EdkifiHa&;zwfpm

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Website/ pannsattlann.com , Mobile App/ Pann Satt Lann

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jzefUcsda&; - yef;qufvrf; pmtkyfwdkuf

zkef; - 09 73167346? 09 250421081/
tkyfa& - 1000
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rif;aoh 808.84
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm? rif;aoh? &efukef/
yef;qufvrf;pmay? 2020/
pm-290? 13.2 x 21 pifwD
(1) EdkifiHa&;zwfpm
 pma&;ol? a&;cJhorQ EdkifiHa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
pkpnf;vdkufygw,f/
acwftjrifeJY? tyfpyfwJh EdkifiHa&;½Iaxmifhwpf&yfudk
awGUEdkifr,fvdkY arQmfvifhygw,f/
EdkifiHa&;qdkwm? EdkifiHta&;jzpfjcif;aMumifh?
,ck xkwfa0csufü taMumif;t&m pHkEdkifygw,f/
½Iaxmifh pHkEkdifygw,f/
EdkifiHa&;udk avhvmoHk;oyfzdkY?
vufawGU csOf;uyfrI vdktyfw,fvdkY ,lqygw,f/
'ghaMumifh EdkifiHa&;zwfpmvkdY ynwfvdkufygw,f/

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 rmwdum
qif;&Jjcif; taMumif; 1
tpdk;&jcif; tEkynm 7
vlawmfaMumufa&m*g 13
w&m;ao0g'DwdkY\ ed*Hk;avm? ed'gef;avm 22
b,fvdktkyfcsKyfrSmvJ 26
a'oEÅ&pD;yGm;a&; 34
EdkifiHMuD;om; 41
taemufwHcg;jyóemtwGuf nTef;csuf 48
jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&; &DAsL; 57
rsufvHk;topfjzifh Munfhjcif; 67
tuGJtjyJ tvJtuGJ 73
o&D;pD (pDoHk;vHk;) ESifh jidrf;csrf;a&; 79
o&D;tD; tusyftwnf; 88
usuúodkvf 95
bmhaMumifh qif;&JovJ 103
vlrsKd;pkygwD 114
twåaemrwdrsm; 122
tajymif;tvJtwGuf acgif;aqmif 128
wuúodkvf bmvJ ^ b,fvJ 134
toGiful;ajymif;a&; pdefac:csuf 139
'Drdkua&pD aywHrsm; 145
pGrf;&nf (3) &yf 151
'Drkdua&pD uMuD; ? cacG; 156
tdkif'Da,mfvdk*sDrsufESmpm 163
y#dyu©ajz&Sif;a&; 167
a&GUjcif;? ra&GUjcif; udpö 172
EIef;pHrsm;jzifh? ajccsKyfrdjcif; 178
vDuGrf,k&JU tm&SpHwefzdk; oDtdk&D 184
wifrdk;xHk; ESvHk;rl 188
vkyfydkifcGifhqdkwm 194
trsKd;om;a&; wdrf;nTwfcsuf 198
ynma&;twGuf ar;cGef;awG 203
ae0if;armif uxm 211
0HomEkpdwf? trsKd;om;a&;0g'ESifh tcsKd? tcg; avm*spf 216
ygwDwnfaqmufa&; 222
ygwDwGif; 'Drdkua&pD 231
tpdk;&rydkifaom tpdk;&rD'D,mESifh vlxktvTmjcHKtpdk;&rD'D,m 231
pifumylatmifjrif&jcif;\ t"dutaMumif;(4)&yf 237
tdkif'D,morm; 246
tifpwDusL&Sife,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; 252
rl0g' jzpfpOf 267

 trSmpm

EdkifiHa&;orm; rvkyfaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;taMumif;udk vlwdkif;

odxm;oihfonf/ rif;aoh [laom pma&;q&monf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;
taMumif;udk ta0;Munhf? teD;Munhf? ywfcsmvSnhfMunhfaom ykHpHjzihf
okH;oyf a&;om;avh &Sdonf/ rif;aoha&;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;udk
zwfNyD; awG;qrdonfrSm rif;aohonf pmjzpfvQifNf yD;a&m [laom pdwf
xm;jzihf pma&;ol r[kwf/
rif;aohonf vli,fpma&;q&m jzpfonf/ pmzwfaom pma&;
q&m jzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;udk pdwf0ifpm;aom pma&;q&m jzpfonf/
xdakY Mumihf rif;aoha&;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm Edkiif aH &;ESifh ywfoufaom
aqmif;yg;rsm;u ydkrsm;onf/ þpmtkyfwGif aqmif;yg; 41 yk'f yg0if
onf/
þpmtkyw f iG f Edkiif aH &; zwfpmrsm; [laom emrnfEiS fh vdkuaf tmif
EdkifiHa&;taMumif; a&;om;xm;aomaqmif;yg;rsm;ESihf wjcm;vlrI
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; pkpnf;
xm;onf/
wdkif;jynf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufzdkY&ef tpdk;&\ta&;ygykHudk csufus
vufus a&;jyxm;onf/ tpdk;&wpf&yf\ vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;wGif
 -c-

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xm;onfudk awGU&onf/
jynfolwdkY\ pdwfydkif;qdkif&mrsm;udk okH;oyfjyNyD; edkifiHwpfedkifiH
wd;k wufz&Ykd ef tpd;k &ESijfh ynfol twGn J n
D D c&D;ESirf S vd&k ma&mufEikd af Mumif;
a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ vlwpfOD;csif;pD\ awG;ac:ykHudk
ajymif;vJEdkifzdkY ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom ywf0ef;usifrsm; vdktyfaeaMumif;
a&;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/
jrefrmhEkdiif Ha&;wGif wdki;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;\ ygwDtzGJUtpnf;
rsm;\ tcef;u@udk a&;om;NyD; trsdK;om;a&; 0g'ESihf oufqdkif&m
oabmobm0wdku Y kv
d nf; a&;om;xm;onf/ xdkjY yif jrefrmhekid if aH &;ESifh
urÇmhekdiif Ha&; tcif;tusi;f rsm;udk EIid ;f ,SOjf yum a&;om;xm;onf/
urÇmay:&Sd wdk;wufaeaom enf;ynmrsm;udk csOf;uyfjyNyD;
enf;ynm zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIYonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH acwfrDwdk;wufzdkY&ef
ta&;ygrIukd a&;om;NyD; jrefrmhEkdiif H&Sd vli,fvl&G,w f kdY\ tcef;u@
ESihf acgif;aqmifrI pGrf;&nftaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/
'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&;ESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&; jzpfpOfrsm;? vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
ynma&; taMumif;udk tawGUtMuKEH iS , fh OS u
f m csed x
f ;kd a&;om;xm;onf/
'Drdkua&pDpepfESihf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJudk a&;om;jyNyD;
tkycf sKyfol acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf tkycf sKyfcH acgif;aqmifrsm; taMumif;udk
a&;om;xm;onf/
acgif;aqmifrIY pGrf;&nfnHhaom tkyfcsKyfolrsm;ESihf acgif;aqmif
vdkpdwfr&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk jynfolrsm;u a&G;cs,f&ojzihf
a&G;cs,frI rrSm;apzdkYudk &Sif;vif;pGm a&om;xm;onf/ tkyfcsKyfykH
tkyfcsKyfenf; enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; az:jya&;om;xm;onf/
edkifiHwdk;wufa&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;u@\ ta&;BuD;ykHrsm;udk
okH;oyf a&;om;xm;onf/ xdkYjyif ynma&;taMumif;wGif wuúokdvf
ynma&;tay: a&;om;xm;aom rif;aoh\ ,lqcsufrsm;onf
tifrwef xdrdvSonf/
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pepfwus okH;oyfa&;om;xm;onf/ xdkYtjyif owif;rD'D,mrsm; \
ta&;ygvSaom tcef;u@udk jrifomxifom&Sdatmif a&;om;
xm;onf/
'Drukd a&pDEikd if aH &; taMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;aom aqmif;yg;
trsm;pkyg0ifNyD; wjcm;aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm Edkiif HzGJUNzdK;a&;ESihf qufpyfae
aom vlrIjyKjyifa&; oabmw&m;a&;&mrsm;udk e,fy,fwpfckcsif;pD
tvdkuf a&;om;xm;onfrmS rif;aoh\Edkiif aH &;tay: cH,cl suo f abm
xm;rsm;udk odjrifcGihf&onhftjyif rif;aoh okH;oyfa&;om;xm;aom
pmydk'frsm;? pm;um;pkrsm;? OyrmjyKcsufrsm;onf pmzwfoltwGuf
owdjyK qifjcifp&mrsm; jzpfaponf/
vufawGUjzpfpOfrsm;udk xnhfoGif; a&;zGJUxm;ojzihf EdkifiHa&;udk
pdwfr0ifpm;olrsm; zwfrdvQiffawmif rif;aoha&;xm;aom rif;aoh\
wjcm;pmtkyfrsm;udk &Smzwfcsifpdwf jzpfvdrhfrnf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif pma&;q&m tvGefrsm;jym;NyD; pmaumif;a&;aom
uavmif&Sif tvGe&f Sm;yg;onf/ wcsKd Upmrsm;u wpfacgufzwfNyD;vQiff
aysmufoGm;wwfonf/ aemufwpfacguf xyfzwfvQiffawmif bmrßS
awG;ac:qifjcifp&m r&SdbJ tcsdefom ukefoGm;NyD; bmrS tusdK;r&Sd/
odkaY omf rif;aohonf ola&;om;aom pmrsm;udk toufoiG ;f xm;onf/
olajymcsifwm? oljzpfcsifwm? olzefwD;csifwmawGudk olrodaom
tcsdef? olr&Sdaom tcsdefwGifyif tvkyfvkyfap&ef &nf&G,fNyD;rS pmudk
a&;oljzpfonfudk olYaqmif;yg;rsm;udk zwfMunhfvQiff odedkifonf/
trSew f u,f tvkyv f kycf siaf om pmrsm;udk aocsmqefppfNyD;rS pmtkyf
tjzpf xkwfxm;onfudk þpmtkyfudk zwfNyD; odvdkuf&onf/
xdkYaMumihf þpmtkyfonf acwfESihf avsmfnDaom EdkifiHa&;
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkpnf;xm;onf/ Edkiif aH &;udk pdw0f ifpm;ol rnforl qdk
zwfoihfonf/ txl;ojzihf vuf&Sd EdkifiHa&; vkyfaeolrsm; tjrifcsif;
zvS,fEdkif&ef zwfoihfaom pmtkyfjzpfonf/
 -C-

rnfonhftcsdefzwfzwf vufawGUESihf,SOfNyD; qifjcif okH;oyf

p&mrsm;udk &&Sad pEdkiaf om pmtkyu
f kd a&;om;xkwaf 0ay;aom oli,fcsi;f
rif;aohudk aus;Zl;wifrdygaMumif; trSmpum; yg;vdkufygonf/

av;pm;vsuf.....

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11.6.2020
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 qif;&Jjcif; taMumif;

ygarmu©aygaumfv, D mu Edkiif rH sm; qif;&Jjcif; taMumif;w&m;

(4) csufudk azmfcJhonf/
(1) y#dyu©axmifacsmuf
(2) o,HZmw usdefpm
(3) tdrfeD;csif;qdk; ESifh ukef;wGif;ydwf
(4) tkyfcsKyfrI nHhzsif;rI
ponfh tcsuf (4) csufjzpfonf/

tdrfwpftdrfrSm
c rdom;pkawG rnDrnGwfjzpf&if
c tdrfha&SUyl tdrfaemufrcsrf;omjzpf&if
c vifeJY r,m; rwnfh&if
c om;orD;ESifh rdb uawmufuqjzpf&if
c armifESrtcsif;csif; &efjzpfae&if
tJhonfhtdrf qif;&Jonf/ aiGaMu;csrf;omvQifvnf; pdwfcsrf;
omp&m taMumif;r&dS/ aiGaMu;csrf;omjcif;onfvnf; Mum&Snf
jrJr,f rxif/ xdktaMumif;aMumif;aMumifh rdom;pkwGif; usef;rma&;
ynma&; pD;yGm;a&;wdkY b,faomtcgrQ tvm;tvm raumif;Edkif/
qdk;usKd;rsm;om jzpfzdkYrsm;onf/
2 rif;aoh

uGefjzL;&Syfu ajymonf/ tpd k ; & tvk y f o nf tus K d ;

]rdom;pkqkdwm Edkiif Hawmf&JU tajccH pD;yGm;rsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJjcif; jzpfonf/
,lepf} [lí/ rdom;pkonf EdkifiH\ tusKd;pD;yGm; udk,fpDu ae&mXme
tajccH,lepfjzpfonf/ rdom;pkrS wdkif;rSm ESpfjrKyf tajccsvsuf &dS
tdraf xmifpktoGio f kYd a&mufonf/
onf/ tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;\ tajccH
tdrfwdkY pkpnf; aexdkifí &Gm &GmrS
onf &mxl;rSvmonf/ vkyfydkif
jrd K Ue,f ? jrd K Ue,f r S c ½d k i f ? c½d k i f r S
jynfe,f? wdkif;? jynfe,f? wdkif;rS cG i f h r S vmonf / tmPmrS vm
EdkifiH? EdkifiHrsm;rS urÇmMuD; ponf onf/
jzifh wjznf;jznf;jcif; pkzUJG aexdkiMf u
&mrS urÇmMuD;jzpfvmonf/ EdkifiHrsm; jzpfvmonf/ rnfodkYaom tpk
tzGJU wdkif;EdkifiHudk Munfhonfjzpfap rdom;pkwpfpku tajccHusjrJ/
usqJ/

pkzGJUaexdkifjcif;
rdom;pkrS aqGrsK;d pk/ aqG;rsK;d pkrS rsK;d EG,pf k/ rsK;d EG,pf krS vlrsK;d pk/
vlrsK;d pkrS vlrsK;d / vlrsK;d rS Edkiif H qdkonfh tqifq
h ifh jzpfwnfrI yHkp&H o Sd nf/
EdkifiHa&;udpöonf vlrsKd;a&;udpö jzpfonf/ EdkifiHtwGif;rSm rSDwif;
aexdkifonfh vlrsKd;rsm;\ ta&;udpöjzpfonf/
vlUtodkif;t0dkif;wpfcktjzpf MuD;rm;vmaom vltkyfpkrsm;\
tusK;d pD;yGm;udk pDrHcefYcGJa&;onf tpdk;&udpöjzpfonf/ tkypf ktcsi;f csi;f
tMum; y#dyu©rsm; ajz&Si;f a&;onf tpdk;& tvkyjf zpfonf/ tpdk;&onf
vlrsKd;pkrsm; MuD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;udk pDrH&onf/ pD&if&onf/

tpdk;& tvkyf
csKyfvdkufvQif tpdk;&tvkyfonf
- vltkyfpkrsm;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk pDrHcefYcGJa&;
- vlrsKd;pkrsm;tMum;u y#dyu©udk ajz&Sif;a&;
- jynfolvlxkMuD;yGm;atmif tpDtrHrsm; csrSwfa&;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 3

[lí tcsuf (3) csuf xGufvmonf/

rwlujJG ym;aom vlrsK;d pkrsm;aexdki&f mEdkiif üH y#dyu©rsm;'if;Murf;
jynfhavh&dSonf/ rwlnDrI uGJjym;rIrsm;u y#dyu©rsm; pkpHk&mXme jzpf
onf/ y#dyu©rsm;aMumifh taxGaxGynma&; usef;rma&; ukefoG,f
a&;wdkY ysupf D;&onf/ þtaMumif;onf qif;&Jjcif;taMumif;wpf&yf
jzpfonf/
tpdk;&onf y#dyu©rsm;\ obm0udk rodvQif em;rvnfvQif
ravhvmvQif y#dyu©rsm;&Si;f &m taMumif;rjzpf/ y#dyu©rsm; xlxyf&m
taMumif;udkom topfwpfzefjyKpGr;f ovdkjzpfrnf/ y#dyu©ajz&Si;f a&;
enf;emrsm;udk vGJrSm;pGm oHk;jcif;u qif;&Jjcif;taMumif;jzpfonf/
Edik if aH &;odyb HÜ mom&yfü Conflict Resoultion bmom&yf&o Sd nf/
y#dyu©ajz&Si;f a&; bmom&yfjzpfonf/ Edkiif rH sm;tMum; vlrsK;d rsm;tMum;
tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;tMum; tkypf krsm;tMum; y#dyu©jzpfymG ;jcif;udk avhvmjyD;
ajz&Si;f a&; enf;emrsm;udk azmfxkwo f nf/ qef;ppfonf/ tMuHjyKonf/
okawoevkyfonf/ y#dyu©wdkY\taMumif;w&m; Zmpfjrpfudk &SmazG
azmfxkwfonf/ þjzpfpOfudk tpdk;&rif;wdkY a&a&vnfvnf od&rnf/
odkYr[kwfygu EdkifiHu qif;&JjrJ qif;&Jvsufom&dSrnf/

tusKd;pD;yGm; pDrHcefYcGJrI
tpdk;&tvkyfonf tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJjcif;jzpfonf/
tusK;d pD;yGm;udk,pf Du ae&mXmewdki;f rSm ESpjf rKyf tajccsvsu&f Sdonf/
tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;\ tajccHonf &mxl;rSvmonf/ vkyyf kid cf iG rhf vS monf/
tmPmrSvmonf/ t&if;tjrpfrv S monf/ ae&mXmetrsK;d rsK;d rSvmonf/
t&if;tjrpfrv S maom tusKpd ;D yGm;udk csO;f uyfMunfrh nf/ jrefrmEdkiif u
H
o,HZmw odyaf ygonf/ ajray:ajratmufü xkvku d xf nfvku d &f o
Sd nf/
jrif&aom rjrif&aom o,HZmwrsm;uvnf; tyHktyif/ epfjrKyfae
aom azmfxkwfaeaom wl;azmfzdkY vdkaeao;om o,HZmwrsm;u
trsm;tjym;/
4 rif;aoh

o,HZmwtay: rDSckdaom pD;yGm;a&;tjrwfaMumifh y#dyu©rsm;

Mum&Snfvmonf/ ausmufpdrf;aMumifh opfaMumifh ywåjrm;aMumihf
a&TaMumifh y,if;aMumifh aMu;eDaMumifh a&eHaMumifh aMumif.h . aMumif.h ..
aMumihf.../ o,HZmwy#dyu©rsm;u ,ckvnf; &dSonf/ ,cif
uvnf;&dScJhonf/ aemufvnf; &dSaetHk;rnf/
o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrItay: ydkifEdkifaom ay:vpD r&dSrI vkkyfxkH;
vkyfenf; toufr0ifrIrsm;u o,HZmw usdefpmudk zefwD;onf/
jynfolu o,HZmwaMumifh rcsrf;omyJ o,HZmwaMumifhyif qif;&J
iwfrGwfjcif;udk cHpm;ae&onf/ þum; jrefrmjynf\ Oyrm/

tpdk;&rif;wdkY pD;yGm;a&;ynmudk rodvQif wdkif;jynf qif;&Jonf/

tpdk;&rif;wdkY ae&mwum 0ifygaecsifvQif wdkif;jynf rGJonf/
tpdk;&rif;wdkY tkyfcsKyfrI nHhvQif wdkif;jynf qif;&Jonf/
tpdk;&rif;wdkY jrdKUarwåmcH,lvGef;vQif wdkif;jynf qif;&Jonf/
tpdk;&rif;wdkY y#dyu©ajz&Sif;a&; ruRrf;usifvQif wdkif;jynf qif;&Jonf/
tpdk;&rif;wdkY tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJrI nHhvQif wdkif;jynf qif;&Jonf/

tdrfeD;em;csif;
jrefrmeHab;em;rSm rdom;pkMuD; ESppf k &dSonf/ orkid ;f ESihfcsDaom
,Ofaus;rI ordkif;aMumif;&dSonfh rdom;pkMuD;jzpfonf/ tdEd´,ESifh
w½kww f jkYd zpfonf/ vdktyfcsurf sm;t& pdeaf c:rIrsm;t& a&mjyGr;f aeaom
a'oa&;&m tajctae/ vlO;D a& t& oef; 2000 ausmf yl;nyfcaH e&om
pdefac:csuf/ 'Drdkua&pDESifh tmPm&Sif qif;&Jjcif;ESifh csrf;omjcif;
tMum;u rQajcysurf I/ a'owGi;f tajctaeu jrefrmtwGuf pdeaf c:
csufrsm;&dSonf/ þpdefac:csufrsm;u acgif;ESifhyef; yrm/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 5

qif;&Jjcif;udk eufoxuf eufapEdkifovdk aps;uGuftjrifjzifh

ukeyf pön;f rsm; a&mif;cs&m r[maps;uGuMf uD;tjzpf jrifvQiv f nf;&onf/
tdref D;csi;f qdk;jcif; aumif;jcif;u udk,hw
f kdi;f jynftpdk;&\ rl0g'a&;&m
zGHUjzdK;rIESifhqdkifonf/ oHwrefa&;&m t&nftcsif;ESifh qdkifonf/ EdkifiH
jcm;a&;rl0g'topf jzpfxGef;&ef tpdk;&opfü vdkonf/

tkyfcsKyfrI nHhjcif;
tpdk;&vufwHrsm; wdkjcif; &Snjf cif;onf aps;uGuzf GHUjzdK;rItay:
oufa&mufonf/ tpdk;&vufwHrsm; oefpGr;f jcif; roefpGr;f jcif;onf
jAL½dkua&pD,EÅ&m; ESihf oufqkdio f nf/ tpdk;&ay:vpDESihv f nf; ouf
qdkifonf/
'Drdku&ufwpf tifpwDusL;&Sif;ü tkyfcsKyfrI aumif;rGefjcif;udk
þodkY owfrSwfonf/
tpdk;& vufwH wdk;jyD; vufwkYd MuHUckid v
f Qif tkycf sKyfrI awmfonf/
tkycf sKyfrI aumif;onf/ ae&mwum tpdk;&vufrsm; a&mufaejcif;udk
tkyfcsKyfrI aumif;jcif;[k rowfrSwf rynwf/
vufwHrsm;u ae&mwum jzefYusufaejyD; tm;vHk;u z½dkz&J
avsmhwad vsmh&GJ qdkvQif tkycf sKyfrI nHhonf[k ynwfonf/ txl;ojzifh
EdkifiHawmf\ vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;aejyD; yk*¾vduvkyfydkifcGifh enf;jcif;udk
MunfhEkdio f nf/ avsmh&Jaom tpdk;&vufwHrsm;u ab;EIwcf rf;rsm;udk
tem;rowfEkid /f tvkyrf sm;udk tvkyjf zpfatmif rvkyEf kid /f tjzpfvkyjf yD;
jcpm;rIrsm; jynfheufpGmjzifh tkycf sKyfrIukd vkyaf evQif tpdk;& nHhonf[k
owfrSwfonf/
nHhzsi;f aomtpdk;&pepfü Edkiif Hqif;&Jonf/ tusK;d &dSolu vuf
wpfqkyfpmrQ&dSjyD; tusKd;,kwfolu xk ESifh a'; jzpfvmonfh &v'fudk
&onf/ EdkifiHcsrf;omjcif;onf jynfol csrf;omjcif;jzpfonf/ *sD'DyD
wdk; jcif;onf EdkifiHwdk;wufjcif;udk jyaom nTef;udef;jzpfaomfvnf;
6 rif;aoh

jynfolu iwfjyD; *sD'DyD udef;*Pef;u MuD;aevQifvnf; wdkif;jynf

qif;&Jonf[k qdkEdkifonf/
yk*¾vud vkyyf kdicf Gihu
f kd rzGHUjzdK;apaom tpdk;&vufwHrsm; r[kwf
ygu wdkif;jynf rGJoxuf rGJapvdrfhtHk;rnf/ qif;&Jjcif;ESifh rGJaw
jcif;onf twl,OS pf yfí vmEdkio f nf/ xdkaY emuf iwfrwG f acgif;yg;jcif;
ab;u aemufuvdkufvmEdkifonf/
tpdk;&rif;wdkY pD;yGm;a&;ynmudk rodvQif wdki;f jynf qif;&Jonf/
tpdk;&rif;wdkY ae&mwum 0ifygaecsifvQif wdkif;jynf rGJonf/
tpdk;&rif;wdkY tkyfcsKyfrI nHhvQif wdkif;jynf qif;&Jonf/
tpdk;&rif;wdkY jrdKUarwåmcH,lvGef;vQif wdkif;jynf qif;&Jonf/
tpdk;&rif;wdkY y#dyu©ajz&Sif;a&; ruRrf;usifvQif wdkif;jynf
qif;&Jonf/
tpdk;&rif;wdkY tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJrI nHhvQif wdkif;jynf
qif;&Jonf/
þum; tkyfcsKyfolESifh tkyfcsKyfcHoltMum; a,bk,sem;vnf
xm;&rnfh qif;&Jjcif;taMumif;jzpfonf/

nae 6 ; 24
27 Mo*kwf 2017/
v
 tpdk;&jcif; tEkynm

tkycf sKyfa&;twwfu rvG,u f /l Edkiif aH &;udk tkycf sKyfrI tEkynm

vdkY zGihq
f kdwm &dSw,f/ tpdk;&vkyjf cif; twwfvkdY ajymwmvnf; &dSw,f/
zGifhqdkcsufawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&dSwJhae&mrS 'D½Iaxmifhu tpdk;&jzpf
oGm;wJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk &nfnTef;wmjzpfw,f/ uRefawmfhrSm
,lqcsufwpfck&dSw,f/
a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifcsif&if tpdk;& vkyfwwfatmif MudK;pm;/
tpdk;&rvkyw f wf&if a&G;aumufyJG 0ifcsipf w d u f kd oif;owfxm;/
pGrf;&nfur&dS a&G;aumufyGJu 0ifcsifao;qdk&ifawmh jynfol
jynfom;awGtwGuf odyfr[ef/ tcuftcJawGtMum;u EdkifiHa&;
½ke;f xrIukd vkycf Jh&wJh tpdk;&awGukdawmh avsmhajym&vdrhrf ,f/ Edkiif Ha&;
tvkyfu ½Iyfw,f/ us,fw,f/ eufw,f/ rsm;w,f r[kwfvm;/
odkYayr,fh tpdk;&qdkwm qifajcay;zdkYtwGuf wnfaqmufxm;wJh
,EÅ&m; r[kwb f l;/ jynfolUtusK;d udk xdxad &mufa&muf pGr;f aqmifzkdY
wm0efay;jcif;cH&wJh tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EÅ&m;/
jynfolUtusKd;vdkY ajymwJhae&mrSm tqifhvdkuf cGJajym&r,f/
aemufjyD; wdwdususajym&r,f/
tpdk;& tvkyfu tajccH (3) rsKd;&dSw,f/
(1) umuG,fa&;eJY vHkjcHKa&;wm0ef
(2) pD;yGm;a&; wm0ef
(3) 0efaqmifrI wm0ef qdkjyD; tMurf;zsif; (3) rsKd;cGJw,f/
8 rif;aoh

trsKd;om; vHkjcHKa&;
umuG,af &; eJY vkHjcHKa&;u wlw,f/ odkYaomf rwlbl;/ olwkdYukd
tydkif;vdkufcGJjyD; MunfhrS aumif;w,f/ EdkifiHwpfckrSm umuG,fa&;eJY
vHkjcHKa&;u r&dSrjzpf wm0efxJrSmygw,f/ ta&;MuD;w,f/ ta&;ay:
vnf; jzpfw,f/ rjywfapmifhMunfhjyifqifxm;&r,fh u@jzpfw,f/
wyfveS jYf yD; Edk;Mum;xm;zdv
kY nf; vdkw,f/ umuG,af &;eJY vHkjcHKa&;twGuf
qdk&if tjrJ &,f'D (tqifoifh) jzpfaezdkY vdkw,f/ 'g[m EdkifiHwpfck&JU
ppfa&;pGr;f &nfeJY vHkjcHKa&;u@ tqifhjrifhrIeJY qdkiw
f ,f/ tpdk;&wpf&yf
jzpfvm&if umuG,af &;eJYvHkjcHKa&;twGuf t"duwm0ef&Sw d ,f/ t"du
OD;pm;ay;vnf;jzpfw,f/ trsKd;om; vHkjcHKa&;twGuf tajrmftjrifu
tpdk;&twGuf odyfta&;MuD;w,f/

tpdk;& tvkyfu ig;wpfaumif zrf;jyD; auR;&r,fh tvkyf r[kwfbl;/

uGefcsufjy&r,fh tvkyf/ aemufjyD; tpdk;&u jynfolukd u½kPmoufjyD;
tvSLay;ovdk vkyfae&r,fh udpövnf; r[kwfbl;/ udk,fhxrif;udk udk,f
acs m if a cs m if v nf v nf &S m pm;wwf a tmif a&cH a j r cH zef w D ; ay;&r,f /
vrf;aMumif;ay;&r,f/ yGJpm; vkyfay;&r,f/ jyD;awmh xrif;&Smpm;wwfwJh
twwfudk oifMum;EdkifwJh y&0kPfudk zefwD;ay;&r,f/ 'g[m jynfolU
tajccHpm;0wfaea&;twGuf vkyfoifhwJh ½dk;&Sif;wJh tajzjzpfw,f/

tpdk;&wpf&yf yDjyifjcif; ryDjyifjcif;udk jynfolawGcHpm;&wJh

pdwvf HkjcHKrIeJY wdki;f wmEdkiw
f ,f/ olwkdY b0 tmrcHcsuu f kd b,favmuf
umuG,af y;Edkio f vJ olwkdY "eOpömudk b,favmuf tmrcHcsuaf y;Edkif
ovJ qdkwmawGygw,f/ oGm;&? vm&? ae&? xdkif&? pm;&? aomuf&
wJhae&mrSm vHkvHkjcHKjcHK jzpfcsiwf ,f/ pdwrf ylryef jzpfcsiwf ,f/ 'g[m
omrefjynfol&JU t½dk;&Sif;aom tajccHarQmfvifhcsuf/ csrf;omwm
rcsr;f omwm tyxm;/ pm;&orQ ae&orQav;rS pdwaf t;at;oufom
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 9

pm;aecsifw,f/ aecsifw,f/ 'gudk avmbMuD;w,fvdkY qdkEdkifrvm;/

odrkY [kwf 'g[m jynfow
l pfa,muf twåMuD;jcif;vm;/ avmbMuD;jcif;
vm;/ 'g[m jynfol&JU tajccHvdktyfcsuf r[kwfbl;vm;/

trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;
'kwd, OD;pm;ay;u trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;/
EdkifiHwumeJY ,SOfjyD; udk,fhEdkifiH&JU trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;udk
b,fvkd^b,fuJhokdY armif;ESicf sJUxGirf ,f qdkwm tpdk;&wpf&yf&JU Edkiif H
wumtjrifeJY oufqdkifw,f/ aemufjyD; tJh'Dhtpdk;& eHab;rSm &dSaewJh
uRrf;usif ynm&SifawG&JU t&nftaoG; csOf;uyfyHkeJY oufqdkifw,f/
aemufjyD; udk,hEf kdiif Hom;awG&JU e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSm jzefYusujf yD; vlay:
vlaZmfvkyfEdkifjcif;eJY qdkifw,f/ jrefrmjynftwGufu enf;aumif;
enf;Edkiaf yr,fh tvm;tvm&dSwJh jrefrmawG tawmfrsm;rsm; &dSw,fqkd
wmudk tpdk;&u rsufvHk;av; jyL;Munfh&if odyfaumif;r,f/
udk,fu udk,fhtrsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;udk csJUrvm; tcsJUcHrvm;
qdkwm pOf;pm;zdkYvdkw,f/ udk,fu rcsJU&ifawmh tcsJUcH&rSmyJ/ EdkifiH
wumrSm rsuEf mS rGeJ YJ &Sio
f efvm&wm Mumanmif;jyD/ jrefrmwdkY enf;enf;
armfcsifw,f/ olwdkYudk 'DacwfrSm armfcGifhay;vdkufyg/ vlMum;xJrSm
armfEdkifatmif tqifhjrifhay;vdkufyg/ vufeuf wyfqifay;vdkufyg/
'g[m EdkifiHh&JU trsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm; jzpfvmEdkifaumif;w,f/

pD;yGm;a&; udpö
tpdk;&wpf&yfwufvm&if tajccH pm;0wfaea&; zlvHkatmif
vkyaf y;zdkYu ta&;MuD; wm0efjzpfygw,f/ 'gu ajymp&m rvkad vmuf
atmif odzdkY vkdwJhtcsuf/ 'gayr,fh tpdk;&u aeYpOf xrif;xkyf vdkuf
a0jyD; auR;zdkY r[kwfbl;/ rqv acwfuvdk or0g,rqdkifawGrSm
aps;oufomjyD; cGJwrf;eJY a0iS a&mif;cszdkYvnf; r[kwfbl;/
10 rif;aoh

tpdk;& tvkyfu ig;wpfaumif zrf;jyD; auR;&r,fh tvkyf

r[kwfbl;/ uGefcsufjy&r,fh tvkyf/ aemufjyD; tpdk;&u jynfolukd
u½kPmoufjyD; tvSLay;ovdk vkyfae&r,fh udpövnf; r[kwfbl;/
udk,x
hf rif;udk udk,f acsmifacsmifvnfvnf &Smpm;wwfatmif a&cHajrcH
zefwD;ay;&r,f/ vrf;aMumif;ay;&r,f/ yGJpm; vkyaf y;&r,f/ jyD;awmh
xrif;&Smpm;wwfwJh twwfukd oifMum;Edkiw f Jh y&0kPu f kd zefwD;ay;&
r,f/ 'g[m jynfoUl tajccHpm;0wfaea&;twGuf vkyo f ifw h hJ ½dk;&Si;f wJh
tajzjzpfw,f/

aiGaMu;udpö
jynfolu tvkyfvkyfw,f/ aiG&w,f/ &wJh aiGu wefzdk;
rcdkifrmbl; qdk&ifvnf; vkyftm;awGu oJxJa&oGefovdk jzpfrSmyJ/
jynfolawGu tJhvdk cHpm;&rSmyJ/ 'Dvdkqdk&if vkyfcsifpdwf udkifcsifpdwf
enf;r,f/ vkyv f kyf rvkyv f kyf 'DavmufygyJumG qdkjyD; ,lqvdkuMf u&if
ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; edrfhr,f/ xGufvmwJh ukeftxGufuvnf; t&nf
taoG; usr,f/ ta&twGufyg usr,f/
aiGaMu;wefzkd; jidrzf kdY/ aiGrmjzpfatmifvkyzf kdY tpdk;&u bPfpepf
zGHUjzdK;atmif vkyfjyD; A[dkbPfudk pepfwus vkyfydkifcGifh ay;&r,f/
aemufqk;H A[dkbPfu vGwv f yf&r,f/ 'grSaumif;r,f/ t&iftpdk;&vdk
aiGvkw d kid ;f aiGpuúLudk yHkEySd v
f kud rf ,fqwkd Jh abmifuaexGuzf kYd vdkw,f/
0gZD upuf½HkawG tvkyrf jzpf&if aeygap? aiGaMu; xyf½kduEf ySd jf cif;udk
twdkif;tqeJY vkyfrS aumif;r,f/
pD;yGm;a&; udpörSm ajym&if [Hkaeaumif; [Hkaevdrhfr,f/ tajccH
vkyf&r,fh u@awG &dSw,f/
L tvkyfcGifeJY tyfpyfwJh tqifhjrifh ynma&;udk ajymif;vJzdkY
L tvkyt f udkif tcGihftvrf;twGuf cGiaf wGukd zefwD;ay;zdkY
L ukex f kwpf rG ;f tm;[m Edkiif Hawmf&JU "eOpömudk pD&ifwJhu@
jzpfvmzdkY
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 11

L aexdkifp&m ae&m twnfwus &zdkY

L a&Twdk aiGpav;awG pkaqmif;EdkifzdkY
L tcsdefwef&if rD;zdkacsmifrSm rD;cdk;tlEkdifzdkY
L reufjzefeJY oufbufcgtwGuf raMumifhMu&wJh 0ifaiG&Sz d kYd
'Dvkad v;awG xdxad &mufa&mufvky&f if odyaf umif;rSmvdkY awG;rd
w,f/ tajymuvG,w f ,f/ tvkyuf cufw,f/ 'gayr,fh a&G;aumufyJG
0ifcsifolawGu cufwJhae&mudkrS rSef;Muw,f r[kwfvm;/ 'Dawmh
vnf; cufw,fqdkwJhudpö[m qifajcjy tmomajzpum;awG ajymzdkY
rvdkawmhbl; xifw,f/

0efaqmifrIudpö
0efaqmifrIudpöudk tjrJMunfh&if jAL½dkua&pDu xdyfydkif;u
ygvmwmyJ/ u@cGJtoD;oD; e,fy,ftoD;oD;twGuf 0efaqmifrI
u@rSm vdktyfcsufawG &dSaeqJ/ vdktyfcsufqdkwmuawmh tjrJ&dSae
w,f/ odkYayr,fh tckjzpfaewmu tajccHvdktyfcsuf qdkwmudku
cRif;csuf&dSw,f/ 0efMuD;Xmewdkif;rSm udk,fpDjyóem&dSw,f/ wcsKdU
jyóemawGu 0efMuD;Xmecsi;f &efapmifaevdkY jzpfwm/ wcsKUd u tcsw d f
tquf r&dSvdkY jzpfwm/ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI r&dSvdkY jzpfwm/
tpdk;&tqufqufu 0efxrf; t&nftaoG;jr§ihfwifa&;udpöukd
azmifMuD;eJY ZD;yifMuD;rSmyJ vHkavmufjyDxifaewm rSm;wmyJ/ 0efMuD;Xme
wdki;f u 0efxrf;awGu taeMum&if ar*smjzpfjrJ jzpfaewmyJ/ tpGr;f tp
&dw
S o
hJ u l kd ausmw
f ufciG hf ray;wm vkyyf kid cf iG hf ydkray;wm ody&f ifav;p&m
aumif;w,f/ jrefrmjynftpdk;&opftwGuf wu,f vky&f r,fh tvkyf
awG trsm;MuD;&dSw,f/
uRefawmfh qE´oabmt& jAL½dkua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;eJY
w&m;a&;r@Kdiu f kd jywfjywfom;om; rudkiw f , G Ef kid w
f mudkyJ nHzh si;f rI&UJ
tpvdq kY kcd siw
f ,f/ w&m;a&;r@Kdiu f tm;udk;,HkMunfcsipf &m raumif;
atmifudk jzpfaejyD/ tqdk;qHk;u jynfolawG &GHp&maumif;wJh ,EÅ&m;
12 rif;aoh

tpdwftydkif;jzpfaejyD/ tm;vHk;u tjrD;usuf tjrD;pm; acgif;usuf

acgif;pm;awGom rsm;aew,f/ a&SUaeawGvnf; pdw"f mwft& ysuaf ejyD/
w&m;olMuD;awGuvnf; vufoif&h m pm;awmfac: awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u
avmufavmufvm;vm; r&dS/ vkyx f Hk;awG udk,w
f kdirf Smvnf; cRwf,iG ;f
csuf &dSqdkawmh trSm;ay: trSm;qifhaeMuw,f/ 'gudk w&m;Oya'
pdk;rdk;a&;vdkY xifrSwfrSm;aewmuawmh tawmf pdwfysufp&m/
wu,fawmh 'Dpmu tpdk;&udk q&mvkyfwJh pmr[kwf/ þodkY
vnf; r&nf&G,f/ &nf&G,fp&m taMumif;vnf; r&dS/ tpdk;&qdkwmu
igod igwwfvkdY tpdk;&vkyaf ewmuGvkdY cH,lwJh vlwef;pm;awG jyHKpkae
wJhae&m/ tpdk;&tvkyfonf bmvJqdkwm jynfolwdkU em;vnfatmif
vkyfay;&r,f/ 'g[m ta&;MuD;w,f/ txl;ojzifh jynfolu xdef;
ausmif;wJh tpdk;& pepfjzpfzdkY ta&;tMuD;qHk;aom tajccH ,lqcsuf
jzpfw,f/
jynfou l tpdk;&tvkyuf kd em;rvnf&if tpdk;&twGuf taxmuf
tul rjzpfbl;/ tpdk;&udkvnf; xdef;ausmif;zdkY pOf;pm;EdkifpGrf;&dSrSm
r[kwb f ;l / jynfoul tpdk;&tvkyaf wGrmS yg0ifzkqYd k&d if tpdk;& tvkyu
f kd
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om; em;vnfoabmaygufxm;rS
&r,f/ 'g[m 'Drku d a&pDrmS ta&;MuD;w,f/ txl;ojzifh jynfoyl g0ifrI
vdkYac:wJh tajccHpHEIef;udk tm;jznfhjcif;jzpfw,f/ 'DtajccHtcsuf
tm;aumif;&if tmrcHcsu&f SdwJh 'Drkdua&pDukd&r,f/ tJhvkdrS r[kw&f if
b,fc&D;udk a&mufa&muf aemufjyefacgufEdkifw,f/
uRefawmfuawmh tpdk;&udk xde;f ausmif;Edkiaf om jynfolUtpdk;&
ppfppfjzpfzkYd vdkw,fvkYd ,lqw,f/ 'ghaMumifh tpdk;&vkyjf cif; twwfukd
jynfolawG a,bk,soabmaygufem;vnfzdkY vdkw,fvdkY ,lqjyD;
a&;vdkufygw,f/
n 11 ; 11
18? pufwifbm? 2017/
v
 vlawmfaMumufa&m*g

