2/1/2016

CHANGES IN MATTER
Physical change – occurs when a substance changes its appearance without
changing its composition.
GENERAL CHEMICAL
Chemical change – occurs when a substance is transformed into another
ENGINEERING substance with a different composition and properties.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Physical Properties – are properties that can be observed without the
substance changing into another substance or substances.

Chemical Properties – are those observed when a substance changes into

Prepared By: another or new substance.
Prof. Rene D. Estember

INTENSIVE PROPERTIES CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Intensive Properties of a substance – are those properties that are not 1. According to the distribution of their properties:
dependent on the quantity of the substance.
a. Homogeneous – if the composition and properties are uniform throughout
Examples: taste, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness and color. the material.

EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES b. Heterogeneous – if the composition and properties are not uniform
Extensive Properties of a substance – are those properties that are dependent throughout the material.
on the quantity of the substance.
2. According to their composition
Examples: mass, weight, volume, width, length, and surface area.
a. Pure Substance – are those properties that are dependent on the quantity
of the substance.

Examples: mass, weight, volume, width, length, and surface area.

CHEMICAL EQUATION
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION FROM FORMULA
 Chemical reaction – is a process by which one or more chemical
substances are converted into one of more different chemical substances.  The percentage by mass contributed by each element in the substance.
 Chemical reactions are represented in a concise way by chemical
equations.  % element = (no. of atoms of that element) (atomic wt.of element) x 100%
2H2 + O2 2H2O formula weight of compound
Reactants Products
Note: (+) = reacts with = produces MOLE CONCEPT
 The mole is a measure of the quantity of an element of a compound.
FORMULA WEIGHT Specifically, a mole of an element will have a mass equal to the element’s
atomic weight. A mole can be a number quantity, a unit of mass, or a fixed
 The formula weight of a substance is the sum of the atomic weights of each
volume of gas at STP. A mole (mol) is defined as the numbe of atoms in
atom in its chemical formula.
exactly 12 g of Carbon – 12 or Avogadro’s number. NA = 6.022 x 1023.
Example: The molar mass of a substance is numerically equal to its formula mass in
H2O : 2 H atoms = 2(1.0 amu) = 2 amu grams. At STP, 1 mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L.
1 O atom = 1(16.0 amu) = 16 amu
Total = 18 amu  Moles (mol) = grams
Molecular weight

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MOLE CONCEPT MOLE CONCEPT

 The three conversion factors to remember:
 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 ions, atoms, or molecules How to calculate the molar mass of a chemical formula:
 1 mole = molar mass of an element or compound (normally obtained from 4) If the formula contains subscripts outside parentheses, the atomic masses
periodic table) of the entire group of element inside the parenthesis before the subscript
 1 mole = 22.4 Liters of any gas at STP. must be multiplied by the number of times.

How to calculate the molar mass of a chemical formula: 5) If a coefficient precedes a chemical formula, the entire molar mass must be
1) If the “formula” consists of a single symbol with no subscripts, then the multiplied by that number of times.
atomic mass is the molar mass.
Example. The molar mass of C is 12.01 amu. UNITS OF CONCENTRATION
 There are many units of concentration to express solution strengths.
2) If the formula consists of more than one element symbol, then the molar
mass is the sum of all the atomic masses. 1) Percentage weight or weight %
Wt% = Wt. Of solute x 100%
3) If the formula contains subscripts, the atomic mass of the element before Wt. Of solution
the subscript must be multiplied by the number of times.

UNITS OF CONCENTRATION UNITS OF CONCENTRATION

2) Volume % 6) Molality
Volume % = Volume of solute x 100% m = Moles of solute
Volume of solution kg of solvent

3) Mole % 7) Normality
Mole % = Mole of solute x 100% N = gram-equiv. wt of solute
Mole of solution liter of solution

4) Molarity 8) Parts per million (ppm)

M = Moles of solute 1 ppm = 1 part____ = mg of solute
Liter of solution 1 million parts kg of solution

5) Molinity
M = Moles of solute
kg of solution

UNITS OF CONCENTRATION
Dilution
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
 When solvent is added to dilute a solution, the number of moles of solute
remains unchanged. 1) Balance the following equations:
Na (s) + H20 ( l ) NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
Moles solute before dilution = Moles solute after dilution
Fe (s) + O2 (g) Fe2O3 (s)
Moles solute in concentrated solution = Moles solute in diluted solution
C2H4 (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (g)
Al (s) + HCl (aq) AlCl3 (aq) + H2 (g)

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1) Balance the following equations:
2Na + 2H20 2NaOH + H2 2) Calculate the formula weights of the following:
a) C12H22O11
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3 (s)
b) Ca(NO3)2
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
2) Calculate the formula weights of the following:
3) How many oxygen atoms in (a) 0.25 mol Ca(NO3)2, and (b) 1.5
a) C12H22O11 mol of sodium carbonate.
12 C atoms = 12(12.0 amu) = 144.0 amu
4) Calculate the number of H atoms in 0.350 mol of C6H12O6.
22 H atoms = 22(1.0 amu) = 22.0 amu
11 O atoms = 11(16.0 amu) = 176.0 amu 5) What is the mass in grams of 1.000 mol of glucose C6H12O6.
Total = 342.0 amu
6) Calculate the molar mass of Ca(NO3)2.
b) Ca(NO3)2
1 Ca atom = 1(40.1 amu) = 40.1 amu 7) Calculate the number of moles of glucose C6H12O6 in 5.380 g of
C6H12O6.
2 N atoms = 2(14.0 amu) = 28.0 amu
6 O atoms = 6(16.0 amu) = 96.0 amu 8) How many moles of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) are there in
Total = 164.1 amu 508 g of NaHCO3.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

