Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 22 views

    3 Control1-120124003743-Phpapp02 PDF

    Uploaded by

    SEPTIANA SAPUTRI
    The document discusses microbial control through various physical and chemical methods. It begins with a brief history of bubonic plague in Europe during the Middle Ages caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium. It then defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, bactericidal and bacteriostatic. The document outlines several conditions that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and describes various physical methods of microbial control including heat, filtration and radiation. It provides details on how these methods kill microbes and examples of their applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    3 Control1-120124003743-Phpapp02 PDF

    Uploaded by

    SEPTIANA SAPUTRI
    22 views36 pages
    The document discusses microbial control through various physical and chemical methods. It begins with a brief history of bubonic plague in Europe during the Middle Ages caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium. It then defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, bactericidal and bacteriostatic. The document outlines several conditions that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and describes various physical methods of microbial control including heat, filtration and radiation. It provides details on how these methods kill microbes and examples of their applications.

    Original Title

    3 control1-120124003743-phpapp02.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses microbial control through various physical and chemical methods. It begins with a brief history of bubonic plague in Europe during the Middle Ages caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium. It then defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, bactericidal and bacteriostatic. The document outlines several conditions that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and describes various physical methods of microbial control including heat, filtration and radiation. It provides details on how these methods kill microbes and examples of their applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views36 pages

    3 Control1-120124003743-Phpapp02 PDF

    Uploaded by

    SEPTIANA SAPUTRI
    The document discusses microbial control through various physical and chemical methods. It begins with a brief history of bubonic plague in Europe during the Middle Ages caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium. It then defines key terms like sterilization, disinfection, bactericidal and bacteriostatic. The document outlines several conditions that influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and describes various physical methods of microbial control including heat, filtration and radiation. It provides details on how these methods kill microbes and examples of their applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 36

    Microbial Control

    Outline
    •  History
    •  Definition of terms
    •  Pattern of microbial death
    •  Antimicrobial agents
    –  Physical
    –  Chemical
    History

    Ring- a - ring of rosies


    Pocketful of posies
    Atichoo ! Atichoo !
    We all fall down
    Bubonic Plague or the
    Black Death
    •  Epidemic swept thru Europe in the Middle
    Ages (13th and 14th centuries)
    •  40 million people were killed
    –  About 1/3 of the population of the continent
    •  Etiological agent:
    –  Yersinia pestis Gram (-) rod
    •  2 Vectors
    –  Rat
    –  Flea
    Yersinia pestis - Gram (-) bacillus
    Vectors - Rat and Flea
    Bubonic Plague Infection

    1. Flea bite with Yersinia pestis


    2. Bacteria multiply in the bloodstream
    Bacteremia
    3. Bacteria localize in lymph nodes,
    especially axillary and groin areas
    4. Hemorrhaging occurs in lymph nodes,
    resulting in reddish rash that will eventually
    become “black and blue” swellings or Buboes
    (hence the name Bubonic Plague or Black
    Death)
    Bubonic Plague Infection
    5. If untreated, about 50 % Mortality Rate
    6. If bacteria spread to the lungs, it becomes
    Pneumonic Plague and is now highly
    contagious (Almost a 99 % Mortality Rate)
    History

    Ring- a - ring of rosies


    Pocketful of posies
    Atichoo ! Atichoo !
    We all fall down
    A pouch of sweet smelling herbs or posies were carried due to
    the belief that the disease was transmitted by bad smells
    Humans vs. Microbes
    •  Most of History, microbes have been
    winning the battle

    •  In the last 100 yrs or so the battle has


    swung in our favor
    –  Why?
    •  Because of our increasing knowledge of how to
    Control Microbial Growth
    Smallpox

    Variola virus
    Eradicated in 1977 (Somalia)
    Terms :
    Sterilization vs. Disinfection
    •  Sterilization
    –  destroying all forms of life
    •  Disinfection
    –  destroying pathogens or unwanted
    organisms
    Disinfectant vs. Antiseptic
    •  Disinfectant
    –  antimicrobial agent used on inanimate objects
    •  Antiseptic
    –  antimicrobial agent used on living tissue
    cidal vs. static
    •  Bactericidal - kills bacteria
    •  Bacteristatic - inhibits bacterial growth

    •  Fungicidal
    •  Fungistatic
    •  Algacidal
    •  Algastatic
    —  Commercial Sterilization: Killing C. botulinum endospores
    Microbial death
    “a microbe is defined DEAD if it does not
    grow when inoculated into culture medium
    that would normally support its growth”

    Death is defined as the inability of the


    organisms to form a visible colony
    –James Jay
    (Modern Food Microbiology 6th ed)
    “It takes more
    time to kill a
    large population
    of bacteria than
    it does to kill a
    small
    population,
    because only a
    fraction of
    organisms die
    during a given
    time interval.