L tpkd;&nHhvQif wdkif;jynf nHhonf/

L jynfolnHhvQif tpdk;& nHhonf/
L jynfolonf olESifhwefonfh tpdk;&udk &onf/
'Drdkua&pDü jynfolonf t&mtm;vHk;udk jc,fvS,fEdkifonf/
ta&;t&mtm;vHk;ü yg0ifywfoufEkid o f nf/ ywfoufciG v hf nf;&do
S nf/
'Drdkua&pDü jynfol0ifa&mufEdkifaom vrf;aMumif;rsm; rsm;vSonf/
yg0ifcGifh&dSzdkY yg0ifEdkifpGrf;&dSzdkYESifh yg0ifcsifzdkYyJ vdkonf/

vrf;aMumif;rsm;
toGiful;ajymif;a&;u@ yDjyifvmavav jynfolUyg0ifrI
jrifhvm&avavjzpfonf/ jynfolonf Edkiif Ha&;ygwDtjzpf Edkiif Ha&;ü
yg0ifywfoufonf/ t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;tjzpf 0efaqmifrIupd örsm;ü
yg0ifywfoufonf/ or*¾rsm;rSwpfqifh ¤if;wdkYtusK;d pD;yGm;udk armif;
ESifonf/ wGef;Edkifatmif vHkYv xkwfonf/
wufMuGvyI &f mS ;olrsm;u ay:vpDukd vIyo
f nf/ Edkiif aH &;orm;u
ay:vpDukd a0zefonf axmufjyonf/ Edkiif Hwnfaqmufa&;orm;u
ay:vpDukd a&GUatmif enf;aygif;pHkjzifh vkyo
f nf/ Edkiif Hhacgif;aqmifu
ay:vpDudk touf0ifatmif taumiftxnfazmfonf/
14 rif;aoh

]t} ESpfvHk;
Edkiif w
H nfaqmufa&;onf ynmudkix f m;olEiS hf tmPmudkix f m;
olwkdYaygif;rdcsed üf atmifjrifavh&Sdonf/ tmPmESihftkdi'f D,mwdkY tuGJ
tjyJjzpfaeygu wnfaqmufa&;vnf; ratmifjrif/ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
vnf; t&mrxif/ ynmorm;rsm;jzifh 0ef;&Hxm;aomtmPm jzpfygu
ay:vpDrsm; A&rf;Awmjzpfwwfonf/ apwemwdkYonf t&mra&muf/
a0'emom jzpfoGm;wwfMuonf/
tar&duef or®wopfwpfa,muf wufvmwdkif; avhvm
qef;ppf olwdkY Munfhavh&dSonfh tcsuf&dSonf/ xdkor®w eHab;rSm
rnfodkYaom vlrsm;jzifh 0ef;&Hxm;oenf; qdkonfhtcsufjzpfonf/
or®wopfu uRrf;usifynm&SifawG
ynmwwfawG txl;jyK okcrdefawGudk L tpkd;&nHhvQif
b,favmuf pkpnf; oHk;pGJEdkifovJ wdkif;jynf nHhonf/
b,favmuf ac:iif 0ef;&Hxm;Edkio f vJ L jynfolnHhvQif
qdkonfhtcsufudk Munfhonf/ or®w tpdk;& nHhonf/
eHab;u vltrsm;u b,fvdk vlpm; L jynfolonf
awGqdkwm MunfhjyD; or®w oufwrf; olESifhwefonfh
twG i f ; atmif j rif E d k i f a cs &d S ^ r&d S tpdk;&udk &onf/
a[mudef;xkwf&onf/

vlawmfaMumufa&m*g
jrefrmEdkiif H\Edkiif Hhacgif;aqmif tqufqufü vlawmfaMumuf
a&m*gpGJavh&So d nf/ vlawmfaMumufjcif;onf olukd,w f kdiu
f rawmfí
vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ oHo,rsm;ívnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ twåudk cGmí
MunfhEdkifpGrf; yg;vsjcif;aMumifhvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ &ef^ig pnf;udk
cGJrMunfhEdkifívnf; jzpfEdkifonf/
acgif;aqmiftqufquf\ vlawmfaMumufa&m*gaMumifh
xl;cRefol xufjrufolrsm; ab;pifxGufukef Muonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 15

L tcsKdUu jynfya&mufonf/
L tcsdKUu acsmifxkd;cH&onf/
L tcsKUd u wpfu, kd af wmf wpfo;D wpfoefY aexdik o
f mG ;Muonf/
L tcsKdUu ESdyfuGyfcH&onf/
L tcsKdUu tHvGJaomae&m Xmersm;ü tydkYcH&onf/
L tcsKdUu e,fy,f ajymif;ukefMuonf/
L tcsKdUu a&ykyftdkif jzpfoGm;onf/
ynmwwfESihf tdki'f D,morm;wdkY\ ed*Hk;urvS/ tpdk;& tquf
qufü ed*Hk;vScJhonfh ynmwwfrsm; tawmf&Sm;onf/ xdktusK;d qufu
odolwwfolrsm; tmPmtodkif;t0ef;ESifha0;&m a&mufukefonf/
0ifrvmcsiMf uawmh/ ]rif;ca,mufsm; urf;em;opfyif} [k rSwv f mMu
onf/ ]rif;qdk uGi;f a&Smifr,f xrif;awmif rpm;csib f l;av;} jzpfvm
onf/ EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ay:vpD jzpfpOfü xl;cRefolrsm; yg;vsukef
onf/ ay:vpDjzpfpOfyg ysufvmonf/ acgif;aqmifvkyfol\ pdwf
xifjrifcsufu pDrHudef;jzpfvmonf/ rl0g'jzpfvmonf/ vlay:
tajccHaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfu MuD;oxuf MuD;vmonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHu ,ckxufxd xdkusifhxHk;udk razsmufEdkifao;/
azsmuf&aumif;rSef;yif odyHkr&/ rlrsm;udk OD;wnfajymaeaomfvnf;
jywfom;aom vkyaf qmufcsurf sm; rawGU&/ aysmhwad vsmh&J&Jjzifh Edkiif H
awmf,EÅ&m; yHkrSefvnfywfaeEdkifa&;jzifhom vHk;csmvdkufaeonf/
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tm½HkrpdkufEdkif jzpfae&onf/
0efMuD;rsm;u Edkiif Hawmf vkyfief;pOfukd a,bk,som odonf/
udk,fwm0ef,lonfh 0efMuD;Xmeudk b,fae&mu pí udkif&r,f rod/
wpfckckudk pGefYpGefYpm;pm; vkyf&atmifvnf; ¤if;wdkYacgif;aqmif\
t&dyfuMuD;vGef;í awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u r0Hhr&J/ vlawmfrsm;udk
oHk;csiMf uaomfvnf; udk,Ef Sihf yvJyeHoifholjzifhom ESpyf g;oGm; uMu
pjrJ/
16 rif;aoh

,cifu vlawmfaMumufa&m*g pGJuyfonf/ tckvnf; vlawmf

aMumufa&m*g xyfjyefYvmonf/ vlawmfrsm;bufrSvnf; tmPm
todkuft0ef;ESifh a0;a0;aecsifpdwf jyif;xefvSonf/ jrefrmjynfEdkifiH
a&;u vkyw f wforl sm;u vkycf sipf w d f r&djS zpfaejyD; rvkyw
f wforl sm;u
vkyfcsifpdwfuJaejcif; jzpfonf/
vlawmfaMumufa&m*gu tzGJUtpnf;wdki;f Xmewdki;f ygwDwkdi;f
a'owdik ;f vkyif ef;wdik ;f ü &do
S nf/ r&doS nfu &Sm;onf/ tenf;trsm;om
uGmonf/ vlawmfaMumufolwdkY acgif;aqmifjzpfvmygu tem*wf
onf ysuo f nf/ twdwu f kd a&&Gwíf tmomajzjcif;jzifhom oufwrf;
ukefMua&mhrnf/

OD; Adkvf ocif tuGJ

ynmESifh tmPmwdkY\t[onf ygvDrefacwfu tpjyKonf/
ynmwwf wufcEf kdu&ufrsm;ESihf Edkiif Ha&;orm;rsm;tMum; tuGJtjyJ
jzpfonf/ Edkiif aH &;orm;ESihf ppfom;rsm;tMum; ,HkMunfrI ysuv
f monf/
Edkiif w
H nfaqmufa&;\ t"du tiftm;pkokH;ck\ vlraI umfap; ysuv f m
onf/ xdkaY Mumifh uyftm; ukwt f m; raumif;awmh/ awmfveS af &;jyD;csed f
wnfaqmufa&; p&rnfh tcsed üf awmfveS af &;wdkY wpfausmjh yefvmonf/
onfvdkESifh tqdk;ausmh oHo&mpuf0ef;u rjywfvnfvmonf/ ,ck
tcsdefxdjzpfonf/
]OD;} qdkonfrSm jAL½dku&uf wufcfEdku&ufrsm;/
]Adkvf} qdkonfrSm umuG,fa&;wyfrawmfom; ppfom;rsm;/
]ocif} qdkonfrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/
ocifrsm;u ]OD;}tkyfpkudk tacsmiform; tvdkawmf&drsm;[k
½dk;pGyfonf/ Adkvfrsm;u ]ocif}tkyfpkudk twdkYtaxmiform;rsm;
vufausmrwif;olrsm;[k orkwfonf/ ocifrsm;u ]Adkvf} tkyfpkudk
tMurf; ywrf;0g'Drsm;[k ynwfonf/ ]OD;} tkyfpku ocifrsm;udk
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 17

ynmrwwf qifjcifwHkw&m;rJh 0g'Drsm;[k xifonf/ jrifonf/ onf

vdkESifh ,HkMunfrIpnf;rsm; ysuf,Gif;vmonf/
xdkYaemuf tdki'f Da,mfvkd*sD tuGJtjyJ tm;MuD;vmonf/ 0g'a&;
tuGJtjyJaMumifh &ef ^ igpnf;abmif MuD;vmonf/ wif;vmonf/
olUvl ighvl jzpfvmonf/ *dkPf;*PtuGJtjyJ jyif;xefvmonf/
tkyfpkzGJU wkdufcdkufrIrsm; ydkí ajAmifusus jzpfvmonf/ EdkifiHtwGif;
txdef;tuGyfrJhvmonf/ xdkYaemuf vufeufudkif ykefuefrIrsm; toD;
toD; too axGjym;vmonf/ oHo,rsm; e,fy,ftESYH jyefu Y keof nf/
tkyfpk tzGJUwloltcsif;csif;rsm; tMum;üyif oHo,rsufvHk;rsm; jyL;
us,fukefMuonf/

ocifrsm;u ]OD;}tkyfpkudk tacsmiform; tvdkawmf&drsm;[k ½dk;pGyf onf/

Ad k v f r s m ;u ]ocif } tk y f p k u d k twd k Y t axmif o rm;rs m ; vuf a us m
rwif;olrsm;[k orkwfonf/ ocifrsm;u ]Adkvf} tkyfpkudk tMurf; ywrf;
0g'Drsm;[k ynwfonf/ ]OD;}tkyfpku ocifrsm;udk ynmrwwf qifjcifwHk
w&m;rJh 0g'Drsm;[k xifonf/ jrifonf/

jrefrmvlrI todki;f t0ef;u twGi;f usKHUtjrifrsm; tydwpf w d rf sm;

axGjym;ukeo f nf/ 'DvkEd iS hf udk,w
hf mudk udk,v
f kaH tmif vkyvf mMuonf/
vHkjcHKa&;onft"du a&SUwef;a&mufvmonf/ udk,ht f usK;d pD;yGm; rysuf
okO;f a&;udk OD;xdyx f m;vmMuonf/ taxGaxG pdk;&drcf suu f Edkiif Ha&;
tkypf krsm;tMum; tjrpfwG,v f monf/ xdkYaemuf cdkirf mvmonf/ ,ck
pdk;&drfcsuf oHo,tjrpfrsm;udk wl;í rvG,fawmh/
Edkiif aH wmf pepfopftwGuf tjrpfaqG;rsm;udk wl;xkwzf Ykd cufvm
onf/ tkycf sKyaf &;u xda&mufrI enf;vmonf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf
pdefac:csufjzpfvmonf/ todESifh twwfcsKdUwJhjcif;u omrefvl
wpfa,mufü rodom/ acgif;aqmifwpfa,mufü jzpfvQif odomonf/
tusKd;tjypfMuD;onf/
18 rif;aoh

jyóem ESpf&yf
tmPmorm;ESihf tdki'f ,D morm;wdükY jyóem ESp&f yfawGU&onf/
tmPmorm; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u todcsKdUonf/ tdkif'D,morm;
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u avmufavmufvm;vm; wpfpkdurf wfrwfjzpfol
rsm;vmonf/ MuHUcdkifoefrmaom tdkif'D,morm;rsm; r[kwfawmh/
axmufjya0zefcsufrsm;u a,bk,s tm;xkwfcsufrsm;om rsm;vm
onf/ a,bk,srsm;jzifh bmrS vkyfr&/ jynfoltwGuf zwfzdkY rSwfzdkY
toHk;wnfhaumif; wnfhEkdiyf gvdrhfrnf/ odkYaomf tmPmorm;twGuf
a,bk,sonf vufawGU tvkyfrjzpf/
tdkif'D,morm;rsm;u udk,fh\tdkif'D,mudk aumif;pGm jyifqif
csujf yKwfí xkwyf k;d &ef vdkonf/ tmPmorm;rsm;uvnf; rdred ab;rSm
tdki'f D,mrsm; xkwv f kywf wfonfh owå0grsm;jzifh OD;aESmufrkew
f kid ;f qif
ae&rnf/ taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;udk &Sm&rnf/ temESihf aq;wnfhatmif
ay;&rnf/ aq;nTef;azmfjcif;onf tdkif'D,morm;\tvkyfjzpfjyD;
aq;ukjcif;onf tmPmorm;\ tvkyfjzpfonf/

or®wopfu uRrf;usifynm&SifawG ynmwwfawG txl;jyK

okcrdefawGudk b,favmuf pkpnf; oHk;pGJEdkifovJ b,favmuf
ac:iif 0ef;&Hxm;EdkifovJ qdkonfhtcsufudk Munfhonf/ or®w
eHab;u vltrsm;u b,fvdk vlpm; awGqdkwm MunfhjyD; or®w
oufwrf; twGi;f atmifjrifEikd af cs &d^S r&dS a[mude;f xkw&f onf/

jrefrmEdkiif HMuHKae&onfu aq;nTe;f azmfol enf;aeonf/ azmf

xm;aom aq;nTef;aumif;rsm;udkvnf; twåpnf;rsm;aMumifh yg0g
aumf&pf'gay:u yk*¾Kv d rf sm;u toHk;rjyKMu/ yg0gaumf&pf'geHab;u
olrsm;uvnf; tdkif'D,m ta&jcKHrsm;omrsm;onf/
jcHKMunfhvkduv f Qif ESpzf ufpvHk;ü jyóem&dSonf/ tmPmorm;
rsm;u vlawmfaMumufa&m*g pGJuyfaeonf/ tkdif'D,morm;rsm;u
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 19

[dkpyfpyf 'Dpyfpyf a,mif0g;omrsm;aeonf/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;aom

tkid 'f D,morm;rsm;u wpfpkdurf wfrwf r&dSMu/ tm;xkwrf I yg;vsvs/
a&mMudwform;rsm;u rsm;onf/ a,bk,sjzifh &TD;ae? jzD;aeolrsm;u
rsm;onf/ tcsuu f sus a0zefoHk;oyfEkdio
f lrsm;u vkyyf kdicf Gihf r&dSMu/
vkyyf kdicf iG h&f So
d lrsm;uvnf; ZD;uGuaf vmufawmh iSuw f kdi;f vSygw,fvkdY
owfrw S af eMuovm; rod/ wu,fuRr;f usio f rl sm; ab;a&mufaeonf/

qHk;&HI;rIavvm;
uRrf;usio f lrsm;twGuf vuf&St d cif;tusi;f u enf;enf;cHom
ao;onf/ jynfoludk ¤if;wdkY\ tdkif'D,mESifh a0zefcsufudk jzefYcsd&ef
rD', D mESihf tGev
f kid ;f jzefcsad &;pepf tm;aumif;vmonf/ xdkorl sm;aMumifh
jynfolawGu tawmftwef rsufpdyGifh em;yGifhjzpfvmonf/
odakY omf rnfrQyif tdki'f , D mrsm; tm;aumif;oefrmaeonfjzpfap
tmPmorm;u vufawGUroHk;ygu toGiu f l;ajymif;a&; aES;OD;rnf/
0JvnfvdkufaeOD;r,f/
,ck jrefrmh toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; ajcvSr;f rsm;udk tmPmorm;rsm;\
vlawmfaMumufa&m*gu jcdrf;ajcmufaeonf/ xdkYaMumifh tcsKdUaom
toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; ajcvSr;f rsm; ,dkiv f monf/ eJv Y monf/ ryDrjyifjzpf
vmonf/ a,mifjyajcvSr;f rsm; jzpfvmonf/ wGeq Yf kwaf om ajcvSr;f rsm;
jzpfvmonf/ jynfoltaejzifh wGefYqkwfrIudk rjrifcsifovdk MuHUcdkifrI
rJah om ajcaxmufrsm;vnf; &drS aeapcsiyf g/ ajccGiaf eaom ajcaxmuf
rsm;jzifh toGiu f l;ajymif;a&;udk rvSr;f rdzkdY vdkonf/ ajcrsm; roefvQif
tdkif'D,m a'gufrsm;jzifh axmufrS aumif;rnf/ toGiful;ajymif;a&;
ajcvSrf;rsm;udk ynma'gufrsm;jzifh axmufjyD; vSrf;rS aumif;rnf/
odkYr[kwfygu.../ /
nae 5 ; 24
14? atmufwdkbm? 2017/
v
 w&m;ao0g'DwdkY\ ed*Hk;avm ed'gef;avm

21 &mpkonf tajymif;tvJ&mpkjzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh

tpOfvku d f jzpfwnfrwI kYd ed*k;H owfonfu
h mvjzpfonf/ ckeyf saH usmv
f mT ;í
azmufxGuaf om enf;emwdkY a&yef;pm;onfhtcsed jf zpfonf/ w&m;ao
,lqcsufESifhw&m;aoenf;emwdkY wdk;r&aom tajctaejzpfonf/
taMumif;rSm tdkifwDenf;ynm aygufuGJvmjcif;ESifh A[dkcsufrwdkY
ysHUusJvmjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/

A[dkaygufzGm;rI
20 &mpkü A[dk [kqdkvQif wpfckwnf;udkom nTef;onf/
wpfckwnf; &nfneT ;f csuo f m jyKonf/ 21 &mpk ü A[dkwkYd uGmvmonf/
A[dkwkdY [vmonf/ A[dkaygif;rsm;pGm yGm;pD;vmonf/ ae&mtESHY A[dk
tjzpf ul;ajymif;vmEdkifMuonf/ enf;ynmESifh enf;emqef;opfrIrsm;
aMumifhvnf;ygrnf/
vlwdkif;u A[dkjzpfvmEdkifonf/ ae&mwdkif; Xmewdkif;u A[dk
jzpfvmEdkio f nf/ A[dkjzpfzkdY udk,cf Htm; aumif;&efESihf qef;opfwDxGirf I
vkyEf kid &f ef vdkonf/ vlwpfOD;csi;f pD\ udk,pf rG ;f udk,pf u xdyw
f ufvm
onf/ wpfOD;csi;f t&nftaoG;udk jycGih&f vmonf/ A[dkwpfckwnf;ü
ajccsKyfrdxm;olawGtwGuf 21 &mpkonf pdefac:csufjzpfvmonf/
,ckqdkvQif 21 &mpk\ oHk;yHkçyHk wpfyHkyif jynfhawmhrnf/ 21 &mpkü
pdeaf c:rItopfrsm;ESihf MuHKae&qJ/ ,ckxufxd pdeaf c:rI topftqef;
rsm;u tHkvdkufusif;vdkuf ay:xGufMuqJ/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 21

21 &mpk pdefac:csuf
21 &mpkukd tdkprmbifvm'ifu 9 ^ 11 jzifh MudKqdkvkduo f nf/
21 &mpkonf tMurf;zufrsm; &mpk[kyif xifvmp&m &dSvmonf/
,ckxufxd tMurf;zufrIonf 21 &mpk\ t"dupdefac:csufjzpfae
ao;onf/ ta&SUtv,fykdi;f u tm&yfurÇmudk ajcuky, f lí urÇmtESHY
jzefYusu&f ef ajcvSr;f pvmonf/ e*dktpwke;f u yxrurÇmudk ypfrSwf
xm;onf/ xdkYaemuf wwd,urÇmudk ypfrSwx f m;vmMuonf/ qif;&J
rGJawrIonf tMurf;zufrIwdkY aygufzGm;&m arG;ordcifjzpfvmonf/
bmoma&; w&m;ao0g'u 21 &mpkudk jcdrf;ajcmufvmonf/ vlrsKd;
tcsif;csif;tMum; udk;uG,f&m t,ltqa&;&m w&m;ao ,lqcsuf
wdkufyGJrsm; jyif;xefvmonf/ 20 &mpkü tdkif'Da,mfvdk*sDwpfckudk
w&m;ao qkyu f kdií
f vufeufukdif wdkuyf JrG sm; jzpfymG ;cJhonf/ acwfwkdY
ajymif;vmonfESifhtrQ vlwdkY\ ajcukyf,lrIXme ajymif;vmonf/
tdkifwDESifhtwl tMurf;zuf0g'u A[dkawGudk cGJxkwfypfvkdufonf/
rnfonfha'o rnfonfhae&m rnfonfhtcsed w f Girf qdk tMurf;zufrI\
om;aumif jzpfvmEdkifonf/ qD;&D;,m;a'o tmz*efepöwefa'o
ta&SUtv,fydkif;a'orsm;üom A[dkjzpfraeawmh/ tMurf;zufrI
&SifoefEdkifaom a&cHajrcHu ydkí tjyefYus,fvmonf/

,SOfMunfh
21 &mpkudk tajccH tydkif;ESpfydkif; cGJí Munfhrnf/
L eHygwf (1) enf;ynmESifh tdkif'D,m ukxHk;rsm;
L eHygwf (2) umuG,fa&;ESifh vHkjcHKa&; pnf;rsm;
enf;ynmESifh tdkif'D,ma&pD;ü w&m;ao0g'\ ta&;ygrI
usvmonf/ w&m;ao0g'DwdkY enf;ynmu@ü abmifr0ifawmh/
w&m;ao0g'DwkdY\ ta&;ygrIu wjznf;jznf; uefYowfcHvm&onf/
¤if;wdkY usHKU0if ukefMuonf[kyif qdkEdkifonf/
xdkodkY usHKU0ifjcif;onf ¤if;wdkY qE´t&r[kwf/ enf;ynmESifh
tdkiw
f D\ aygufuGJrIaMumifhjzpfonf/ enf;ynmrsm;aMumifh w&m;ao
22 rif;aoh

0g'DwkdY\ remvdk r½Ipw d f tm;MuD;vmonf/ rauseyfrIu aygufuGJ&ef

avylaygif;wif;vmonf/ tdkifwDESifh enf;ynmü t&mra&mufrIudk
xde;f ax&ef tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifh todtrSwjf yKcH&&ef MudK;pm;vmonf/
vlom;wdkY tm½HknGwf&m vrf;aMumif;udk &SmazGvmMuonf/ xdkYaemuf
bmoma&;tcH vlrsKd;a&;tpGef;xGufa'oudk awGUvmonf/
rausreyfru I kd enf;
ynmtm;oHk;í aygufu&JG ef qifjcifwHkw&m; edrfhvmjcif;aMumifh vlwdkY
MuHqvmMuonf/ 2001 w,l o ef yd k q ef v m onf / oH o ,
ckESpfaemufydkif; tMurf; ydkMuD;vmonf/ rsufuef; ,HkMunfrI ydkí
zufrrI sm;udk a,bk,sMunfh wdk;vmonf/ qif;&Jcsrf;om uGm[csuf
vdkuv f Qif enf;ynmjzifhyif MuD;jcif;aMumifh remvdk r½Ipdwf tm;aumif;
avmuMuD;udk aMumufvefY vmonf/ 0efwdkpdwf ydkjyif;xefvmonf/
apatmif aoaMuapatmif
jyKvkyo f nfukd awGU&onf/
w&m;ao0g'DwdkYu vlrsKd;a&;ESifh bmoma&;udk jcHcwfí olwdkY\
w&m;ao0g'udk arG;jrLvmMuonf/ xdakY emuf tm;MuD;atmifvkyo f nf/
xdkYaemuf jcdr;f ajcmuf&ef MudK;pm;onf/ xdkYaemuf tMurf;zufEkdio f rQ
A[dkawGudk ae&mtESHYcGJjzefYxm;&ef MudK;pm;vmMuonf/
tMurf;zufrIESihf w&m;ao0g'onf A[dkcsurf aygif; axmifcsD
jzpfvmonf/ urÇmMuD; ydkí pdk;&drfvm onf/ "e&SifwdkY\ pdk;&drfcsuf
ydkí MuD;vmonf/

pdk;&drfcsuf
w&m;ao0g'onf 21 &mpk zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tvkyf
rjzpfwm rSeo
f nf/ odkYaomf ¤if;\ tm;udk avsmhrwGuo
f ifh/ MuD;yGm;&m
MuD;yGm;aMumif;twGuf taxmuftul rjzpfapaomfvnf; ysufpD;&m
ysufpD;aMumif;ü MuD;pGmaom &efoljzpfvmEdkifonf/ jzpfvmEdkifonf
qdkonfxuf jzpfvmaeonf[k qdkvQif ydkírSefrnf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 23

21 &mpkonf owif;
enf;ynm aygufurJG u I kd cH& vl w d k i f ; td k i f w D u d k prwf u s u s oH k ; pG J
onf/ qifjcifwHkw&m; edrhf wwf&efEiS hf qifjcifwkH w&m;uJaom ynmh
edrfh? enf;ynmjrifhjrifhjzifh 0ef;us ifud k wnfaxmifEdki fMu vQ i fjzifh
vlwkYd MuHKae&onf/ owif; w&m;ao0g'DwdkY\ vufo&rf;rIudk xdef;
udk trSvD ku
d &f ef MudK;pm;&if; Edkifrnf axEdkifrnf/ EdkifiHa&;ü tusKd;pD;yGm;
qif j cif w H k w &m;twG u f y#d y u© r sm;tMum; Mum;nyf r I v nf ;
oD;oefw Y nfaqmufcsed ef nf; avsmhyg;vmEdkifygvdrfhrnf/
vmonf/ qifjcifwHkw&m;
edrfhvmavav w&m;ao0g'D wdkY\ zsufvdk zsufqD;tm;udk tm;jznfh
axmufyHhay;&mjzpfvmavav/ þum; owdcsyfzG,f/

tusKd;quf
qifjcifwHkw&m; edrfhvmjcif;aMumifh vlwdkY w,loef ydkqefvm
onf/ oHo, ydkMuD;vmonf/ rsuu f ef; ,HkMunfrI ydkí wdk;vmonf/
qif;&Jcsr;f om uGm[csuMf uD;jcif;aMumifh remvdk r½Ipw d f tm;aumif;vm
onf/ 0efwdkpdwf ydkjyif;xefvmonf/ rauseyfrI ydkrsm;vmonf/
toD;oD;tooaom remvdk 0efwdkrIrsm;udk rwlaom vlywf0ef;usif
tMum;ü aygufcGJypfvku d of nf/ tdkiw f DaMumifh wpfOD;csi;f jyóemu
vlUtodkif;t0dkif;\ jyóemjzpfvmonf/ tdkifwDuyif pdk;&drfrIrsm;udk
tcsdefESifh wpfajy;nD jzefYcsdypfvdkufMuonf/
oHo,ESihf vltzGJUtpnf;jzpfvmonf/ vlUtodki;f t0dki;f twGi;f
vlrIaumfap; yg;vmonf/ xdkYaemuf wpfukd,af umif; ydkqefvmonf/
wpfOD;csi;f wpfukd,af umif;qefrIukd jyóemESihf pdeaf c:rItjzpf rowf
rSwfEdkifaomfvnf; vlUtzGJUtpnf;om xdkae&ma&mufvmygu MuD;pGm
aom tEÅ&m,fudk o,fvmEdkifonf/ tkyfpkcsif; wdkufyGJrsm; jyif;xef
vmonf/ Edkiif aH &;upm;uGuf xGio f rl sm; tvQKdvQKday:aygufvmonf/
24 rif;aoh

xdkYaemuf trSm;trSef a&maxG;ukefMuonf/ qifjcifwkHw&m;wdkY

ZufMudK; rowfEdkifawmh/
qifjcifwkw
H &m;\&efzufrmS w&m;ao0g' jzpfonf/ w&m;ao
0g'Dwku
Yd qifjcifwkHw&m; wnfaqmufrI usqkH;ap&ef trSm;ESit
hf rSeu
f kd
a&mí vTwfvdkufonf/ Zumwdkuf rpdppfEdkifolwdkY typfcHMu&onf/
vlUtzGJUtpnf;onf wjznf;jznf;ESifh ESpfvdkzG,f raumif;awmh/
pufqkyf &GH&Smp&mjzpfvmonf/

ed*Hk;vm; ed'gef;vm;
21 &mpkonf w&m;ao0g'DwdkY\ ed*Hk;vm; ed'gef;vm; qdkwm
awG;MunfhEkdio f nf/ zD;ESpif Suof nf rD;avmifjymusí jymyHkxJrS topf
wzef arG;zGm;yso H ef;ovdk w&m;ao0g'vnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;vm;/
ar;cGef;udk pOf;pm;&efvdkonf/ aoqHk;oGm;aom rdpäm'dVdrsm; jyefvnf
&SifoefxajrmufvmvQif e*dkrlv xufydkí aMumufp&m aumif;vm
Edkifonf/
acwf\ tm;omcsuu f kdyif vufeufozG,f toHk;jyKvmjcif;u
wdk;wufrIukd aMumuf&HUG vmapEdkio f nf/ w&m;ao0g'DwkYt d ay: pdk;&drrf I
u Edkiif Ha&;pdk;&drcf sujf zpfvmvQif vGwv f yfcGihfESihf wDxGizf efwD;cGihfukd
tusOf;csEdkifonfh jzpf&yf MuHKvmEdkifonf/

tajzrSm
þtwGuf ½dk;&Sif;aom tajz&dSonf/ tdkifwDESifh tdkif'D,mudk
oif;owfp&m rvdk/ tdkifwDudk qifjcifwHkw&m; aygif;xnfhEdkifaom
vrf;pOfjzifh avQmufMu&efom vdkonf/ vlxkESifh tyfpyfaom oHk;pGJrI
yHkpHjzifh jzefYcsEd kdiu
f ydkí t&ma&mufonf/ a&maxG;aeaom A&rf;Awm
qefaom trSeEf iS t hf rSm;wdkY yGx&m 21 &mpkü qifjcifwkHw&m; OD;pD;aom
wDxGifrI udk;uG,frI jzefYcsdrI pm;oHk;rI xkwfvkyfrIrsm; r[kwfygu ae
aysmfzG,f vlUtodkuft0ef; rjzpf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 25

vlwdkif; tdkifwDudk prwfusus oHk;pGJwwf&efESifh qifjcifwHk

w&m;uJaom ynmh0ef;usiu f kd wnfaxmifEkid Mf uvQijf zifh w&m;ao0g'D
wdk\
Y vufo&rf;rIukd xde;f Edkirf nf axEdkirf nf/ Edkiif aH &;ü tusK;d pD;yGm;
y#dyu©rsm;tMum; Mum;nyfrIvnf; avsmhyg;vmEdkifygvdrfhrnf/
ydkrkad eaysmaf om? ydkí ESpv f kzd ,
G af umif;aom vlUtodkutf 0ef;jzpfzkYd
w&m;ao0g'DwdkY\ ed*Hk;avm? ed'gef;avm [laom t,ludk OD;aESmuf
rkefwdkif; qifMuygukef/

eHeuf 0 ; 43
11? atmufwdkbm? 2107/
p
26 rif;aoh

b,fvdk tkyfcsKyfrSmvJ

zGifhqdkcsuf
tpdk;&tvkyq f kdonfrSm tkyjf cif;? csKyfjcif; qdkaom teufxuf
us,af jymaom t"dyÜm,faqmifonf/ txl;ojzifh tkycf sKyfa&; tvkyf
onf tpdk;&vkyfjcif; tEkynmwpf&yf jzpfonf/ Politics is the art
of government [laom zGiq hf kcd su&f o
Sd nf/ tpdk;&tvkyo f nf todynm
oufoufrQ r[kw/f twwfynm oufoufrQvnf; r[kw/f todESihf
twwf tygt0if ESvkH;om;uJí tvkyv f ky&f aom tEkynm jzpfonf/
tkyfcsKyfjcif; tEkynmudk avhvmjcif;onfyif EdkifiHa&;rnf\/
tkyfcsKyfa&; tvkyfudk t"du wm0ef,lolrSm tpdk;&jzpfonf/
odkYaomf jynfolESihf qdkif rqdki/f qdkio f nf/ taMumif;rSm 'Drkdua&pDokdY
oGm;&mvrf;ü jynfoyl g0ifru I kd t"duxm;pOf;pm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
jynfol yg0ifrIudk Civic Participation [k ac:onf/ jynfolyg0ifrI
tm;enf;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHonf 'Drdkua&pD pHudk r0if/
tmrcHcsu&f aSd om 'Drku d a&pDukd jynfoyl g0ifrt I m; cdkirf I ^rcdkirf I
ESifh wdkif;wmEdkifonf/ jynfolyg0ifrI avsmhvQif 'Drdkua&pD yg0ifrI
avsmhrnf/ jynfolyg0ifrIü t&nftaoG;jynfhaom yl;aygif;rI jzpfygu
'Drkdua&pDckdirf I jrifhrnf/ tmrcHcsu&f Sad om 'Drkdua&pDvrf;udk oGm;jcif;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 27

jzpfrnf/ odkYr[kwfygu twdwfudk wrf;wiwfrGwfaom jynfolrsm;

jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/

b,fvdk
tpd;k &tvkyüf b,fvkd vkyrf vJ (How to do) qdak om jyóemu
ynmcsKUd aom wdki;f jynfrsm;wGif ydkíawGU&onf/ toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;ESihf
wnfaqmufa&;udk jydKifwv l ky&f aom jrefrmEdkiif t H wGuf enf;emjyóem
u ydkí rsm;jym;onf/ tpdk;&vkyrf nfholrsm; ar;&rnfh ar;cGe;f &dSonf/
udk,fhudk,fudk ar;zdkY jzpfonf/ tkyfcsKyfpDrHrIonf vG,f ^ rvG,f/
L bmudk vkyfrSmvJ/
L b,fvdk vkyfrSmvJ/
L bmhaMumifh vkyfrSmvJ/
L b,ft&mudk t&if b,ft&mudk aemuf vkyfrSmvJ/
L b,folawGeJY vkyfrSmvJ/
L bmawG oHk;jyD; vkyfrSmvJ/
L b,folawG tusKd;twGuf vkyfrSmvJ/
bmudk vkyrf mS vJ qdwk m rl0g' jyóemjzpfonf/ b,fvv kd yk rf mS vJ
qdkwm enf;emjyóem jzpfonf/ bmhaMumifhvkyrf SmvJ qdkwm &nf&G,f
csuf jyóemjzpfonf/ yef;wdkifjyóem rSwfwdkif jyóemjzpfonf/
b,ft&mudkt&if b,f t&mudkaemufrSm vkyfrvJqdkwm tcsdef
jyóem OD;pm;ay; jyóem jzpfonf/ b,folawGeJY vkyfrSmvJqdkwm
&ef^ig pnf; jyóem jzpf
'Drdkua&pDpepfrS arG;zGm;vmaom tkyfcsKyf
ovd k vl U t&if ; tjrpf
a&; vkyfief;pOfü EdkifiHom; tcGifhta&;
jyóemvnf; jzpfonf/
j y nf h 0 ovk d Ed k i f i H o m; wpf O D ; csif ; pD \
bmawGoHk;jyD; vkyrf SmvJ qdk
wm0ef,lrIvnf; jynfh0onf/ wm0ef,l
wm t&if;tjrpf jyóemjzpf
onf/ aiGt&if; enf;ynm ½Hkjzifh rjyD;ao;/ wm0efcHaom acgif;cHaom
t&if;? ynmt&if; ponf EdkifiHom;wm0eftxdyg xrf;aqmifonf/
28 rif;aoh

jzifh/ b,folawG tusKd;twGuf vkyfrSmvJ qdkwm tusKd;pD;yGm; pDrH

cefYcGJrI jyóemjzpfonf/

tkyfcsKyfa&; 'DZdkif;
tkycf sKyfa&; tvkyo f nf vkyif ef;pOfjzpfonf/ 'Drku
d a&pDenf;us
tkyfcsKyfa&;ü tkyfcsKyfa&;u@onf tpdk;&twGuf oufoufrQom
r[kw/f jynfolUupd övnf; jzpfonf/ t&yfbufu@? yk*¾vu d u@?
EdkifiHom;u@rsm; [lí toD;oD; yg0ifonf/ EdkifiHMuD;om;jzpfjcif;
rjzpfjcif;udk wm0ef,lrIjzifh wdkif;onf/
'Drdkua&pDpepfrS arG;zGm;vmaom tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;pOfü
Edkiif Hom; tcGihfta&;jynfh0ovkd Edkiif Hom; wpfOD;csi;f pD\ wm0ef,lrI
vnf; jynf0h onf/ wm0ef,½l kjH zifh rjyD;ao;/ wm0efcaH om acgif;cHaom
EdkifiHom;wm0eftxdyg xrf;aqmifonf/ tkyfcsKyfrI yHkpHudk Munfhí
tkyfcsKyfolESifh tkyfcsKyfcHoltMum; qufqHa&;udk oHk;oyfí &onf/
Oya' vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;udMk unfí
h vlUtzGUJ tpnf;\ p½du k v
f u©Pmudk
avhvmí&onf/ EdkifiHa&;'DZdkif;onf tpdk;&ESifh jynfoltMum;
tjyeftvSef qufqHa&;yHkpH tay: rlwnfaeonf/

ordkif; aumufaMumif;
jrefrmjynfü tkyfcsKyfa&; 'DZdkif;aygif;rsm;pGm oHk;cJhzl;onf/
ya'o&mZfpepfudk cPxm;/ vGwfvyfjyD;acwf aemufydkif; ajymif;vJ
usio
hf kH;vmaom tkycf sKyfa&; 'DZkid ;f rsm;u rsm;vSonf/ tkycf sKyfa&;'DZkid ;f
rwnfjidrrf o I nfvnf; tkycf sKyrf n
I jhH cif;\ taMumif;w&m;jzpfygvdrrhf nf/
(1) ygvDref pepf (0efMuD;csKyfpepf)
(2) awmfvSeaf &; aumifpD acwf (tmPmodr;f ppftkycf sKyfa&;
pepf)
(3) jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf (wpfygwDtmPm&Sif pepf)
(4) e0w acwf (tmPmodrf; tpdk;&)
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 29

(5) etz acwf (ppftpdk;& tkyfcsKyfrI yHkpH)

