Cambridge IGCSE™

* 1 6 8 8 3 5 7 5 0 2 *

CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/41

Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2022

2 hours

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 120.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 36 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (CE/SG) 303327/3
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1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows some specialised cells.

A B C

not to scale
D E
side view

top view

Fig. 1.1

(i) Identify the names of the cells labelled B and E in Fig. 1.1.

B ........................................................................................................................................

E ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain how the structure of cell A is related to its function.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Describe two ways in which cell D is adapted for transporting oxygen.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Cell D is one of the main components of blood.

State two other main components of blood.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(c) Blood vessels are adapted to their function.

(i) Explain why arteries have a thick elastic wall.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why veins have valves.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why capillaries have very thin walls.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 11]

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2 Ethene is a member of a family of hydrocarbons.

Fig. 2.1 shows an ethene molecule.

H H
C C
H H

Fig. 2.1

(a) State the family of hydrocarbons that ethene is a member of.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Ethene is made from the larger molecules in petroleum.

State the name of this process.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Poly(ethene) can be made from ethene.

Poly(ethene) is a polymer.

(i) State what is meant by a polymer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(ii) Table 2.1 shows some information about polymers.

Complete Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

molecule used to
name of polymer repeat unit of polymer
make polymer

H H
H H
C C poly(ethene) C C
H H
H H

Cl H

poly(chloroethene) C C

H H

F F
C C poly(tetrafluoroethene)
F F

[2]

(d) Ethene can be made into ethane.

H H
H H
C C H C C H
H H
H H
ethene ethane

State the formula of the substance that ethene reacts with to make ethane.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon.

Describe what is meant by a saturated hydrocarbon.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(f) Ethene undergoes an addition reaction with bromine.

Fig. 2.2 shows the equation for the reaction.

Complete the equation in Fig. 2.2 by drawing the structure of the compound formed.

H H Br
C C +
H H Br ……………………..................……

Fig. 2.2
[1]

[Total: 9]

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows a forklift truck lifting a crate.

crate

weight

Fig. 3.1

(a) The crate has a mass of 140 kg.

(i) Calculate the weight of the crate.

The gravitational field strength, g, is 10 N / kg.

weight = ..................................................... N [1]

(ii) Calculate the work done on the crate when it is lifted through a height of 1.5 m.

State the unit for your answer.

work done = ................................. unit ................ [3]

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(b) The forklift truck uses an electric motor to lift the crate.

Fig. 3.2 shows the circuit that includes the electric motor.

12 V

M
motor
V

Fig. 3.2

The voltmeter displays a reading of 0.50 V.

(i) Show that the potential difference (p.d.) across the motor is 11.5 V.

[1]

(ii) The current in the circuit is 9.20 A.

Calculate the resistance of the motor.

resistance = ..................................................... Ω [2]

[Total: 7]

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4 (a) Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.

The allele for Tay-Sachs disease is recessive t.

The allele for unaffected by Tay-Sachs disease is dominant T.

Fig. 4.1 is a pedigree diagram showing the inheritance of Tay-Sachs disease.

KEY
unaffected female
A B
affected female

unaffected male

affected male
C D E F

G H J

Fig. 4.1

(i) State the number of males in Fig. 4.1 that are unaffected by Tay-Sachs disease.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the sentences to explain the genotypes of some of the people in Fig. 4.1.

Person E and person F are ......................................... by Tay-Sachs disease.

Person E and person F both have the genotype ........... .

Person G has Tay-Sachs disease. They have the genotype ........... .

Person G will have inherited one ......................................... allele from each parent.
[4]

(iii) State the probability of two parents with the genotypes TT having a child with Tay-Sachs
disease.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) Growth of offspring involves mitosis.

The box on the left contains the term mitosis.

The boxes on the right contain some sentence endings.

Draw three lines from the word mitosis to the boxes on the right to make three correct
sentences about mitosis.

occurs after exact duplication of chromosomes.

is involved in the production of gametes.

is reduction division.
Mitosis
produces cells with diploid nuclei.

produces nuclei with paired chromosomes.

produces genetically different cells.

[3]

(c) State the number of chromosomes in a human diploid cell.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) State the term given to a change in a gene or chromosome.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 11]

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5 In an experiment, a student adds an alkali to an acid.

Fig. 5.1 shows the experiment.

alkali

acid

Fig. 5.1

(a) The student slowly adds the alkali to the acid.

