3 hours.

Space for working.

..................................................... beads
[2]

(iii) Table 2.1 shows a range of substances and their diameters.

Table 2.1

toxins and pathogens diameter / µm

nicotine 2.0 × 10–2
drug X 3.0 × 10–2
rubella virus 5.0 × 10–2
Vibrio cholerae 8.0 × 10–1
Trypanosoma brucei 1.8 × 101

State the names of all the toxins and pathogens listed in Table 2.1 that could pass
through the placenta and enter the umbilical cord.

Use the data in Fig. 2.1 to make your choice.

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...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(f) Fig. 2.2 shows the junction between two neurones with drug X absent and two neurones with
drug X present, immediately after a painful stimulus.

B
Key:

electrical signal

C neurotransmitter
drug X
D

relay neurone

drug X absent drug X present

Fig. 2.2

(i) State the names of A, B, C and D in Fig. 2.2.

A ........................................................................................................................................

B ........................................................................................................................................

C ........................................................................................................................................

D ........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(ii) Describe and explain how drug X affects the function of the relay neurone shown in
Fig. 2.2.

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(g) Drug X can be injected into the body. This is one way that HIV can be transmitted.

Describe two other ways that HIV can be transmitted.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

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2 ................................................................................................................................................

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[2]

[Total: 23]

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3 Cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus, are carnivores found in the dry grasslands and woodlands of
southern Africa. Cheetahs hunt for food during the day. They eat deer and antelope.

The cheetah is the fastest mammal on land but can only run at high speed (sprint) over a short
distance. Its hunting strategy is to creep up on prey and then sprint to catch them.

Fig. 3.1 is a photograph of a cheetah in its natural habitat.

Fig. 3.1

(a) Suggest how these adaptive features enable cheetahs to survive in their natural environment.

fur colouring ..............................................................................................................................

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streamlined body shape ...........................................................................................................

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[2]

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(b) The king cheetah is a rare variety of A. jubatus that has inherited striped fur markings.

Fig. 3.2 shows a cheetah with spots and a king cheetah.

cheetah with spots king cheetah

Fig. 3.2

(i) Define the term inheritance.

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Fig. 3.3 shows a pedigree diagram of a population of cheetahs.

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
?

Key:

female king cheetah female cheetah with spots

male king cheetah male cheetah with spots

Fig. 3.3

(ii) Deduce the genotype of cheetah 11.

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(iii) Predict the probability of cheetah 14 being a king cheetah.

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(iv) Describe how a breeder could determine the genotype of cheetah 17.

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(v) When the king cheetah was first discovered it was thought that it was a new species.

Pedigree diagrams of cheetahs proved it was not a new species.

Suggest one type of evidence, other than pedigree diagrams, that can be used to
determine how closely related organisms are.

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(c) Cheetahs are at risk of becoming endangered.

(i) Suggest why the cheetah is at risk of becoming endangered.

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(ii) Describe how species like the cheetah can be conserved.

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[Total: 14]

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4 Some crop farmers use herbicides on their fields.

Fig. 4.1 shows a farmer spraying a rice crop with herbicides.

Fig. 4.1

(a) Herbicides kill weeds.

Explain why farmers use herbicides.

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(b) Fields of crop plants were sprayed with two herbicides. A farmer measured the concentration
of the two herbicides, A and B, in a lake near the fields.

The water in the lake was sampled at intervals for two weeks.

Fig. 4.2 shows the results.

0.20

0.16

0.12
concentration
of herbicides in
the lake water
samples / mg per kg
0.08

0.04

0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
time / days

herbicides Key:
sprayed on herbicide A
the fields herbicide B

Fig. 4.2

(i) Compare the concentrations of herbicide A and herbicide B in the lake.

Use the information in Fig. 4.2 to support your answer.

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(ii) Suggest how herbicides damage ecosystems in a lake.

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(c) Herbicide A is a synthetic plant hormone called 2,4-D that selectively kills dicotyledonous
plants only.

(i) State two features that distinguish leaves of dicotyledonous plants from leaves of
monocotyledonous plants.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) State the name of a natural plant hormone that stimulates cell elongation.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Herbicide B is a chemical that prevents the uptake of magnesium ions.

Suggest how herbicide B kills plants.

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[Total: 15]

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5 The Galápagos Islands are a group of small islands in the Pacific Ocean.

In 1839 Charles Darwin published a book that described differences in a family of birds called
finches.

Each species of Galápagos finch had:

• a different diet
• a different beak shape, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

Geospiza conirostris Geospiza scandens

Geospiza magnirostris Geospiza fortis

Fig. 5.1

(a) State the genus name for the Galápagos finches shown in Fig. 5.1.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) Galápagos finches share a common ancestor.

Suggest how Galápagos finches have evolved different shaped beaks.

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[Total: 6]

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6 (a) Fig. 6.1 is a diagram showing some parts of a plant. The circle shows a magnified cross-section
of part of the stem.

C
M D
E
L
F
K G

not to scale

Fig. 6.1

(i) Table 6.1 contains statements about the functions of some of the structures in Fig. 6.1.

Complete the table by:

• stating the name of the structure

• identifying the letter that labels that structure.

Table 6.1

function name of structure letter from Fig. 6.1

provides support to the stem

protects flower bud

produces glucose

produces pollen

delivers male nuclei to the site of fertilisation

[5]

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(ii) State one letter from Fig. 6.1 that identifies a structure that contains a haploid nucleus.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State the name of the process that describes the transport of sucrose in a plant.

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(iv) State one letter from Fig. 6.1 that is a structure that is an example of a source for sucrose
transport.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) In addition to sucrose, amino acids are also transported in plants.

(i) State the name of a mineral ion that becomes part of an amino acid.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of the structures inside cells that assemble amino acids into proteins.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State the name of the group of molecules that are made of proteins and act as catalysts.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 11]

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