(6) USDP tpdk;& vufxuf (toGifajymif; tpdk;& yHkpH)
(7) NLD tpdk;& vufxuf (twdkifyifcH tkyfcsKyfa&; yHkpH)
tpdk;&pepfESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;'DZdkif;rsm;onf acwfudk vdkufí
ajymif;vJonf/ Edkiif aH &;tajctaeESihf jynfwiG ;f a&; y#dyu©rsm;aMumifh
ajymif;vJoGm;&onf/ EdkifiHa&;odyÜHü tkyfcsKyfa&;'DZdkif;rsm; wduspGm
&daS omfvnf; vufawGUü þodkrY [kw/f wdki;f jynf\ a&cHajrcHukv d ku d í
f
ta&mifajymif;oGm;onfcsn;f jzpfonf/ xdakY Mumifh Edkiif aH &;udk wdki;f vQif
oDtdk&Dt& aywHwpfacsmif;/ vufawGUt& aywHwpfacsmif; jzpfay
vdrfhrnf/
tkyfcsKyfa&; 'DZdkif;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&; tcsuftvufrsm;aMumifh
&v'f ajymif;oGm;jcif;om jzpfonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&; 'DZdkif;tajymif;tvJ
jzpfapaom EdkifiHa&; tcsuftvufrsm; &dSonf/
L EdkifiHa&;"avh
L ordkif;aemufcH
L vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ jzpfwnfyHk
L twdwf tmCmwrsm;
L tusKd;pD;yGm; y#dyu©rsm;
L EdkifiHwum oufa&mufrIrsm;
L EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;\ A[dkjyKa&S;½Icsufrsm;
L vlrI-pD;yGm;a&; tajctaersm;
L vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ tm½HknTwfcsufrsm;
ponfjzifh qGJxkwfMunfhEdkifonf/
toGifopfjzifh jzpfwnfvmrnfh 'Drdkua&pD tkyfcsKyfa&; wnf
aqmufrIü pepfusaom tkycf sKyfrI'DZkdi;f udk tkwjf rpfcsEkdi&f ef ta&;MuD;
onf/
30 rif;aoh

tkyfcsKyfpDrHrIqkdif&m tajccHrlrsm;
Good Governance Principles [kac:onf/ aumif;rGefaom
tkyfcsKyfrItwGuf tajccHrIrsm;udk avh vmyg/
L wm0efcHrI (accountability)
L yGifhvif;jrifomrI (transparency)
L yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifrI (participation)
L vlxkvkdvm;csufrsm;ukd wkefYjyefjznfhqnf;ay;EkdifrI
(responsiveness)
L rQwrI E S i f h trsm;tm; vT r f ; jcH K Ek d i f r I (equitable and
inclusiveness)
L xda&mufrIESifh pGrf;&nfjynfh0rI (effectiveness and
efficiency)
L trsm;oabmwlnDrI (consensus) ESifh
L w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;rI (rule of law)
wdkY jzpfonf/

wm0efcHaom yGihfvif;aom tpdk;&

(Accountable and Transparence Government)

wm0efcHrI
wm0efEiS yhf wfoufí pOf;pm;p&m tcsuif g;csu&f o Sd nf/ wm0ef
ig;rsKd;[k yifac:Edkifonf/
L wm0efodrI
apwem&dS½Hkjzifh tpdk;& vkyfí r&/
L wm0ef&dSrI
apwemü ynmaygi;f xnfrh S wm0ef
L wm0ef,lrI
cHrI jrifhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf jzpf
L wm0efausrI
rnf/
L wm0efcHrI
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 31

wm0efcHjcif;onf acgif;cH tpdk;&tvkyfü jyóemrsm; tjrJ

jcif;jzpfonf/ vkyo f rQ taumif; &d S a evd r h f r nf / od k Y a omf wl a om
tqd k ; rsm;ud k od r f ; MuH K ;wm0ef j yóemrs m; ES p f cg r jzpf& ef ta&;
,ljcif; jzpfonf/ wm0efcjH cif;onf MuD;onf/
tjrifhqHk;aom 'D*&Dtqifhü &dS
onf/ wm0efodaom jynfol?
wm0efoad omtpdk;&udk wnfaqmuf&ef vdkonf/ udk,hw f m0efubmvJ
qdkwmudk jywfjywfom;om; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odzdkYta&;MuD;onf/
wm0efrsm;udk a&maxG;aejcif;onf tpdk;&tvkyu f kdysuaf paom t"du
taMumif;t&if;jzpfonf/ Diffusion of responsibility [k ac:onf/
wm0ef,lrI a&maxG;aejcif;[k ac:onf/
L wm0efrsm;udk jywfom;&Sif;vif;pGmodjcif;
L wm0efodxm;½Hkjzifh rvHkavmuf
L wm0ef tjynfht0,ljcif;
L ,lxm;oavmuf wm0efausatmif vkyfjcif;
L wm0ef&o Sd nfth wdik ;f twmtwGi;f tjynft h 0 acgif;cHjcif;/
vkyforQ rl0g'ESifh pDrHudef;rsm;udk acgif;cHrI tjynfht0&dSaom
tpdk;&wpf&yftm;aumif;vmjcif;jzifh 'Drku d a&pD oGm;&mvrf;u acsmarGU
Edkifonf/ apwem&dS½Hkjzifh tpdk;&vkyfí r&/ apwemü ynmaygif;
xnfhrS wm0efcHrI jrifhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzpfrnf/

yGifhvif;jrifomrI
jcpm;rIESifhvmbfpm;rIjrifhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfü wdkif;jynf
rMuD;yGm;/ tjrD;usuf tjrD;pm;? acgif;usuf acgif;pm; aygrsm;aom
tkycf sKyfa&; 0efxrf;rsm; ruif;yoa&GU wdki;f jynf rMuD;yGm;/ wkid ;f jynf
rcsrf;om/ csrf;omjcif;onfvnf; vlwpfpküom jzpfvdrfhrnf/ xdkodkY
pepfü wdkif;jynfcsrf;omí jynfolqif;&Jaom tjzpfESifh MuHKEdkifonf/
owdcsyfMuygukef/
32 rif;aoh

owif;pD;qif;rI w&m;rQwaom vlUtodik ;f t0dik ;f onf pD;aeaom

a&ESifhwlonf/ pD;aeaoma& oefY&Sif;onf/ yGifhvif;jrifomrIjzifh
,SOaf om jynfolU0efaqmifrI,EÅ&m;udk toufoiG ;f Edkirf S 'Drkdua&pDESihf
udkufnDaom tkyfcsKyfrIpepfudk wnfaqmufEdkifvdrfhrnf/

rljzifhtkyfcsKyfaom
'Drkdua&pDonf vljzifh tkycf sKyfaompepf r[kw/f rljzifh tkycf sKyf
aom pepfjzpfonf/ rl\oabmudk aumif;pGm toufoGi;f Edkirf S rljzifh
tkyfcsKyfaom pepfjzpfrnf/ 'Drdkua&pDrlonf vGwfvyfaom? w&m;rQ
waom jynfoludk tajcjyKaom yGifhvif;jrifomaom wm0efcHaom
jynfolyg0ifrIjrifhaom EIef;pHrsm;udk tajcjyKonf/
'Drdkua&pDonf
L vludkcifí rludk jyifaom pepf r[kwf/
L vludk cspfí rludk ypfaom pepf r[kwf/
L vludk rkef;í rludk oHk;aom pepf r[kwf/
tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;udk zGHUjzdK;atmifvkyfí touf0ifatmif
vkyfaom tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHjzpfonf/ tifpwDusL;&Sif;qdk&müvnf; rlrsm;
pepfrsm; Oya'rsm; vkyx f Hk;vkyef nf;rsm; yg0ifovdk? rlrsm;udk taumif
txnfazmfonfh ,EÅ&m;yDjyifcdkifrmrIudkvnf; a&S;½Ionf/ Oyrm -
A[dkbPf w&m;½Hk;vTwfawmf aumfr&SiftoD;oD;... ponfjzifh/
rlrsm;tm;vHk;onf wu,fh jyóemt&if;tjrpfudk tajcjyKí
ay:xGufvm&rnf/ xdkodkYr[kwfygu temESifhaq; rwnfhbJ jzpfEdkif
onf/ tpdk;&tvkyo f nf jyóem&Sm&aomtvkyjf zpfonf/ jyóemudk
jyóem[k jrif&efvkdonf/ jyóem\ ta&;MuD;rIESihf ta&;ay:jzpfrI
udkvnf; ydki;f jcm;&efvko
d nf/ jyóemrsm;\OD;pm;ay;udkvnf; owfrw S f
jyXmef;zdkY ta&;MuD;onf/ t&if[m taemuf? taemuf[m t&if
rvkyf&/
jyóemudk odvQif &yfrae&/ jyóemudk ajz&Si;f &ef aq;nTe;f udk
pyf&rnf/ þtcsufonf azmfjrLvmxkwfjcif; enf;emjzpfonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 33

azmfjrLvmwdkYonf jyóemESifhtyfpyfaom jynfolUtusKd;pD;yGm;udk

tajcjyKrS &rnf/ azmfjrLvmjzifhvnf; &yfrae&/ aq;nTef;ygtwdkif;
aq;azmf&efvdkonf/ aq;nTef;üyg0ifrnfh yg0ifypönf;rsm;udk t&nf
taoG;jynfhrSDpGm vwfvwfqwfqwf azmfpyf&efvnf; ta&;MuD;onf/
yg0ifypönf; rjynfhpHk? rpHkvifygu aq;nTef;onf jyóemtwGuf
rxda&mufacs/
qdki&f m jyóemtwGuf aq;tzHkzHk&jyDqkdvQifvnf; aomufoifh
aomaq;? xdk;oifhaomaq;? vdrf;oifhaom aq; [lí cGJjcm; owf
rSwEf ikd rf S aumif;onf/ aomuf&rnfah q;udk vdr;f acsu vdr;f &rnfah q;udk
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txnfazmfrnfqkdwm ta&;MuD;onf/ aq;nTe;f aumif;ygvsuf tem
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rsm;twGuf ta&;tMuD;qHk; OD;pm;ay;tvkyfrSm tem\ rlvZpfjrpfudk
EIdufxkwfEdkifjcif;yif jzpfonf/ t&if;vSJvQif tzsm;xif;jzpfonf/
jyóem\tjrpfukd wl;jyD;owfr?S aemufwiG f jyóemay:xGurf vmjcif;
jzpfrnf/
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jyóemrsm; ESpcf grjzpf&ef ta&;MuD;onf/ xdkokdY jzpfygu tkycf sKyfol
nHhí jzpfonf/ q&m0efrsm; tkycf sKyfaom tpdk;& 'DZkdi;f ü aq;azmfenf;
ESihf tem&Smenf;udk nTe;f jcif;udk r0Hrh &Jjzifh a&;om; wifjyvdkuyf gonf/

n 11 ; 00
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34 rif;aoh

a'oEÅ& pD;yGm;a&;

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tdraf xmifpkwpfckcsi;f pD&JU pm;rI? 0wfrI? aerI vkyu
f kdipf m;aomufrIawG
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Edkiif [
H m pdkuyf sK;d a&;udk tajcjyKae&w,f/ tajcjyKwm aumif;ygw,f/
A[dkjyKwm raumif;ygbl;/ pD;yGm;a&;rSm A[dkcsuaf wGukd cGjJ zefEY kid af vav
ydkjyD; zGHUjzdK;Edkifavavjzpfygw,f/ pD;yGm;a&;rSm a'gufawG vdkw,f/
wpfck ruaom a'gufawG vdkw,f/
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a&&Snf rcdkifcHbl;/ a&&Snf tmrcHcsuf r&dSEdkifbl;/ pD;yGm;a&;u@
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk jzefYusufjyD; vnfywfEdkifwJh ukefxkwfvkyfief;
0efaqmifrIvkyfief;awGjzpfrS EdkifiHhpD;yGm;a&; aumif;vdrfhr,f/

a'otajcjyK
Edkiif HhpD;yGm;a&;vdkY ajymwJhae&mrS ydkYukeof iG ;f ukeu
f pd öawG ygovdk
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Edkiif HwumeJY csw d qf ufwJh &if;ESD;jrKyfESHwJh vkyif ef;awGu Edkiif HhtwGuf
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 35

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vkyf&r,f/ jynfe,ftqifh wkdif;a'oMuD;tqifh EdkifiHa&; vkyfydkifcGifh
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yDjyiftm;aumif;atmif vkyfoifhw,f/
36 rif;aoh

jzpfoifhygvsuf
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vrf;om&SmusefaewJh olawGrsm;aeawmh EdkifiHhpD;yGm;a&;udpö a'oEÅ&
pD;yGm;a&;udpöawGudk rpOf;pm;Edkifawmhbl;/

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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 37

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38 rif;aoh

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vky&f wmxuf? tpdk;& vkyw f wfvkdY tpdk;&vkyaf ewmudkyJ vdkcsiwf ,f/
tkyfcsKyfcdkif;vdkY tkyfcsKyfaewmxuf tkyfcsKyfwwfvdkY tkyfcsKyfaewmyJ
vdkcsifw,f/ apwem&dSvdkY vkyfay;aewmxuf apwemudk ynmeJY
taumiftxnfazmfwmudk ydkvdkcsifw,f/ apwemoufoufeJY bmrS
jzpfvmr,fvdkY rarQmfvifhbl;/ MudKufcsifrS MudKufvdrhfr,f/
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 39

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udk ynmeJY taumiftxnfazmfwmudk ydkvdkcsifw,f/

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 EdkifiHMuD;om;

Edkiif HMuD;om;wpfa,mufrSm tjrJxnfhwGurf nfh t&mrSm wm0ef

jzpfonf/ wm0ef (5)rsKd;udk ygarmu© a'gufwm atmifxGef;ouf
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wm0ef[lonf^tcGihfta&;[lonfukd cGJcGJjcm;jcm; em;vnfaom Edkiif H

om;rsm;? aygaygrsm;rsm; &dSa&;u EdkifiHtem*wfjzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pD
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tay:wGif rSDwnfaeonf/
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EdkifiHom;wpfOD;\ t"duwm0efrSm Oya'udk av;pm;vdkufem
jcif;yifjzpfonf/ Edkiif o H m;wpfO;D onf Oya'udkrvdkuef mvQi(f odrkY [kw)f
rdr\
d jypfrItwGuf jypf'Pfcwfjcif; rcH&vQif tjcm;aom Edkiif Hom;rsm;
onf Oya'udk vdkuef mMurnf r[kwaf y/ Edkiif Hom;wpfOD;onf Oya'
udk rvdkuef mvQif vlrItusK;d pD;yGm; vGwv f yfrI csr;f omMuG,0f rIrsm;udk
aqmif&u G Ef kid rf nf r[kwbf J vlr0I ef;usiMf uD;wpfckvkH;onf rif;rJph ½dkuf
qefaom vlUtodkuft0ef;MuD;jzpfvmayrnf/ EdkifiHawmfudk udk,fpm;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 43

jyKaomtpdk;&wGif Edkiif Hawmf\ jidr;f csr;f a&; vHkjcHKa&;ESihf Edkiif Hawmf\

Oya'trdefYudk xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf ta&;ay: Oya'rsm; xkwfjyefjyD;
tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh &dSonf/

aus;Zl;opömapmifhod&ef ESifh trIxrf;aqmif&ef wm0ef

EdkifiHom;wpfOD;\ aemufxyfwm0efwpfckrSm EdkifiHawmf\
aus;Zl;opömudk apmifhod&efESifh EdkifiHawmf\trIudk xrf;aqmif&efyif
jzpfonf/ EdkifiHawmf\aus;Zl;opömudk apmifhodjcif; qdkonfrSm txl;
ojzifh ppfjzpfyGm;aomtcsdefwGif EdkifiHom;wpfOD;onf EdkifiHawmfü
tEÅ&m,f usa&mufjcif;udk umuG,&f ef wm0ef&So d nf/ Edkiif Hom;wpfOD;
onf EdkifiHawmf\twGufqdkvQif rdrd\toufudk y"merxm;bJ
pGefYvTwf tepfemcH&rnf/ (awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHESifh tar&duef EdkifiH
wdkYwGif ppfrIrxrf;rae& pepfxm;&dSonf/) EdkifiHom;wpfOD;onf
Edkiif aH wmfrS ay;tyfvmaom ppfrxI rf;jcif;udk jiif;y,fygu (odrkY [kw)f
ppfrIxrf;aepOf wyfrawmfrS xGuaf jy;vQif ¤if;Edkiif Hom;tm; jypf'Pf
tjzpfaxmifoiG ;f tusO;f csEkid o
f nf/ Edkiif o
H m;wdki;f onf oifah wmfonfh
enf;vrf;twdki;f Edkiif Hawmfukd u,fwifapmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef&o Sd nf/

rJay;&ef wm0ef
EdkifiHom;wpfOD;onf taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ Mum;jzwf a&G;
aumufyJG jynfoq Yl E´c, H yl rJG sm;wGif qE´raJ y;&efwm0ef&oSd nf/ jynfo\ l
qE´oabmxm;onf jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;udk ukd,fpm;jyKonfjzpfí
jynfolUoabmxm;udk jyoonfh a&G;aumufyGJrsm; qE´cH,lyGJrsm;wGif
rJray;vQif jynfoUl tusK;d udk vspv f sL½Ijcif;yifjzpfonf/ Edkiif o
H m;wpfO;D
onf jynfolYtusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf Edkiif Ha&;jyóemrsm;udk avhvmoifh
onf/ jynfot Yl usK;d pD;yGm;udk umuG,&f ef Edkiif aH &;jyóemrsm; avhvm
oHk;oyfum jynfolUqE´udk rD'D,mrSvnf;aumif; a&G;aumufyGJESifh
qE´cH,lyGJrsm;rSvnf;aumif; jynfolUqE´ jynfolUoabmxm;udk
44 rif;aoh

jyojcif;onf rJay;jcif;yif jzpf tvkyfwdkif; tjyKtrlwdkif;twGuf

onf/ odrYk o
S m wm0efausyeG af om wm0ef,lrI wm0efcHrIjzifh ,SOfwGJ&
EdkifiHom;aumif;wpfOD; jzpfvm
rnf/ EdkifiHMuD;om;[lonf pepfESifh
ayrnf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHom;
pdw"f mwfukd wGzJ ufí wnfaqmuf
wpfOD;wGif rJay;jcif;onf EdkifiH
xm;oljzpfonf/
om;wpfOD;twGuf wm0efwpf
&yfyifjzpfonf/

tcGefaqmif&efwm0ef
Edkiif o
H m;wpfO;D \ aemufxyfwm0efwpf&yfum; tcGeaf y;aqmif
&efyif jzpfonf/ tpdk;&wGif tcGefudk ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh pkaqmif;onf/
¤if;tcGeaf umufco H nfh yHkpt
H rsK;d rsK;d rSm-0ifaiGceG 0f efaqmifc? jzwfoef;c?
a&cGef? rD;cGef? ajrcGef ponfh tcGefrsm;jzpfonf/ EdkifiHom;wpfOD;onf
Edkiif aH wmf,EÅ&m;MuD; vnfywfEkid &f eftwGuf jynfo0Yl efaqmifrv I kyif ef;
rsm;vnfywf&eftwGuf vlrItodkut f 0ef;MuD; wpfckvHk;twGuf tcGef
ay;aqmif&ef wm0ef&dSonf/

trIxrf;&ef wm0ef
EdkifiHom;wpfOD;onf jynfolU0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;udk xrf;
aqmif&efwm0ef&Sdonf/ jynfolU0efaqmifrIvkyif ef;qdkonfrSm jynfolU
a&;&m½Hk;Xmersm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;ESifh ¤if;½Hk;Xmersm;tm;
ulnDaxmufyHh yHhykd;ay;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ &JXmersm; jynfolUw&m;½Hk;rsm;
onf Edkiif Hawmf\ wnfjidrrf IESihf jidr;f csr;f rIOya'ESihf trdeYu
f kd xde;f odr;f
aom½Hk;Xmersm; jzpfonf/ xdkodkYaom Xmersm;ESifh tvm;oP²mefwl
½Hk;Xmersm;wGiv f nf; Edkiif HawmfrStvdk&SdvQif trIxrf;aqmif&ef wm0ef
&dSonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 45

obm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdef;odrf;&ef wm0ef

vlom;wdo kY nf urÇmj*dKvfukd trSoD [JjyKí touf&iS af exdkiaf e&
onfjzpfaomaMumifh vlom;tm;vHk;onf obm0ywf0ef;usifudk
xde;f odr;f &ef wm0ef&o Sd nf/ urÇmMuD;onf Edkiif rH sm;jzifh pkaygif;jzpfwnf
aeonfjzpfaomaMumifh Edkiif HtwGi;f ü&dSaom Edkiif Hom;rsm;onfvnf;
Edkiif HtwGi;f &dS obm0ywf0ef;usiu f kd xde;f odr;f apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef
&Sdonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pDrS vlrI0ef;usifMuD;wpfckvHk;txd
vlrI0ef;usifMuD;wpfckvHk;rS EkdifiHwpf0ef;vHk;txd EdkifiH wpf0ef;vHk;rS
urÇmMuD;wpfckvHk;txd obm0ywf0ef;usif\ oufa&mufrIonf
tvGefMuD;rm;onfjzpfí EdkifiHawmftwGif;&dS obm0 ywf0ef; usifudk
EdkifiHom;rsm; umuG,f&efrSm ta&;MuD;onfhwm0efwpf&yfjzpfonf/
tcsKUd aomEdkiif Hrsm;\ zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;wGif Edkiif Hom;rsm;tm;
obm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef&dSaMumif;udk
taxmuftuljyKaponfh tydk'frsm;xnfhoGif; a&;qGJxm;Muonf/
EdkifiHom;rsm;onf EdkifiHawmftay:wGif tcGifhta&;rsm; ydkifqdkifcGifh&dS
ouJhokdY xrf;aqmif&rnfh wm0efrsm;vnf; &dSxm;onf/ acwfopf
Edkiif Ha&;onf ydkrkd us,jf yefYvmavav Edkiif Hom;rsm;\tcGihfta&;ESihf
wm0efjyXmef;csufrsm;onf ydkrdk½IyfaxG;us,fjyefYvmrnf jzpfonf/

wm0ef,ljcif; wm0efausjcif; ESifh wm0efcHjcif;

wm0ef&Sdonf[kcH,lvQif wm0ef,lwwf&onf/ wm0ef,lvQif
vnf; jyD;pvG,fvkyfvdkY r&/ wm0efausatmif xrf;aqmif&onf/
tvkyw f kid ;f tjyKtrlwkid ;f twGuf wm0ef,rl I wm0efcrH jI zifh ,SOw
f &JG rnf/
Edkiif HMuD;om;[lonf pepfESihf pdw"f mwfukd wGJzufí wnfaqmufxm;
oljzpfonf/

ausyGefrI
wm0efaus&ef pdw"f mwfjzifh r&/ twwfEiS hf tod? t&nftaoG;
46 rif;aoh

wdkYu ta&;ygvmonf/ todESiht f wwfrygvQif wm0ef,laomfvnf;

ausatmif rxrf;aqmifEkid /f todt&nftaoG;ESihf twwft&nftaoG;
jynfhaom EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfzdkY vdkonf/ ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;onf
tajccHtcsufjzpfonf/

ynma&;twGuf
tajccHausmif;rsm;u vlom;tajccHt&nftaoG;rsm;udk ADZtcH
jr§ifhay;vdkufzdkY vkdonf/ tajccHynma&;onf tqifhjrifh ynma&;\
toufZmpfjrpfjzpfonf/ tqifhjrifhynma&;ü toufarG;0rf; ausmif;
ynmESihf taxGaxG odyÜH 0dZÆm bmom&yf wuúokdvrf sm;[k cGJEkdio f nf/
toufarG;ynmonf tajccHvdktyfcsufjzpfjyD; uRrf;usifvkyfom;
arG;xkwaf &;onf Edkiif Hhxkwu
f keEf Sih0f efaqmifrI t&nftaoG;udk jyXmef;
onf/ þtcsufonf EdkifiHh"eOpömawmifhwif;rI\ tajccH,lqcsuf
jzpfonf/
L uRrf;usifaom vkyfom; arG;jrLa&;
L bGJU&ynmwwfrsm; xkwfvkyfa&;
L vpfb&,fynma&;udk toufoGif;a&;
paom ynma&;enf;emrsm;jzifh Edkiif HMuD;om; yrmPudk csJUoifh
onf/ csJU&rnf/ vufawGUusaom ,lqcsuf[k rSwf,l&rnf/

acgif;cHjcif;
vkyof rQ ajymorQ tay: wm0efcjH cif;onf acgif;aqmifrt
I wGuf
Edkiif HMuD;om;twGuf tjrifhqHk; t&nftaoG;jzpfonf/ udk,hftjyKtrl
udk,fhvkyf&yf udk,fhtajymtqdktwGuf wm0ef,laom wm0efcHaom
tavhtusifhjzpfxGef;a&;onf tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&dSonf/
tpdk;&rSm wm0ef&So
d nf/ rdbrsm;rSm wm0ef&So
d nf/ q&mrsm;rSm
wm0ef&dSonf/ acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm wm0ef&dSonf/ 0efxrf;rsm;rSm
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 47

wm0ef&o Sd nf/ pD;yGm;a&;orm; ynmwwf bGUJ &tm;vH;k ESihf oufqikd o f nf/

jynfol yg0ifaom wm0ef,rl I jynfoyl g0ifaom wm0efcrH u I kd csUJ &rnf/
wpfOD;csif; wm0ef,lrIrSonf tzGJUtpnf;wGif; wm0ef,lrI
jrifhatmif vkyf&efjzpfonf/
wm0ef,lrIrSonf wm0efcHrIqDokdY oGm;&efvdkonf/ yrmP
rsm;rsm;oGm;&ef vdkonf/ acgif;cHjcif;onf vspv f sL½Ijcif; ESihf vm;vm;rQ
rqdki/f wm0efcHrI tjrifhqHk;&dSaom vlrsK;d udk jyygqdkvQif *syefvlrsK;d udk
jy&rnf/ *syefwdkYu toufxuf? t&Sufudk wefzdk;xm;onf/ &Suf
wwfjcif;onf wm0efcHjcif;udk aus;Zl;jyKonf/
raumif;rIrSm &Sufwwfaom
wm0efrausrrI mS &Suw f wfaom Edik if MH uD;om;rsm; ay:xGe;f vmMu
ygap/
xdo k Ykd ay:xGe;f ap&efvnf; 0ef;usiaf umif; pepf\ tyHt h yd;k aumif;
rsm;jzifh qdkif&mqdkif&m acgif;aqmifwdkYu csDrEdkifMuygap/
aeYvnf 1 ; 23
5? pufwifbm? 2017 /
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ed'gef;
toGiu f l;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfü jyóemrsm;\ t&if;cHtaMumif;
w&m;udk &SmawGU&efvdkonf/ temrodvQif aq;r&dSEdkif/ temESifhaq;
rwnfhvQifvnf; a&m*graysmufEdkif/ t&if;cHtaMumif;w&m;rsm;udk
jrifatmifMunfhEkdijf cif;onfyif ynmjzpfonf/ ynmtcHtm;enf;aom
vlUtzGJUtpnf;ü Murf;&Sí Mumanmif;aom toGiful;ajymif;a&;udk
jzwfoef;&acs rsm;onf/
y#dyu©rsm;jzifh oHo&mvnfaeaom vlUtodkut f 0ef;udk pDrcH efcY JG
&onfrmS vG,u f al omtvkyrf [kw/f ordki;f ESichf saD om aoG;rwdwt f em
rsm;udk uko&onfrmS cufvo S nf/ &[ef;uav;ESihf oaE¨aqmifxm;ol
rdcifwdkYonf aq;uk&cufouJhodkY EdkifiHhtwGif;üvnf; uk&cufaom
Edkiif aH &;jyóemrsm; &dES kid o
f nf/ &cdkiaf 'o b*FgvDta&;onf ordki;f ESihf
csDvmaom yx0DEdkifiHa&;jyóemjzpfonf/
ucsiaf 'o &cdik af 'oESihf 0^ud;k uefaY 'owdüYk tajcjyKjzpfymG ;aom
jyóemrsm;onf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tul;tajymif;twGuf tuJqwfvS
onf/ yx0DEdkifiHa&;jyóemtay:tajcjyKí tusKdpD;yGm;ESifh trSwf
o½kyw f kdY a&m,Suv f monf/ tusK;d pD;yGm;jyóemESihf vHkjcHKa&;jyóem
xdyfa&mufvmonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 49

tpdk;&taejzifh tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk pDrcH efcY EJG kid pf rG ;f rS aumif;rnf/

vHkjcHKa&;ESihf y#dyu©ajz&Si;f a&;udk rQajc nd§Ekdirf S&rnf/ t"duvdk&if;rSm
jyóem\ t&if;tjrpfukd jrifatmifMunfh&efyifjzpfonf/ jyóem\
vm&mESiv hf m;&mudk wGuq f &ef ta&;MuD;onf/ xdkae&mü t&dw S &m;rsm;
udk ry,f&Sm;aumif;/ EIe;f pHwkdYjzifh acsmifywd rf rd ae&ef ta&;MuD;onf/
Edkiif w
H um vufrnf;MuD;rsm;udkvnf; rSeaf jymif;&Sn&f n S jf zifh MunfEh kid rf S
awmfumusrnf/ twGi;f Munfh tjyifMunfh teD;Munfh ta0;Munfw h jkYd zifh
csOf;uyfMuygukef/

usHKUjcif;? MuGjcif;ESifh ½kef;xjcif;

ajzavsmhrIrsm; pwifvku d o
f nfESihf zsmatmufxk;d xnfhxm;aom
jyóemrsm; yke;f &mu ay:vmonf/ qkyu f kid x
f m;rIrsm;udk vufo;D qkyf
jznfvu kd cf sed f ½ke;f xrIrsm; MuHK&onhf ozG,/f toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;tqifu h kd
jzwfoef;jyD;onfh EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm; MuHKawGU&jyD;jyD/ rxl;qef;/
ajzavsmah &;wdk\ Y obm0yifjzpfonf/ obm0udk em;vnf&ef vdkonf/
þodkY em;rvnfvQif ajzavsmhrIrsm; usKHU0ifomG ;rnf/ ajzavsmhrIryDjyif
vQif ul;ajymif;a&; ryDjyif/ ul;ajymif;a&; ryDjyifvQif cdik rf muspv f spaf om
tqifu h kd ra&muf/ tpOfoabmudk jrifatmifMunf&h ef ta&;MuD;onf/

trSwftom;o½kyfwdkY wGef;wdkufrdjcif;
vGwfvyfrIwdkYESifhtwl ya'ompHkrIrsm; tjydKif;t½dkif; ay:xGuf
vmonf/ rwlujJG ym;rIEiS hf r,Ofyg;aom vlUtodki;f t0dki;f ü tjzLtrnf;
onf jyóemjzpfonf/ teD? t0g? tjymonf jyóemjzpfonf/
q&mMuD; '*kew f m&mu 'Drku
d a&pDukd þodkY teufziG ohf nf/ ]'Drku
d a&pD
qdkwm rwnfhtwlae0g'} [lí/
&ef^ig pnf;abmif wif;usyfvGef;aom jrefrmhvlUtzGJUtpnf;ü
jzLrnf; Edkiif Ha&;vrf;aMumif; tm;MuD;vSonf/ yx0DEkdiif Ha&;jyóem
ajz&Si;f a&; enf;emrsm;onf &Hzef&Hcg 'Drkdua&pDESihf xdywf kduw
f kd;avh&Sd
50 rif;aoh

wwfonf/ yx0DEkid if aH &;jyóemrsm;ü &Sio f efru I pd ö tusK;d pD;yGm;a&;&m

ESihf vHkjcHKa&;pdk;&drcf suwf kdY epfjrKyfaewwfonf/ zHk;xm;aom oumrsm;
udk cGmcswwf&ef txl;ta&;MuD;onf/
yg;vsaom 'Drku d a&pD"avhEiS t hf wl vlrsK;d a&;? Edkiif aH &;?vHkjcHKa&;
jyóemrsm;udk vuf&SdjrefrmEdkiif H MuHKawGUae&onf/ wpfzufrSmvnf;
jynfolvlxk\ tpmtdrjf yóem&dSonf/ udk,w f Gi;f rSmvnf; a&m*gESihf
udk,yf rSmvnf; temESih.f ..[k qdk&rvdk/ jrefrmhEkdiif Ha&;ul;ajymif;rIrSm
oufjyif;csp&mawG rsm;vGef;vSonf/

trsKd;om;a&;pdefac:csuf
21 &mpktwGujf cdr;f ajcmufrt I jzpf bifvm'ifu 9^11 udpjö zifh
pvdkuo f nf/ tMurf;zufrIonf Edkiif Htpdk;&awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk wyf
vSeUf vdkuo f nf/ tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuf0g'DwkdY jrpfzsm;cH&ma'oudk
rS;D í tpövmrfrsK;d EG,pf kMuD;qDokYd rsuvf kH;rsm; pkqkHukeof nf/ rsuv f kH;rsm;
um; oHo,twdEiS /hf þtaMumif;qufonf urÇmtESYH ysUH EUHS ukeo f nf/
tMurf;zufrIonf trSwt f om;rsm;udk ta&jcKHzkYd MudK;pm;vmaomtcg
urÇmom;wdkY\tjrifrsm; a&maxG;ukefonf/ ½IyfaxG;ukefonf/ þ
tcsuo f nfyif jyóem\&if;jrpfukzd k;H uG,&f m taMumif;w&m; jzpfvm
onf/
þajrrSmae þa&udkaomuf þvlUtodkuft0ef;udk rSDcdkí
aexdkifMuD;jyif;vmolwdkYtwGuf tajcjyK&ma'oESifh EdkifiH\ aus;Zl;
opömudk apmifo h &d rnf/ þtcsuo f nf vufawGUvrl EI ikd if aH &;jzpfpOfoabm
w&m;jzpfonf/
yx0Day:tajcjyKí jzpfvmaom jyóemudk yx0Dtydki;f tjcm;
abmiftwGi;f rSmom tuefYtowfjzifhom ajz&Si;f oifhonf/ trsK;d om;
a&;ZmwfckHay:odkY o,frvmoifh/ tpDtrHwkdY yg;vsrI? jcpm;rI? ayghaygh
avsmhavsmh pOf;pm;rIrsm;u ordkif;temrsm;udk rusufapaom t"du
taMumif;t&if; jzpfonf/ rnfokyYd ifjzpfap jrefrmtzdkY trsK;d om;a&;ESihf
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 51

yx0DEkid if aH &;wdkY a&m,Suv

f monf/ yrmPMuD;MuD;a&m axG;ukeo f nf
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f r&Edki/f
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xm;olrsm; owdcsyfMuzdkY oifhonf/

vlOD;a&EdkifiHa&;
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onf tem*wfpdefac:csufjzpfvmEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm þodkY/
w½kwfvlOD;a&u oef; 1300 ausmf/ tdEd´,u oef; 1200 ausmf/
b*Fvm;a'h&Sfu oef; 150/ jrefrmu 51 oef;rQom/ oGm;vma&;
vrf;aMumif;rsm; rvG,fulpOftcgu e,fpyfrsOf;rsm;ü obm0t&H
twm;rsm; &dSaeí pdk;&drpf &m r&dS/ qif;&JrI rGJawrIu vlOD;a&wdk;EIe;f udk
jrifhapaom taMumif;rsm;xJrS taMumif;wpfckjzpfonf/ aexdkifpm;
aomuf&rI usyfwnf;jcif;u &mZ0wfrI xkvdkuf xnfvdkuf jzpfvm
onf/ e,fajra&GUajymif;rIrsm; tHkvdkufusif;vdkuf jzpfvmonf/
{&d,mtus,t f 0ef;udk wGuq f vQifvnf; jrefrmonf pwk&ef;
uDvkdrDwm 7 ode;f eD;yg; &dSonf/ b*Fvm;a'h&u Sf m; pwk&ef;uDvkdrDwm
1 ode;f cGJ rQom &do S nf/ jrefrmtzdkY jcHuus,jf yD; vlO;D a&uenf;aeonf/
b*Fvm;a'h&SftzdkY jcHu usOf;aejyD; vlu rwefwq rsm;jym;aeonf/
&cdkiaf 'oü b*FgvD vlOD;a&ydrIukd cHpm;ae&onf/ txl;ojzifh bl;oD;
awmif? armifawm a'orsm;wGif trsm;qHk;jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkiif t
H aejzifh e,fpyfrsO;f rsm;rSwpfqifh w&m;r0if vlO;D a&
a&GUajymif;rIupd öonf pdeaf c:csuw f pf&yfjzpfonf/ e,ferd wd w f Hcg;rsm;
usK;d aygufrItoD;oD;udk ta&;ay:udpö&yftjzpf ½Ijrifxm;&efvkdonf/
txl;ojzifh w½kwEf iS hf b*Fvm;e,fpyfrS 0ifvmaom vlO;D a&trsm;tjym;
udk pdppfa&G;xkw&f ef r[mAsL[mvrf;pOfwpf&yf vdo k nf/ tqdyk gvrf;pOfrS
onf acwfrDaom EdkifiHom;Oya' jyifqifjy|mef;jyD; w&m;r0if
a&GUajymif;aexdkifrIrsm;udk uefYowfwm;qD;&efjzpfonf/
52 rif;aoh

L acwfrDenf;pepfrsm;toHk;jyKí vlOD;a&pm&if;udk wduspGm

aumufcHjcif;
L wnfqE J kid if o
H m;Oya'udk acwfraD tmif jyifqifjy|mef;jcif;
L wdusjywfom;aom r[mAsL[mrl0g' csrSwfjcif;
L rl0g' taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ESifh EdkifiHom;Oya'opf
touf0ifapa&;twGuf wm0ef,laom wm0efcHaom
,EÅ&m;wpf&yfudk MudKwifjyifqifavhusifhxm;apjcif;
L tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh a&GUajymif;vlOD;a&ESifhywfoufí
em;vnfrIpmcRefvTmrsm;a&;xdk;xm;&dSjcif;
ponfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk pOf;pm;vkyfaqmifoifhonf/

yx0DEdkifiHa&;jyóem
&cdkijf ynfe,f bl;oD;awmif? armifawmjrdKUwküYd jzpfaom bmom
a&;? vlrsKd;a&; t"du½kPf;rsm;onf yx0DEdkifiHa&;jyóemjzpfonf/
b*Fvm;a'h&rfS S jrefrmhe,fpyfrsO;f udk jzwfí cdk;0ifvmonfh rlqvifvrl sK;d
rsm;ESihf &cdkiaf 'ocHwkt Yd Mum;jzpfomG ;aom y#dyu©rsm;onf tawmfjyif;
xefonf/ þjyóemonf 'Dru kd a&pDomG ;&mvrf;udk jcdr;f ajcmufEikd af om
yx0DEdkifiHa&;jyóemjzpfonf/ odkYaomf... vlrsKd;a&;ESifh bmoma&;
t"du½kPf;rsm;tjzpf toGifajymif;oGm;onfu pdk;&drfp&mjzpfonf/
yx0DEdkifiHa&;jyóemonf wpfpHkwpf&m ajz&Sif;vdkY &Edkifaomfvnf;
vlrsK;d a&;ESihf bmoma&;tay: tajccHí jzpfay:vmaom y#dyu©rsm;onf
tvG,fwul tuif;raowwfacs/
taemufwHcg; usK;d aygufjcif;onf Edkiif Ha&;ivsiw f kdY tpjyK&m
ae&mjzpfvmEdkio f nf/ a'orvHkjcKHrIrSonf Edkiif Ha&; rwnfjidrrf IqDokdY
ul;qufvmEdkifonf/ EdkifiHa&;rwnfjidrfrIonf pD;yGm;a&;zGHUjzdK;rIESifh
Edkiif aH &;tul;tajymif;udk t"dujcdr;f ajcmufrnfh Zmwfaumif jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh wnfjidrfpGm toGiful;ajymif;a&;udk owdMuD;pGm
vkyfaqmifae&onf/ wnfqJtpdk;&ESifh wyfrawmfwdkY\ yg0gtxdef;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 53

tax [efcsun f rD o
I nf toGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfü tvGef ta&;MuD;
onf/ xdkYtwl &cdkifa'orS tpjyKaom vHkjcHKa&;tjrifjzifh csOf;uyfrI
onf jrefrmEdkiif tH wGuf ta&;ay: vdktyfcsujf zpfovdk toGiu f ;l ajymif;
a&;udk av;zifhapaom ta&;udpö rjzpf&efvnf;vdktyfonf/

udkvdkeDtMuGif;tusef
taemufwHcg;jyóem\ tprSm vGwv f yfa&;MudK;yrf;rIumv
aESmif;ydki;f u ponf/ jAdwo d Qtpdk;&u *syefukd wdkux f kw&f ef ar,kckdif
(,ckarmifawmc½dki)f ü b*FgvDtEG,f rlqifviftkypf kukd zGJUpnf;ay;cJh
onf/ xdktkyfpkonf vGwfvyfa&; awmif;qdkaeqJumvü ta&SUyg
upöwef[kac:aom ,ck b*Fvm;a'h&SfESifh yl;aygif;&ef pwifMudK;pm;
cJhonf/ ygupöwef acgif;aqmif;rsm;onf jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
cspMf unfa&; ysu, f iG ;f rnf[k ,lqaomaMumifh vufrcHcahJ cs/ odkaY om
tqdkygtkypf konf ukvm;wefjrpfESihf ar,kjrpfMum;&dSa'oudk vGwv f yf
aom rGwq f vifEkdiif Hwpfck xlaxmif&ef MuH&G,cf JhMuonf/ xdk&nf&G,f
csufudk taumiftxnfazmf&ef North Arakan Muslim League udk
xlaxmifcMhJ uonf/ xdaYk emuf tqdyk g tzGUJ onf rl*sm[pfaomif;use;f olrsm;
jzpfay:vmcJhonf/ xdktzGJUonf &cdkifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;udk xdef;csKyf
xm;EdkifcJhonfh tajctaetxd a&mufcJhonf/
rl*sm[pfaomif;use;f olrsm;udk jrefrmhwyfrawmfu tjyif;txef
ESrd Ef Si;f cJhonf/ 1954 ckESpw f Gif ppfOD;usK;d oGm;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf "m;jy
zG J U omomavmuf o m
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tvIyft&rf;umvrsm;ü EdkifiH
use&f aSd wmhonf/ 1960
wumyg0g EdkifiHa&;upm;uGufxGifolrsm; yg0if
OD ; Ek oef Y & S i f ; zqyv
vmEdkifonfjzpf&m vlrsKd;a&;udpö&yfrsm;onf
tEdkif&&dSjyD;aemuf rl*sm
[pfrS ½dk[if*sm[kqku d m tuJ q wf y G K d i f h j z pf v monf / owd M u D ; M u D ;
EdkifiHa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; avQmufvSrf;ygrS awmfumusEdkifaom ta&;
ay:aygufcJhjyefonf/ udpöjzpfygvdrfhrnf/
54 rif;aoh

xdkaY emuf ½dk[if*sm Edkiif aH &;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udk vkyaf qmifonfh tzGUJ tpnf;
rsm; ay:aygufco hJ nf/ Oyrm - ½d[ k if*sm vli,ftzGUJ ? ½d[
k if*smausmif;om;
tzGJU? ½dk[if*sm aoG;pD; nDnTwfa&;tzGJU pojzifh ay:aygufcJhonf/
1994-95 wGif jrefrmhwyfrawmfuxyfrHí jzdKcGif;cJhonf/

vufrnf;MuD;rsm;
b*Fvm;a'h&Sfe,fpyfü b*FgvD-&cdkif vlrsKd;a&; y#dyu©jzpfyGm;
rIonf yx0DEkdiif Ha&;jyóemtay: tajccHí jzpfay:vmaom vlrsK;d
a&;jyóemwpf&yfjzpfonf/ e,fpyfa'oüjzpfaom y#dyu©rsm;?
ppfyJrG sm; aemufu, G wf iG f e,fpyfrsO;f ESihf xdpyf&m Edkiif Hrsm;\ tpdk;&ESihf
oG,0f kduí f ywfoufrIrsm;&dSonf/ jrefrmhü xdkokdYaomtjzpftysurf sm;
onf wl&m Oyrmrsm; jyoEdkio f nf/ ucsipf pfyJG udk;uefEY iS hf 0udprö sm;\
aemufuG,u f w½kwf (odkY) ,leeftpdk;&\ yg0ifywfoufaerI? ,cif
u&if vufeufukdirf sm;\ aemufuG,w f Gif xdki;f tpdk;&ESihf tar&duef
tpdk;&\ yg0ifywfoufr?I ,ck b*Fvt D a&;udpüö b*Fvm;a'h&t fS pdk;&\
yg0ifywfoufrI ponfh tcsurf sm;onf e,fpyfrsO;f udk tom;pD;&a&;ESihf
pD;yGm;a&; tjrwfxkwfrIrsm;jzifh oG,f0dkuf ywfoufaeEdkifonfudk
pOf;pm;Munfh&ef vdktyfonf/ pdef0if;pdef bmomjyefonfh acwfopf
w½kwf-jrefrmqufqHa&; pmrsufESm - 363 wGif ucsifudk MudKMum;
MudKMum; ulnDolrSm w½kwjf zpfonf[k &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; a&;om;xm;
onfudk awGU&onf/
OD;ode;f pdet
f pd;k &vufxufrS pwifí Edik if w H um\ yg0ifywfouf
rIonf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfü xJxJ0if0if &dSvmonf/ ppftpdk;&
vufxufu e,fpyfrsOf;eHab;rSmvIyf&Sm;aeaom EdkifiHwum tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;onf ajzavsmha&;umv pwifcJhonfESihf wpfjydKifeuf jynf
wGi;f odkY tvsKv d sK0d ifvmMuonf/ vlUtcGihfta&;? zGHUjzdK;a&;? rl0g'a&;?
pGrf;&nfjr§ifhwifa&; apmifhMunfhavhvma&; vlom;jcif; pmemaxmuf
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 55

xm;a&;ESihf tMuHay; tzGUJ tpnf;rsm; tvHk;t&if;ESihf 0ifa&mufvmonf/

axmufyHhulnDay;a&;wdkY aemufuG,w f Gif qdki&f mEdkiif HESiht
f kypf k
rsm;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk,fpD wGJzufygvmonfudk owdcsyfoifhonf/
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tvIyft&rf;umvrsm;ü EdkifiHwumyg0g EdkifiHa&;
upm;uGux f iG o
f rl sm; yg0ifvmEdkio
f nfjzpf&m vlrsK;d a&;udp&ö yfrsm;onf
tuJqwfyKG id hjf zpfvmonf/ owdMuD;MuD; avQmufvSr;f ygrS awmfumus
Edkifaom ta&;udpöjzpfygvdrfhrnf/

0SufzJvm;? vlom;jcif; pmemjcif;vm;...