(i) Describe how the pH of the acid changes as the alkali is added.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the word equation to show the type of substance made in the reaction.

acid + alkali …………………. + water [1]

(iii) Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is an acid.

Potassium hydroxide, KOH, is an alkali.

Construct the balanced symbol equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with potassium
hydroxide.

..................... + ..................... ..................... + ..................... [2]

(iv) State the formula of the ion which is present in solutions of all acids.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, is made by reacting an acid with an alkali.

Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr , of ammonium sulfate.

[Ar: H, 1; N, 14; O, 16; S, 32]

relative formula mass = ......................................................... [1]

(c) The alkali used to make ammonium sulfate is ammonia, NH3.

Ammonia is made by the Haber process.

Nitrogen, N2, and hydrogen, H2, are the starting materials.

Look at the equation for the reaction.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

(i) Describe the Haber process.

You should include:

• the sources of nitrogen and hydrogen gas

• the conditions used.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(ii) Ammonia, NH3, reacts with nitric acid, HNO3.

Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, is made.

Look at the equation for the reaction.

NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3

Calculate the mass of ammonium nitrate made from 51 kg of ammonia.

Show your working.

[Ar: H, 1; N, 14; O, 16]

mass = .................................................... kg [2]

[Total: 11]

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6 Fig. 6.1 shows a tidal power station which uses tidal energy to generate electricity.

The moving water turns a turbine which is connected to a generator.

warning lamp

generator

sea level

turbine

direction of water flow

Fig. 6.1

(a) (i) State the source of the energy for the tides.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Each kilogram of water has 1.62 J of kinetic energy.

Calculate the speed of the water flow.

speed = ................................................. m / s [2]

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(b) Fig. 6.2 shows a simple a.c. generator.

permanent magnets

S
X

N
voltage
output

Fig. 6.2

(i) On Fig. 6.2, draw an arrow to show the direction of the magnetic field between the
permanent magnets. [1]

(ii) State the name of the components labelled X and describe their use.

name .................................................................................................................................

use ....................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) On Fig. 6.3, sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator
operating at a constant speed.

voltage
output

time

Fig. 6.3
[2]

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(c) The tidal power station uses a warning lamp to warn passing boats of its location.

The lamp emits light with a wavelength of 4.0 × 10–7 m.

Calculate the frequency of the light.

frequency = .................................................... Hz [3]

[Total: 11]

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7 (a) Fig. 7.1 is a photograph of a wind-pollinated flower.

Fig. 7.1

Identify part A in Fig. 7.1.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Describe one way the pollen and petals of insect-pollinated flowers are different from wind-
pollinated flowers.

pollen ........................................................................................................................................

petals ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) State where fertilisation occurs in a plant.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Many plants are able to reproduce sexually and asexually.

Describe the disadvantages to a plant in the wild of reproducing asexually.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) State two requirements for germination of plant seeds.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

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8 Table 8.1 gives some information about atoms.

Table 8.1

atom proton number nucleon number electronic structure

sodium 11 23 2.8.1

fluorine 9 19 2.7

chlorine 17 35 2.8.7

chlorine 17 37 2.8.7

argon .............................. 40 2.8.8

magnesium 12 24 ..............................

(a) Complete Table 8.1. [2]

(b) Chlorine appears twice in Table 8.1.

Each of the atoms is an isotope of chlorine.

(i) Explain what is meant by the word isotope.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The two isotopes of chlorine have the same chemical properties.

Explain why.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Argon is a noble gas.

Explain why argon is very unreactive.

Use ideas about electronic structure.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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(d) Sodium is a metal.

Describe the bonding in a metal.

You may draw a diagram to help your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) Magnesium chloride contains the ions Mg2+ and Cl –.

Determine the formula of magnesium chloride.

formula = ......................................................... [1]

(f) Fluorine, F2, reacts with sodium chloride, NaCl.

Construct the balanced symbol equation for the reaction.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 11]

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9 A student investigates the motion of smoke particles in air using a microscope.

The student shines a bright light on a transparent box containing a mixture of smoke and air and
observes the smoke particles as bright dots of light.

(a) The student observes that the smoke particles move in straight lines between random
changes of direction.

Fig. 9.1 shows the observed path of one smoke particle.

smoke particle

Fig. 9.1

The motion shown in Fig. 9.1 is known as Brownian motion.

Describe what causes the motion of the smoke particles shown in Fig. 9.1.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(b) The microscope uses a filament lamp to illuminate the smoke particles.