    Bacterial populations die at a


    constant logarithmic rate
    Conditions Influencing Effectiveness
    of Antimicrobial Agent Activity
    1.  Population size
    –  Larger population requires a longer time to die

    2.  Population composition


    –  Microorganisms vary markedly on susceptibility
    –  Vegetative versus Spores
    –  Young versus Mature cells

    5.  Concentration or Intensity of an Antimicrobial Agent


    –  The more concentrated an agent the more rapidly
    microbes can be destroyed
    –  BUT sometimes an agent may be more effective at lower
    concentrations (e.g. 70% alcohol)
    Conditions Influencing Effectiveness
    of Antimicrobial Agent Activity
    3.  Duration of Exposure
    –  The longer the exposure to an agent the more they will be
    killed

    6.  Temperature
    –  An increase in temperature at which a chemical acts often
    enhances it activity
    –  Example: acids used in high T = more effective

    7.  Local environment


    –  pH, organic matter, etc
    –  Controls or Protects the pathogen
    Targets of Antimicrobial Agents

    1. Cell membrane

    2. Enzymes & Proteins

    3. DNA & RNA


    Methods of microbial control
    •  Physical
    –  Heat
    –  Filtration
    –  Radiation
    •  Chemical
    HEAT
    •  Flaming
    •  Incineration
    •  Hot-air sterilization
    •  Moist-air sterilization

    Hot-air Autoclave

    Equivalent treatments 170˚C, 2 hr 121˚C, 15 min


    HOW DOES HEAT KILL
    MICROBES
    •  MOIST HEAT
    –  Kill effectively by degrading nucleic acids and by
    denaturing enzymes and other essential proteins
    –  May also disrupt cell membranes

    •  DRY HEAT
    –  Microbial death results from the oxidation of cell
    constituents and denaturation of proteins
    MOIST HEAT
    STERILIZATION
    •  Thermal Death Point (TDP)
    –  The lowest temperature at which a microbial
    suspension in killed in 10 minutes

    •  Thermal Death Time (TDT)


    –  The shortest time needed to kill all organisms
    in a microbial suspension at a specific
    temperature and under defined conditions
    •  Decimal Reduction Time or D value
    –  Time required to kill 90% of the
    microorganisms or spores in a sample at a
    specified temperature
    –  Time required for the line to drop by one log
    cycle or tenfold
    –  Used to estimate the relative resistance of a
    microbe to different temperatures

    However, such a destruction is logarithmic and it is theoretically


    NOT POSSIBLE to “completely destroy” microbes in a sample
    The z Value
    and
    The F Value

    •  z Value
    –  The increase in temperature required to reduce D
    to 1/10 its value or to reduce it by one log cycle

    •  F value
    –  Time in minutes at a specific temperature needed
    to kill a population of cells or spores
    –  Usually 121°C
    APPLICATION:
    After a food have been canned, it must be heated to
    eliminate the risk of botulism arising from the presence of
    Clostridium spores

    Example:
    IF the D value = 0.204 minutes
    It would take 12D or 2.5 minutes to
    reduce the spore number by heating at
    the specified temperature
    APPLICATION:
    •  If the z value for Clostridium spores is 10°C
    •  It takes a 10°C change in temperature to alter
    the D value tenfold

    •  THUS: if the cans are to be processed at


    111°C rather than 121°C, the D value would
    increase by tenfold t 2.04 minutes
    •  The 12D value = 24.5 minutes
    THE USE OF PHYSICAL
    METHODS: FILTRATION
    •  Applicable for heat-sensitive materials that needs sterilization

    •  2 types of filters
    –  Depth filters: consist of fibrous or granular materials that have been
    bonded into a thick layer filled with twisting channels of small diameter
    –  Membrane filters: porous membranes; 0.2 µm pore sizes

    •  Laminar flow hood versus biological safety cabinets (HEPA filters)


    –  High Efficiency Particulate Air
    –  Remove 99.97% particles
    –  for sterilizing AIR
    THE USE OF PHYSICAL
    METHODS: RADIATION
    •  IONIZING RADIATION
    •  X rays, gamma rays, electron beams
    •  Excellent as a sterilizing agent and penetrates deep into objects

    •  NON-IONIZING RADIATION
    –  UV (about 260nm)
    –  Quite lethal but does not penetrate glass, dirt films, water and
    other substances very effectively

    •  Microwaves: kill by heat not usually antimicrobial

    You might also like