Edkiif Hwum\ ay:vpD rajymif;vQif jynfwiG ;f ppfrsm; rjidr;f Edki/f
xdkYtwl ppfat;umvordkif;wpfavQmuf EdkifiHi,frsm;twGif;u
jynfwGif;ppfrsm;onf EdkifiHwumvufrnf;MuD;rsm;aMumifh tpjyKcJh&
onfursm;onf/ tpdk;&pepftul;tajymif;ü av[me,frsm; ay:vm
Edki&f m þav[me,fukd tjydKifvkMuonfh yg0g&Sirf sm;çrsm;pGm &dSonf/
taemufEiS hf eD;jcif;? a0;jcif;onf wnfqt J pd;k &rsm;\ Edik if aH &;upm;csuf
jzpfonf/ Edkiif w H umu ¤if;wd\ kY udk,u f sK;d pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf tajcr[ef
vQif 0Suzf rJ sm;udk jrJjrJuikd x
f m;pjrJ/ wpfcsujf cif;vnf; xkwjf yavh&o Sd nf/
&D&,fydkvdkufwpfü tusKd;pD;yGm;wdkYu tjrJarmif;ESifaeqJjzpfonfudk
owdcsyfoifhonf/
vlUtcGit hf a&;? zGUH jzdK;a&;ESihf vlom;jcif; pmemrI qdki;f bkwrf sm;udk
jrJjrJudkifí toHukefatmfaom tkyfpkrsm;udk avhvmqef;ppfoifhonf/
rsufvHk;rsm; jyL;jyJMunfhrS awmfumusvdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf/ &cdkif
a'oonf ,ckxufxd tusK;d pD;yGm;tkypf kEiS hf vHkjcHKa&;wdkY ppfcif;usaom
upm;yGJrsm; jzpfjrJ? jzpfqJ/

tuJqwfyGKdifh
&cdkitf a&;avhvmqef;ppfcsurf sm;t& &cdkit f a&;wGif epfemol
rsm;vnf;&dSonf/ epfemolrsm;onf &cdkiv
f lrsK;d rsm;t"dujzpfaomfvnf;
56 rif;aoh

rl&if; tajccsaexdkifol b*FgvDvlrsKd;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ tqdkyg

y#dyu©tay: tjrwfxkwf&ef MudK;pm;aeaom EdkifiHtkyfpk tzGJUtpnf;
tpktzGJU todkuft0dkif;rsm;vnf; &dSaeonf/
uRefawmfwdkYtaejzifh axmifhpHkrS Munfhoifhonf/
L vHkjcHKa&;½Iaxmifh
L trsKd;om;a&; ½Iaxmifh
L a'ozGHUjzdK;a&; ½Iaxmifh
L vlom;jcif; pmemrI½Iaxmifh
L trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm; ½Iaxmifh
L yx0DEdkifiHa&;½Iaxmifh
L EdkifiHwum\ yg0gupm;rI tcif;tusif;rsm;
ponfjzifh rsufvHk;jyL;jyL; rSefajymif; twdk^ t&Snf pHkpHknDnD
MunfhygrS rl&if;Zmpfjrpfudk EIdufxkwfEdkifvdrfhrnf/
wpfzufapmif;eif;Edkirf rI sm;onf vpfb&,f'rD ku d a&pD vGwvf yf
cGihfrsm;ukd jyefvnfuefYowfEdkifonfh vufwHrsm; jzpfoGm;Edkifovkd
Edkiif w
H umvufrnf;rsm;u rvGwaf jrmufEkid af om 0JMoCtwGi;f vnf;
oufqif;oGm;Edkifonf/ &cdkifudpörSm 0da&m"drsm;jzifh ½IyfaxG;vSonf/
eufaomtaMumif;rsm;udk a&&Snt f jrifjzifh pD&ifí wdraf om taMumif;
w&m;rsm;udk jywfjywfom;om; qHk;jzwfvkyaf qmif&rnfyif jzpfygonf/
taumif; tqdk;? taMumif;tusKd;? trSm;trSef? tusKd;tjrwf
tuefY towfukd t"dupOf;pm;&olrmS tpdk;&ESiyhf g0g&Sirf sm;yifjzpfonf/
yg0g&Siw f kdYrSm ay:vpDbDumcGuf udkix f m;olrsm;yifjzpfonf/ yg0g&Sif
wdkY... ynmESihf tdki'f D,mwdkY aygufajrmufaomolwkdYjzifh aygif;pyfEkdirf S
yg0g wpfzufapmif;eif;EdkifrIrsm;udk udkifwG,fEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
axmifhajymif; MunfhEdkifMuygap/
nae 4 ; 09
17? ZGefv? 2017 /
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(1)

ed'gef;
jrefrmhEkid if aH &; tul;tajymif;twGuf MuD;pGmaom pdeaf c:csurf mS
EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;udpöjzpfonf/ EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;\ rl&if;
pdeaf c:csurf mS pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJru I pd jö zpfonf/ toGiu
f ;l ajymif;
a&;jzpfpOfwdkYü tajccHta&GU (2) ckjzifh ponf/
(1) EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIESifh
(2) pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI [lí jzpfonf/
toGiu f al jymif;a&;jzpfpOfukd enf;pOf (2) &yfjzifh csO;f uyfMunfEh ikd f
onf/ ]wdeeYf nf;}ESihf ]*dkbeD nf;} [lí jzpfonf/ wdeeYf nf;rSm w½kwef nf;
jzpfonf/ *dkbDenf;rSm qdkAD,ufenf; jzpfonf/ wdefYu EdkifiHa&;udk
ajzavsmh ray;bJ pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrjI zifh Edkiif w H nfaqmufa&;udk
vkyfonf/ *dkbmacsmhu qdkAD,uf,leD,H acgif;aqmifjzpfvmcsdefü
*vufpaemhESihf y,f&DpwGKu d u f m [k aMuG;aMumfonf/ yGihfvif;a&;ESihf
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;jzifh Edkiif aH wmf\ ajzavsmah &;enf;rsm;udk pwifonf/
qdkA, D ufenf;rSm Edkiif aH &;ESiphf ;D yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJruI wpfjydKifeuf
58 rif;aoh

wnf;vmaomenf; jzpfonf/ w½kwu f awmh xdkokYd r[kw/f pD;yGm;a&;udk

tvsifponf/ jyD;rS atmufajc 'Drdkua&pDudk &yf^aus; tqifhu pí
avhusiahf y;rIjzifh toufoiG ;f onf/ *dkbmacsmeh nf;u qdkA, D uf,el , D H
jyKduGJrI &v'fjzifh ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;onf/ w½kwfenf;u avmavmq,f
tajctaexd tvkyfjzpfaeao;onf/ odkYaomf pdefac:csufrsm;um;
w½kwftwGuf 'if;Murf;jynfhaeonf/

odef;pdefenf;
jrefrmu 2010 rSm 'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJudk vkyfonf/
udk,pf m;jyKrI ppfrSejf cif;? &mcdkiEf Ie;f enf;yif enf;jim;aomfvnf; toGif
ul;ajymif;a&; ,EÅ&m;udk wnfwnfjidrfjidrf pvSnfhEdkifcJhonf/ 2012
Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyaJG Mumifh ode;f pdet f pdk;&u w&m;0ifrI jrifv h monf/
EdkifiHwum todkuft0ef;\ vufckyfoHudk tawmftwef&vmonf/
OD;ode;f pdet
f pdk;&taeESihf pD;yGm;a&;ajzavsmhrI tawmfrsm;rsm;udk vkyEf kid f
cJo
h nf/ aps;uGut f opfwpfcsKUd ay:vmonf/ qufo, G af &; avmifpmqD
um;udpö Edkiif Hjcm; aiGvJvS,af &;udpöESihf tjcm;aom yk*¾vu d ydkiu
f @
tcsKdU tawmfzGHUjzdK;vmonf/

pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk EdkifiHa&;a[majymyGJrsm;u rajz&Sif;Edkif/

&J&ifhaom? jywfom;aom yDjyifaom rl0g'jzifhom vkyfaqmifEdkifrnf/

odkYaomf Edkiif Hjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHa&;udpöukdawmh yDjyifatmif rvkyf

Edkicf Jh/ ,ck tpdk;&opfvnf; þu@udk rvkyEf kdiaf o;/ jrefrmtpdk;&wdkY
tjrJMuHKae&onfh tcuftcJrSm pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk
b,fu pí udkif&rSef;rodonfh jyóemjzpfonf/ ,cktpdk;&rSm
,dkaygufrsm;udk zmax;&ef MudK;pm;jcif;rSty tjcm; xifomjrifomaom
pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIudk rvkyfEdkifao;/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 59

OD;odef;pdeftkyfcsKyfa&;umvü pD;yGm;a&;xuf EdkifiHa&; jyKjyif

ajymif;vJrIu ydkonf/ EdkifiHa&;ta&GUudk pD;yGm;a&;ta&GUxuf ydkí
vkyEf kid f onf[k rSwcf sujf yKEdkio f nf/ Edkiif aH &;tifpwDusL;&Si;f topfrsm;
tjydKif;t½kdif; ay:vmjcif;ESifh EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfcGifh tawmftwef
us,fjyefYvmjcif;u 'Drdkua&pD tavhtusifhrsm;twGuf upm;uGif;
jzpfco hJ nf/ jzpfvmonf/ wjznf;jznf; wnfjidraf om tajymif;tvJukd
OD;ode;f pdef tpdk;&u owdMuD;MuD;xm;í vSr;f onf/ þtoD;tyGihfu
2015 a&G;aumufyGJudk vGwfvyfí w&m;rQwpGm usif;yEkdifcJhonf/
tcsed u f kduu
f si;f yEkid cf Jhonf/ nifomaom tmPmvTJajymif;rIukd vkyf
EdkifcJhonf/ þum; OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&twGuf EdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSwfwrf;
aumif;jzpfonf/

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pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkonf EdkifiHa&;tajccH tkwfjrpfuae
aygufzmG ;vm&onf/ Edkiif aH &;rlabmifEiS hf ay:vpDwkYd avsmeh nf;tm;aysmh
jcif;u tajccHp;D yGm;a&;udk ,dkief aYJ ponf/ txl;ojzifh tpdk;&wpf&yf\
t"duwm0efrmS jynfov l xl \k tpmtdrjf yóem ajz&Si;f a&;omjzpfonf/
tpmtdrjf yóemudk rudkiw f G,Ef kdiv
f Qif Edkiif Ha&;axmufcHrI usonf/
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enf;emudk em;rvnfvQifvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&; tEkynmu ryDjyif/
vDuGrf,ku ajymzl;onf/
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jrefrmu tjrJ MuHKae&onfh tjzpf&o Sd nf/ pD;yGm;a&;udk *CeP
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60 rif;aoh

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vufcsK;d a&vdkY&onf/ odkYaomf tm;vHk;onf Edkiif Hawmf pD;yGm;a&;ta&GU
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jyóemrsm;
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zqyv? rqv? e0w? etzESifh 2010 tpdk;& vufxuftxd Munfh
Edik o
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rawGU&ao;/ tpdk;&oufwrf; wpf0ufa&mufvkeD;jyD/ apmifhMunfh&ef
vdkYajym&atmifvnf; 2020 onf rMumao;rDESprf sm;twGuf a&mufvk
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L ajrodrf; ,modrf;jyóem
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L w&m;a&;r@Kdif jyóem
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L tvkyfvufrJh jyóem
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L EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm; jyóem
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ponfh jyóemrsm;u tyHktyif/
0efMuD;rsm; tajymif;tvJvkyf½Hkjzifh pD;yGm;a&;tajzudk &rnf
r[kwf/ pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk EdkifiHa&;a[majymyGJrsm;u
rajz&Sif;Edkif/ &J&ifhaom? jywfom;aom yDjyifaom rl0g'jzifhom
vkyaf qmifEkid rf nf/ rl0g'udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGiv f nf; pepfwus
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 61

yk*v
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ryDjyifEdkif/ tvm;tvmvnf; raumif;/ oufMuD;yk aps;uGuf
pD;yGm;a&;jzifh xyfrHí ESpfyg;oGm;&OD;rnf [k ,lq&onf/

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t&if;cHtaMumif; ESpfyg;
EdkifiH rzGHUjzdK; rwdk;wuf&jcif; taMumif; (2) yg; &dSonf/
(1) ay:vpD jyóem ESifh
(2) vlUt&if;tjrpf nHhzsi;f rI jyóem ESp&f yfu tajccHusonf/
taxGaxGaom pD;yGm;a&; jyóemtm;vHk;onf tqdkyg jyóem
(2) &yfrS ay:xGuv f m&onf/ tpdk;& tqufqufü rl0g' jyóemudk
tMuD;tus,fMuHK&onf/ ,cifuvnf; MuHK&onf/ ,ckvnf; MuHK
&onf/
L rl0g' csrSwfyHk rtyfpyfjcif;
L rl0g' taumiftxnfazmfrI nHhzsif;jcif; ESifh
L rl0g' oHk;oyfrI tm;enf;vGe;f jcif; wdkYu jyóem&yfcGJrsm;
jzpfonf/

xHk;enf; (2) rsKd;

rl0g'ESifh ywfoufí csOf;uyfyHk (2) rsKd;&dSonf/
(1) yef;wdkif tajcjyK (mission orientated) ESifh
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rsKd;jzpfonf/
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nDjcif;? rnDjcif;udk rpOf;pm;/ csrSwfxm;aom yef;wdkifay;xm;aom
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62 rif;aoh

wm0efr&d/S tm;vHk;aom yef;wdkirf sm;onfvnf; rjrif &aom txufqrD S

usvmaom trdefY nTefMum;csufrsm;u wpfqifhjzpfonf/
jyóemtajcjyK csO;f uyfru I jyóem ajyvnfa&;t"dujzpfonf/
jyóemudk qef;ppfonf/ jyóemudk &Smonf/ wpfenf; temudk
&Smonf/ a&m*g\taMumif;t&if;udk &Smonf/ jyD;awmh aq;udak zmfonf/
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tusif;ü t&m&mudk yk*¾vdu vufvTJjcif;onfvnf; rjzpfoifh/
tpdk;&onf "mwfuyl pön;f toGijf zifh ulnaD om yGpJ m;ae&mudk ,lwwf&ef
vdktyfonf/

OD;aESmufvm; edrfhjcif; jyóem

touftvdkuf ÓPf&f nfzGHUjzdK;rI edrhfjcif;onf ADZ jyóem ESihf
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tjrpf jyóemonf ADZESihf ywf0ef;usiuf kd tajcjyKí xGuaf y:vm&onf/
jrefrmvlrsKd;onf ADZrnHhaMumif; txift&Sm; om"ursm; &dSxm;jyD;
jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ywf0ef;usifnHhrsm;ü umvtawmfMum jzwfoef;
cJh&onf/ xdkYaMumifh ADZaumif;rsm;yif tnTefYwkH;oGm;Mu&onf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 63

jzpfay:cJhorQaom tcif;tusif;rsm;udk aemufjyefiJhMunfhyg/

awmfvSefa&;ESifh wnfaqmufa&;jyóem tMum;Mum;nyfjcif; vlrI
aumfap; ,kwaf vsmjh cif;ESihf &ef^ ig pnf; jyóemwdu
Yk vlUt&if;tjrpfukd
owfaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfEdkifonf/ ordkif;udk Munfhyg/
twdwfudk Munfhyg/ rMumao;rD umvudk iJhapmifhMunfhyg/ vuf&dS
ypöKyÜefudk Munfhyg/

wuúodkvfrsm;u vkyftm; t&if;tESD;udk xkwfay;onf/ aps;uGufrSm

vkytf m; aps;uGuu
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kd u
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Mindset rsm; jyKjyifa&; aMu;G aMumfoo

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onf tpdk;&tvkyjf zpfonf/ xkwyf k;d xm;aom pepfukd taumiftxnf
azmfjcif;onf tifpwDusL;&Si;f rsm;\ wm0efjzpfonf/ vlrjI yóemrsm;udk
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ynma&; csKdUwJhrI
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armif;ESiftm;twGuf ukwftm;rjzpf/ touf&Sifoefa&;twGuf
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yumoetwGuf oifMum;aom ynma&;tajctaejzpfonf/ þudpö
onf tpdk;&jyóemrQom r[kw/f vlrt I odki;f t0ef;\ tm;enf;csuuf
ydkí ta&;ygonf/
64 rif;aoh

vufawGUusaom ukex f kwpf rG ;f tm;udk yifw

h ifay;aom ynma&;
pepf r[kwí f tusK;d rjzpf/ wuúokv d rf sm;u ESppf Of bGUJ &rsm; aomif;ESihf
csD xkwfvkyfEdkifMuonf/ odkYaomf tvkyfvufrJhrsm; aygrsm;aeqJ/
tvkyfac:pmrsm;uvnf; rjywfaMujimaeqJ/
vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;ü uRrf;usivf kyo f m;aps;uGuf vdkonf/ 0efxrf;
vdktyfcsufrsm; tjrJ&dSaeonf/ tvkyfavQmufxm;rIrsm;uvnf;
rsm;jym;vGe;f onf/ tvkyrf &rIuvnf; xkvkdu?f xnfvkdu&f Sad eonf/
jzpfpOfukd jcHKí Munfah omf tvkyw f m0efEiS u hf ku
d n
f aD om 0efxrf;&Sm;yg;rI
jyóemu t&if;cHtaMumif;jzpfonf/ vufawGUtvkyfjzpfaom
wuúodkvfynmu jyóemjzpfonf/

xkwfvkyfrI ESifh vdktyfcsuf

tvkyv f ufrJh jyóemrSm 0,fvkdtm;ESihf a&mif;vdktm; jyóem
tay:tajcjyKaeonf/ Supply / Demand [k qdv k Qi&f onf/ wuúov kd f
rsm;u vkyftm; t&if;tESD;udk xkwfay;onf/ aps;uGufrSm vkyftm;
aps;uGuu f kd toH;k cs&mae&mjzpfonf/ wuúov kd u
f avhusijhf yovdu k w
f m
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jrefrmu tckxd rjyifEkid af o;/ temESiahf q; wnfah tmif tckxrd ay;Edkif
ao;/ 0,fvkdtm;ESihf a&mif;vdktm; udkuaf tmif rpD&ifEkdio f a&GU jrefrmh
pD;yGm;a&;u xlxal xmifaxmif jzpfrmS r[kw/f jynfoUl tpmtdrjf yóemu
ydkí qdk;oGm;p&momtaMumif;&dSonf/

(4)
pD;yGm;a&; pdefac:csuf
pD;yGm;a&; zGUH jzdK;rI edru
hf s&jcif;taMumif;rsm;vnf; &daS ejyefonf/
(u) pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fü EdkifiHawmf\tcef;u@ MuD;rm;pGm
yg0ifaejcif;?
(c) aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; pepf ryDjyifjcif;?
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 65

(*) EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;

toufr0ifjcif;?
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jidrfjcif; toufr0ifjcif;?
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t&if;tjrpfcGJa0rI ponfh tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;
nHhzsif;jcif;?
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66 rif;aoh

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t½dkif; &aecsdefü jzpfonf/
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68 rif;aoh

jynfolwkdYu Edkiif Ha&;orm;rsm;\ acR;odypf um;rsm;udk jiD;aiGUvmvQif

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ojzifh pdk;&drcf surf sm;jzifh tkycf sKyfrIukd pDrHrcefYcGJoifh/ pdk;&drcf surf sm;jzifh
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xdk;yGJrsm;/ ,cifuvdk vkt d yfonfrsm;udk Munfh½Ippfaq; qdkonfhtqifh

ESifh r&Edkifwmudk tm;vHk;odMuonf/ em;vnfMuonf/ odkYaomf...
rdrdwdkY udk,fwdkifvnf; trSmpum;ajym½HkyGJwuf rsufESmjy½HkuvGJvdkY
xl;axGaom vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk rpOf;pm;rdMu/
wpfckckavmufukd udk,yf kid o f abmxm;tjrifjzifh qHk;jzwfvkyu f kid f
vdkufvQifvnf; aemufuG,fu pdk;&drfcsufu zGm;zufawmfvdk ygvm
onf/ olrsm;wumxGuf cRefxGujf yD; vkyv f kduf udkiv
f kduyf gu jzpfvm
Edkifonfh pdk;&drfcsufudk pDrHcefYcGJEkdifzdkY cufvSonf/ onfvdkESifh rvkyf
r½IyfrjyKwf^vufnd§K;axmif acgif;jidrfhorm;rsm; jzpfvmonf/

vufnd§K;axmif^ acgif;jidrfh
EdkifiHa&;qdkwm tkyfcsKyfa&; tEkynmvdkY t"dyÜm,fzGifhonf
r[kwv f m;/ tkycf sKyfrItwGuf pGr;f Edkirf S Edkiif Ha&;tmPmudpöukd pOf;pm;
&efaumif;onf/ tmPmudpö pOf;pm;vQifvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf
jyifqifxm;oifo h nf/ jyifqifcsed rf &cJah om awmfveS af &;vrf;aMumif;u
vmcJhvQifawmifrS yGifhvif;vGwfvyfaom OD;aESmufrsm;udk vufurf;
oifhonf/ MudKqdkoifhonf/ arG;pm;oifhonf/ EdkifiHa&;tmPmu
tueft Y owfjzifo h m &SnMf umvdrOfh ;D rnf qdw k mudk owdjyefcsyo
f ifo
h nf/
EdkifiHa&;udpöonf vufn§d;axmif acgif;jidrfhudpö r[kwf/
tkyfcsKyfa&; tEkynmwwfpGrf;jcif;onf EdkifiHa&;pGrf;&nfjzpfonf/
rl0g'jzpfpOfukd em;vnfjcif;onf Edkiif aH &;pGr;f &nfjzpfonf/ pnf;½Hk;a&;
pGrf;&nfwpfckwnf;jzifh EdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfvdkY &Edkifaumif;onf qdkaom
t,ltqudk uavSmfxkwfypfrS aumif;onf/
tem*wfrSm vlxkukd,w f kdiu f pnf;½Hk;a&;jzifh axmufcHrIjyKrnf
r[kwfawmh/ vkyf&yf&v'fjzifhom vufxJurJudk pOf;pm;awmhrnf
qdkwmudk MudKwifawG;xm;oifhjyD/
70 rif;aoh

t&if[m taemuf taemuf[m t&if

OD;pm;ay;rSm;jcif;onf Edkiif aH &; tusyt f wnf;udk zefw;D apaom
taMumif;wpf&yfjzpfonf/ t&if[m taemuf? taemuf[m t&if
rjzpfoifh/ rEdkirf eif;vnf; rjzpfoifh/ OD;eif; yJhaxmif yJheif; OD;axmif
rjzpfoifh/ rEdkifreif;jzpfrSm aMumufjyD; bmrS rvkyfbJ arsmvdkufoGm;
vQifvnf; tkycf sKyfa&;[m jynfolU pdwyf supf &m jzpfawmhrnf/ jzpfae
jyDvm;yif rajymwwf/
pum;vHk;awGukd vlxku tjrJMum;ae&onf/ ,ck olwkdY vkcd sif
wm... pum;vHk;awG r[kw/f &v'f &v'f../ tvkyjf zpfa&;jzpfonf/
tjzpfvkyfa&; r[kwf/
jidr;f csr;f a&; pm;0wfaea&; ppfbuf usHKU0ifa&; obm0ta&;
ynma&; use;f rma&;... ponfh ta&;t&mwdkrY mS rnfonfu tc&mus
oenf;/ rnfonfu tvsifenf;/ rnfonfu aemufenf;/ tusKd;
pD;yGm;rsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJjcif;onf Edkiif Ha&; tvkyjf zpfonf/ tusK;d pD;yGm;
rsm;udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmí Munfwh wfjcif;u Edkiif aH &; tajrmftjrifjzpfonf/
tajrmftjrifjzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkifaom tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;wpf&yf
jzpfxeG ;f ap&ef qE´&½Sd kHrt
S y uRefawmf wdkY rwwfEkid af om udpjö zpfonf/

b,fvdktkyfcsKyfrSmvJ
b,fol tkycf sKyfw,f qdkwmxuf b,fvkd tkycf sKyfw,f qdkwm
u ydkta&;MuD;onf/ b,fol b,f0g qdkwm bufjyóemjzpfonf/
b,fvkq d kw d m enf;emjyóem jzpfonf/ Edkiif aH &;enf;emwdkjY zifh tkycf sKyf
a&;enf;emrsm;udk u@tvdkucf GJjyD; rMunfhEkdio f rQ vrf;ab;u usK;
ausmrf sm; cGuv f ufqGJawmif;pm;aom uav;oli,frsm; usnq f efrsm;
tMum;u om;onfrdcifrsm; trsm;tjym;udk awGUjrifae&vdrfhOD;rnf/
þum; t&dSw&m;/
tkycf sKyaf &;onf pnf;½H;k a&;avmuf rvG,/f Edik if aH &;pGr;f &nfonf
0g'jzefcY sad &;enf;emudk wwfuRr;f jcif; r[kw/f us,jf yefaY om oabmudk
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 71

aqmifonf/ tkyfcsKyfwwfjcif; qHk;jzwfwwfjcif; pnf;½Hk;wwfjcif;?

pDrHcefYcGJwwfjcif;onf tpdk;&vkyfoltwGuf ta&;MuD;onf/ tm;vHk;
onf Edkiif Ha&;pGr;f &nfxJwGif tusHK;0ifonf/ vuf&Sad cgif;aqmifvkyf
aeolrsm; Edkiif aH &;pGr;f &nfukd a,bk,sem;vnfjcif;abmifrS azmufxu
G f
EdkifMuygap/

rJrsm;u xm0& opömr&dS

vlawGxu J rJrsm;u aomifjyKdurf;jyKdru I kd xm0& xde;f odr;f oGm;
rnf[k xifygovm;/ &v'ftajcjyK rJay;rIrsm; jzpfxGe;f rS 'Drkdua&pD
zGHUjzdK;vdrhfrnf/ odkYr[kwu f rvG,/f tmrcHcsu&f Sdaom jynfolUtusK;d
taumiftxnfazmfa&; ,EÅ&m;vdkonf/ a&G;aumufyu JG qif;oufvm
aomacgif;aqmifrsm; vufawGUEiS hf eD;rS aumif;onf/ atmfwrkd ifbpfprwf
ajymaom jzpfEkid af cs &dw S mudk vkywf m Edkiif aH &;... qdkonfh t,ltqudk
EdkifEdkifESvHk;oGif;EdkifrS aumif;rnf/
EdkifiHa&;orm;onf aemufvmrnfh a&G;aumufyGJ twGufom
Munfhonf/ EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifonf wkdif;jynf\ vmrnfhESpf 50^ 60
udk MudKMunfhonf/ EdkifiHacgif;aqmifESifh omrefEdkifiHa&;orm;wdkY\
Munfyh ?kH jrifykH uGrJ uI mG rIaMumifh taetxm;rsm; uGmjcm;oGm;&jcif;jzpfonf/
vky&f Jukdi&f J &dSrI awG;&JrIwkdYu rl0g'qHk;jzwfrI t&nftaoG;udk jy|mef;
onf/
vkyf&JzdkY vdkw,f
vkyfwwfzdkY vdkw,f
vkyf&aumif;rSef;odzdkY vdkw,f
tkycf sKyfa&;qdkwm rvG,yf g/ tkycf sKyfolrsm;\ txufü aejyD;
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; cs&wm ydí k rvG,yf g/ jrefrmjynf\ Edik if aH &;tajctaeü
þodkYawGU&onf/ vkyw f wfolrsm;u rvky&f JMu/ rvkyw f wfolrsm;u
vkyf&JaeMuonf/ vkyf&aumif;rSef; odolrsm;u vkyfydkifcGifhr&Mu/
72 rif;aoh

vky&f aumif;rSe;f rodaomolrsm;u vkyyf kid cf iG rhf sm;udk rSe;f arQmf tm;xkwf
aeonfh taetxm;/
EdkifiHhpm;0wfaea&; udpöonf xifoavmufrvG,f/
rl0g'udpöonf uav;upm;p&m r[kwf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;onf pnf;½Hk;a&;oufouf r[kwf/
pDrHcefYcGJrIonf vufnd§K;axmif acgif;jidrfh r[kwf/
vkyyf kdicf Gihf&olrsm; owdcsyzf kdYvkdonfrSm jynfolUtusK;d qdkonfh
zGifhqdkcsufteufudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY em;vnfxm;zdkY jzpfonf/
xdkYaemuf wu,fhjyóemudk &SmzdkY jzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;tvkyfonf
jyóem&SmzdkY jzpfonf/ jyóemr[kwfwmudk jyóemvkyfrdygu
ay:vpDtrSm;jzpfawmhrnf/ owdcsyfygukef/
ay:vpDu@udk pOf;pm;&mü vkyzf kYd vkad eonfEiS hf vkyo f ifoh nf
qdkwmudk uGJuGJjym;jym; cGJjcm;em;vnf;zdkY ta&;MuD;onf/ vkyf&rnfh
tvkyu f kd vky&f aumif;rSe;f odzkdY yxrta&;MuD;onf/ odjyD;vQif vky&f J
zdkYvdkonf/ vkyf&J½Hkjzifh r&/ vkyfwwfzdkY vdkonf/
Edkiif Ha&;tvkyf tkycf sKyfa&;tvkyf pDrHcefYcGJrItvkyEf Sihf jrdKUarwåm
cH,la&;tvkyrf sm;udk vuf&Sd vkyyf kdicf Gihf&Sdolrsm; uGJuGJjym;jym; cGJcGJjcm;
jcm; em;vnfEdkifMuygapukef/
nae 4 ; 39
14? Mo*kwf? 2017/
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twGuf ckw;kH vnf; jzpfEkid o f nf/ pD;yGm;a&;tajymif;? Edkiif aH &;tajymif;udk
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MuHKvwåHUaom t&dyt f a,mifrsm;u jrefrmhvlrIe,fy,fü tvHk;t&if;
awGUae&onf/

ordkif;ESifh csDaom tuGJtjyJ

vGwfvyfa&;udk t&,lay;EdkifcJhaom zqyvtzGJUcsKyfvnf;
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t&Sm; &dSonf/ *dkP;f *P tuGJtjyJMuD;aom vlrI"avhu wjznf;jznf;
tm;aumif;vmonf/ OD;? Adv k f ocif tuGt J jyJaMumifh Edik if w
H nfaqmufa&;
74 rif;aoh

vkyfief;pOf usqHk;&onf/ tuGJtjyJrsm;u aumif;usKd;ay;onfxuf

qdk;usK;d ay;rI ydkuJvSonf/ þtcsuu f yif jrefrmhEkdiif Ha&;"avh jzpfyHk
&onf/
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vdkuf awGU&onf/ ordki;f ESi, hf OS í
f awGU&onf/ um;cfrwfu ajymonf/
ordki;f qdkwm vlwef;pm;wdkuyf JyG J... [lí/ ordki;f pOfwpfavQmufvHk;udk
MunfhvdkufvQif vlwef;pm;tcsif;csif; wdkufyGJpOfonfh jzpfpOfrsm;udk
csnf;awGU&onf/ xdkYaMumifh þodkY qdk[ef&dSonf/
xdek nf;vnf;aumif; jrefrmhordik ;f [lonf tuGt J jyZJ mwfvrf;[kyif
qdkEkdiaf vmufatmif jrefrmhvlrI"avhü tuGJtjyJ"avhMuD;vGe;f vSonf/
uGefjrLepfvnf;uGJonf/ tvHjzL tvHeD [lí/ &JabmfjzL? &Jabmf0g
vnf; &dSonf/ teDcsif;wlvQifawmifrS &J&JawmufESifh eDaqG;aqG;wdkY
rwl/ yef;a&miforf;olwdkY &dSao;onf/ 0g'a&;&m ta&mifpHkjcif;vm;
odkYwnf;r[kwf tdkif'D,mwdkY yGxjcif;vm; uRefawmf rajymwwf/

tdkif'Da,mfvdk*sDavm tdkif'D,mavm
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tdkif'D,mwdkYonf rdwfzufjzpfvmonf/ tjyeftvSef tnrn
aus;Zl;jyKvmaom taxmuftyHhaumif;rsm;jzpfvmonf/
tdkifwDaMumifh tdkif'D,mrsm; pD;qif; ovdk tcsif;csif; ul;vl;
zvS,rf Ivnf; rsm;jym; vmonf/ rsm;jym;vm½Hk ru jrefqefvmonf/
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D mwdkY yGxvmjcif; taMumif; jzpf[efwo l nf/
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wpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf;ESifh t&mr0if/ tkyfpkvdkuf tzGJUtpnf;vdkuf
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 75

*dkPf;*PtvdkufrS t&m0ifrI &dSonf/

21 &mpkü *kdPf;*PaMumifh vl&m0ifrI aysmufqHk;oGm;onf/
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udk,fwdkif wdkuf½dkufxdawGU qufoG,fvdkY&onf/ wpfOD;csif; MoZmxl
axmifcGihfukd tdkiw f Du rçponf/ wpfOD;csi;f tpGr;f jycGihfu tdki'f D,m
rsm; arG;zGm;&mtaMumif;jzpfvmonf/
21 &mpkü -
L udk,fhtdkif'D,mudk vGwfvyfpGm jzefYcsdcGifh&dSonf/
L vltrsm;xH wdkuf½dkuf tprf;oyfcHEdkifonf/
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L udk,y f kid t
f kid 'f ,D mudk vGwv f yfpmG xkwv f kycf iG hf &vmonf/
L tdkif'D,monf avxJwGif aysmufysufroGm;awmh/
L vufawGU taumiftxnfazmfcGifhyg &vmonf/
L tdkif'D,mrsm; zvS,fjcif;
L tdkif'D,mrsm; ul;vl;jcif;
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jzpfvmonf/ ae&mtESHYrSm jzpfvmonf/
20 &mpku owfrSwfcJhaom tuGJtjyJonf 21 &mpktwGuf
tuGt J jyJ rrnfawmh/ rwlru I jJG ym;rIukd vdkuv f &H mS azGae&aom acwfukd
a&mufvmonf/ tdki'f D,mrsm; rwlrS qef;opfaom enf;ynmtwGuf
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vd k v m;pG m Bud KqdkM u
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76 rif;aoh

enf;pOfrsm;udk oHk;vm&onftxd jzpfvmonf/ 21 &mpktjrifum;

wlnDrI r[kwf/ rwlnDrI/ uGJjym;rI toGifvGJrI jzpfonf/
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tjyif;txefusio hf k;H aom Edkiif rH sm;udk om"uwifí Munfyh g/ armfpw D ;kH
acwfu r[mckyH saH usmv f mT ;a&;pDru H ed ;f MuD;aMumifh ,Ofaus;rI awmfveS f
a&;aMumifh jydKysufoGm;aom ,Ofaus;rItaqmufttHkrsm; rsKd;½dk;ADZ
taumif;rsm;udk avhvmMunfhyg/

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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 77

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acwfü twGi;f usHKU ay:vpDjzifh rujyoifhawmh/ acwf\ t&dSw&m;udk
jrifatmifMunf/h ajymif;vJvmaom vlr"I avhukd pD;arsm/ tuGt J jyJrsm;u
tdki'f D,mrsm;udk oif;owfjcif; wpfrsK;d jzpfvmEdkio f nf/ tdki'f Da,mfvk*d sD
onf vufawGUenf;em r[kwfawmh/ pOf;pm;csuf opfjrpfwpfckom
jzpfawmhonf/ tdki'f aD ,mfvk*d sw
D kYd ae&mü tdki'f ,
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0ifa&mufvmonf/
78 rif;aoh