Fig. 9.2 shows how current varies with potential difference (p.d.) for the filament lamp.

current

potential
difference

Fig. 9.2

Use the shape of the graph in Fig. 9.2 to describe and explain what happens to the resistance
of the filament lamp as the potential difference is increased.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(c) The microscope uses a thin converging lens to produce an image.

Fig. 9.3 shows a thin converging lens.

object F F

F = principal focus

Fig. 9.3

(i) Draw a ray diagram on Fig. 9.3 to show the formation of a real image.

Label the image with the word image. [3]

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(ii) Fig. 9.4 shows a single ray of light entering a thin glass block.

50°
28°

Fig. 9.4

Calculate the refractive index of the thin glass block.

refractive index = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

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10 The control of blood glucose concentration is an involuntary action by the body.

(a) Place ticks (3) in the boxes to show two other involuntary actions.

coughing
cycling
reading
sneezing
talking
[2]

(b) State the characteristic of living things that is defined as the ability to respond to a stimulus.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Fig. 10.1 is a graph that shows the blood glucose concentration after eating a meal.

10

8
blood glucose
concentration 7
mmol / dm3
6

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
time / minutes

Fig. 10.1

(i) Calculate the length of time it takes for the blood glucose concentration to return to its
starting concentration from its maximum.

....................................................................................................................... minutes [1]

(ii) Explain the results between 20–30 minutes in Fig. 10.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(iii) State the type of response shown by the control of blood glucose concentration.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State the names of two hormones that can increase the blood glucose concentration.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 10]

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11 A student investigates indigestion tablets.

Indigestion tablets neutralise acids.

The student measures 50 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a beaker.

He adds an indigestion tablet to the acid.

Fig. 11.1 shows the student’s experiment.

beaker

50 cm3 dilute
indigestion tablet hydrochloric acid

Fig. 11.1

The student measures the time the tablet takes to react completely.

He repeats the experiment but makes one change each time.

Table 11.1 shows his results.

Table 11.1

volume of concentration of temperature of time for tablet to

experiment
acid / cm3 acid acid / °C react / s
1 50 dilute 20 131
2 50 concentrated 20 66
3 100 concentrated 20 66
4 50 concentrated 30 32

(a) The volume of acid does not affect the rate of reaction.

State which two experiments show this.

.............................. and .............................. [1]

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(b) Increasing the temperature of the acid affects the rate of reaction.

Increasing the concentration of the acid also affects the rate of reaction.

For each factor (temperature and concentration):

• describe how the rate of reaction changes

• explain why the rate of reaction changes, using ideas about particles.

temperature

how the rate of reaction changes .............................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

because ....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

concentration

how the rate of reaction changes .............................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

because ....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(c) In experiment 1, the student uses dilute hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 0.1 mol / dm3.

Calculate the concentration of the dilute hydrochloric acid in g / dm3.

[Ar: H, 1; Cl, 35.5]

answer = .............................................. g / dm3 [1]

(d) The reaction between the indigestion tablet and the acid is an exothermic reaction.

Explain why. Use ideas about bond breaking and bond making.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

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12 A rocket is used to launch satellites into Earth’s orbit.

(a) Fig. 12.1 shows the forces acting on a rocket as it is launched.

thrust = 15.7 × 106 N

weight = 7.8 × 106 N

Fig. 12.1

(i) Calculate the resultant force acting on the rocket as it is launched.

resultant force = ..................................................... N [1]

(ii) Describe the motion of the rocket as it is launched.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest a reason why the weight decreases as the rocket travels further away from
Earth.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) Fig. 12.2 shows a satellite in orbit around the Earth.

The satellite orbits at a height of 2000 km above the surface of the Earth.

The satellite takes 125 minutes to complete one orbit.

The satellite travels at an average speed of 7.1 km / s.

Fig. 12.2

Calculate the radius of the Earth.

radius of the Earth = ................................................... km [4]

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(c) When in orbit, satellites are subject to ionising radiation coming from space.

This radiation includes α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays.

(i) State and explain which forms of ionising radiation will be deflected by the Earth’s
magnetic field.

forms of radiation ..............................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) A β-particle is emitted when the radioactive isotope iodine-131 decays into an isotope of
xenon.

Use the correct nuclide notation to complete the decay equation for iodine-131.

131
53 I ......
...... Xe + ......
...... β
[2]

[Total: 12]

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© UCLES 2022 0654/41/M/J/22

 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VII VIII

© UCLES 2022
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H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
36

85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids

0654/41/M/J/22
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).