3) How many oxygen atoms in (a) 0.25 mol Ca(NO3)2, and (b) 1.5 6) Calculate the molar mass of Ca(NO3)2.
mol of sodium carbonate.
Molar mass = 40.1(1) + 2(14) + 6(16) = 164.1 g/mol
 6.02 x10 23 molecules   6Oatoms 
O _ atoms  0.25mol _ Ca( NO3 ) 2 x   
 1molCa( NO3 ) 2  1molecules 
7) Calculate the number of moles of glucose C6H12O6 in 5.380 g of
 9.03 x10 23 O _ atoms
C6H12O6.
4) Calculate the number of H atoms in 0.350 mol of C6H12O6.
 1mol _ C6 H12O6 
 6.02 x10 23 molecules   12 Hatoms  Moles _ C6 H12O6  5.380 g _ C6 H12O6 x   0.02989 mol _ C6 H12O6
H _ atoms  0.350mol _ C6 H12O6 x    180.0 g _ C6 H12O6 
 1molC6 H12O6  1molecules 
 2.53x10 24 H _ atoms 8) How many moles of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) are there in
5) What is the mass in grams of 1.000 mol of glucose C6H12O6. 508 g of NaHCO3.
6 C atoms = 6(12.0) = 72.0 amu
12 H atoms = 12(1.0) = 12.0 amu
6 O atoms = 6(16.0) = 96.0 amu Moles NaHCO3 = 508 g NaHCO3 x 1 mol NaHCO3/84 g NaHCO3 =
Total = 180.0 amu = 180 g/mol. 6.05 mol NaHCO3

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

9) A chemist dissolves 198.4 g of FeSO4 in enough water to make 5.0 L of 9) A chemist dissolves 198.4 g of FeSO4 in enough water to make 5.0 L of
solution. What is the molarity of the solution? solution. What is the molarity of the solution?
Moles FeSO4 = 198.4 g FeSO4 x 1 mol FeSO4 /151.91 g FeSO4 = 1.31 mols FeSO4
10) How many moles of KBr are in 85.0 mL of a 3.5 M KBr solution? M = 1.31/5 = 0.262 M

11) How much 6.5 M NaCl solution would you need to make 350 mL of 0.40 M 10) How many moles of KBr are in 85.0 mL of a 3.5 M KBr solution?
NaCl solution? Moles KBr = 0.085 L soln x 3.5 mol KBr/1 L soln = 0.2975 mol KBr

12) What is the molality of a solution of 35 g NaOH in 750 g water? 11) How much 6.5 M NaCl solution would you need to make 350 mL of 0.40 M
NaCl solution?
13) A chemist wants to make 600 mL of 0.100 M HCl by diluting a 6M HCl Moles solute before dil soln = Moles solute after dil soln
solution. How much of that of the solution should be used? 6.5 M (V1) = 0.40 M ( 350 ml)
V1 = 21.54 ml
14) How many millilitres of 5.0 M H2SO4 are needed to make 600 mL of 0.20 M
H2SO4?

SAMPLE PROBLEMS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

12) What is the molality of a solution of 35 g NaOH in 750 g water? 15) Find the molecular formula of peroxyacylnitrate (PAN), one of
Molality = moles solute/kg solvent the components of smog, and is a compound of C, H, N, O, with
Molality = 35 g NaOH x 1 mol NaOH/40 g NaOH /0.75 kg = 1.17 m (molal) percent composition by mass: 19.8% C, 2.5% H, 11.6% N. Given
that its molar mass is about 120 g. (Atomic masses: C = 12.01 g;
13) A chemist wants to make 600 mL of 0.100 M HCl by diluting a 6M HCl H= 1.008 g; N= 14.01 g; O 16.00 g).
solution. How much of that of the solution should be used?
Moles solute in conc soln = Moles solute in dil soln
6 M (V1) = 0.100 M (600 mL)
V1 = 10 mL

14) How many millilitres of 5.0 M H2SO4 are needed to make 600 mL of 0.20 M
H2SO4?
Moles solute in conc soln = Moles solute in dil soln
5 M (V1) = 0.200 M (600 mL)
V1 = 24 mL

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
15) Let n represent the no. of moles of each element
Assume 100 g sample of PAN

nC = 19.8g C x 1 mol C/12.01 g C = 1.65 mol C

nH = 2.5 g H x 1 mol H/1.008 g H = 2.48 mol H
nN = 11.6 g N x 1 mol N/14.01 g N = 0.828 mol N
nO = 100 – (19.8+2.5+11.6) g O x 1 mol O/16.0 g O = 4.13 mol O

C = 1.65/0.828 = 2 H = 2.48/0.828 = 3
N = 0.828/0.828 = 1 O = 4.13/0.828 = 5

Empirical formula = C2H3NO5

Molar mass/empirical molar mass = 120 g/(2x12.01 + 3x1.008 + 14.04 + 5x16.0) = 1

Molar mass = 1(empirical mass)
Molecular formula = empirical formula
Molecular Formula = C2H3NO5