þtcsuo f nfyif tdki'f Da,mfvkd*sDorm;rsm;ESihf tdki'f D,morm;

wdkY\ twGe;f twdkuu f kd jzpfaponf/ xdkYaMumifh tuGJtjyJwkdYjzifh rif;rl
cJah om &mpka[mif;udk oifcef;pm,lí &mpkopfü a&mifpkH tdki'f , D mrsm;jzifh
&Sio f efEkdiMf uap&ef vdkonf/ tdki'f D,mrsm;udk vdkovdkn§Ed kdi&f efvkdonf/
tdki'f aD ,mfvk*d sED iS t
hf kid 'f ,
D monf &efzufrsm; r[kw/f rdwzf ufrsm;
jzpfapoifhonf/
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D m
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,maygif;pHkukd a&S;½Iaom vlrI"avhtjzpf toGiaf jymif;oifhcsed w f efjyD/
þodkYr[kwfygu vlrI"avhudk,fwdkifonfyif acwfrDa&;ESifh
vpfb&,fjzpfa&;wdt kY wGuf taESmift h ,Sujf zpfvmEdkio f nf/ 'Drkud a&pD
jzpfa&; acwfrDa&;wdkYonf twl ,SOw f GJjzpfwnfrS aumif;onf/ onfh
twGuf vlrI"avhu aus;Zl;jyKaxmufyHhvQif EGHxJuRHHaeaom bD;udk
jrefjref uavSmfxkwfEdkifvdrhfrnf[k ,lqygonf/
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24? Zlvdkif? 2017 /
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 o&D;pD ( pD oHk;vHk;) ESifh jidrf;csrf;a&;

jrefrmhEkdiif Ha&; tcif;tusi;f udk ordki;f ESih,

f SOq
f ufí pD oHk;vHk;
( 3 C ) jzifh wifjy aqG;aEG;rnfjzpfonf/ jidr;f csr;f a&;jzpfpOfESihf ,SOw f GJ
oHk;oyfMuygukef/
- eHygwf (1) pD - CIVIL WAR (jynfwGif;ppf jyóem)
- eHygwf (2) pD - CONFLICT (y#dyu© jyóem)
- eHygwf (3) pD - CONFRONTATION (xdyw f kdu&f ifqkdiaf &;
jyóem)
(1)

taMumif;tcsuf
ppfyt JG qH;k owfvQif ta&;MuD;onfu Edik if aH &;tvdik ;f rifw h nfah &;
jzpfonf/ xdyw f ku d f &ifqkid rf rI sm;jzifh xHkrrT ;f acsu ppfy\
JG tqHk;owfukd
ra&mufacs/ MudKMum;ppftoGifodkY jyefvnful;ajymif;vmEdkifonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfwGif;ppftajctaejzifh yrmjyaomf jrefrmjynfwGif;
ppfonf awmufavsmuf jzpfvmaom jynfwiG ;f ppfr[kw/f tuif;rao
aom MudKMum;ppfyGJ oP²mefrsm;om awGU&onf/
ppftpdk;&acwfü vufeufEiS hf jidr;f csr;f a&;vJv, S af om tpDtpOf
rsm; touf0ifaeaomumvwGif ppfyGJrsm; rjyif;xef/ rjzpfyGm;/
80 rif;aoh

odaYk omf jidr;f csr;f a&; r[kw/f jidr;f csr;f a&;twGuf aq;jrD;wdo k mjzpfonf/
tusK;d pD;yGm;ESihf vufeufukdvJpm;aom jzpfpOfomjzpfonf/ jidr;f csr;f
a&;twGuf ½kyjf yaumif;aomfvnf; tESpo f m&t& rjynfh0/ tem*wf
jidr;f csr;f a&; azmfaqmif&mü vufeufukid w f kt
Yd wGuf tusK;d tjrwfonf
rufvHk;rjzpfap&/ owdcsyf&efjzpfonf/
jynfoUl ppftoGiaf qmifaom ppfa&;toGiaf jymif;rIonf y#dyu©
ESihf ,HkMunfryI suo f kO;f jcif;udk zsuqf ;D aom tcsujf zpfonf/ vufeuf
udki-f vufeufukid f tcsi;f csi;f ? wdki;f &if;om;-wdki;f &if;om; tcsi;f csi;f
vGwaf jrmufa&;? wyfrawmf - vGwaf jrmufa&; wyfrawmf tcsi;f csi;f
xdyw f ku
d af wGUay;a&; AsL[myifjzpfonf/ &efou l kd &efojl zifo h m acsreI ;f
a&;toGijf zpfonf/ acG;udk acG;jzifhwkdurf nf qdkaom AsL[mjzpfonf/
jidr;f csr;f a&;jzpfpOfü xdyw f kdu&f ifqkdiaf &;jzifh ,HkMunfrI rwnfaqmuf
Edik af om tajctae\&if;jrpf jyóem t&if;cHtaMumif; w&m;jzpfonf/
owdcsyfzG,f tcsufjzpfonf/
jidr;f csr;f a&;onf typftcwf&yfpJa&; wpfckwnf;om r[kw/f
jidrf;csrf;a&;onf vufeufcs½Hkjzifh tjyD;rowf/ jidrf;csrf;a&;onf
vufeufukdit f kypf krsm;ESihfom oufqkdio f nfr[kw/f vlxkwpf&yfvHk;
EdkifiHawmfwpfckvHk;ESifh oufqdkifaeaom ta&;udpöjzpfonf/
jidr;f csr;f a&;onf pm&Guaf y:wGif vufrw S xf k;d ½Hkjzifh rvHkavmuf/
ESvHk;om;wGif urÁnf;xkd;EdkifrS wefumusrnf/

(2)

jynfwGif;ppf\ taMumif;w&m;rsm;
jynfwGif;ppfjzpfjcif; taMumif;w&m;rsm; rsm;pGm&dSonf/
L o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfvkjcif; taMumif;
L e,fajrvkjcif; taMumif;
L udk,y f kid t
f kycf sKyfciG hf udk,yf kid jf y|mef;cGihf cGx
J u
G af &;jyóem
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 81

L EdkifiHa&;pepf jyóem
(zuf'&,f uGejf rLepf qdk&S,v f pf 'Drkdua&pD tp&dSojzifh
oabmrnDrI jyóem)
L tkyfcsKyfrIjyóem (zdESdyfrI? jcpm;rI? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rI
tedrfhtjrifh jyóem)
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d af &; jyóem (*dkP;f *P uGJjym;rI? t,l0g'uGJjym;rI
ESifh tkyfpkpGJ jyóemrsm;)
L trsKd;om; trSwfo½kyf jyóem
(trsKd;om;a&;? vlrsKd;a&;? bmoma&; EdkifiHa&;tp
&dSonf...)
L jynfy pGufzufrI ESifh *vdkb,f yg0g0if½dk; jyóem

avhvmqef;ppfcsuf
jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;jyD;csif; jynfwGif;ppfESifh
ESpyf g;oGm; ucJ&h onf/ ,ck tcsed t f xdjzpfonf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfçpjzpfpOfu
0g'pGJjyóem yk*¾Kv d af &; jyóemrsm;tay: tajccHcJhaomfvnf; aemuf
ydki;f wGif jynfwiG ;f ppfrD;udk vlrsK;d a&;jyóemjzifh vufqifhurf;,lcJhjyef
onf/ xdkYaemuf tusK;d pD;yGm;jyóemudktajcjyKí jynfwGi;f ppf rjidr;f
Edkijf zpf&onf/ vufeufukid w f k\
Yd tusK;d pD;yGm; jyóemum; o,HZmw
t&if;tjrpfjyóemjzpfonf/
t&if;tjrpftay: rSDckd&Sio f ef&if; vQmcHwGi;f awGUoGm;jcif; jzpf
wef&monf/ vlrsKd;a&;udpöonf a&SUü OD;aqmifcJhovdk aemufydkif;ü
vlrsKd;a&;a&SUwef;wifaom udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; ppfyGJrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf/
ppfbufuvnf; trsK;d om;a&;ESihf Edkiif Hawmf vHkjcKHa&;udk udkipf GJvsuf
ppfyGJudk qufvufqifETJonf/ rjidrf;aomrD;rsm; awmufavmifvsuf
&dSao;onf/ owdcsyzf G,u f m; rD;udk "mwfqDjzifh rjidr;f owfrad p&efyif
jzpfonf/
82 rif;aoh

vlrsK;d a&; bmoma&; jyóemrsm;onf trSwo f ½kyf jyóemudpö

jzpfonf/ todtrSwjf yKjcif;^rjyKjcif;u a0cG&J cufaom jyóemjzpfvm
jyefonf/ trSwfo½kyfjyóemjzifh oumtkyfxm;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;
jyóemum; tem*wfwiG f ydkrk½d yI af xG;zG,&f m&do
S nf/ rwlujJG ym;rItay:
tajccHaom jynfwGif;ppfjyóemu 'Drdkua&pDESifh tzGifhoabmxm;
wnfaqmufay;onfh ynma&;pepfudkowfonf/ 'Drdkua&pD "avh
csKdUjcif;ESifh vpfb&,fynma&; acgif;yg;jcif;u aphpyfn§dEIdif;a&;udk
zsufqD;ypfonf/ &v'frSm pm;yGJ0dkif;wGif tajz&Sma&;enf;em touf
r0ifjcif;yif jzpfonf/ jidr;f csr;f a&;jzpfpOfwGif ta&;ygaom usihfxHk;
ysufaejcif;u ta&;MuD;qHk;jyóem[k ,lqonf/

(3)

trSwfo½kyf
uGJjym;rI aemufuG,u f tusK;d tjrwfvkyif ef;pkrsm; jyóemu
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; pDrHcefYcGJrI t&nftaoG;tay: t"durlwnfaeonf/
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; rvkyfEdkifvQif tusKd;pD;yGm;jyóemudk ajz&Sif;vdkY r&/
pDrcH efcY rJG n
I v
hH Qif trsK;d om; &ifMum;apha&; tvkyrf jzpfEkid af cs/ pDrcH efcY rJG I
nHhzsi;f jcif;aMumifh ,HkMunfrIysu, f Gi;f jcif; ,HkMunfrItvGJoHk;pm;vkyf
cH&jcif; jzpfEkid o f nf/ þum; trsK;d om;&ifMum;apha&;udk zsuq f D;aom
tcsufjzpfonf/
trsK;d om; trSwv f u©PmESihf vlrsK;d pk trSwof ½kyw f kdY pnf;csuf
rnDa&GU jidr;f csraf &;udk tmrcHcsuf ray;Edki/f pnf;csun f Djcif; rnDjcif;
udkvnf; tpdk;&wpfckwnf;u rvkyEf kdi/f tpktzGJUukd,pf D u@e,fy,f
udk,fpDu vkyfaqmif&efjzpfonf/ ,Ofaus;rI? vlrIa&;? EdkifiHa&;
t&yfbuf tpktzGJUrsm;u 0dki;f 0ef;wnfaqmuf&ef vdkonf/ ½dk;&m"avh
,Ofaus;rIjcif; zvS,f,SOfwGJ aygif;pyfEdkifjcif;u a&&SnftmrcHrIudk
wnfaqmufjcif;oabmjzpfonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 83

o½kyfvu©PmwdkY xyfwlus&ef cJ,Of;onf/ odkYaomf rwl

uGJjym;rItay:rSm wlwmawGukd &SmjyD; pkaygif;nd§EIid ;f wwfonfh tavh
tusihf arG;jrL&efrmS rl rcufvaS cs/ a&&Snf pDrcH sucf sí trsK;d om;pnf;vHk;
nDnTwfa&; r[mAsL[mwdkY ay:aygufoifhonf/
rwluGJjym;jcif;\ aemufqufwGJrSm cGJxGufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
jzpfonf/ rwljcif;udk taMumif;jyí cGJxGuaf &; vIHUaqmfolrsm; jynfy
uae 0ifvmonf/ jrefrmjynfü cGx J u
G af &;t,ltqonf pwmvifrrl S
vmonf/ qdkAD,uftaejzifh Zmbk&ifukd jzKwfcsí jynfopfxlaxmifcJh
onfjzpf&m Zmbk&if tiftm;csdeJYatmif jynfe,ftoD;oD;udk cGJxGuf
cGifhjzifh rufvHk;ay; qGJaqmifonf/ xdkYaemuf tvkyform; awmfvSef
a&;jzifh Zmbk&ifudk jzKwfcsjyD; qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudk xlaxmifonf/
odkYaomf vufawGUoabmwGifrl uGefjrLepftmPm&SifvufatmufrSm
ydjym;cJo
h nf/ cGx J u
G af &;tqdkonf pwmvifvufatmufwiG f awG;&Jp&m
yif r&dS/ vufawGUESifhtqdk uGJjym;csufudk owdcsyfEdkifonf/

rwluGJjym;jcif;\ aemufqufwGJrSm cGJxGufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; jzpfonf/

rwljcif;udk taMumif;jyí cGJxGufa&; vIHUaqmfolrsm; jynfy uae
0ifvmonf/ jrefrmjynfü cGJxGufa&;t,ltqonf pwmvifrlrS
vmonf/

jrefrmEdik if t
H zdYk wdik ;f &if;om;wdo
Yk nf vGwv
f yfjyD; umvaemufyikd ;f
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twlwuG aygif;pnf;aexdkirf S vHkjcHKrnf/ om,m0ajym pnfyifrnf[k
rSw, f x
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edrfhusrIrsm;onf rodpdwfu pGJxifaeom aygif;pnf;aexdkifjcif;rludk
ESJYcsKd;aeonf/ wdkif;&if;om;wdkY pdwfxJ 'Gd[pdwfrsm; tpOfudef;atmif;
aeonf/ þpdwpf u JG kd acszsu&f ef jynfaxmifpktpdk;&u ,HkMunfraI umif;
aumif; wnfaqmuf&ef ta&;MuD;onf/
84 rif;aoh

(4)

xdyfwkdufawGUa&;ESifh *drf; oDtdk&D

&ef - ig pnf;udk ausmMf unfEh kid rf S wnfjidraf om vlUtzGUJ tpnf;udk
pkaygif;wnfaqmufEdkif vdrfhrnf/ jzL-rnf; EdkifiHa&; e,fy,fxJwGif
ESpjf rKyfaeaom Edkiif Ha&;orm;rsm;jzifh jidr;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmufvkdY
r&/ wpfr[kwf ESpaf vmh*spjf zifh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkru l kd tkwjf rpfcsí
r&/
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onf *DwoHpOf0kdi;f ESihfwlonf/ rwlaom *Dwwl&, d mrsm;jzifh [mrdkeD
jzpfpGm aygif;pyfvkduaf omtcg vSyaom oHpOfaw;oGm;rsm; xGuv f m
onf/ Edkiif aH wmftpdk;&rSm wD;0dki;f \ [mrdkEku d Zf myifjzpfonf/ aw;oGm;
oHpOfrsm; olUae&mESio hf l tH0ifciG uf s jzpfap&ef OD;aESmufjzifh pDpOf&onf/
ESvHk;om;jzifh cHpm;wnfaqmuf&onf/ um,ÓPf pdwå oHk;yg;pvHk;
yg0ifaom tvkyu f kd tEkynm[l orkwt f yfonf/ tkycf sKyfjcif; tvkyf
tpdk;&tvkyf qdkonfrSm tEkynm tvkyfyifjzpfonf/
xdywf kud af wGUjcif;ü zGix hf m;aom pdwrf &dv S Qif ppfyqJG o
D kYd OD;wnf
oGm;Edkio f nf/ zGix hf m;aom pdwjf zifh xdyw f ku
d af wGUvQif pm;yG0J kid ;f Edkiif aH &;
jzpfxGe;f onf/ pm;yGJ0kdi;f Edkiif Ha&;aemufuG,üf tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm; yg;vs
vQif Edkiif Ha&;tajz jrefjrefxGuo f nf/ ynmjzifh ,SOpf yfaom Edkiif Ha&;
tajzrsm;onf jynfolUtusK;d udk vufawGUxrf;aqmifEkdio f nf/ jzpfEkdif
acs&dSwmudkvkyfwm EdkifiHa&;qdkonfhtqdkudk owdcsyf&ef vdkonf/
olEdkif - ig½HI; qufqHa&;
ol½HI; - igEdkif qufqHa&;
ol½HI; - ig½HI; qufqHa&;
olEdkif - igEdkif qufqHa&;
b,folaoao iawrmjyD;a&m qdkonfh pum;yHk&dSonf/ *drf;
oDtkd&Dü ol½HI; - igEdkif qufqHa&;jzpfonf/ ayjzpfvQifcH? wljzpfvQif
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 85

ESHqkdonfh pum;yHk&Sdonf/ ig ½HI;xm;wke;f aeESihfOD;ayghuGm? ighhtvSnhf

a&muf&ifawmh tjywfaqmfr,f qdkonfh pdw"f mwfrsK;d jzpfonf/ tjidK;
taw;ESifh tmCmwrsm; xHkrTrf;xm;aom qufqHa&;jzpfonf/
rpm;&onfh trJ?
oJESifhyufqdkonfh pum; vlrsKd;pkrsm;bufrS ordkif;emusnf;csufrsm;
yH k & d S o nf / ol ½ H I ; -ig½I H ; tawmfrsm;rsm;&do
S nf/ ,HMkunfrI tvGo J ;kH pm;
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remvdk pdwfwdkYjzifh MuD;pdk; vufeufudkifrsm;tMum; ajrpmyif tjzpf
aeonfh qufqHa&; jzpf cH&jcif;rsm;vnf; ygonf/
onf/ &SOfhvnf; avQmuf
om? ysm;vnf;pGJom qufqHa&;rSm olEkdi-f igEdkif qufqHa&;jzpfonf/
ajrGrao wkwfrusKd;awmh r[kwfacs/ &v'fxGufaom qufqHa&;
jzpfonf/

(5)

'dkif,mavmhrsm;\ aemufuG,f
xdyfwdkufawGUqHk;jcif;onf EdkifiHa&;'dkif,mavmhwGif wpfauGU
r[kwf wpfauGUMuHKrnf qHkrnfjzpfonf/ tzktxpfrsm;ESihf txHk;tquf
rsm;wGif wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf axmifah ygif;pHku jrifatmif MunfEh kid af om
Edkiif Ha&;pGr;f &nfjrifhygu aphpyfn§dEIid ;f rI atmifjrifEkdiof nf/ xdkrQru
tusKd;pD;yGm;csif; xdyfwdkufawGUrIrsm; ydkrdkMuHK&Edkifonf/ taMumif;rSm
jynfwiG ;f ppf Mum&Snjf cif;\ tusK;d qufjzpfonf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfaMumifh
ppftwGi;f rSmyif tcGihftvrf;rsm; ay:vmonf/ t&if;tjrpf xkw, f l
Edkijf cif; tygt0if jynfyaxmufyHhrItusK;d pD;yGm;u ,Ofyg;aeEdkio f nf/
xdkYtjyif vufeuf0,fa&mif;olwkdY\ aemufu, G u f tusK;d pD;yGm;vnf;
&d[
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rvdkvm;/ ppfyu JG kd &Sno f xuf &Snaf pcsio f nf/ Mumoxuf Mumapcsif
86 rif;aoh

onf/ odkYr[kwf ppfyGJtoGif y#dyu©rsK;d rsm;rsm;ay:aygufapvdkonf/

odrkY o
S m vufeuf0,f,al &;twGuf wyfveS v Yf akYd &mif;rnf/ pdk;&drcf suu
f kd
taMumif;jyjyD; vufeufa&mif;aumif;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/
jynfwiG ;f ppfwkid ;f \ aemufu, G w
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jrifatmifMunfh&ef txl;ta&;MuD;onf/ rjrif&aomvufrsm;u
ppfyGJ\ aemufuG,fwGif&dSonf/ ppfyGJ\aemufwGif tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;
ud,k pf &D aSd eMuonf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfukd y#dyu©toGif ajymif;apjcif;uvnf;
jidrf;csrf;a&; jzpfpOfudk ½IyfaxG;apaom taMumif;tcsufjzpfonf/
yg0ifn§Ed iId ;f olwkdY A[dkjyKcsuf aysmufomG ;Edkio f nf/ jyóem\ ay;xm;
csurf sm; a00g;oGm;Edkio f nf/ jidr;f csr;f a&;twGuf tm;vHk;yg0ifjcif;onf
wefzk;d jzpfaomfvnf; typftcwf&yfpaJ &;wGif tm;vHk;yg0if&ef rvdktyf/
vufeufukid o f l tcsi;f csi;f om nd§Mu&ef vdkonf/ tpdk;&ESihf vTwaf wmf
u Mum;0ifay;&rnf/ w&m;0ifrIESifh tmrcHcsufudk vTwfawmfESifh
tpdk;&uom ay;Edkifonfjzpfonf/
vlrsK;d pkrsm;bufrS ordki;f emusn;f csurf sm; tawmfrsm;rsm;&do S nf/
,HkMunfrI tvGo J kH;pm; vkycf &H jcif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifcv hJ rd rhf nf/ vufeuf
udkirf sm;tMum; ajrpmyif tjzpfcH&jcif;rsm;vnf; ygonf/ ½dk;&m"avh
p½dkurf sm; vspv f sL½I ypfy,fcH&jcif;rsm;aMumifh pdwt f nd§K;rsm; rajzEdkif
jzpf&onf/ 'dkif,mavmhjzpfpOfwGif todtrSwfjyKjcif; enf;em ta&;
wMuD; vdktyfonf/ yg0ifol ryg0iforl sm;udk olUu@tvdkuf olUvrl sK;d
trSwfo½kyftvdkuf todtrSwfjyKay;rI vdktyfonf/
'Drdku&uf wdkufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfudk taESmihft,Suf tay;qHk;
taMumif;rSm jynfwGi;f ppfjzpfonf/ 'Drkdu&ufwpf"avhrsm;jzifh r,Of
yg;ao;onfh umvwGif awGUqHkaqG;aEG;a&;rsm;jzifh tajz&SmrIudk
aZmif;ay;jyKvkyf&mü pdwfysufoGm;Edkifacs&dSonf/ tvkyfrjzpfaom
pm;yG0J ikd ;f rsm;udk wefz;kd jzwfypfwwfMuonf/ 'Dru kd a&pD\ tESpt f om;udk
rjrif awGU&cif 'Drkdu&ufwpf"avhukd tqdk;jrifoGm;Edkio f nf/ yg0ifol
tm;vHk; ESifh jynfoltm;vHk;tzddkY tem*wfxuf twdwfta[mif;udk
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 87

jyefwrf;woGm;Edkio
f nf/ tqdkyg twdwv
f rG ;f qrIonf toGiu f ;l ajymif;
a&;udk tcktcH jzpfapvdrfhrnf/
pmzwfolwdkY owdcsyfí rSefbDvl;MuD;MuD;jzifh jidrf;csrf;a&;udk
csOf;uyfMuygukef/

pmnTe;f - Deeply Divided Society and Democracy by Educational

initiatives Burma
(3? 1? 2017)
n - 9 ; 06
v
 o&D; tD; tusyftwnf;

jrefrmEdkiif H Edkiif w
H nfaqmufa&;rSm MuHKae&onfh tusyt f wnf;
pdeaf c:rIrsm;pGm&do
S nf/ xdktcsurf sm;xJrS t&if;tjrpftusqkH; pdeaf c:rI
axmifacsmuf (3)&yfudk awGU&onf/
o&D; tD; (3 E ) [k uRefawmf 0dN*Kd[fjyKvdkufonf/
(1) pD;yGm;a&; (Economy)
(2) wdkif;&if;om;ta&; (Ethnic)
(3) ynma&; (Education)
ponfh tD; oH;k vH;k tusyt f wnf;jzpfonf/ vGwv f yfa&;&jyD;acwf
rSonf ,ck 'Drku d a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;acwftxd yHko@mefaygif;pHk
tusyt f wnf;toGit f rsK;d rsK;d jzifh MuHKawGUc&hJ onf/ ,ckvnf; a&SUquf
wdk;&efcufaeaom r[mAsL[mjyóemrsm;jzpfonf/

Economy (pD;yGm;a&;udpö)
Edkiif Ha&;y#dyu©wkdY b,fu tpjyKoenf;/ uRefawmfwkdY pOf;pm;
MunfhMuzdkYvdkonf/ tpu þodkY ponf/ b,fqDudk b,fvrf;u
avQmufrnfenf;qdkonfh r[mAsL[m tjiif;yGm;rI jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkiif H
ordki;f pOf wpfavSsmufvkH; þtjiif;tckeu f ,ckxufxd tuif;rao
ao;/ tema[mif;rsm;vnf; yGvsuf xvsuf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 89

ygvDrefacwfwiG f Edik if aH wmfu pyGeq f mvkyo f nfh t&if;&Sipf epfukd

usifhoHk;onf/ a0g[m&toHk;t& State Capitalism [k qdkonf/
jynfwGif;ppf ua,mufu,uf oHo&m0JxJ usifvnfjyD; oumv
1964 avmufupjyD; qdk&S,v f pfpDrHued ;f wdkY tpjyKvmonf/ xdkYaemuf
jyif;jyif;xefxef usifhoHk;vmcJhonf/ EdkifiHawmf0rf;pmudk qdk&S,fvpf
0daoorsm;u armif;ESifrIudk ESpfaygif; 20 ausmf cHcJh&onf/ pepfESifh
vl\csKUd ,iG ;f csurf sm;aMumifh tpdk;&wpf&yf jyKwfusco hJ nft
h xd Edkiif aH &;
tusyftwnf; qdkufcJh&onf/
þtjzpftysufudk ½Ijcif;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&; cRwfjcHKusrIu
Edkiif Ha&; rwnfjidrrf Iukd zefwD;pD&ifonfh taMumif;wpf&yfjzpfaMumif;
owdcsyo f ifhonf/ Edkiif Ha&; rwnfjidrrf IrSonf tpdk;&tajymif;tvJokdY
wdkiaf tmif arG;zGm;ay;Edkiaf om a&cHajrcHrsm;jzifh yHyh k;d ygu tpdk;&wpf&yf
yif emvefrxlEkid af vmufatmif jzpfomG ;wwfaom ordki;f om"uvnf;
&dSxm;jyD;jzpfonf/

tpmtdrfjyóem
,ck jrefrmEdkiif HMuHKae&onfu tpmtdrjf yóemjzpfonf/ 88
ta&;tcif;umvaemufyikd ;f pD;yGm;a&; wpfpw kH pf&m yGiv hf if;vmrIaMumifh
vlxk vlwef;pm;wcsKUd taetpm; acsmifvnfvmaomfvnf; usyw f nf;jrJ
usyfwnf;vsuf&dSaom jynfolrsm;u 'kESifha';/ aep&mtwGuf usL;
ausmfwJrsm;udk jrdKUjy0ef;usiftESHYwGif awGU&onf/ wdkufjrifhMuD;rsm;
eab;u wJtrd rf sm; usLx&Hum tdrrf sm;udk trsm;tjym; awGUae&onf/
awmif;&rf;pm;aomufol vk,uf cdk;0Suo f rl sm;uvnf; qifajc
zkH;a'orsm;ü tESHYtjym;usifvnf usufpm;vsuf/ tvkyftudkifrJhrI
0ifaiGedrfhusrI qif;&JrGJawrIu &mZ0wfrIrsm;udk xlajymaponf/ xdk
taMumif;tcsufu w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; r@Kdifudk ESJYonf/ vlom;
vHkjcHKrIukd jyefvnf jcdr;f ajcmufvmonf/ tpmtdrjf yóemu tjcm;aom
cE¨mtpdwt f ydki;f rsm;udkyif aESmuf,u
S zf suq
f ;D ovdk temaqG; vdkuv f m
onf/
90 rif;aoh

temESifhaq;awGUa&;onf r[mAsL[mjyóem jzpfonf/

temudk temvdkYodzdkYu EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifvkyfaeol tzdkY ta&;MuD;
onf/ a&m*gudk a&m*gvdkY rjrifao;oa&GU ukzkdY rMudK;pm;/ þtcsuf
onf "r®wmjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ tpmtdrfjyóemudk aq;rDS;wdk
enf;jzifh ukvkdY r&/ AdaEémq&m ya&m*q&mjzifh rukotyf/ q&mMuD;
a'gufwmvSjrifh ajymzl;wm Mum;zl;onf/ pD;yGm;a&;rSm bdk;bdk;atmif
r&dSbl;.... [lí/
jrefrmvlxktzdkY tpdk;&tqufquf ajymif;wdkif;MuHKaeonfu
aoa&;xuf aea&;cufvaS om tajctaejzpfonf/ vufawGUusaom
Edkiif Ha&;acgif;aqmifrIrjzpfygu jrefrmEdkiif Honf tiwfurÇmu xGuf
Edkifrnf rxif/
jrefrmjynfü iwfí aoaom rom r&d/S odakY omf.... 00vifvif
rpm;&bJ aooGm;aom romaygif; oef;ESihcf sDjyD; &dScJhonf/ &dSaeonf/
,cktwdkif;qdkvQif &dSaeOD;rnfvnf;jzpfonf/

Ethnic (wdkif;&if;om;ta&;udpö)
vlrsK;d a&;tuGJtjyJrsm;vGe;f onfh Edkiif Hrsm;pm&if;ü jrefrmyg0if
onf/ vlrsKd;a&;p½dkufrwlovdk rwlrIudk tajcjyKí uGJjym;rIvnf;
rsm;jym;onf/ vGwfvyfa&;MudK;yrf;udk jydKifwlwGef;cJhMuaomfvnf;
udkvked t
D qkwüf vlrsK;d a&;xdyof ;D acgif;aqmifrsm;tMum; 0d0g'uGjJ ym;rI
xdyfwufvmonf/ awmifwef;jynfr cGJjcm;a&; tuGJtjyJudk pMuHK&
onf/ xdkYaemuf vlrsKd;a&; tmCmwrsm; ,dkzdwfvmonf/ vlrsKd;MuD;
0g'udk vufeufudkif tkyfpkrsm;u tm;jznfhvdkufaomtcg vlrsKd;a&;
y#dyu© ydkMuD;vmonf/ ydkeufvmonf/
,ckxufxd tuif;raoao;aomtemrsm;udk tjrJaq;wdaYk y;ae
&aom tajctae a&mufaeonf/ ao;i,faomtemrsm;u toGit f jyif
uGJvGJrItay: txifrSm;pGm ,lqcsurf sm;aMumifh ydkrkd MuD;rm;vmonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 91

temrsm;u eufoxuf eufvmonf/ us,foxufus,fvmonf/

MuD;oxufMuD;vmonf/
temtwGuf aq;enf;trSm;rsm;uvnf; tqdk;ausmh oHo&mudk
xyfcgxyfcg vnfaponf/ þ taMumif;tcsurf sm;u rjidr;f csr;f rIukd
zefwD;onf/ wnfjidrrf Ir&dSaom jidr;f csr;f rIr&dSaom a'oodkY "e OpömwdkY
rpD;0ifwwf/ rjidr;f csr;f aoma'oonf "eOpömwdkY ul;oef;azmufum;&m
a'o r[kw/f xdkrwnfjidrrf Iu a'otwGi;f jynfolvlxk\ 0rf;pmudk
qdk;usKd;jzpfaponf/

rwlwdkif; &efjzpfaeoifhovm;qdkonfh qifjcifwHkw&m;rsm;rS

aumif;onf/ qifjcifww kH &m;udk ynmu armif;ESio
f nf/ ynmonf
oabmxm;tcH r s m ;\ tpG e f ; a&muf r I u d k tuif ; aoatmif
vkyfay;EdkifpGrf;&dSonf/

ygarmu©aygaumfv, D mu qif;&J&jcif; taMumif; (4) csux f üJ

jynfwGif;ppf &SnfMumaom EdkifiHrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;onf/ jynfwGif;
ppfonf qif;&J&jcif;\ t"dutaMumif;rsm;xJrS wpfcsufjzpfonf/
jrefrmjynfonf rjidr;f csr;f rIukd MudKMum; MudKMum; MuHK&onf/ tjrJMuHK
ae&aom a'orsm;&do S vdk uGuuf sm;rd;k &GmcH&aom jynfwiG ;f ppfrsm;vnf;
&dSonf/
ynmESifh 'Drdku&ufwpf"avh csKdUwJhjcif;u vufeuf tm;udk;
ajz&Sif;onfh EdkifiHa&;upm;yGJrsm;udk qGJqefYvsuf&dSonf/
L rwlnDrIrsm;tay: oabmuGJvGJrI
L aqG;aEG;ndSESKdif;tajz&Smwwfonfh "avhyg;vsrI
L vlrsKd;a&;tpGJ a'otpGJ MuD;rI
L w&m;ao0g'\ abmifcwfuefYowfrI
L twdwftusOf;om;b0rS rxGufcGmEdkifrI
92 rif;aoh

L qif;&JcsKdUwJhrI
L ynma&; oif;owfcH&rI
L vufeufo;kH ajz&Si;f onfh "avhtm;MuD;rIwu Ykd jrefrmjynf\
Mur®mudk zefwD;pD&ifcJhonf/
rwljcif;onf uGJjym;&efr[kw/f rwlwkdi;f uGJjym;ovm;/ rwl
wdki;f &efjzpfaeoifhovm;qdkonfh qifjcifwHkw&m;rsm;rS aumif;onf/
qifjcifwHkw&m;udk ynmu armif;ESifonf/ ynmonf oabmxm;
tcHrsm;\ tpGe;f a&mufrIukd tuif;aoatmif vkyaf y;Edkipf Gr;f &dSonf/
ynmtpGrf; edrhfyg;jcif;u jidrf;csrf;a&;udk owfonf/ jynfolrsm;\
tpmtdraf &m*gudk toufaoatmif vkyEf ikd o f nftxd oufa&mufco hJ nf/

Education (ynma&;udpö)
ynma&;udpöukd uRefawmfwkdY cyfus,u f s,f csJUMunfhoifhonf/
wuúokv d yf nm tajccHynma&;rsm;jzifo h m rMunfah ptyf/ ynma&;[k
ajymvQif todt&if;tESD;udk ydkí ajym&rnf/
L vkyfcsifonfhtvkyfrsm;
L a&mufcsifonfh c&D;rsm;
L vSrf;csifonfh avSum;rsm;twGuf t&if;tESD;vdkonf/
t&if;tESD;[k qdk&mü aiGaMu;t&if;tESD; enf;ynmt&if;tESD;
o,HZmwt&if;tESD; tcsed t f &if;tESD; ponfjzifh t&if;tESD; aygif;pHk
&do
S nf/ tm;vHk;aom t&if;tES;D rsm;udk jyKjyifp&D ifonfh t&if;tED;S um;
ynmjzpfonf/ ynmt&if;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&; EdkifiHa&; usef;rma&;
ppfa&; ponfh ta&;t&mrsm;udk ynmu zefwD;onf/
r[mAsL[m rl0g'jyóemrsm;udk &Si;f rxkwEf kdijf cif;onf ynm
csKUd í jzpfonf/ Edkiif Ha&;todcsKUd wJhjcif;u jynfolrsm;\ aeUpOf tusyf
twnf;udk MuD;oxuf MuD;vmaponf/
L aeYpOf pm;0wfaea&;twGuf vIy& f Sm; ½ke;f uefae&jcif;udpö
L qufoG,f oGm;vmrIrsm;twGuf MuHKae&onfh tcuftcJ
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 93

L vHkjcHKrI
L vGwfvyfrIponfh udpö&yfrsm;twGuf jyóemrsm;u
tyHktyif/
jrefrmEdkiif H\ e,fy,ftoD;oD;ü pGr;f &nf csKUd wJhjcif; todt&if;
csKUd wJhjcif;udk tjrJMuHK&onf/ ae&mwdki;f rSm MuHK&ovdk tcsed w f kdi;f vnf;
MuHK&onf/ uRr;f usirf I vkyo f m;enf;yg;jcif;u Edkiif u
hH kex
f kwpf rG ;f tm;udk
jr§irhf ay;Edki/f enf;ynmopfrsm;udk tvG,w f ul oif,El kid &f ef tqifjh rifh
ynma&;a&cHajrcH wuúodkvfrsm;rSm r&dS/ ay;vdkufaombGJUrsm;u
puúLpm&Guf wpf&u G xf ufykrd vm/ ausmif;rsm;oifwef;rsm;u vufawGU
usaom oifMum;rIrsm;udk rvkyf/
todt&if;tESD;udk wdkif;wmEdkifonfh tkyfpkrsm;&dSonf/
(1) jAL½dkua&pDtwGi;f u t&m&dS t&mcHrsm;\ todprG ;f &nfukd
avhvmyg/
(2) vTwaf wmftwGi;f u trwfrsm;\todpGr;f &nfukd avhvm
yg/
(3) wuúov kd t
f wGi;f u q&mrsm;\ todprG ;f &nfukd avhvmyg/
(4) ukrP Ü tD wGi;f u refae*smrsm;\todprG ;f &nfukd avhvmyg/
(5) tzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f u Ouú|rsm;\todprG ;f &nfukd avhvmyg/
(6) pDrHudef;twGif;u tif*sifeD,mrsm;\todpGrf;&nfudk
avhvmyg/
(7) wyf&if;twGi;f u Adv k Mf uD;rsm;\todprG ;f &nfukd avhvmyg/
(8) pme,fZif;e,fu owif;pmorm;rsm;\ todpGr;f &nfukd
avhvmyg/
(9) pmaye,fu pma&;olrsm;\ todpGrf;&nfudk avhvmyg/
(10) w&m;a[m ykv’ifxufu "r®q&m\todpGrf;&nfudk
avhvmyg/
uRefawmfwdkYrSm wdkif;wmp&maywHrsm; rsm;pGm &dSygvdrfhrnf/
e,fy,ftoD;oD; tzGUJ tpnf;toD;oD;rSm todt&if;tES;D ajrmufrsm;pGm
94 rif;aoh

udkix f m;Edkiaf om r@dKifrsm;jzpfaeoifhonf/ tzGJUrwl e,fy,frwljcif;

onf tjypfr[kwf/ tjiif;yGm;p&mvnf; r[kwf/
udk,af &mufaeonfh ae&m udk,&f aeonfh vkyyf kid cf iG hf udk,x f rf;
ae&onfh wm0efukd wm0efausrI xufykad om pGr;f aqmif&nf &dx S m;jcif;
onf EdkifiHhtwGuf&wem[k uRefawmf orkwfcsifonf/
todt&if;tESD;MuD;MuD;jzifh wm0efMuD;MuD;udk xrf;&Gufap&ef
vdok nf/ todEiS hf wm0efonf wdu k ½f u kd tf csK;d usonf/ todMuD;oavmuf
wm0efMuD;MuD; ,l&rnf/ ,l&efoifo h nf/ ,latmifvnf; ay;zdkv Y ko
d nf/
wm0ef,lrI MuD;oavmuf todMuD;MuD;vnf; vdkonf/
vkyfydkifcGifhMuD;MuD;udkawmh arQmfvifhyg&JU todMuD;MuD;jzpf&ef
tm;xkwrf I csKUd wyhJ gu Edkiif q
H kw,f kwo f nf/ þodkaY om vlrsm;rsm;ygu
EdkifiHonf tMuD;tus,f qkwf,kwfonf/ pOf;pm;Muygukef/
todMuD;olrsm;
L wm0efodMuygap/
L wm0efodoavmuf wm0ef&dSvmygonf/
L wm0ef&dSonfhtwdkif; wm0ef,lwwfMuygap/
L wm0ef,loavmuf wm0ef ausMuyg/
L wm0efausonfxufya kd om wm0efcrH rI sm; tHv
k u
kd u
f si;f vdu
k f
zGHUjzdK;ygap/
n 10 ; 34
22 Zlvdkif 2017
v
 usuúodkvf

(usufuodkvf [k zwfyg)

usuúodkvf...
jrefrmEdkiif H\ ynma&;pepf uRefawmf tjyifpmrsm;udk tirf;r&
zwfonfhtusihf&cJhonf/ tu,fíom usuúokdvrf Sm jy|mef;ovdkrsK;d
uReaf wmf rMuKH czhJ ;l bl; qdv
k Qif uReaf wmf pmorm;wpfa,mufjzpfvmEdik pf &m
taMumif;r&dS/ usufjcif;udk uRefawmfrkef;wD;í udk,fvGwf½kef;zdkY MudK;
pm;&if; usuúokdv\ f pepfrsm; oabmoabm0rsm;udk jrifatmif Munfh
EdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh uRefawmf ig;ESpfwm oif,lcJh&aom
usuúodkvfudk aus;Zl;wifw,f/
tukodkvfuvnf; ukodkvfudk tusKd;jyKw,f/

yXmef;ygVdrSm
L ukodkvfuvnf; ukodkvfudk aus;Zl;jyKEdkifw,f/
L ukodkvfuvnf; tukodkvfudk aus;Zl;jyKEdkifw,f/
L tukodkvfuvnf; tukodkvfudk aus;Zl;jyKEdkifw,f/
L tukokv d u
f vnf; ukov
kd jf zpfatmif aus;Zl;jyKEdkiw
f ,f/
qdkonfh oabmudk a[monf/
96 rif;aoh

uRefawmfwdkY pepfaumif;ESifh rMuHK&jcif;onfyif uRefawmfwdkY

b0udk ud, k wf idk f vGwvf yfpmG xlaxmifonfh taMumif;w&m;jzpfEikd o f nf/
uReaf wmfuawmh vufawGUMuHKonf/ tu,fíom uReaf wmf usuúov kd f
odrkY a&mufygu xdkt0ef;t0dki;f wGif oifMum;aomtodjzifo h m wif;wdrf
jyD; rSed ;f aejzpfvrd hrf nf xifonf/ tckawmh uRefawmf pmav; enf;enf;
yg;yg; zwfí vlUywf0ef;usirf mS enf;enf; t&moGi;f cH&ol jzpfaeonf/
uReaf wmf wu,fyh nmwwfjzpfcsio f nf/ usuúokv d af &mufonfh
tcsed rf mS onfu bGUJ &ausmif;jyD; oGm;aomolrsm;udk uReaf wmf vSr;f Munfh
onf/ avhvmMunfo h nf/ olwkaYd wGrmS tm;vHk;vdkvkd wlonfh tcsuu f kd
awGU&onf/ ¤if;rSm þodkY/

0g'jzefYcH&jcif;\ tp
olwdkYtm;vHk;rSm wlonfhtcsufu usuúodkvfu &onfhbGJUudk
rlvwefzdk;xuf ydkíwGufjcif;jzpfonf/ bGJUvufrSwfudk wefzdk;r&dS[k
uRefawmf rqdkvdk/ rnTef;qdk/ odkUaomf uRefawmfwdkY udk,fwdkifu bGJU
vufrSwu f kd rlvwefzkd;xuf ydkwGuMf uonf/ ydkwGu&f onfh taMumif;
rsm;uvnf; &dSaeonf/
taMumif;u þodkY/ tpdk;& rdbq&m ywf0ef;usif polwdkYu
ynma&; aumif;aMumif;w&m;rsm;udk a[monf/ [kwyf gonf rSeyf g
onf/ ynmwwfvQifaumif;onf/ bGJU&vQif aumif;onf/ bGJUr&
ynmrwwfí vlvdkolvdk rjzpfonfholrsm; &dSonf/ 'gudk uRefawmf
vufcHygonf/ odkYaomf onfrSm vGJonfhtcsufu bGJUr&aomfvnf;
atmifjrifMuD;yGm;aeMuolrsm; &dSonfqdkwmudk uRefawmfwdkYrdbrsm;
q&mrsm;u ra[mMum;ay;/ xdkokYd tjrif&o Sd rl sm;rSm rdbq&mrsm;xJu
yrmPtenf;i,fyif &dSvdrfhrnfxifonf/
þtcsuaf Mumifhyif uRefawmfwkdY tm;vHk; *si;f xnfh cHvkduMf u
&onf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 97

]ausmif;ynmudk wwfatmifoif ausmif;ynmu rif;wdkYudk

b0wefzkd;jrifhatmif aqmifMuOf;ay;vdrhrf ,f/ ausmif;ynmrwwf&if
rif;wdkYb0u vl&mr0ifbl;/ Munfhvdkufprf; awGUvm;/ olrsm;EdkifiH
awGrSm rif;ywf0ef;usifrSm ynmwwfbGJU&awG b,fvdk atmifjrifae
Muw,f...} qdkwmudk ajymonf/
onfvdk pum;rsm;udk aeYpOf &ufquf Mum;vm&oltzdkY bGJUudk
ydkí arQmfvifv
h monf/ xdkarQmfvifch suaf Mumifyh if bGUJ &atmif MudK;pm;jyD;
b0udk xlaxmifomG ;olrsm;vnf; &dyS gonf/ odaYk omf þodaYk omolrsm;u
enf;vdrrhf nf xifonf/ taMumif;rSm xdo k aYkd omolrsm; ud,k w f ikd o
f nfyif
bGJU&tjyD; wu,fhvufawGUb0xJwGif a&mufoGm;aomtcg olwdkY
arQmfvifhonfhtwdki;f r[kwMf uonfukd owdxm;rdMuonf/ þtcsed f
wGif udk,fudk,fudk,f jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; vkyfEdkifolrsm;om t&m
a&mufomG ;Muonf/ tawmfrsm;rsm;u pdwyf sut f m;avsmjh yD; vHk;vnfcsm
vdkuaf eonf/ onfvkdESihf vky&f if; vky&f if;jzifh b0Zmwford ;f oGm;Mu
olrsm;u 'kESifha'; /

rlvwefzdk;udk jrifatmifMunfh
þodkaY om bGUJ &jcif;tusK;d w&m;rsm;udk a[mMum;onfh rdbrsm;
udk,w f kdiuf apwemjzifh olwkdY om;orD;rsm;udk MudK;pm;tm;xkwv f kdYí
jzpfaMumif; xif&mS ;onf/ apwemu uJveG ;f aomtcg rlvwefzk;d xuf
ydí
k rTr;f rdomG ;jcif;u wu,fjh yóemjzpfonf/ rdbq&mrsm;ud, k w f ikd u
f
ynmwwfbGJU&jzpfapcsiaf om olwkdY om;orD; wynfhrsm;udk ynma&;
aumif;aMumif; w&m;a[m&if; trsm;tjrifrmS bGUJ onf rlvwefzk;d xuf
ydkí jrifhoGm;onf/ þtcsufonf uRefawmfwdkY xifjrifcsufom jzpf
onf/ uRefawmfwdkYu 100 wef ydkufqHudk 1000 (wpfaxmif) [k
rnfrQyif xifaeapumrl wpf&monf wpf&mom jzpfonf/ wpf&mxuf
ydkaomwefzdk; b,faomtcgrS jzpfrvm/
98 rif;aoh

usuúokdvu f ay;aom bGJU\ rlvwefzkd;onf wpfaomif;wefygonf/

þodkYyrmjyKí ynwfvdkufMupdkY/ odkYaomf uRefawmfwdkYrdbrsm; q&m
rsm;u bGJUudkwpfoef;wefygonf[k apwem t"dywdxm;í 0g'jzefY
onf/ rnfoyYkd if apwem t"dywdxm;í qG,yf gaprl wpfaomif;wefonf
wpfaomif;om jzpfonf/ wpfaomif;xuf b,faomtcgrS ydkroGm;/
wpfaomif;onf wpfodef;rjzpf/ wpfaomif;onf wpfoef; r[kwf/
þpdwfjzifh rSdef;í uRefawmfwdkY usuúodkvfausmif;om; b0udk
jzwfoef;cJhMuonf/ jyD;oGm;onf/ tcsed w f ef pmav;usuf usL&Siaf v;
wuf rdbqDuydkuq f aH v;vufjzefaY wmif; pdwu f ;l av;,OfjyD; &nf;pm;
av;bmav;xm;/ aumifrav;eJY usL? aumifav;eJY tDpDuvD xk...
tcsed w
f ef pmav;usujf yD; pmar;yGaJ jz... pmar;yGaJ v;u yHkrkeb f UJG av;&
... oifwef;av; bmav; qufwuf.../ onf vdkESihf tvkyw f u,f
&SmonfhtcsdefrSm ESmacgif;usnfayGUawGUawmhonf/
rnfodkY rnfhyHk ESmacgif;usnfayGUawGUonf qdkwmudk uRefawmf
tao;pdwrf a&;/ tawmfrsm;rsm; MuHKzl;MujyD; jzpfrnfxifonf/ udk,f
bGJUudk udk,fqkyfudkifxm;jyD; atmufajcu 0ifrwdk;csifonfhpdwfESifh
wu,ftvkyjf zpfa&;udk pOf;pm;onfh vkyif ef;&Siw f EYkd iS hf awGUMuawmhonf/
uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHrSm bGJU&awG ordkif;udk Munfhyg/
rsm;onf/ bGUJ & tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm; vnf; &Dae;qeYfacwf rjzpfyJ pufrI
rsm;onf/ ydkíyif rsm;onf/ bGJUr& awmfvSefa&; acwfodkY
tvk y f r &d S r sm;vnf ; &d S o nf / &&m ra&muf/
tvkyEf Sihf rausreyf ESpyf g;oGm;ae&ol puf r I a wmf v S e f a &;rj z pf y J
rsm;uvnf; 'kEiS hf a';/ [dka,mifa,mif vlwdkY rMuD;yGm;/
'Da,mifa,mifEiS hf rdbudk nmpm;aeonfh vlwdkY rMuD;yGm;bJ qifjcifwkH
a,mif0g;rsm;vnf; &dSonf/ EdkifiHjcm; w&m;ES i f h ,S O f a om ynm
xGuaf wmhrvdkvkd [dkoifwef;wufawmh a&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkif/
rvdkvkd [dktvkyv f kyv
f kduaf wmh rvdkvkd
ESifh vdkvdkvdkvdk usuúodkvf ausmif;qif;rsm;uvnf; trsm;tjym;/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 99

t&if;ppf
uRefawmfwkYd usuúov kd uf bGUJ &Muonf/ bmhaMumifh vkyif ef;cGif
udk r0ifEdkifMuovJ/ taMumif;aygif;rsm;pGm aus;Zl;jyKjcif;aMumifh
jzpfygvdrrhf nf/ þtaMumif;aygif;rsm;pGm\ t&if;tjrpfukd uReaf wmfwkYd
ppfxkwfMupdkY/
t&if;tjrpfrsm;rSmum; þodkY/
(1) usuúodkvf ynma&; pepfjzpfjcif;
(2) bGJUudk rlvwefzdk;xufydkwGufatmif jyKpm;aom vlrI
todkuf t0dkif;jzpfjcif;
(3) vufawGUrusí toH;k 0ifrI wefz;kd edrahf om oifMum;a&;pepf
jzpfjcif;
(4) oif;owfc&H aom q&mq&mr rsK;d qufonf taMumif;wyg;
(5) usufí ajzaom pmajzrI pepf usifhoHk;jcif;
(6) q&m0ef tif*sief , D mrS vl&m0ifonf[k ,Hrk w
S af omvlr"I avh
(7) þvlrI"avhudk axmufcH aus;Zl;jyKaom tqifhjrifh
ynma&;pepf
(8) vGwv f yfpGm jyXmef;aom vGwv f yfpGm oifMum;aom trSD
tcdkuif;aom pepfrjzpfjcif;
(9) rufvkH;&daS om MudK;pm;vQif MudK;pm;oavmuf tcGit hf a&;
&dSaom ynmt0ef;t0dkif; rjzpfjcif;
(10) tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh oifMum;a&;udk cGJrxm;jcif;
(11) okawoe tay:udk tajcrjyKjcif;
(12) tpdk;&wdkY rajymif;&Jjcif; rajymif;wwfjcif;
(13) pGeOYf ;D wDxiG f yg^csKyf ygarmu©rsm; q&mrsm; ausmif;tkyrf sm;
&Sm;yg;rsKd;pdwfb0odkY a&mufaejcif;
(14) vkyfouftay: tajccHaom tusKd;cHpm;cGifhjzpfjcif;
(15) rvkyf r½Iyf rjyKwf rSdef;pm;aeaom ynma&;0efxrf;rsm;
rsm;jym;jcif;
100 rif;aoh

(16) ynma&; toHk;p&dwf enf;yg;vGef;jcif;

(17) yk*v ¾ u
d ydkijf yKaom tqifjh rifyh nma&; pepf rxGe;f um;jcif;
(18) awmfolukd rajrSmufpm;jcif; todtrSwrf jyKjcif; acsmifx;kd
xm;jcif;
(19) vGwfvyfpGm bmom&yfudk a&G;cs,foifMum;cGifh r&jcif;
(20) bGJUonf tqifwefqm taqmifta,miftjzpf rSwfxif
aejcif;
(21) oef;uJhodkYaom ynma&; pDrHcefYcGJolrsm; &dSjcif;
ponf&o Sd nf taMumif;t&if;rsm; jzpfonf/ uReaf wmf qufa&;
csifao;onf/ odkYaomf 21 &mpktwGif;rSm 21 csufa&;jyD; uRefawmf
b&dwftkyfvdkufygonf/

oef;rsKd;pdwf wpfckuJhodkY
oef;uJo h kaYd om ynma&;pDrcH efcY o
JG rl sm;&dSjcif; qdkonfukd &Si;f csif
onf/ usuúokv d t f aMumif;a&;íom ynma&;pDrd cH efcY o JG rl sm;[k emrnf
wyf&onf/ wu,fawmh tjcm;0efMuD;Xme OD;pD;Xmersm;wGifvnf;
þodkYaom oef;vlom;rsm;u 'kESifha'; &dSonf/
uRefawmf wifjyaom tcsurf sm;udk acgif;aqmifvkyaf eolrsm;
pDrHcefYcGJaeolrsm; rodbl;[k xifaeygovm;/ r[kwfyg/ odygonf/
odwmrS *CePudk odygonf/
L odjcif;onf wjcm;
L vkyfjcif;onf wjcm;
L vkyf&Jjcif;onf wjcm;
L vkyfwwfjcif;onf wjcm;
L vkyfcGifh&jcif;onf wjcm; jzpfonf/
oef;rsK;d pdwf wpfcktaMumif;ajymygrnf/ tqdkyg oef;rsm;onf
ckefqG ckefqG vkyfaomoef;rsKd;pdwfwpfck jzpfonf/ xdkoef;rsm; cHkvQif
wpfay ausmaf usmf tjrifah vmuf ckeaf vh&o Sd nf/ odkUaomf xdkoef;rsm;udk
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 101

cGuw f pfckxJ xnfhvkduyf g/ tqdkyg cGuu f kd tay:u tzHk;tkyv f kduyf g/

oef;rsm;u olUyHkrSeftwdkif; ckefygonf/ tzkH;tkyfvdkufaomtcg
tay:u tzHk;ESifh wdkufonf/ olwdkY qufckefMuonf/ tzkH;ESifhwdkuf
onf/ oef;rsm;u txmeufonf/ olwdkY b,favmufckefckef olwdkY
tay:rSm wpfckcku cHaeonf/ ckefvdkY r&qdkjyD; rSwf,loGm;onf/
xdkYaemufoef;rsm; wpfayausmfausmf rckefMuawmh/ tzkH;u 6 vufr
tjrifhavmufyJ &dSonfqdkvQif 6 vufrtjrifhavmufom ckefMuawmh
onf/
onfvdkESifh oef;rsm;udk zkH;xm;aom tzkHk;udk vSyfvdkufonf/
oef;rsm;u olwdkYtay:rSm tzHk;rsm; r&dSawmhonfudk rod/ olwdkY[m
b,favmufcek cf ek f tay:rSm wpfcck w k m;qD;aeonf[k w&m;aorSwx f if
pGJjzifh tjrJ 6 vufr tjrifhavmufom ckefaeMuawmhonf/
xdkokdYaom oef;rsm; &dSonf/ ynma&; pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;wGiv f nf;
xdkenf;vnf;aumif;/ oef;uJhodkYaomolrsm; rsm;pGm&dSonf/ tzkH;rsm;
&do
S nf/ tck tzk;H awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk vSyx f m;vdkujf yD;jyD/ t&iftwdki;f
wpfayausmf ESpfayavmufudk ckefypfvdkufprf;yg/ e*dkrlv pGrf;&nfu
ckefEdkifpGrf;&dSMujyD;om;/ tckawmh onfvdk r[kwf/
uRefawmfwdkY usuúodkvf ynma&;pepfudk þodkY &dS\/
usuúokdvo f kdY ajcpHkypf0ifMurnfh usuu f av;rsm; odygavp/
usuu f av;rsm;arG;xkwaf om usuúokv d wf kYd wufapcsiaf om rdbrsm;?
OD;av;? ta':rsm; usuúodkvfü wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaomolrsm;
qifjcifMuygukef/
ordkif;udk Munfhyg/
&Dae;qeYfacwf rjzpfyJ pufrIawmfvSefa&;acwfodkY ra&muf/
pufrIawmfvSefa&;rjzpfyJ vlwdkY rMuD;yGm;/
vlwdkY rMuD;yGm;bJ qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh ,SOfaom ynma&;udk
rwnfaqmufEdkif/
102 rif;aoh

qifjcifwHkw&m;r&dSbJ ya'o&mZfpepf awmfvSefrI rjyKEdkif/

oufOD;qHydkifpepfudk rawmfvSefyJ 'Drdkua&pD rjzpf/
'Drku
d a&pDrjzpfvQif vGwv
f yfa&;r& vGwv f yfciG hf r& vGwv
f yfrI
r&/
vGwfvyfrI r&&dSbJ b0wefzdk; rjrifh/
*kPfodu©m&dSaom vlUtodkif;t0dkif; rjzpf/
MoZmwduúrMuD;aom wdkif;jynf rjzpf/ rjzpf / rjzpf/
n 8 ; 52
14 Zlvdkif 2017
v
 bmhaMumifh qif;&JovJ...

qif;&Jjcif; taMumif;w&m;udk ajymvQif ygarmu© aygaumfv, D m

\ qif;&Jjcif; taMumif; (4) csuu f kd jyavh&oSd nf/ aygaumfv, D monf
qif;&Jjcif;taMumif;udk a,bk,sjyKí azmfxkwcf ahJ omfvnf; qif;&Jjcif;
taMumif;onf wpfEkid if EH iS hf wpfEkid if H rwlujJG ym;rI rsm;pGm&daS o;aMumif;
owdcsyfoifhonf/
qif;&Jjcif;taMumif;w&m;rsm;\&v'fudk xkwfMunfhvQif
pD;yGm;a&; zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrIedrfhusjcif;ESifh qif;&Jcsrf;om tuGmt[
MuD;rm;jcif;wdku Y a&SUa&mufvmonf/ Edkiif v H kH;csD pD;yGm;a&; zGUH jzdK;rIerd uhf s
vQifvnf; qif;&Jonf/ xdkYtwl EdkifiHtwGif; *sD'DyDjrifhaomfvnf;
qif;&JrGJawonfh pm&if;wGif &dSaeonfh EdkifiHtcsKdUvnf; &dSao;onf/
vlq,fa,mufEiS hf aiGwpfaxmif&rSd nf[k qdkMuygpd/kY vl (2) a,mufwiG f
aiG &Sp&f m ydkiq
f kid jf yD; vl&pS af ,mufvkH;aygif;rS aiGEpS &f myJ ydkiq
f kid o f nf[k
qdkvQif qif;&Jcsrf;om tuGmt[ MuD;rm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ qif;&J
csrf;om uGm[rI MuD;rm;jcif;onf ay:vpDESifh qdkonf/ txl;ojzifh
"eOpöm cGJa0a&; pepfrsm; rnDrQjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;onf
wdk;wufvsu&f Sad omfvnf; Edkiif HtwGi;f qif;&Jonfh jynfolrsm; oef;csD
&dSaejcif;onf "eOpömcGJa0a&;enf;em tm;enf;csufaMumifh jzpfonf/
"eOpömcGJa0a&;udk Wealth Distribution [kac:onf/ xdkpum;vHk;ESihf
yl;wGJ em;vnfxm;oifhaom pum;vHk; &dSao;onf/ ¤if;rSm Property
104 rif;aoh

Right jzpfonf/ ydkifqdkifrItcGifhta&;[k em;vnfEkdifonf/ "eOpöm

ydkifqdkifrIudk tmrcHcsufay;onfh tcGifhta&;wpfck jzpfonf/
pD;yGm;a&; zGUH jzdK;rI edru
fh s&jcif; taMumif;rsm;vnf; &daS ejyefonf/
(u) pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fü EdkifiHawmf\tcef;u@MuD;rm;pGm
yg0ifaejcif;
(c) aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf ryDjyifjcif;
(*) EdkifiHjcm; wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;
touf r0ifjcif;
(C) tpdk;&,EÅ&m;twGif; jcpm;rIjrifhrm;aejcif;
(i) rl0g'vkyx f kH;vkyef nf;rsm; &Si;f vif;wdusrI r&djS cif; rwnf
jidrfjcif;
(p) qufoG,fa&;pepf o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;pepf pGrf;tif a&
t&if;tjrpfcGJa0rI ponfh tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;
nHhzsif;jcif;
(q) uRrf;usifvkyfom; &Sm;yg;jcif;
(Z) tajccHynma&; nHhzsif;jcif;
(ps) vGwfvyfaom tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; tm;enf;jcif; (Oyrm
- A[dkbPf uJhodkY)
(n) bPfpepf rzGHUjzdK;jcif;

EdkifiHawmf\ vufwHrsm; &Snfvsm; vGef;tm;MuD;vQif pD;yGm;a&; arQmf

vifhcsufrsm;udk owfovdk jzpfwwfonf/ tpdk;& 0ifa&mufpGufzufrI
rsm;vGef;vQif EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIESifh EdkifiHwumukefoG,fa&; tcef;
u@wdkY ysufwwfonfjzpf&m vGwfvyfaompD;yGm;a&; e,fy,f t0ef;
t0dkif; zefwD;ay;jcif;u pD;yGm;a&; zGHUjzdK;cGifhay;&m a&mufonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 105

(u) EdkifiHawmf vufwHrsm;

pD;yGm;a&;ü EdkifiHawmf\yg0ifywfoufrI rsm;jym;vGef;vQif
aps;uGuf\ EIef;pHrsm; avsmhusvmonf/ EdkifiHawmfonf ae&mwum
jy|mef;csurf sm;jzifh xHkrrT ;f vsuf Edkiif aH wmfvufwrH sm; &Snv f sm;vGe;f vQif
pD;yGm;a&;onf vGwv f yfpGm &Sio
f efMuD;xGm;cGihf r&acs/ yk*¾vu d u@
onf pD;yGm;a&;udk OD;aqmifap&rnf/ yk*¾vdu u@ zGHUjzdK;apvdkvQif
Edkiif aH wmfu yJx h ed ;f ay;½HkrQom &daS eoifo
h nf/ vGwv f yfaom ,SOjf ydKifrI
twGi;f yk*¾vu d pD;yGm;a&;rsm; zGHUjzdK;vmwwfonf jzpf&m vGwv f yfjcif;
onfyif ¤if;wdkY\ rufvHk;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;wGif rufvHk;rsm; rsm;rsm;
ay;Edkirf S ukex f kwpf Gr;f tm; jrifhwufvmonfh oabm&dS&m MudK;pm;vQif
MudK;pm;oavmuf tusK;d tjrwfcHpm;cGihf ay;jcif;onfyif rufvHk;jzpf
onf/
rufvkH;u aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;udk t"duarmif;ESio f nf/ rufvkH;
jzifh armif;ESifaom pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'rsm;udk toufoGif;Edkifygu EdkifiHh
0ifaiG jrifhvmvdrfhrnf/ rufvHk;\ oabmobm0udk usifvnfpGm
em;vnfxm;vQif aumif;onf/
Edkiif Hawmf\ vufwHrsm; &Snv f sm;vGe;f tm;MuD;vQif pD;yGm;a&;
arQmv f ifch surf sm;udk owfovdk jzpfwwfonf/ tpd;k & 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufrI
rsm;vGe;f vQif Edkiif Hjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIESihf Edkiif Hwumukeo f G,af &; tcef;
u@wdkY ysuw f wfonfjzpf&m vGwv f yfaompD;yGm;a&; e,fy,f t0ef;
t0dkif; zefwD;ay;jcif;u pD;yGm;a&; zGHUjzdK;cGifhay;&m a&mufonf/
,cifuqdkvQif ppftpdk;&vufxufyif jzpfjim;aomfvnf;
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfudkifrIrsm; wdk;wufap&ef txl;pD;yGm;a&;ZHkrsm; zefwD;
ay;jyD; pD;yGm;a&;udk jr§ifhwifjcif; tpDtpOfrsm;yif &dScJhonf/ odkYaomf
aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepf[o l nf ae&mtuGut f uGi;f wpfck ESpcf kwiG o f m
pD;yGm;a&; vGwfvyfcGihfay;jcif; r[kwfbJ EdkifiHwpf0Srf;vHk; rQwaom
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfydkifcGifh vGwfvyfaom ,SOfjydKifcGifhESifh pD;yGm;a&; tcGifh
tvrf;rsm; wef;wlciG hjf yKxm;Edkijf cif;yifjzpfonf/ t&m&m Edkiif Hawmfu
106 rif;aoh

rsufpda'gufaxmufMunfhjyD; 0ifa&muf pGufzufrI tm;aumif;acsu

pD;yGm;a&;onf tcsKyftaESmifjzifh &Sifoef&ouJhodkY jzpfaevdrfhrnf/
tpd;k &onf pD;yGm;a&;ü yGpJ m;ae&m aerSaumif;rnf/ "mwfuyl pön;f ozG,f
usifh&rnf/

(c) aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&; pepf ryDjyifjcif;

aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepfwiG f tpdk;&onf t"duZmwfaumifr[kwf
yk*¾vu d onfom t"duZmwfaumif jzpfonf/ Edkiif Hawmfonf t"du
"mwfjyKypönf;r[kwf "mwfulypönf;om jzpfonf/ xdkYenf;wlpGmyif
Edkiif Hawmfonf abmvHk;uGi;f twGi;f 0ifa&mufupm;onfh upm;orm;
r[kwf 'dkifvlMuD;omjzpfonf/ pnf;urf;owfrSwf jy|mef;ay;olom
jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh EdkifiHtwGif;&dS pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;pkrsm;udk
Edkiif w
H umESihf &ifabmifwef;,SOjf ydKifEkid af p&ef avhusiw fh nfaqmufay;
onfh enf;jyom jzpfonf/
xdkodkY r[kwfygbJ ajymif;jyefoabmom jzpfaeonf qdkygu
aps;uGupf D;yGm;a&;pepf ryDjyif[kom qdk&rnfyif jzpfonf/ aps;uGuf
pD;yGm;a&;pepf zGHUjzdK;jcif;onf EdkifiHtwGif;&dS pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m Oya'
enf;Oya' vkyx f kH;vkyef nf;rsm; wpfenf; pD;yGm;a&;qdki&f m tifpwDusL;
&Sif;rsm; zGHUjzdK;jcif;ESifhvnf; t"duoufqdkifonf/
xdakY Mumifh tpdk;&onf pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf Oya'rsm;udk
jy|mef;ay;½Hkjzifh rvHkavmufacs/ jy|mef;&mwGif acwfrjD cif; vufawGUus
jcif; a&&Snt f usK;d pD;yGm;udk arQmfreS ;f í jy|mef;&rnf/ xdkt Y jyif Oya'rsm;
touf0ifatmif vkyfaqmif&rnf/
Oya'rsm;onf wpfjcrf;yJh rjzpfap&/ tpdk;&onf pD;yGm;a&;ü
tm;vHk; wpfnDwnGwfwnf; ouf yGJpm;ae&m aerSaumif;rnf/
a&mufap&rnf/ Oya'rsm; touf "mwful ypönf;ozG,f
0ifrI tm;enf;jcif;onf jcpm;rI usifh&rnf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 107

t*wdvkud pf m;rIukd oufqk;d &Snaf ponf/ t*wdvku

d pf m;rIEiS fh yGiv
hf if;
jrifomrIr&dSjcif;onf pD;yGm;a&;udk owfaom &efolyifjzpfonf/ xdkY
twl tpdk;&onf wm0ef,laom wm0efcHaom tifpwDusL;&Si;f rsm;udk
jywfjywfom;om; wnfaqmuf&efvdkonf/

(*) EdkifiHjcm; wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; touf

r0ifjcif;
EdkifiHjcm; wdkuf½dkuf&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI jyKEdkifap&ef Oya'ESifh enf;
Oya'rsm; csrSwfxm;aomfvnf; toufr0ifEdkifbJ &dSaewwfonf/
toufr0if&jcif; taMumif;rsm;pGm &dSEdkifonf/
L &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI Oya' udk,w f kdiu f tvkyjf zpfatmif vkyEf kdif
onfh jyXmef;csufrsm; tm;enf;jcif;
L tqdkyg Oya'udk aESmif, h u S af eonfh Edkiif aH &; oufa&mufrI
&dSaejcif;
L tpdk;&tzGJU rwnfjidrfjcif; rl0g'rsm; rwnfjiddrfjcif;
L Edkii f aH &;rwnfjidrd rf EI iS hf qlyt l kMH uGrI rMumcP jzpfwwfjcif;
L jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;aejcif;
L "eOpömcGJa0rI tmrcHcsur f &dSjcif;ESihf "eOpömydkiq
f kdirf I tmr
cHcsufr&dSjcif;
L *&dwfyg0g tm;jydKifrItMum; nyfaejcif;
L jcpm;rI vGefuJjcif;ESifh tajccHtaqmufttHk nhHzsif;jcif;
ponfwdkY jzpfonf/

(C) tpdk;&,E å&m;twGif; jcpm;rI jrifhrm;aejcif;

jcpm;rI vmbfpm;rIonf pD;yGm;a&; zGUH jzdK;rIukd oif;owfojl zpfonf/
pD;yGm;a&; rufvkH;rsm;udk zsupf ;D ypfonf/ tpdk;&wGi;f tMuD;ydki;f xdyyf kid ;f
acgif;aqmifrsm; jcpm;rIESihf jAL½dkua&pD,EÅ&m;twGi;f jcpm;rIwkdYonf
&if;ES;D jrKyfErHS rI sm;udk wGeq
Yf kwaf paom tcsujf zpfonf/ yGivhf if;jrifomrI
108 rif;aoh

tm;enf;jcif;ESifh owif;jzefYcsdrI rnDnTwfjcif;aMumifh jzpfavh&dSaom

oabmjzpfonf/ e-government tjzpf toGirf ajymif;Edkif jcif;tay:rSm
vnf; rlwnfaeao;onf/ tpdk;&tqufquf\ tkycf sKyfa&; nHhzsi;f rI
aMumifv
h nf; jzpfovdk tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk b,fvkpd rD cH efcY &JG rvJqkw
d mudk
aumif;pGm em;rvnfjcif;aMumifhvnf;jzpfonf/ How to manage the
interests udk tpdk;&vkyo f lrsm; aumif;aumif; em;vnfrS tkycf sKyfwwf
onf[k qdkEdkifonf/
udk,u f sK;d pD;yGm;&Smjcif;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;ü Edkiif Hawmf\yg0ifrI MuD;
rm;aejcif;aMumifh jcpm;rI t"dujzpfonf[k ,lqEdkio f nf/ jcpm;rIESihf
ywfoufí nDrQjcif; wpf&yf&dSonf/
C = R + D –A
C = Corruption
R = Rent Seeking
D = Determination
A = Accountability
C rSm jcpm;rI jzpfonf/ R rSm pD;yGm;a&; tusK;d tjrwfjzpfonf/
D rSm udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcGifh jzpfonf/ A rSm wm0efcHrIudk nTef;onf/
qdkvdk&if;rSm pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;tjrwfrsm;avav jcpm;rIjrifhavav
jzpfonf/ xdkenf;wl pDrcH efcY o JG rl sm;udk rlay:tajccHaom vkyyf kid cf iG rhf sm;
ray;bJ udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsufrsm; ydkay;avav jcpm;rI jrifhavav
jzpfonf/ þwGif wm0efcHEdkifaom pDrHcefYcGJolrsm; rsm;ygu jcpm;rI
avsmhenf;Edkifacs &dSonf/
pD;yGm;a&;wGif Edkiif Hawmf\
vufwrH sm; &Snaf ejcif;onf jcpm; tpdk;&vkyfolwdkY
rIukd tm;ay;ouJhokdYyif jzpfonf/ qif;&Jjcif;
t&m&mudk tpdk;& qHk;jzwfcsuEf Sihf taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk &Smyg/
cGifhjyK csuf&,ljyD;rSom vkyfudkif
rnf q d k v Qif pD ; yG m ;a&;twuf
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 109

aES;rnf/ tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EÅ&m;twGif; jcpm;rIjrifhrnf/ jcpm;rIrsm;jzifh

jynfEh u
S af eonfh ,EÅ&m;jzifh vnfywf&aom pD;yGm;a&;todu
k t
f 0ef;onf
b,faomtcgrQ MuD;xGm;rnf r[kwfacs/

(i) rl0g' vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; &Sif;vif;wdusrI r&dSjcif; rwnf

jidrfjcif;
vkkyx
f Hk;vkyef nf;rsm; rsm;jym;jcif; wif;usyjf cif; r&Si;f vif;jcif;
onf pD;yGm;a&;vnfywfrEI eI ;f udk avsmu h saponf/ jcpm;rI tcGit hf vrf;
udkzefwD;ay;aom t"dutaMumif;t&if;jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfpGm
,SOfjydKifxkwfvkyfrIudk uefYowfxm;aom tcsufvnf; jzpfonf/
ukefpnfpD;qif;rI aES;auG;jcif;aMumifh xkwfvkyfrI pGrf;tm;edrfh
onf/ xkwv f kyrf pI rG ;f tm; edrjhf cif;aMumifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI edrohf nf/
þ jzpfpOfonf tqdk;ausmhoHo&mudk vnfapaomtcsuf jzpfonf/

(p) qufo, G af &;pepf o,f,yl Ykd aqmifa&;pepf pGr;f tif a&t&if;

tjrpfcGJa0rI ponfh tajccH taqmufttHkrsm; nHhzsif;jcif;
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI tajccHtkwjf rpfonf tajccHtaqmuftOD;
tvHktavmuf&dSjcif;yifjzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&; zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrIonf
aps;uGupf D;yGm;a&; pepftay:wGif rlwnfaeonf/ aps;uGupf D;yGm;a&;
pepf yDjyifrIonf Edkiif Hjcm; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIESihf yk*¾vu
d u@tay:wGif
rlwnfaeonf/ xdktaMumif;ESpfckxJrS wpfckjzpfaom EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;
jrKyEf rHS o
I nf tajccHtaqmuftOD; aumif;rGerf t I ay:wGif rlwnfaeonf/
Edkiif aH wmftwGi;f pD;yGm;a&;vGwv f yfrI b,favmufyif ay;xm;apumrl
tajccHtaqmuftOD; raumif;rGefvQif EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIrsm;
0ifrvmEdkif/ tajccHtaqmuftOD; aumif;rGefjcif;onf EdkifiHjcm;
&if;ES;D jrKyfErHS u
I kd wdk;wufapaom taMumif;wpfcsujf zpfonf/ Edkiif jH cm;
&if;ESD; jrKyfESHrIrsm;onfvnf; Edkiif Hawmfu a&&Snzf GHUjzdK;ap&ef &nf&G,f
110 rif;aoh

aomu@rsm;wGifom trsm;qHk; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHMuap&ef tpDtrHrsm;

jyKvkyfxm;oifhonf/

(q) uRrf;usif tvkyform;

pufrIvufrI odyÜHausmif;rsm; ysufoGm;jcif;onf uRrf;usif
vkyo f m;&Sm;yg;rIukd jzpfaponf/ rufvkH;r&daS om qdk&, S vf pf pD;yGm;a&;
pepfukd ESpu f mvtawmfMumatmif toufoGi;f cJhjcif;uvnf; wpfck
tyg t0ifjzpfonf/ wHcg;ydwpf ;D yGm;a&;pepfu uRr;f usiv f kyof m;rsm;\
tem*wfudk owfonf/ omwlnDrQ or0g,rpepfu rufvHk;udk
owfco hJ nf/ uRrf;usiv f kyof m;rsm;\ tm;xkwrf u I kd vspvf sL½IcohJ nf/
vkyo f m;rsm;\ vHkv Y xkwrf u I kd oif;owfco hJ nfh 0ef;usif jzpfapcJo h nf/
wuúokdvrf sm;udk bGJU? 'D*&DOD;pm;ay; xkwv f kyjf cif;aMumifhvnf; uRrf;
usifvkyfom; &Sm;yg;jcif;jzpfonf/ MudK;pm;oavmuf tusKd;cHpm;cGifh
r&jcif;uvnf; t"dujyóem jzpfonf/ t"dutaMumif;t&if;
jzpfonf/ vkyfoavmufr&jcif;u uRrf;usifvkyfom; aps;uGufudk
e,ferd w d f pnf;tjyifokYd a&mufaponf/ Edkiif jH cm;odkY a&GUajymif;vkyo f m;
aps;uGuo f nf 2000 ckEpS af emufykid ;f ydkí MuD;vmonf/ ,ck tnma'o
wdki;f vdkvkd xdkjyóemudk MuHK&onf/ &Gmrsm;twGi;f uav;ESihf bGm;MuD;
tdkwdkYom &dSMuawmhonf/ i,f&G,fEkysKdaom pGrf;tm;pkwdkY jynfyxGuf
tvkyfvkyf ukefMuonf/
wuúodkvfrsm; azmif;yGvmjcif;ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rsm;
rxGe;f um;jcif;u jrefrmjynf\ vuf&Sd uRr;f usiv f kyo f m; arG;xkwrf u I kd
owfaom taMumif;rlvwpfck jzpfonf/

(Z) tajccHynma&; nHzsif;jcif;

jrefrmjynf\ tajccHynma&; nHzh si;f rIukd xl;jyD; #DumzGUJ &efrvdk/
tajccHynma&;\ aumif;csufrsm;vnf; &dSwefoavmuf &dSygonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 111

nHhzsi;f rI tm;vHk;xJrS t&if;ppfvkduv f Qif oifMum;a&;enf;em nHhzsi;f

jcif;u t"dutcsuv f kd jzpfaeonf/ t&nftaoG;jynfhrSDaom tajccH
ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;udk xkvdkufxnfvdkuf xkwfvkyfEdkifonfh
rl0g' tpDt&ifr&dSjcif;u jrefrmjynf\tem*wfudk arS;rSdefapaom
taMumif; jzpfonf/
L rwnfjidrfaom a'orsm;
L oGm;vm&ef cufcJaom a'o
L tajccHtaqmufttHk nHhaom a'o
L pD;yGm;a&; edrfhusaom a'o
L &mZ0wfrIESifh rl;,pfaq;0g; oHk;pGJrIjrifhaom a'o
L tusK;d pD;yGm; y#dyu©rsm; xlajymaeaom a'orsm;ü ynm
a&; rjzpfxGef;wwf/
xdkYtjyif tajccH ausmif;ta&twGuf enf;yg;jcif;ESihf jyefYusJpmG
aexdkiw f wfaom aexdkirf I"avhu ynma&;ESihf a0;&mtaMumif;w&m;
jzpfaejyefonf/ ynma&; toHk;p&dwf edrhyf g;jcif;ESihf t&nftaoG;jynfh
q&m q&mr ta&twGuf csKdUwJhjcif;uvnf; ynma&;ESifh a0;&m
taMumif;w&m; jzpfonf/ tajccHynma&;ESihf ywfoufí oif½kd;rsm;
ajymif;½Hkjzifh xl;jyD;rajymif;/ oifMum;a&; enf;emrsm; ajymif;EdkifrS
aumif;rnf/ xdrk Qru xkvu kd x
f nfvu kd &f aSd om ausmif;q&mvkyo
f m;rsm;
arG;xkwfa&; tpDtpOfudk pD&ifrS &rnf/
rufvkH;&daS om wdk;wufciG uhf kd vrf;zGiahf y;aom ynma&;0efxrf;
pDrcH efcY aJG &;enf;pOf jzpfrv S nf; q&mt&nftaoG;u a&&Snt f mrcHcsuf
&dSrnf/ taeMumvQif ar*smjzpfaom ynma&; pDrHcefYcGJrIpepf jzpfygu
t&mra&muf/

(ps) vGwfvyfaom tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; tm;enf;jcif;

L A[dkbPfuJhodkY
L vlUtcGifhta&; aumfr&SifuJhodkY
112 rif;aoh

L t*wdvdkufpm;rI wdkufzsufa&; aumfr&SifuJhodkY

L a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&SifuJhodkY
L tajccHOya'ckH½Hk; uJhodkY
vGwv f yfrIESihf vkyyf kdicf Gihf tm;enf;csu&f Sad om tifpwDusL;&Si;f
rsm;&dSygu EdkifiHwdk;wufrI enf;onf/ 'Drdkua&pD yDjyifrIedrfhovdk
pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIvnf; edrho f nf/ tcsi;f csi;f txde;f tax rQajcudk
rndS Edik af omaMumifh jzpfonf/ t&nftaoG;edrahf om tifpwDusL;&Si;f rsm;
jzpfaeygu tvkyrf jzpf/ vkyw f wfukdiw f wfygvsuf vky&f Jonfh owåd
csKUd vQifvnf; tvkyrf jzpf/ todEiS o hf wåu
d kd owdEiS ,hf OS af om aumfr&Sif
tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;jzpfrS toGiful;ajymif;a&;twGuf tm;jzpfrnf/

(n) bPfpepf rzGHUjzdK;jcif;

&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI pkaqmif;rIESifh aiGaMu;vnfywf pD;qif;a&;udk
vnfywfaom t"du,EÅ&m;rSm bPfrsm; jzpfonf/ yk*v ¾ u
d bPfrsm;
onf jynfolUtwGuf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHa&; A[dkXmersm;r[kwfbJ ¤if;wdkY
vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf t&if;tES;D pkaqmif;&mXmersm; jzpfaeonf/ aiGaMu;
vnfywf pD;qif;a&;r[kwbJ aiGaMu;vTJajymif;ay;rI tqifhom &dSae
onf/ jrefrmjynfü OD;ode;f pdef tpdk;&acwfaemufykdi;f yk*¾vu d bPfrsm;
trsm;tjym; ay:vmjyD; tvkyjf zpfvmonf/ xdkbPfrsm; tvkyjf zpfjcif;
onf wu,fh &if;ESD;jrKyfESHa&; tvkyfjzpfa&; [kwf r[kwf/

tcsKyf
tpdk;&vkyof lwkdY qif;&Jjcif; taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk &Smyg/ qif;
&Jjcif;taMumif;rsm;xJrS wu,fjh yóemudk EIu d x
f wk yf g/ jyóemtwGuf
aq;nTe;f pyfyg/ aq;ukoonfh ,EÅ&m;rsm;udk pepfwus wnfaqmufyg/
pepfusaom enf;emrsm;jzifh owå&d S&d Sad jymif;yg/ jyifyg/ Edkiif Ha&;tvkyf
onf a&&Snt f vkyf jzpfonf/ aemufa&G;aumufyGJtwGuo f m MunfhjyD;
vkyf&rnfh tvkyfr[kwf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 113

Edkiif aH &; upm;uGurf sm;tMum; 0Jvnfvku d jf cif;u wu,fEh kid if H

a&; tvkyrf [kw/f jynfolukd csr;f omatmif vkyaf y;aom enf;pOfrsm;
pDrHEdkifjcif;uom tmPmEdkifiHa&;\ tvkyfjzpfonf/
pD;yGm;a&; em;vnfaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; a&G;aumufyGJü
tEdkif&Muygap/
jcpm;rIuif;aom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; a&G;aumufyGJü tEdkif
&Muygap/
apwemtjyif ynmudk aygif;xnfí h tkycf sKyfwwfaom Edkiif aH &;
orm;rsm; tmPm&Muygap/
aemufvmrnfh a&G;aumufyu JG kd ausmí
f Munfw h wfaom Edkiif aH &;
orm;rsm; t&SnfwnfwHhygap/
aeYv,f 1 ; 01
5? atmufwdkbm? 2017/
v
 vlrsKd;pkygwD

'Drdkua&pDodkY oGm;&mvrf;rSm EdkifiHa&;ygwD&JU tcef;u@u

ta&;ygw,f/ ygwDawGuyJ 'Drdkua&pDudk yDjyifatmif yHkazmfxkqpf
EkdifMuw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDrSm vlxkudk tajccHonf qdkaytHk;onfh vlxk
qdwk m jyefu
Y saJ ewJh oabmaqmifw,f/ uGjJ ym;aewJh oabmaqmifw,f/
rsm;jym;aewJh oabmaqmifw,f/ vlxkqdkwm trsKd;tpm; pHkw,f/
'ghaMumifh 'Drkdua&pDukd armif;ESiw
f Jhae&mrSm vlxkukd tajcjyKwJh Edkiif H
a&;ygwDawGu tc&musw,f/

ygwDeJY 'Drdkua&pD tquftpyf

ygwDwGi;f 'Drkdua&pD yDjyifrS 'Drkdua&pD ,SOjf ydKifrI tm;aumif;
w,f/ 'Drdkua&pD eJY tom;usaewJh ygwD udk,fpm;vS,fawG EdkifiHa&;
tmPm&MuygrS Edkiif Hhxyd yf kdi;f rSm 'Drkdua&pD acgif;aqmifrI yDjyifw,f/
'Drdkua&pDrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGu tajccH,lepfjzpfw,f/ EdkifiHa&;
ygwDawG&JU tajccH,lepfu jynfoljzpfw,f/
jrefrmjynfrSm jynfolvdkYqdk&if tukefygw,f/ ucsif? u,m;?
u&if? csif;? Arm? rGef? &cdkif? &Srf;? &Srf;eD? vDql;? vm;[l? em*?
yavmif? ytdkY0?f w½kw?f ukvm; tukeyf gw,f/ vlwef;pm; aygif;pHkyg
w,f/ tJhawmh ya'ompHkrI tm;MuD;w,fvdkY qdkEdkifw,f/ ta&mifpHkwJh
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 115

yef;cif;[m vSygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDeJY tom;usaewJh ygwDudk,fpm;

'gayr,f h pepf w us vS , f a wG Ed k i f i H a &; tmPm&M u yg r S Ed k i f i H h
pd k u f y sKd ; rxm;Ed k i f & if xdyyf ikd ;f rSm 'Dru
kd a&pD acgi;f aqmifrI yDjyifw,f/
rsupf ½d yI pf &m jzpfw,f/
'Drdkua&pDrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGu tajccH,lepf
pepfwus wnf&dS yGifh
jzpfw,f/ EdkifiHa&; ygwDawG&JU tajccH,lepfu
vef;aewJh yef;yifawG
jynfoljzpfw,f/
tpHpk &Hk &Sd if ydak umif;r,f/

ygwDrsKd;uGJ
ygwD trsK;d tpm;awGukdcGJ&if udk,pf m;jyKygwD yHkpHwpfrsK;d xGuf
w,f/ tJhxJrSm xyfcGJxm;wm(6)rsK;d &dSw,f/ 'D (6)rsK;d udk tckvkd awGU&
w,f/
(1) vlwef;pm;udk,fpm;jyKygwD
Class Representative Party
(2) vlrsKd;udk,fpm;jyKygwD
Ethnic Representative Party
(3) pepfudk,fpm;jyKygwD
System Representative Party
(4) 0g'udk,fpm;jyKygwD
Ideological Representative Party
(5) a&;&mudk,fpm;jyKygwD
Issue Orientated Representative Party
(6) bmoma&;udk,fpm;jyKygwD
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Edkiif w
H iG ;f y#dyu©rsm; oabmrnDrrI sm; tuGt J jyJrsm; twdkutf cdkurf sm;
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f nfyif rdrw d kdY pdwpf GJ&m
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126 rif;aoh

vlrsm;tm;vHk;onf ESvk;H om;uJí qHk;jzwfMuonf/ cHpm;csuw f kYd

tenf;i,f jidro f ufjyD;cgrS OD;aESmuf\ vkyif ef;pOfu vdkuw f wfonf/
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tifrwef toHk;wnfhonf/ wpfOD;csi;f taejzifh ydkí toHk;wnfhonf/
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vlonf rdrdpdwfudk owdjzifh MunfhEdkifvQif pdwft&nftaoG;

wufonf/ pdwaf Mumifhjzpfaom ylyefrI qif;&JrI aemufMudrIrsm; yg;vs
Edkio
f nf/ vlrIaygif;oif;qufqHa&;wGif vlUpw d af Mumifhjzpfaom quf
qHa&; jyóemrsm; enf;Edkifonf/
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vdkuw f ifjyrIrsm; ajrSmufxk;d yifah umfvkyrf rI sm; MuHK&onf/ vlwpfa,muf
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 127

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ydkifqdkifaevdrfhrnf/
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L twåaemrwdrsm;udk yg;vsygap/
L rsufpdESifh em;wGif Zumwyfxm;EdkifMuap/
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 tajymif;tvJtwGuf acgif;aqmif

L tajymif;tvJtwGuf acgif;aqmifvdkonf/
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MuD;pGmaom tajymif;tvJtwGuf &J0jhH ywfom;aom acgif;aqmif
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tajymif;tvJtwGuf acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf\tjrifu ta&;
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tajymif;tvJjzpf&ef acgif;aqmif\ tjrifajymif;zdkY vdkonf/ tajymif;
tvJtwGuf acgif;aqmif\tjrifESihf wdku½f kdut f csK;d usonf/ aemuf
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 129

vdkuftkyfpkrsm;\ wpfOD;csif; tjrif½Iaxmifh rajymif;vJrIu rxl;jcm;

aomfvnf; acgif;aqmuftwGufqdkvQif ydkí ta&;MuD;onf/
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 133

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138 rif;aoh

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144 rif;aoh

L vTwfawmf tpGrf;xufjrufa&;
L rl0g'rsm; touf0ifa&; ppfbuf vufwHrsm; jyefvnf
usKHU0ifa&; ponfwdkYonf ta&;MuD;aom tcef;u@ü
&dSaeonf/
jAL½dkua&pDü ppfwyf tifpwDusL;&Sif; tMuGif;tusef MuD;pdk;
aeonf/ tom;rmwufaom tom;udk "m;wHk;wHk;jzifh vSD;xkw&f ovdk
cufvSonf/ jcpm;rI 0dkif;MuD;csKyf vdrfvnfrI (rSwfcsuf^ 0efMuD;csKyf
r[kwf) MudK;eDpepf ponfwdkYu rl0g'udk jAL½dkua&pDuowfaom
taMumif;rsm;jzpfonf/
w&m;a&;ü a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm; Oya't&m&dSrsm; (qGJcsrsm;) w&m;
olMuD;rsm; &Jrsm;tm;vHk;ü tm;enf;csufudk,fpD &dSonf/ vmbfay;í
w&m;olMuD; jzpfoGm;olrsm; vdkifpiftvG,fwul &&dSaoma&SUaersm;
cHpm;cGifhESifh t&if;tjrpfvHkavmufrI edrfhaom&Jrsm;tm;vHk;ü 'ku©
udk,fpD/ jyóemudk,fpD tm;enf;csufudk,fpDESifh jzpfonf/
tkycf sKyfa&;\ taumiftxnfazmfEkdipf Gr;f edrhfyg;rI 0efMuD;tzGJU
vTwaf wmftay: MoZmtmPmvTr;f rdk;rI rtkycf sKyfwwfaom 0efMuD;rsm;
aygrsm;rI ppfbuftm;jydKifrI tMuD;tus,fcH&rIrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHudk
us&HI;EdkifiHtjzpfodkY usa&mufapvdrfhrnf/ qif;&JrItjyif rGJawrIyg
vdkufvmaom tusKd;qufudk cH&rnf/ owdcsyfMuygukef/
n 10 ; 23
24? Edk0ifbmv 2017/
v
 'Drdkua&pD aywHrsm;

'Drku
d a&pDrmS aywHawGrsm;pGm &do S nf/ aywHawG &do S vdk ayMudK;
awGvnf; &do S nf/ wcsKUd t&mrsm;u aywHjzifh wdki;f ½Hkjzifrh &/ ayMudK;jzifh
om&onf/ twdkif;twmrsm;onfvnf; rwl/ wdkif;wmonfh t&m
ay:vdkufjyD; aywHrsm; ajymif;vJ oHk;pGJ½Hkom/
oHk;aom ,lepfrsm;uvnf; rwl/
tcsdefudk puúefY? rdepf? em&D? aeY&uf? vESpfrsm;jzifh wdkif;onf/
tuGmta0;udk pifwifrDwm? uDvdkrDwm? rDwm? ay? zmvHk?
rdkif? tvif;ESpf ponfwdkYjzifh wkdif;onf/
tav;csed u f kd *&rf? uDvk*d &rf? atmifp aygif? ydóm? wefqkad om
,lepfrsm;jzifh wdkif;onf/
t&nfrsm;udk vDwm? *gvH? ayyg ponfwdkYjzifh wdkif;onf/
tylcsdefudk q,fhpDh,uf zm&if[dkuf? u,fAif ponfwdkYjzifh
twdkif;twm jyKonf/
wdki;f aom t&mrsm; rwlvQif wdki;f aom aywHrsm;vnf; wlrnf
r[kwf/
wdki;f aom trsK;d tpm;rsm; oabmobm0rsm; rwlvQif oHk;aom
,lepfrsm;vnf; wlrnf r[kwf/
146 rif;aoh

'Drdkua&pDqdkwm yef;wdkifr[kwf/ enf;vrf;om jzpfonf/

'Drkdua&pD\ yef;wdkirf Sm jynfolUtusK;d pD;yGm;omjzpfonf/ 'Drkdua&pD
\vm&mrSm jynfol jzpfonf/
vm&mu jynfol/
vm;&mu jynfolU tusKd;pD;yGm;/
oGm;&menf;emu 'Drdkua&pD/
'Drku
d a&pDukd wdki;f wm&mrSm tajctaeESihf tcsed t f cgudk vdkuí
f
aywHaygif;pHk xkwo f Hk;&vdrhfrnf/ 'Drkdua&pDukd oHk;onfh tajctaeü
wdki;f aomaywHESiho
f Hk;zdkY jyifqifaeaomumvü wdki;f aomaywH wlEkdif
rnfrxif/
ygarmu© *D,mEdk'D,m u ajymzl;onf/
]'Drdkua&pDtajymif;tvJrSm vufawGUrjzpfEkdifao;wmu
rprdygapeJ / tusKd ;&v'fxu G zf kd t
h cGit
hf vrf; taumif;qHk; e,fy,fukd
tm½kHpdkufyg/ 'gupyg/ }
'Drdkua&pDenf;udk oHk;zdkYjyifqifaejcif;onf 'Drdkua&pDpepf
r[kwfonfudk owdcsyfoifhonf/ aywHrsm; ,lepfrsm; vGJacsu
raumif;/ EdkifiHvnf; raumif;? jynfolvnf; raumif;? tpdk;&vnf;
raumif; jzpfa&mhrnf/

aywHrsm;? ayMudK;rsm;
'Drku
d a&pDtwGuf aywHrsm; rsm;pGm &dSonf/ pHowfrSwcf surf sm;
rsm;pGm&dSonf/ EIef;pHrsm; tyHkvdkuf &dSonf/
L 'Drdkua&pDudk udk,fpm;jyKrIjzifh wdkif;onf/
L jynfolyg0ifrIjzifh wdkif;onf/
L rD'D,m vGwfvyfcGifhjzifh wdkif;onf/
L a&G;aumufyGJjzifh wdkif;onf/
L t&yfbuf tkyfcsKyfrI ppfrSefjcif;jzifh wdkif;onf/
L tmPmrsm;udk cGx J m;jcif; uefo
Y wfxm;jcif;jzifh wdki;f onf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 147

L pD;yGm;a&;vGwv f yfciG hf "eOpömydkiqf kid cf iG rhf sm;jzifh wdki;f onf/

L jcpm;rIuif;jcif; yGiv hf if;jrifomrI&jSd cif; wm0ef,rl I wm0ef
cHrIrsm;jzifh wkdif;onf/
L tajccHvUl tcGit hf a&;rsm; Edkiif o
H m;tcGit hf a&;rsm; Edkiif aH &;
tcGifhta&;rsm;jzifh wdkif;onf/
L EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;jzifh wdkif;onf/
L ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh
L oabmuGJvGJcGifh EdkifiHa&; ,Ofaus;rIrsm;jzifh wdkif;onf/
L w&m;aomOya'rsm;atmuf wpf n D w pf n T w f w nf ;
touf0ifjcif;jzifh wdkif;onf/
'Drkdua&pDtwGuf aywHrsm;u rsm;onf/ 'Drkdua&pD toGiu f l;
ajymif;a&;twGurf l aywHqkw d mxuf tvkyjf zpfa&;udk t"duxm;onf/
aywHrsm;jzifh umqD;xm;ygu toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;wdkY tvkyrf jzpfwwf/
ajzavsmha&;rsm;onfvnf; yuwdt&dSukd tajccHí vdkuaf vsmnDaxG
vkyfMu&onfom jzpfonf/

'Dru
kd a&pDqw kd m yef;wdik rf [kw/f enf;vrf;om jzpfonf/ 'Dru
kd a&pD\
yef;wdkifrSm jynfolUtusKd;pD;yGm;omjzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pD \vm&mrSm
jynfol jzpfonf/

aywHrsm; tacsmif;vdkufudkifjyD; tvkyfvkyfvQif tvkyfrjzpf/

EdkifiHa&;qdkwm jzpfEdkifacs&dSwmudk vkyfwm r[kwfvm;/ 0g'wdkif;
t,ltqwdki;f wGif w&m;aooabm &dSonf/ 'Drkdua&pDukd w&m;ao
oabmjzifh r,ltyf/ vdr®myg;eyfpGm 'Drkdua&pD enf;emrsm;udk toHk;jyK
&rnf/
Rule by Man
Rule by Law
Rule of Law
148 rif;aoh

zGifhqdkcsufrsm;u
'Drdkua&pDü tay;t,lrQrS aumif;onf/
rwl / Rule by Man
tpdk;&uvnf; ay;&rnf/ jynfoluvnf;
onf vlu tkyfcsKyfjcif;
ay;&rnf/ ay;oavmufvnf; jyef&&rnf/
jzpfonf/ tmPm&Sipf epf
&oavmufru jyefay;&efvnf; vdkonf/
oufOD;qHydkif bk&ifpepf
udk þodkY oHk;onf/ Rule jynfou l rcdk uyf&/ tpd;k &uvnf; jcrpm;&/
by Law rSm Oya'u tkyf
þum; 'Drdkua&pDaywH jzpfygonf/
csKyfjcif; jzpfonf/ þ
ae&mü Oya'qdk onfrSm w&m;onfvnf; &dSrnf/ rw&m;onfvnf;
&dSrnf/ rw&m;aom Oya'rsm;jzifh tkycf sKyf&ifvnf; tmPm&Sipf epfESihf
bmxl;ygrnfenf;/ xdkYaMumifh 'Drdkua&pDü Rule by Law udk rajym/
Rule of Law udkom ajymonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm w&m;Oya'rsm;jzifh
tkyfcsKyfjcif;/ w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;jcif; jzpfonf/

vGwfvyfcGifhESifh jyif;jyif;^aysmhaysmh EdkifiHa&;

EdkifiHa&;udk jyif;jyif;ESifhaysmhaysmh [lí ESpfydkif;cGJonf/ High
Politics ESihf Low Politics [k em;vnfEkdio f nf/ cyfjyif;jyif; Edkiif Ha&;
e,fxüJ umuG,af &;udpö vHkjcHKa&;udpö Edkiif jH cm;a&;rl0g'udp&ö yfrsm;udk
xnfo h iG ;f onf/ cyfaysmah ysmh Edkiif aH &;e,fxüJ zGUH jzdK;a&;udpö 0efaqmifrI
udpö vlraI &; ,Ofaus;rIEiS hf tjcm;aom ukeo f ,
G uf ;l oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
udpö&yfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;onf/
'Drdkua&pDudk ajymvQif vGwfvyfcGifhjzifh wGJajymonf/
vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh
vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfcGifh a&;om;cGifh azmfjycGifh
vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;zGJUydkifcGifh
vGwfvyfpGm ynmoifcGifh.... ponfwdkYudk ajymonf/
Edik if aH &;taysmeh ,fü vGwv f yfciG u
hf kd ay;vdYk &onf/ twdik ;f twm
cyfjrifhjrifhtxd ay;vdkY&onf/ vGwv f yfa&;[k qdkjyD; tm;vHk;udk 0g;vHk;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 149

odrf;a&mcsvdkY r&/ tuefYvdkuf tuefYvdkuf tydkif;vdkuf tydkif;vkduf

ajym&rnf/ umuG,fa&;ESifhvHkjcHKa&;udpörsm;ürl vGwfvyfcGifhudk
tMuGif;rJhoabmw&m;jzifh qkyfudkifí ajymvdkY r&/ twdkif;twm
tcsdeftqjzifhom ajym&efoifhonf/
txl;ojzifh Edik if aH wmf umuG,af &;ESihf vHjk cHKa&;qdik &f mudp&ö yfrsm;ü
vGwv f yfcGihfonf tMuGi;f rJhr&dS/ 'Drkdua&pDjzifh trsK;d om; vHkjcHKa&;udk
xdcdkufatmif rvkyfoifh/ tpdk;&uvnf; rvkyfoifh jynfoluvnf;
rvkyo f if/h rD',
D muvnf; rvkyo f if/h t&yfbuftzGUJ tpnf;rsm;uvnf;
rvkyfoifh/

oumtkyf tqdyfvm;
Edkiif Hrsm;onf trsK;d om; tusK;d pD;yGm;ESihf trsK;d om; vHkjcHKa&;udk
OD;xdyx f m;Muonfjzpf&m 'Dru kd a&pD[ol nf rdrEd kid if \
H trsK;d om;tusK;d
pD;yGm;udk aqmifMuOf;rIom jzpfapoifhonf/ 'Drkdua&pDaMumifh vHkjcHKrI
rJhjcif;rsKd; EdkifiHwumpGufzufrI 'D*&Dt&Sdefjrifhvmjcif;rsKd; rjzpftyf/
þtcsufonf tqdyfjzpfonf/
'Drkdua&pD y½dkrkd;&Si;f vkyaf om Edkiif Hrsm;onf vlUtcGihfta&;udk
oHjydKifatmfwwfonf/ wpfcgw&H vlUtcGit hf a&;[lonf oumtkyx f m;
aom tqdyfvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ þtcsufonf vlUtcGifhta&;udk
tqdk;jrifjcif; r[kwf/ vufawGUEdkifiHa&;ESifh ,SOfpyfí vlUtcGifhta&;
qdkif;bkwf udk oabmuGJvGJjcif;om jzpfygonf/
vlUtcGiht f a&;? yGihv
f if;jrifomrIESihf vGwv f yfcGihrf sm;udk twdki;f
tqjzifh Munfh&efvdkonf/ qifjcifwHkw&m;jzifh Munfh&ef vdkonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u olUrdefYcGef;ü vGwfvyfrIudk Oyrmjyí
ajym onf/ vGwfvyfjyDqdkwmESifh vrf;ay:xGufí aq;½dk;vSrf;vdkY
r&/ vGwf vyfrIonf pnf;ESihfurf;ESihf wm0ef,lrIESihf wm0efcHrIwkdYESihf
,SOfwGJrS aumif;onf/
150 rif;aoh
yGifhvif;jrifomrI[k ajymjyD; tdrfomwufvQif wHcg;zGifhwyfí
r&/ trsKd;om;vkHjcHKa&;udpöonfvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yif jzpf
onf/ udk,hEf kdiif HvHkjcHKa&;udk xdyg;aESmuf,Suv
f matmiftxd yGihv
f if;
vdkY r&/ tpdk;&ESihf wyfrawmfuvnf; t&mtm;vHk;udk trsK;d om;vHkjcHKa&;
taMumif;jyjyD; vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk uefYowfcsKyfcs,f wm;qD;jcif;
rvkyf&/ tpGef;a&mufvQif raumif;/ vGwfvyfcGifhonf tpdk;&rSma&m
jynfolrSmyg txdef;taxESifhrS aumif;vdrfhrnf/ owdcsyfMuygukef/

&&ef xrf;&ef
'Drku
d a&pDü tcGit
hf a&;ESiwhf m0efukd yl;wGJ ajymonf/ tcGit hf a&;
aemufwiG f wm0efygvmonf/ wm0efESihf ,SOí f tcGiht
f a&;wdkY &onf/
þodkY tjyeftvSef tnrn qufpyfrjI zifh 'Drku d a&pDukd armif;ESio
f nf/
jynfolrsm;u tpdk;&xHu &zdkYawmif;onf/ &jyD;vQif xrf;&rnf/
xrf;jyD;vQifvnf; &&rnf/ tpdk;&u tcGefaumufjcif;onf jynfolU
0efaqmifrIay;&ef jzpfonf/ 'Drkdua&pDü tay;t,lrQrS aumif;onf/
tpd;k &uvnf; ay;&rnf/ jynfou l vnf; ay;&rnf/ ay;oavmufvnf;
jyef&&rnf/ &oavmufru jyefay;&efvnf; vdkonf/ jynfolu rcdk
uyf&/ tpdk;&uvnf; jcrpm;&/ þum; 'Drkdua&pD aywHjzpfygonf/
nae 3 ; 29
16 Zefe0g&Dv 2018/
v
 pGrf;&nf (3) &yf

ppfbufrSm pGrf;&nf (3) &yfudk tjrJ jznfhwif;aezdkY jynfh0aezdkY

wdkuw f eG ;f w,f/ aqmfMow,f/ atmufajcppfom;jzpfjzpf t&m&dt S &mcH
jzpfjzpf pGrf;&nf (3) &yf jynfh0aea&;[m ta&;MuD;w,f/

tJh'DhpGrf;&nf oHk;&yfu
L (1) ppfa&; pGrf;&nf
L (2) tkyfcsKyfa&; pGrf;&nf
L (3) pnf;½Hk;a&; pGrf;&nf/
'DOyrmudk yrmjyKjyD; EdkifiHa&; owå0gawGtwGuf pOf;pm;p&m
&vmw,f/ Edkiif Ha&;orm;aumif; wpfa,mufjzpfzkdYqkd&if pGr;f &nf(3)
&yf&dS&r,f/
(1) EdkifiHa&;pGrf;&nf
(2) pDrHcefYcGJrI pGrf;&nf eJY
(3) pnf;½Hk;a&;pGrf;&nfawG jzpfw,f/

eHygwf (1) pGrf;&nf

EdkifiHa&;pGrf;&nfvdkY ajymwJhae&mrSm EdkifiHa&; tjrifus,fjcif;?
Edkiif aH &; tajrmftjrif&jSd cif;eJY Edkiif aH &; y&d,m,fMuG,0f jcif;wdkY ygw,f/
EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,f MuG,f0w,fqdkwm r½dk;om;wm r[kwfygbl;/
152 rif;aoh

EdkifiHa&;upm;uGuf xGifrIawGMum;rSm yg;yg;eyfeyf usifvnfEdkifwJh

pGrf;&nfudk ajymwmyg/ EdkifiHa&;upm;uGufudk t*Fvdyfvdk Political
manipulation vdkY ac:w,f/ Edkii f Ha&; ajcxk;d rIawGukd udk,w f kdiv
f kyzf kdY
rqdkvkdygbl;/ twdkut f cdkuaf wG tcktcHawGtMum;rSm epfjrKyfroGm;zdkY
udk,f udk,wf kid u
f vnf; yg;eyfpmG Edkiif aH &; upm;Edkirf ,fh enf;pOfawGukd
em;vnf wwfuRrf;xm;jcif;udk qdkvdkwm jzpfygw,f/

EdkifiHa&;orm;[m tajymorm; oufoufcsnf;jzpfaevdkY r&bl;/

tvkyform;vnf; jzpf&r,f/ tajymorm;vnf; jzpf&r,f/ EdkifiHa&;
orm;twGuf ajymwmudu k olt U vkyf jzpfaewmvnf; ygw,f/ 'Dawmh
aj y m&if v nf ; vuf a wG U u s u s xd x d a &muf a &muf em;0if a tmif
tvkyfjzpfatmif ajymEdkifzdkY pDrHcefYcGJrIoabmw&m;udk od&r,f/

Edkiif Ha&; tjrif[m avhvmEdkipf rG ;f tm;tay:rSm rlwnfygw,f/

pl;prf;avhvmrI tm;aumif;&if Edkiif Ha&;tjrif[m us,v f mr,f/ euf
vmr,f/ tay:,H tawG;tac:rsK;d eJY Edkiif aH &;vkyw f ohJ l rjzpfawmhygbl;/
EdkifiHa&;tajrmftjrif[m udk,fh&JU EdkifiHa&;jzwfoef;rIeJY qdkifyg
w,f/ ud, k u f b,fe,fy,f b,f0ef;usirf mS usiv f nfusupf m;cJw h ,f/
jrL;wl;cJhw,f/ tawGUtMuHKawG,lEkdicf Jhw,f/ b,fvkdyk*¾Kv d rf sK;d eJY teD;
uyf avhvmcGi&hf cJw h ,f qdw
k mawGu ta&;ygygw,f/ ta&;MuD;ygw,f/
Edkiif aH &; tajrmftjrifqkw d m odrq
I kw
d mxuf em;vnfryI k&d rSd S &Edkiw f t hJ &m
jzpfw,f/ tem*wfukd MunfhEkdijf cif; a&SUukd MudKMunfhEkdijf cif;eJY twdki;f
tqudk odjcif;tajctaeeJY tcsdeftcgudk rSef;qEdkifjcif; jzpfygw,f/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh Timing jzpfygw,f/
Edkiif Ha&;rSm Timing u ta&;MuD;ygw,f/ udk,hf&JU vky&f yfawG
rSeaf eaptHk;awmh timing rudku&f if tm;vHk; ta[moduH jzpfEkid yf gw,f/
'gu owdxm;p&m jzpfygw,f/ xm;awmh/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 153

eHygwf (2) pGrf;&nf

pDrHcefYcGJrI pGrf;&nfjzpfygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;orm; vkyfr,fhol[m
vkyyf kdicf Gi&hf vmr,f/ vkyyf kdicf Gihef JYtnD vkyif ef;awGukd taumiftxnf
azmf&r,f/ nTeMf um;&r,f/ tMuHÚmPfay;&r,f/ a0zef&r,f/ qef;ppf
&r,f/ tkycf sKyaf &; vdik ;f bufvnf; a&mufEikd w f ,f/ rl0g'qH;k jzwfov l nf;
jzpfEikd w
f ,f/ ud, k pf m;jyKjyD; jynfoUl oabmxm; toHukd us,u f s,af vmif
avmif atmfay;&olvnf; jzpfEkid w f ,f/ tkycf sKyfoal wG taumiftxnf
azmfoal wGukd a0zefqef;ppf owday; qifjcifok;H oyfcsuaf wG ay;&wJo h l
vnf; jzpfEdkifw,f/
pDrHcefYcGJrI pGr;f &nf[m tvkyo f rm;twGuf t"du vdkygw,f/
EdkifiHa&;orm;[m tajymorm; oufoufcsnf;jzpfaevdkY r&bl;/
tvkyform;vnf; jzpf&r,f/ tajymorm;vnf; jzpf&r,f/ EdkifiH
a&;orm;twGuf ajymwmudku olUtvkyf jzpfaewmvnf; ygw,f/
'Dawmh ajym&ifvnf; vufawGUusus xdxad &mufa&muf em;0ifatmif
tvkyjf zpfatmif ajymEdkizf kdY pDrHcefYcGJrIoabmw&m;udk od&r,f/ pDrHcefY
cGJrI enf;pOfudkod&r,f em;vnf&r,f/ wwfuRrf;&r,f/ tu,fí
tcGihfoifhvkdY tkycf sKyfa&;tmPm udk,hfvufxJa&mufvm&if tçraezdkY
vdkw,f/ pçvHk;a& pçraezdkY vdkw,f/ tckjzpfaewJh olawGukd oifcef;pm
,lEdkif&r,f/
aemufqHk; Edkiif Ha&;orm; vkyo f l[m tmPm r&ao;&ifawmif
udk,yhf gwDwiG ;f rSm udk,&hf UJ prD cH efcY JG rIprG ;f &nfu ygwDwnfaqmufa&;rSm
toHk;0ifr,f/ ygwDzGHUjzdK;a&;rSm toHk;usr,f/ pDrHcefYcGJrI aumif;wJh
EdkifiHa&;orm;awG&dSwJh ygwDu z½dkz&J rjzpfawmhbl;/ A&rf;Awm
rjzpfawmhb;l / vkyx f kH;vkyef nf;usus enf;pepfusus ½Hk;vkyif ef;awGukd
vkyEf ikd rf ,f/ Edik if aH &; pnf;½H;k rIawGukd vkyEf ikd rf ,f/ wenf;tm;jzifah jym&if
ygwDwGif;rSm OD (Organizational Development) jzpfvmr,f/
pnf;pepfusus eJY rl0g'cdkifcdkif &yfwnfaewJh ygwDudk b,f
jynfou l rav;pm; raxmufcb H aJ ervJ/ udk,u hf kd raxmufcaH o;wm
154 rif;aoh

udk,hfrSm tJh'DhcsKUd ,Gi;f csuaf wG &Sad evdkY jzpfEkdiw

f ,fqkdwmudk rSe;f qxm;
oihfw,f/

eHygwf (3) pGrf;&nf

pnf;½Hk;a&; pGrf;&nfjzpfygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;orm; tzdkY vlxk
axmufcHrI jynfolvlxk&JU MunfjzLrI vdktyfw,f/ tJh'DhtcgusrS olu
a&G;aumufyGJ0if&if rJ&r,f/ olUukd vltrsm;u axmufcHr,f/ pnf;½Hk;
a&;twGuf t"duuswhJ tcsuu f vlraI ygif;oif;qufqaH &;jzpfygw,f/
vlrIaygif;oif; qufqHa&;&JU t"dutcsufu pum;ajympGrf;&nf eJY
pdwfaumif; apwemaumif;jzpfygw,f/
pdwaf umif;wJholqDu xGuv f mwJh pum;uom pum;aumif;
jzpfEkdifw,f/ uRefawmf awGUzl;w,f/
Edkiif aH &;orm;vdkq Y kw
d hJ olawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u pum;udk vQmzsm;
av;eYJajymw,f/ EIwfzsm;av;eJY ajymw,f/ olUwdkY pum;awGu &if
acgif;xJuvmwm r[kwb f ;l qdkwm em;axmifwhJ uRefawmfu tvdkvkd
cHpm;rdygw,f/
uReaf wmf Edkiif aH &; ya&m[dww f pfa,muf r[kwyf g/ okcrdew f pf
a,mufvnf; r[kwyf g/ ESvHk;om;&dSaom vlom;wpfa,muftaejzifh
ajymaewmjzpfygw,f/ pum;aumif;[m pdwfaumif;u vmw,f/
pum;aumif;[m apwem aumif;u vmw,f/ pum;wpfcGef;udk
b,favmuf tm;xkwfjyD; ajymw,fqdkwm em;axmifMunfhwmeJY
odEdkifw,f/ pum;t&mrSm y&d,m,fMuG,fzdkY vluJcwfwwfzdkY vlrI
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSm yg;&nfeyf&nf&dSzdkY vdkw,f/
Edkiif Ha&;orm;wpfa,muf&JU rsuv f Hk;awGu awmufyae&r,f/
n§dKU"mwf&dSae&r,f/ olU&JU udk,f&nfudk,faoG;[m oHvdkuf"mwfvdk
qGJiifEkdi&f r,f/ tJhvkdjzpfatmif avhusiw hf nfaqmufzkdY vkw d ,f/ olU&JU
pum;udk Mum;vdkuw f meJY em;axmifvkduw f meJY tusMuD; usoGm;atmif
olU&UJ uk,
d &f nfuk, d af oG;u zrf;qkyx f m;Edki&f r,f/ tJ'h t
hD wGuf OD;aESmuf
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 155

pGrf;&nf vdkw,f/ ESvHk;om;pGrf;&nf vdkw,f/ tajymta[mpGrf;&nf

vdkw,f/
EdkifiHa&;orm; vkyfr,fhol[m olU&JUta[mtajymeJY ol[m
ywåjrm;jzpfaMumif; vltrsm;odatmif jyKpGrf;Edkifw,f/
n 10 ; 06
13 'DZifbmv? 2017/
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 'Drdkua&pD uMuD; cacG;

(1)
'Drkud a&pDrmS tajccH0ad oo vu©PmawG &dw S ,f/ vGwv f yfpmG
ajymqdkcGihf? vGwv f yfpGm pka0;cGihf? vGwv f yfpGm azmfjycGihf? vGwv f yfpGm
udk;uG,fcGifh? vGwfvyfpGm pkzGJUcGifh.... pwmawG jzpfw,f/
'Drku
d a&pDrmS vlawGu olwkYd qE´oabmxm;awGukd vGwv f yfpmG
xkwaf zmfajymqdk azmfjycGi&hf &Sd w,f/ 'g[m tajccH tcGit hf a&;jzpfygw,f/
jynfolyg0ifcGihf[m 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf vdktyfw,f/ orm½dk;us yg0if
wmeJY orm½dk;usabmifudkausmfjyD; ygEdkifwmu 'Drdkua&pD&JU ay;xm;
csuf jzpfygw,f/
jynfoyl g0ifciG qhf kw
d mudk vHk;jyD; ajymvdkY r&bl;/ b,favmufxd
ygEdkio f vJ/ b,fvkd ygvdkY&ovJ/ b,favmufxd xJxJ0if0if vIy&f Sm;
cGih&f So
d vJqkdwm 'Drkdua&pD&JU 'D*&D jzpfygw,f/ jynfolyg0ifrI jrifhav
av ydkus,fjyefYwJh 'Drdkua&pD jzpfavavygyJ/
'Drdkua&pDrSm jynfolu acgif;aqmifudk ajymif;cGifh &dSw,f/
a&G;cGih&f Sw
d ,f/ Edkiif Ha&;tmPmudk b,folUvufxJrSm xnfhrvJ qdkwm
jynfolU&JU a&G;cs,fcGifh jzpfygw,f/
EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk b,folUvufxJrSm b,favmufMumMum
xm;rSmvJ/ b,favmuf yrmPtxd ay;xm;rSmvJ qdkwmudk jynfou l
jy|mef;wm jzpfw,f/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 157

jynfoUl &UJ jy|mef;csuu f yDyjD yifjyif&aSd vav 'Drku d a&pD&UJ tmrcHcsuu f

jrifhavav jzpfygw,f/
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'Drdkua&pD rac:bl;/ 'DyJqdk&if txdef;tax r&dSbl;/
'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJ wpf*sdwfwnf; wpfÚmPfwnf;
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w&r,f/
yHkrSeaf &G;aumufyGJ &dS&r,f/
a&G;aumufyGJrSm jydKifvdkYEdkif&ifvnf; tmPmtyf&r,f/ todtrSwfjyK
ygw,f qdkwJhtqifheJY r&bl;/
aemufjyD; a&G;aumufyGJqdkwm 'Drdkua&pD&JU aywHwpfck jzpfay
r,fh a&G;aumufyGJ'Drdkua&pD (Electoral Democracy) tqifheJY awmh
&yfraezdkY vdkw,f/
'Drdkua&pDrSm t"dyÜm,f &dSw,f/ wefzdk;&dSw,f/ tESpfom&
&dSw,f/ aywH&dSw,f/ EIef;pH &dSw,f/

(2)
'Drku d a&pDqkw d m rwlujJG ym;rItay:rSm pkpnf;Edkijf cif;jzpfygw,f/
q&mMuD; '*kew f m&mu 'Drkdua&pDqkdwm rwnfhtwlae0g'vdkY awmif
ajymzl;w,f/
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,HkMunfrIt& uGJjym;aewm &dSaumif;&dSr,f/
odkYayaomfjim;vnf; 'Drkdua&pDqkdwJhrl tay:rSm &yfcHjyD; aygif;
pnf; vkyfaqmifEdkif&if odyfaumif;wJh tavhtusifh jzpfygw,f/
'g[m 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&; "avh&JU wefzdk; jzpfygw,f/
Edkiif aH &;vkycf iG hf tcGit
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158 rif;aoh

EdkifiHom; tcGifhta&;?EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;eJY vlUtcGihfta&;/

EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;qdkwm tajccHusw,f/ ½dk;&Sif;w,f/
jynfolvlxkawGxJrSm EdkifiHom; tcGifhta&;udk &Muygvsuf
EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&; r&MuolawG &dSw,f/
'Drkdua&pDqkdwm vlUtcGihfta&;udk av;pm;jyD; Edkiif Hom; tcGihf
ta&;eJY Edkiif Ha&; tcGiht
f a&;wdkY tjynfht0 &&dSwmudkac:wm jzpfw,f/

a&G;cs,fcGifh
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acgif;aqmifudk a&G;cs,fcGifh&dS&w,f/
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&dS&w,f/ a&G;cs,rf IawG vGwv f yfjyD; vGwv
f yfpGm a&G;aumufcH ydkicf Gihf
awG[m 'Drdkua&pD&JU teufoabm jzpfygw,f/

tmPm&Sifpepfuawmh &Sif;w,f/
Rule of Law vnf; rajymbl;/
Rule by Law vnf; rodbl;/
olvkyfwm Rule by man yJ/
vleJYtkyfcsKyfwmu tmPm &Sif&JUtvkyf/
rleJYtkyfcsKyfwmu 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&&JUtvkyf/

'Drku
d a&pDrmS a&G;cs,cf iG hf &dw
S ,f/ tmPm&Sipf epfrmS a&G;cs,cf iG hf
r&dSbl;/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm udk,fhacgif;aqmifudk udk,fa&G;cGifh&dSw,f/
udk,fMur®m udk,fzefwD;cGifh &dSw,f/

xdef;zdkY? axzdkY tmPmcGJxm;w,f

'Drkdua&pDrSm tmPmcGJa0wm &dSw,f/ tmPmawGukd ueYo f wf
xm;w,f/ wpfO;D wpfa,muf wpfpkwpfzUJG wnf;udk tydkiaf y;rxm;bl;/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 159

xde;f zdkY axzdkY/ apmifhMunfh avhvmzdkY tmPmawGukd cGJxm;w,f/ 'gudk

Seperation of Power vdkYvnf; ac:w,f/
Division of Power vdv kY nf; ac:w,f/ tmPmr@Kdif oHk;&yfukd
tuefYvdkuf yDyDjyifjyif cGJxm;Edkif&if 'Drdkua&pDpepf yDjyifw,fvdkY
qdkEdkifw,f/
vTwaf wmfeJY tkycf sKyfa&;u twlwleJY tElEl 'Dykyx f Ju 'DyJqkd&if
txde;f tax r&dSbl;/ wpf*sw d w f nf; wpfÚmPfwnf;qdk&if 'Drkdua&pD
ryDjyifbl;/
vTwaf wmfuvnf; vTwaf wmf tvkyv f ky/f tkycf sKyfa&;uvnf;
tkycf sKyfa&;tvkyv f kyjf yD; ig tusyt f wnf;jzpfatmif rif;wdkY tqdkawG
ar;cGe;f awG rar;MueJv Y kYd uefv
Y efw Y m[m 'Drku
d a&pDusix hf kH;udk owfwm
eJY twlwlygyJ/ 'Drdkua&pDrSm tmPmawGudk uefYowfxm;w,f/
cGJxm;w,f/

w&m;aomOya'rsm; touf0ifa&;
'Drdkua&pDrSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk ajymw,f/
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk Rule of Law vdkY ajymw,f/ Rule of
Law eJY Rule by Law eJY rwlbl;/ Rule by Law rSm ajymwJh Oya'
qdkwmrSm w&m;wmvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ rw&m;wmvnf; jzpfcsif
jzpfr,f/ Rule by lawrSm rw&m;wJh Oya'eJY tkyfcsKyfw,fqdkwJh
oabmygEdkifw,f/
tmPm&Sipf epfuawmh &Si;f w,f/ Rule of Law vnf; rajymbl;/
Rule by Law vnf; rodbl;/ olvkyfwm Rule by man yJ/
vleJYtkyfcsKyfwmu tmPm&Sif&JUtvkyf/ rleJYtkyfcsKyfwmu
'Drku
d a&pDtpdk;&&JUtvky/f rlckid af tmif rvkyb
f J vlukd tom;jyK&ifvnf;
'Drdkua&pDu r[efvSbl;/ w&m;wJh Oya'awG touf0ifygapvdkY
jrefrmjynftwGuf qkawmif;&rSmyJ/
160 rif;aoh

tkyfpkzGJUtEdkifusifhwm r[kwfbl;
'Drdkua&pD qdkwm trsm;pku tkyfcsKyfwm rSefw,f/ trsm;pk
oabmxm;tjrifawGudk wefzdk;xm; OD;pm;ay;wm rSefw,f/
odkYayr,fh 'Drdkua&pD qdkwm trsm;nD ]þ} ]uRJ} zwf../
r[kwfbl;/ 'Drdkua&pDrSm trsm;pkMuD;vnf; rSm;EdkifwmyJ/ 'gudk
xnfhwGufzdkY vdkw,f/
trsm;u oabmwl vufcHwdkif; rSefcsifrS rSefrSmaygh/
aumif;csirf S aumif;rSaygh/ 'ghaMumifh vpfb&,f 'Drkdua&pDrSm
vlenf;pk tcGifhta&;awGudkvnf; umuG,fay;w,f? av;pm;w,f
qdkwJh tcsufygw,f/
'ghaMumifh bufrQpGm pOf;pm;csuu f kd 'Drkdua&pDrSmyJ awGUEkdiw
f m
jzpfygw,f/

Good Governance,Clean Government.
tkycf sKyrf I aumif;qdw
k m wm0ef,rl eI YJ wm0efcrH I tay:rlwnfw,f/
yGiv
hf if;jrifompGm vkyaf qmifru I xyfwk;d wefzk;d jzpfw,f/ yGiv hf if;w,f
qdkwm ½dk;om;w,fukd ajymw,f/ ½dk;om;rS yGiv hf if;Edkiwf ,f/ r½dk;om;&if
ryGifhvif;Edkifbl;/
jcpm;&if vmbfpm;&if b,fvkv d kyf yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; tkycf sKyfEikd yf g
awmhrvJ/ t&m&mudk cdk;aMumifck;d 0Suf vkyaf wmhrmS aygh/ wif'gudpaö wG
pDrHudef;awG Munfhav/
tpdk;&u oefY&Sif;&r,f/ oefY&Sif;½HkeJY r&bl;/ tkyfcsKyfrIvnf;
aumif;&r,f/ vmbfrpm;½Hkwpfckwnf;eYJ wm0efausw,fvdkY ajymvdkY
r&awmhbl;/

jynfolyg0ifrI
jynfolvlxku udk,fhta&;rSm udk,f0ifygEdkifzdkY tcGifh&dSwm
'Drdkua&pD jzpfygw,f/
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udk,h&f JUvHkjcHKa&; udk,hEf kdiif Hta&;? udk,haf 'ota&;? udk,hv

f lrsK;d
a&;? udk,hpf m;0wfaea&;? udk,hMf ur®m udk,zf efwD;a&;? b0t"dyÜm,fukd
wnfaqmufEkid af &; udk,t hf odkutf 0ef; aumif;pm;a&;wdku
Y kd us,u f s,f
jyefYjyefU yg0ifEdkifwm 'Drdkua&pD jzpfygw,f/ vlrIvufwHawG usKHU0if
ae&if tmrcHcsu&f w Sd hJ 'Drku
d a&pDukd rwnfaqmufEkid yf gbl;/ orm½dk;us
yg0ifrIvm;? orm½dk;usxuf ydkjyD;yg0ifcGihf&Sdovm; qdkwm 'Drkdua&pD
tjyefYus,frItay:rSm trsm;MuD; rlwnfygw,f/

Agree to disagree
udk,ef YJ tjrifoabmxm; rnDraI wGtay: em;vnfvufcEH kid pf rG ;f
[m 'Drdkua&pD "avhtay:rSm rlwnfw,f/ &ifhusufwJh 'Drdkua&pD
"avh[m rwluGJjym;rIawGukd em;vnfvufcHEkdipf Gr;f jrifhw,f/ 'g[m
A[k0g' zGHUjzdK;jcif;vu©Pm jzpfygw,f/

"eOpömzefwD;cGifh
'Drkud a&pDrmS udk,"hf eudk udk,w f kid v
f wG v
f yfpmG zefw;D cGi&hf w
Sd ,f/
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a&mif;vdktm;uom aps;uGuu f kd zefw;D vdrrhf ,fvkYd a[mw,f/ tpdk;&&JU
tcef;u@udk tqHk;pGefxd avQmhcsypfzdkY wdkufwGef;w,f/ rjrif&wJh
vufu tvdkavsmuf xdef;nd§oGm;r,fvdkY aumufcsuf jyKw,f/
uGejf rLepfpepfeJY qdk&S,v f pfpepfawGrSm pD;yGm;a&;&m tm;vHk;udk
tpdk;&ujc,fvS,w f m awGU&w,f/ tpuae tqHk;txd tpdk;&vTr;f rdk;
csKyfukdirf Iatmufu vGwu f kd rvGwb f l;/ bmpdku&f rvJ qdkwmudkvnf;
tpdk;&u jyXmef;w,f/ b,faps;eJY b,fudk a&mif;&r,f bmtwGuf
MudwfcGJ&r,f qdkwm tm;vHk;udk tpdk;&u pD&ifqHk;jzwfw,f/
'Drkdua&pDqkdwm yk*¾vu d ydkif vkyw f m/ Edkiif Hykdiv
f kyw
f m r[kwf
bl;/ qdk&S,fvpfacwfrSm jynfolydkifvdkYawmh oHk;w,f/ wu,fawmh
EdkifiHawmfydkif vkyfwm/ EdkifiHawmfqdkwmvnf; wu,f rydkifygbl;/
162 rif;aoh

Edkiif aH wmfukd armif;ESiw f m/ Nationalization vdkY oHk;wmyJ/

f hJ tpdk;& ydkiw
Privatization uawmh 'Drdkua&pDeJY wGJvsuf/
EdkifiHa&;rSm 'Drdkua&pD pD;yGm;a&;rSm aps;uGuf/ tifrwef
tyfpyfwJh twGJtpyfyJ jzpfygw,f/
n 7 ; 14
1 Zefe0g&Dv 2018/
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 tdkif'Da,mfvdk*sD rsufESmpm

tdkif'Da,mfvdk*sDawG[m tjzpftysufawGudk &Sif;jyw,f/ bmh

aMumifhqkdwmeJY b,fvkdqkdwmawGukd ajymw,f/ trSm;trSef taumif;
tqdk;wdkYtwGuf aywHawGudk tacsmif;vdkuf xkwfw,f/ vlawGu
tdkif'Da,mfvdk*sDtay: &yfcHjyD; jiif;Muw,f/ ckefMuw,f/
tdik 'f aD ,mfv*kd seD YJ olwYkd trSwo f ½kyaf wGukd owfrwS v
f u
kd Mf uw,f/
trSwfo½kyfawGeJY wHwdkif;umjyD; olwdkY &yfwnfcsufawGudk jyw,f/
cH,lcsufawG ,HkMunfcsufawG[m udk,fqkyfudkifvdkufwJh tdkif'Da,mf
vdk*sDtay:rlwnfjyD; udk,hv f ky&f yf jzpfvmw,f/ udk,ht f jyKtrl jzpfvm
w,f/
vlawGu tvkyaf wG vkyzf kdY tpDtpOfawG qGJw,f/ pDrHued ;f a&;
w,f/ y½dk*&rfawG qGw J ,f/ aywHawG xkww f ,f/ pnf;awGrsO;f awGukd
owfrSwfw,f/ jyXmef;w,f/ bmhaMumifhqdkwJh taMumif;jycsufawG
cdkicf kdiv
f HkvHkjyzdkY oDtkd&DawG xkwMf uw,f/ urÇmay:rSm tdki'f Da,mfvkd*sD
aygif;pHk ay:cJhwmyJ/ tpHkyJ tpHkyJ/

uGefjrLepf 0g'
qdk&S,v
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r0g'? zdk0g'? vpfb&,f0g'? &D&,fvpfZif? tdkif'D,,fvpfZif?
ZD,Gefepf0g' pwJh tdkif'D,mawG tpHkyJ/
164 rif;aoh

bmoma&;eJY qufET,fwJh tdkif'D,mawGvnf; &dSw,f/ c&pf,mef

tpövmrfrpf? Ak'¨? uGefjzL;&Syf... tpHkpHkygyJ/
tdki'f Da,mfvkd*sDqkdwm 'óeygyJ/ tawG;tac:vdkY ajymw,f/
'óeawG jzpfzdkY tawG;tac:&SifawGu a'oemawGudk a[mw,f/
olwdkY ,HkMunf,lqwJh t&mawGudk wifjyw,f/ jzefYcsdw,f/ vlawG
,HkMunfatmif vkyfw,f/ vlawG vufcHatmif vkyfw,f/ olwdkY
udk,w f kid f qGGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;ol? a[majymydkYcsol? 0g'jzefYcso
d l tdki'f Da,mf
vdk*sDudktoufoGif;olawG jzpfvmw,f/ olwdkYudk,fwdkif vufawGU
taumiftxnf? razmfEkid &f ifawmif vltrsm;odatmif a&;om;jzefcY sMd u
wmawG vkyfMuwmyJ/

tdik 'f aD ,mfv*kd seD YJ olwYkd trSwo f ½kyaf wGukd owfrw S v f ukd Mf uw,f/
trSwfo½kyfawGeJY wHwdkif;umjyD; olwdkY &yfwnfcsufawGudk jyw,f/
cH,cl suaf wG ,HMk unfcsuaf wG[m ud, k q
f yk u
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w,f/ ajymif;aew,f/ obm0udkem;vnf&if awmfawmfrsm;rsm; udk,hf
tvkyfudk udk,f wpfpdkufrwfrwf qufvuf vkyfaeMuygvdrfhr,f/
'ghaMumifhvnf; ]MuufOESpfa&mif wdrfawmifozG,f rif;a&;
us,f\}vdkY qdkMu ajymMuw,frvm;/
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ol cH,lwJh tm&SpHwefzdk; jzpfygvdrfhr,f/
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rSwf,lw,f/
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1868 ar*sDacwf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awGukd olajymw,f/ *syef&JUrlv
wefzkd;rysuf pufrIEkdiif H xlaxmifEkdirf Iukd csD;usL;w,f/ tm&SrSm vnf;
oif,lp&mawG &dSygw,fvdkY oljrifw,f/
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jrefrmjynfrmS OD;ae0if;u jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef vkyw f ,fvkYd ajymw,f/
qdk&S,vf pfpepf udk,w f kdiuf tm;enf;csuf &dSaewmrdkY taumiftxnf
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ovdkvdk t,l&dSukefMuw,f/
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186 rif;aoh

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f kid f
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udef; atmif; aeygw,f/
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L vlrsKd;&JU trSwfo½kyfudk jrwfEdk;pdwf/
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"avhp½dkuf ,Ofaus;rIawG[m wefzdk;xm;p&mvdkY jrifw,f/
tpdk;&wpf&yf[m -
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190 rif;aoh

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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 193

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trsK;d om;a&;0g'qdkwm Edkiif HtwGi;f u jynfolawG&JU vlrsK;d a&;
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Edik if aH &;pepfeYJ b,favmuf tH0ifciG u f sjzpfrvJqwkd m ar;cGe;f xkw&f r,f/
jrefrmjynf vGwv f yfa&;[m trsK;d om;a&;pdwtf ay: tajccHjyD;
aygufzGm;vmwm jzpfw,f/ 0dkit f rfbDat *sDpDbDat eJY wdkdYArmtpnf;
t½Hk;wdkY[m jrefrmjynf vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf ueOD; tiftm;pkawG
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204 rif;aoh

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f ,f/ rdwb f ufvnf; jzpfEkid w f ,f/ &efbuf rdwb f uf qdkwmudk
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n 7 ; 28
28? rwf 2018 /
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206 rif;aoh

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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 207

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208 rif;aoh

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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 209

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210 rif;aoh

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n 10 ; 17
11? rwf 2018/
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212 rif;aoh

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e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSm yHkazmfxkqpfMu&if jrefrmjynfrmS &efyaJG wG enf;oGm;
jyD; aygif;pnf;rIawGeJY t[kejf yif;jyif; wdk;wufrIqDukd a&mufEkdiw f ,f/
'Drdkua&pD[m tcsKd/ trsKd;om;a&;0g'[m tcg; jzpfaumif;
jzpfr,f/ tifrwefaumif;wJh vufzuf&nfwpfcGuf[m pm;oHk;ol
tMudKufazsmfay;EdkifwJh vufzuf&nfygyJ/
Edkiif Hwnfaqmufa&;orm;vdkYac:wJh tazsmq f &mawG[m EdkYqD&JU
tcsK"d mwfeJY vufzufaumfzD&JU tcg;"mwfESprf sK;d udk tcsK;d nDnD a&mpyf
ay;Edki&f r,f/ azsmpf yfay;Edki&f r,f/ tcsK"d mwfcsn;f yJvnf; aomufvkdY
raumif;bl;/ tcg;"mwf tzef"mwfcsnf;yJvnf; aomufvkdY r&bl;/
t&omaumif;wJh? t&om&dSwJh vufzuf&nfaumif; wpfcGufjzpfzkdY
ynmwwfawG? ynm&daS wG? qifjcifwkw H &m;jrifo
h al wG? Edkiif wH nfaqmuf
a&;orm;awG tpGef;ESpfyg;jzpfaewJh trsKd;om;a&;eJY 'Drdkua&pDudk
a&mMudK azsmfpyfEdkif&r,f/
uReaf wmfwjkYd ynfoal wG vufzuf&nf aumif;aumif; aomufcsif
w,f/ enf;vrf;awG &dSygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY pdwf&Snf&SnfeJY &Smusef
wwf&if &Edkifygw,f/
pmjyD;csdef nae 6; 57
4 rwfv 2018/
v
 ygwDwnfaqmufa&;

]a&G;aumufyJrG &dS&if 'Drkdua&pD r&dSbl;/ odkYaomf... a&G;aumuf

&dSwdkif; 'Drdkua&pD[k w&m;aoajymvdkY r&}
a&G;aumufyGJ\ toufonf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; jzpfonf/
wpfygwDpepfrmS ygwDwiG ;f a&G;aumufyJG &dES kid o f nf/ odkaY omf 'Drku
d a&pD
r[kwf/ qdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDwGif;rSm a&G;aumufyGJ&dScJhygonf/
MudKuf^rMudKufudk rJay;&jcif;jzpfonf/ 'gvm; 'Drdkua&pD/ EdkifiHa&;
ygwD tcsif;csif; vGwfvyfrQwpGm ,SOfjydKifcGifhr&dSbJ 'Drdkua&pD r&dS/
ygwDonf a&G;aumufyGJ\ toufjzpfonf/ tESpfom&jzpfonf/
a&G;aumufyGJonf EdkifiHa&;ygwD\ *kPfodu©mjzpfonf/
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESihf ywfoufí uRefawmf tjrJajymavh&Sdaom
pum;&dSonf/
L 'Drdkua&pD rSefvQif a&G;aumufyGJ&dS&rnf/
L a&G;aumufyGJrSefvQif vGwfvyfí w&m;rQw&rnf/
L vGwfvyfí w&m;rQwrI &dS½Hkjzifh r&/
L jydKifí EdkifvQif tmPmtyf&rnf/ tmPmrtyfvQif
'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJ rrnf/
L tmPmtyf½Hkjzifh rvHkavmufao;/
L yHkrSefa&G;aumufyGJ&dS&rnf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 223

þtcsurf sm;udk uReaf wmfwYkd jzwfoef;cJah om ordik ;f jzwfoef;rIukd

Munfjh yD; oDt&kd ED iS hf aygif;pyfí ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ ygwDrsm;ESiahf &G;aumuf
yGJonf vifESifhr,m; jzpfonf/ rwlaomfvnf; cGJxm;vdkY r&/ cGJxm;
vQif tdraf xmifa&;rrnf/ ygwDrsm;ESiahf &G;aumufyo JG nf 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfü
tnrn jzpfwnfaeonf/
'Drkdua&pD wnfaqmufa&;onf ygwDwnfaqmufa&;yif jzpf
onf/ Edkiif Ha&;ygwDrsm;uom 'Drkdua&pDpepfukd tmrcHcsu&f Spd Gm pepf
wus armif;ESiEf kid af om t"dutaqmufttHk jzpfjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
uReaf wmfwo kYd nf ygwDwnfaqmufa&;ESihf ygwDzUHG jzdK;a&;udk vspv f sL½IvkYd
r&/ vspfvsL½IvQif 'Drdkua&pDudk uP³aumpvkyfjcif; rnfonf/

jzwfoef;rI
uRefawmfwkdYEkdiif Honf Edkiif HtoGiu f l;ajymif;a&;udk twlvkyaf e
&if;yif EdkifiHjidrf;csrf;atmif vkyfae&onf/ EdkifiHjidrf;csrf;a&; &atmif
vkyaf e&if;yif jynfow l k\
Yd tajccH0rf;pm zlvkHatmif tm;xkwaf e&aom
tjzpf/ Edik if w
H nfaqmufa&;udk vky&f if; ud, k uhf ,kd uf kd wnfaqmufa&;yg
vkyaf e&onf/ awmfvSeaf &;umv oufwrf;&Snjf cif;aMumifh ½ke;f uefrI
wdrf;a&Smif cdkatmif;&rIrsm;aMumifh uRefawmfwdkY ynmaumif;aumif;
roifcMhJ u&/ Edkiif w H nfaqmufa&;twGuf aumif;pGm avhusio hf ifMum;
ay;rI rcHMu&/ rvkyEf ikd Mf u/ wpfEikd w
f pfyikd f ud,k t f m;ÓPft f m;&do
S avmuf
rkqdk;pdkifoif&if; vkyfae&onf/
awmfvSefa&;c&D;rSm udk,fhudk,fudk wnfaqmufa&;onf
tifrwefta&;MuD;aMumif; ,ckvdk ezl;awGU 'l;awGU awGUMuumrS
uRefawmfwdkY pGrf;&nftoD;oD;udk uRefawmfwdkY jyefiHkYMunfhrdMuonf/
uRefawmfwkdY vdktyfcsurf sm; rjznfh&ao;aom uGuv f yfrsm;u wpfOD;
csi;f tvdkuv f nf; &dSonf/ tzGJUtpnf;tvdkuv f nf; &dSaeonf/ a'o
tvdkufvnf; &dSonf/ wpfEdkifiHvHk; tESHYcsDjyD;vnf; &dSaeonf/
224 rif;aoh

EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;onf
EdkifiHhpD;yGm;a&;udk wnfaqmufjcif; 'D r d k u a&pD Ed k i f i H a wmf w pf c k
jzpf o nf / toG i f u l ; ajymif ; a&; twGuf 'Drdkua&pDygwD wnf
jzpfpOfonf 'Drdkua&pDpepfopf aqmufa&;onf tajccH ,lepf
wnf aqmufa&;jzpfonf/ xdkYtwl jzpf o nf / 'D r d k u a&pD o nf
Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD o pf r sm;ud k wnf EIwfzsm;wGifom vlMum;aumif;
aqmufjcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ þ atmif atmfaeaom pum;vHk;
ae&mwGif topfay:xGufvmaom oufouf rjzpfoifh/
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk nTef;ouJhodkY
ygwDa[mif;rsm;udk acwfEiS ahf vsmn f pD mG jyKjyifwnfaqmufjcif;udkvnf;
nTef;onf/
'Drku
d a&pD wnfaqmufa&;onf 'Drku d &ufwpf tifpwDusL;&Si;f
rsm;udk wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfonf/ þokq Yd kv
d Qif 'Drku
d &ufwpf tifpwD
usL;&Sif;rsm; qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/
L ygwD
L vTwfawmf
L vlUtcGifhta&; aumfr&Sif
L vGwfvyfaom A[dkbPf
L vGwfvyfaom rD'D,mESifh
L vGwv f yfpGm zGJUpnf;aom t&yfbuf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf
'Drdku&ufwpf tifpwDusL;&Sif;\ o½kyfouefrsm;
jzpfonf/

wnfaqmufa&; (3) &yf

(1) 'Drdkua&pD wnfaqmufa&;
(2) ,HkMunfrIwnfaqmufa&;
(3) pGrf;&nf wnfaqmufa&;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 225

ygwDwGif; 'Drdkua&pD
'Drdkua&pD[laom pum;vHk;udk em;nnf;atmif Mum;jyD;aejyD
jzpfygvdrrhf nf/ odaYk omf... 'Drukd a&pDukd txda&mufq;kH qufpyfMunfMh u
ygpdkY/
L vlxkudk tajcjyKwm 'Drdkua&pD
L vGwfvyfwm 'Drdkua&pD
L w&m;rQwwm 'Drdkua&pD
L acgif;aqmifukd uefYowfjyD; acgif;aqmifrIukd jr§ihw f ifwm
'Drdkua&pD
L jynfolyg0ifrI&dSwm 'Drdkua&pD
L vlenf;pk tcGit hf a&;udk av;pm;jyD; vltrsm;pk qE´oabm
xm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfwm 'Drdkua&pD
L tmPmxdef;wm axwm 'Drdkua&pD
L tmPmrsm;udk uefYowfxm;wm 'Drdkua&pD
L tmPmrsm;udk cGJxm;wm 'Drdkua&pD
L EdkifiHom;wdkif; EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk &cGifh&dSwm 'Drdkua&pD
L A[k0g'udk vufcHwm 'Drdkua&pD
L ya'ompHkrIrSm usiv f nfusupf m;wwfonfh tavhtusihf
&dSwm 'Drdkua&pD
L rljzifh tkyfcsKyfwm 'Drdkua&pD
L ppfabmifusKHUwm 'Drdkua&pD
L yHkrSefa&G;aumufyGJawG &dSwm 'Drdkua&pD
þodkYqdkvQif ygwDwGif; 'Drdkua&pDudk qef;ppfzdkY (wpfenf;)
wnfaqmufzdkY aywHwdkY ayMudK;wdkY &vdrfhrnf xifygonf/

(1) 'Drdkua&pD wnfaqmufa&;

ygwDwGif; 'Drdkua&pD&dSrS EdkifiHtwGif; 'Drdkua&pD &dSrnf/
'Drku
d a&pD Edkiif aH wmfwpfcktwGuf 'Drku
d a&pD ygwDwnfaqmufa&;onf
226 rif;aoh

tajccH,lepfjzpfonf/ 'Drku d a&pDonf EIwzf sm;wGio f m vlMum;aumif;

atmif atmfaeaom pum;vHk;oufouf rjzpfoifh/
tESpo f m&tm;jzifh tcdkit
f rm&daS om 'Drku
d &ufwpfau'grsm;udk
ygwDtwGif; arG;jrLa&;onf ta&;MuD;aom vkyfief;pOf jzpfonf/
ygwDtwGif; 'Drdkua&pDpepfESifh tuRrf;w0if&dSaprI 'Drdkua&pDudk
,HkMunfouf0ifrIonf ta&;MuD;aom ygwDa&;&m tcsut f vufrsm;
jzpfonf/
vGwv f yfpGm ygwD0ifjzpfcGihf acgif;aqmifa&G;cs,rf I yHkrSe&f Sdjcif;
yGiv hf if; jrifomjcif; vlxktay: tajcjyKaom rl0g'ESihf oabmxm;rsm;
&djS cif; tem*wfacgif;aqmifrsm; tjrJarG;jrLay;aejcif;wdo kY nf 'Drkud a&pD
EdkifiHopftwGuf taMumif;aumif;rsm; jzpfygonf/ þtcsufrsm;udk
ygwDrsm;twGif;u pwif&rnf/
þtcsurf sm; ygwDwGi;f yDjyifvQif Edkiif HtwGi;f 'Drkdua&pDpepf
yDjyifrnf/ xdkokdYr[kwyf gu wpfjcrf;yJh 'Drkdua&pDjzifh ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm
ESpfyg;oGm;çuae&vdrhfrnf/

(2) ,HkMunfrI wnfaqmufa&;

ygwDwnfaqmufa&;qdkwm vlxkEiS yhf gwDtMum; ,HkMunfrwI nf
aqmufjcif;jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif ,HkMunfrIupd öukd pum;ajym&rnf
jzpfonf/ vlxku bmudk ,HkMunfMuoenf;/ ,HkMunfrI[k ajymvQif
jrefrmpum;vHk;ü a0g[m&wpfvHk;om &dSaomfvnf; t*Fvyd af 0g[m&ü
oHk;rsKd;uGJonf/ udk,fhudk,fudk ,HkMunfrI t,ltq0g' wpfckckudk
,HkMunfrIESifh tcsif;csif;tMum; ,HkMunfrI/ Confdence, believe ESifh
Trust wdkY\ a0g[m& uGJjym;csufyif jzpfonf/
L ygwDonf 'Drdkua&pDudk ,HkMunf&rnf/
L ygwD0ifrsm;onf ygwDukd ,HMk unf&rnf/ ygwDacgif;aqmif
rsm;udk ,HkMunfrI &dS&rnf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 227

L ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;onf vlxkudk ,HkMunf&rnf/

L vlxku ygwDacgif;aqmifESifh ygwDay:udk ,HkMunfrI
&dS&rnf/
aemufqHk;
L ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhygwD0ifrsm; udk,fwdkifu udk,fh
ygwDtay: udk,f,HkMunf&rnf/
,HkMunfr[ I o
l nf opöm&djS cif;vnf; jzpfaejyefonf/ odkaY omf...
a0zefydkif;jcm; qef;ppfrIuif;aom rsufuef; ,HkrSwfudk;pm;rI r[kwf/
owdcsyf&ef vdkonf/
w&m;ao0g'vnf; r[kw/f igwaum aum0g'vnf; r[kw/f
igeJYrwl igh&efoltjrifjzifh Munfhjcif;vnf; r[kwf/ udk,fhygwDudk
udk,f,HkMunfjcif;onf tjcm;ygwDudk apmfum;ykwfcwfjcif; r[kwf/
tjcm;ygwDrsm;onf udk,&hf eforl [kw/f udk,u hf k,
d u
f kd ,HkMunfjcif;onf
tjcm;oludk r,HkMunfjcif;ESifh roufqdkif/ uGJuGJjym;jym; em;vnf&ef
vdktyfonf/

yg;vdkuf&onfh pum;
jynfolvlxk\ ,HkMunfrIudk tvum;yJwif;jzifh r&Edkif/
jynfou l vnf; omrefanmifn vky&f yfrsm;jzifh av;pm;rIjyKrnfr[kw/f
ordki;f ESichf saD om jzwfoef;rI tepfemcHc&hJ rsm;twGuf axmufcjH cif;onf
bmvkyfvkyf axmufcHaernf[laom oabmudk roufa&muf/
jynfolU,HkMunfrI&&ef xdkufwefaom &if;ESD;rI&dS&rnf/
L *kPfodu©mt&if;tESD;
L ordkif;jzwfoef;rIt&if;tESD;
L ynmt&if;tESD;
L apwem t&if;tESD;
L ½dk;om;rI t&if;tESD;
L vHkYv t&if;tESD;
228 rif;aoh

ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;u av;pm;xdkurf S ygwD*kPo f ud ©m wuf

onf/ Edkiif aH &;ü ordki;f jzwfoef;rIonf ta&;MuD;onf/ ordki;f trnf;
pufonf zsuí f r&/ rlEiS v
hf rf;pOfukd r[myJu h ikd &f iS w
f uYkd wnfrh wfEikd jf cif;
onf av;pm;csD;usL;p&m aumif;onf/ tjrD;usuf tjrD;pm;? acgif;
usuf acgif;pm; vky&f yfrsm;jzifh jynfolukd qefay;? qDay; vmbfxkd;í
rJq,G f vdkrY &/ ,HkMunfrI wnfaqmuf&mü aq;rS;D wdkenf;udk roHk;oif/h
wpfyx JG k;d enf;udk roHk;oif/h oHk;olwu kYd kd jynfow l kYd 'Pfcwfypfvku d o f nfh
om"ursm;u ordki;f rSww f rf;rsm;rSm tzHkzHk/ tjcm;Edkiif Hrsm;\ ordki;f
jzpf&yfrsm;rSmvnf; oufaojyaeonf/
jynfoludk A[dkjyKaomrlrsm; vrf;pOfrsm;jzpf&ef ygwDnDvmcH
vlxk nDvmcHwjYkd zifh toufoiG ;f &rnf/ nDvmcHvyk v f Qif uGo
J nf[al om
tusihfukd uRefawmfwkdY azsmufypf&rnf/ tusihfrSm;rsm; t,lrSm;tjrif
rSm;rsm;udk tem*wfrSm qufvuf ro,faqmifoifh/

(3) pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&;
EdkifiHa&;orm;\tEdÅr&nfrSef;csufrSm EdkifiHa&;tmPm&&ef
jzpfonf/ Edkiif Ha&;tmPm&&ef a&G;aumufyGJü Edkirf S&rnf/ a&G;aumuf
yGJrSm udk,fcsnf;Edkif½Hkjzifh rvHkavmuf/ tHkvdkufusif;vdkuf tEdkif&rS
Edkiif aH &; vkyyf kid cf iG u
hf kd tjynft
h 0 toHk;jyKEdkio f nf/ cyfyg;yg;om&aom
EdkifiHa&; vkyfydkifcGifhjzifh jynfolUtusKd;pD;yGm;udk rqdkpavmufom
xrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf/ wGufacsrudkuf/
Edkiif aH &;tmPm&vQiv f nf; tkycf sKyfwwf&ef vdkonf/ jynfou l
b,fol tkyfcsKyfw,fqdkwmxuf b,fvdk tkyfcsKyfw,fqdkwmudk ydkí
pdwf0ifpm;onf/ ygwDawGu udk,fhwm0efESifh udk,fh&yfwnfcsufudk
udk,f jywfjywfom;om; odxm;oifhonf/
ygwDtwGuf tajccH (3) csuf -
L vlxk tusK;d pD;yGm;udk,p f m;jyKrI ppfrSejf cif; us,jf yefYjcif;
yDjyifjcif;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 229

L a&G;aumufyGJrSm ,SOfjydKifjcif;
L wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfwwfjcif;
ygwDwo Ykd nf þtajccHtcsuf (3) csut f wGuf tjrJ tm;xkwaf e
oifhonf/ tm;xkwfae&rnf/ vHkYv xkwfae&rnf/
ygwDrsm;\ yxrtvkyfrSm vlxk,HkMunfrI&&dSa&; jzpfonf/
þtcsufu w&m;0ifjzpfrI 'D*&Dudk jr§ifhay;vdrfhrnf/
'kwd,tvkyfrSm a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&&dSa&; jzpfonf/
þodkYjzpf&ef a&G;aumufyGJ r[mAsL[m yDyDjyifjyif &dSxm;&rnf/ a&wdk
twGuaf &m a&&Snt f wGuyf g pOf;pm;xm;&ef jzpfonf/ qufoG,af &;
enf;em tpHkpHkESihf euf0yftrsm;tjym;udk vufwHrsm; jzefYusux f m;&ef
txl;ta&;MuD;onf/
wwd,tvkyrf mS tem*wfacgif;aqmifukd arG;xkwaf &;jzpfonf/
tem*wftkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ&m;twGuf rsKd;qufopfrsm;udk a&G;&rnf/
arG;&rnf/ awmforl sm;udk acgif;acgufa&G;&rnf/ tvm;tvm&do S rl sm;udk
pepfwus oifwef;ay; arG;jrL&rnf/ 'Drkdu&ufwpf au'grsm;jzpf&ef
pepfwus qJvfyGm;,lxm;oifhonf/
pwkw¬tvkyfrSm vlrIta&GUwpfckudk wGef;wif&ef tpDtrHrsm;
csrSwf jyifqifjcif;jzpfonf/ xdktpDtrHrsm;twGuf rl0g'jzpfpOfudk
aMunufaom jyóemajz&Sif;enf; (Problem solving) udk em;&nf
vnfpmG uRrf;usiaf omoDtk&d &D iS rf sm;jzifh 0ef;&HpkzUJG xm;&rnf/ xdkaY emuf
a&;&mtvdu k f jyifqifcsujf yKwf xkwyf ;kd xm;aom ay:vpDtxkwt f yd;k rsm;
udkifxm;&rnf/
aemufqHk; tkycf sKyfa&;pGr;f &nf Oya'jyKa&;pGr;f &nf pnf;½Hk;a&;
pGr;f &nfEiS hf jyóemajz&Si;f enf; pGr;f &nfrsm;twGuf tjrJavhusio fh ifMum;
ay;ae&rnf/ þtwGuf ygwDwiG ;f okawoevkyif ef;rsm; rl0g'a&;&m
qef;ppfo;kH oyforl sm; oifwef;ausmif;rsm; tdik 'f aD ,mfv*kd saD cgif;aqmifrsm;
trsm;tjym; vdktyfonf/ xkt Yd wGuf wnfaqmuf&rnf/ odrkY [kwyf gu
EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;onf ryDjyif/
230 rif;aoh

EdkifiHhpD;yGm;a&;usrIonf jynfolUtpmtdrfudk xdjcif;aMumifh

a&G; aumufyJG tEdki&f rItwGuf tueft Y owf t[eft Y wm; jzpfEkid o
f nf/
ygwDtwGif;rSm vkyfp&mrsm;u tyHktyif/ vkyfzdkY vdkonf/
vltm;? aiGtm;? ynmtm;? tquftoG,t f m;? pdw"f mwfceG t
f m;
oEéd|mefwdkY yDjyifjywfom;&ef ta&;MuD;onf/
'Drkdua&pD ygwDukd wnfaqmufjcif;onf tem*wf 'Drkdua&pD
Edik if aH wmfukd wnfaqmufonfh tajccH,el pfjzpfonf[k uReaf wmf,MkH unf
onf/
L vGwfvyfrIqdkwm oHk;aerS vGwfvyfonf/
L 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmvnf; oHk;aerS 'Drdkua&pD &dSaeonf/
&aeonf/
L vGwv f yfru
I kd roHk;awmhonfh wpfaeY vGwv f yfrI aysmufqk;H
rnf/
L 'Drkdua&pDxHk;enf; usihx f Hk;rsm;udk roHk;awmhonfh wpfaeY
'Drdkua&pD aysmufrnf/
L ,aeY roHk;vQif ,aeYaysmufrnf/ eufjzef roHk;vQif
reufjzef aysmufrnf/
L raeYu roHk;cJhvQif raeYu aysmufaecJhonf/
pmnTef; -
1/ Political Parties and the Transition to Democracy (A Primer
in Democratic Party building for Leadersç Organizer and Activists)
by The National Democratic Institute for international affair
(NDI)
2/ Political Parties ; Functions and Organization in Democratic
Societies by Wilhelm Hofmeister^ Karsten Grabow (Publication
by Konrad Adenauer Stiftung)
aeYv,f 11 ; 45
14? ZGefv 2017/
 ygwDwGif; 'Drdkua&pD

'Drdkua&pDudk wpfpmpmatmfcJh&onfhu vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;

30 eD;yg;uwnf;u jzpfonf/ 'Drku d a&pD qdkwm b,f&,fvkYd *CeP
a&a&vnfvnf rodcJhpOfuwnf;u 'Drdkua&pDqdkaom pum;vHk;udk
ypf,jkH yD; toHuek f atmfcMhJ uonf/ tqdyk g atmforH sm;\ aemufu,
G w
f iG f
arQmfvifhcsufrsm; wpfjyKHwpfacgif;MuD; &dSaeonf/
tJhonfhumvrsm;wke;f u 'Drkdua&pDqkdwmudk a&a&vnfvnf
rodaomfvnf; jynfolwkYd taotcsmodxm; ,HkMunfxm;aom t"du
tcsufwpfck&dSonf/ ¤if;rSm tmPm&Sifudk jzKwfcsEdkifaom wpfck
wnf;aom a0g[m&jzpfonf[laom ,HkMunfcsufjzpfonf/ tqdkyg
,HkMunfcsufESifhtwl 'Drdkua&pD\ rl&if;tESpfom&rsm;tay:wGif
jrefrmjynfolwkdY wjznf;jznf; ,HkMunfouf0ifvmonf/ em;&nfvnf
vmonf/ usifhoHk;zdkY wmqlvmMuonf/

todESifhtusifh
'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;zdkY&ef yxrenf;vrf;rSm 'Drdkua&pDudk
odzYkd jzpfonf/ rodbEJ iS hf ,HMk unfxm;jcif; onf awmfveS af &;umvüom
jzpfEkdiaf umif;onf/ twefi, w f nfjidraf omumvü rodbJ ,HkMunf
xm;jcif;udk wu,fh ,HkMunfrI[k ,lqí r&/ 'Drdkua&pDudk odrS
'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;Edkifvdrfhrnf/ rodbJ oHk;vQif 'Drdkua&pDudk
232 rif;aoh

oum tkyfxm;aom tmPm&Sif

pepf r sKd ; om jyef j zpf E d k i f o nf / yg w D w G i f ; 'D r d k u a&pD u d k rwnf
ppfat; umvtwGi;f rSm uGejf rLepf aqmufEdkifbJ 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHawmf
acgif;aqmifMuD;wcsKUd u 'Drku d a&pD udk wnfaqmufcsiíf r&/ tu,fí
[laom pum;vH;k udk atmfczhJ ;l onf/ þodYk jzpfaevQif onftcsuf onf
odkYaomf ¤if;wdkYa[maom 'Drdk EdkifiHa&;vdrfvnfrIjzpfonf/
ua&pDrSm vpfb&,f 'Drdkua&pD
tESpfom&rsm;qDodkY nTef;onf r[kwf/
owdcsyf&onfrSm 'Drdkua&pD[laom pum;vHk;udk twGifwGif
toHk;jyKwdkif; 'Drdkua&pD r[kwfEdkif/ 'Drdkua&pD rjzpfEdkif... [laom
,lq l csujf zpfonf/ todEiS hf tusio hf nf rwl/ odkaY omf qufpyfvsu&f Sd
onf/ todESifh tusifhudk rqufpyfEdkifaom vlrsm; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
EdkifiHrsm; acgif;aqmifrsm; ajrmufrsm;pGm &dSonf/
todESifh tusifhu wjcm;pD rjzpfoifh/
a&a&&m&m *CePodrI\ aemufü wpdkurf wfrwf usihfoHk;rI
vdkufygoifhonf/ vdkufyg&rnf/
odrYk [kwyf gu uRyJ g;apmif;wD; tjzpfu wufEikd v f rd rhf nfr[kw/f

ygwD
L Edkiif aH &;ygwDrsm;onf Edkiif aH &;tmPm\ tajccH,el pfrsm;
jzpfonf/
L 'Drdkua&pDygwDonf 'Drdku&ufwpf EdkifiHawmftwGuf
tajccH,lepf jzpfonf/
ygwDwiG ;f 'Drku d a&pDukd rwnfaqmufEkid b f J 'Drku
d a&pD Edkiif aH wmf
udk wnfaqmufcsifí r&/ tu,fí þodkY jzpfaevQif onftcsuf
onf Edkiif aH &;vdrv f nfrjI zpfonf/ Edkiif aH &;upm;uGurf sm;udk vGwv f yf
pGm xGifEdkif qifEdkifygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; jynfoludk vdrfvdkYr&/
jynfolukd rvdr&f / 'Drku d a&pDtm; ,HkMunfouf0ifaeaom jynfolrsm;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 233

udk 'Drdkua&pD pepftay: ,HkMunfrI ysuf,Gif;atmif rvkyf&/ rvkyf

oifh/ 'Drdkua&pD usifhxHk;rsm;ESifh ygwDwGif; usifhxHk;rsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; jyoxm;rS awmfayvdrfhrnf/

tajccH,lepf
tajccH,el pfjzpfaom ygwDwiG ;f 'Drku d a&pDukd atmufajctqifrh S
txuf A[dktqifw h kid af tmif usio
hf kH;vdkuef ma&;onf tvGet f a&;MuD;
onf/ 'Drdkua&pDygwDwdkYonf vlxkygwDjzpfjcif;aMumifh vlaygif;pHk
p½dkufaygif;pHk? ta&miftaoG;aygif;pHk ygvmEdkifonfudkvnf; vufcH
yg\/ ygwDwGi;f 'Drkdua&pDukd vufawGUtjynfht0 usihfoHk;&ef vnf;
tcuftcJwpfpHkwpf&m &dSEdkifonfudkvnf; rSef;qrdyg\/ odkYayod
'Drkdua&pDtay: ,HkMunfrI ysujf ym;apaom vky&f yfrsm;udkum; ½Iwcf s
&rnf/ ½Iyfcsoifhonf/ ½Iwfvnf; ½Iwfcsonf/
tajccH,lepfrsm;twGi;f u 'Drkdua&pDukd rzsuo f ifh/ 'Drkdua&pD
onf tMuGif;rJhtrSefw&m; r[kwfapumrl 'Drdkua&pDudk rsufjcnf
rjywfoifh/ 'Drdkua&pDü tm;enf;csufrsm;&dSygonf/ 'Drdkua&pD\
tm;enf;csufrsm;udk vltawmfrsm;rsm;u odxm;jyD;om;vnf; jzpfyg
vdrrhf nf/ odakY yod... tvif;rsm;udk tarSmifjzpfaMumif; rxifrw S af ptH/h

EIef;pHrsm;
tajccHEIef;pHrsm;tay:wGif tajcjyKonfh 'Drdkua&pDygwD jzpf
ajrmufa&;onf toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvü ta&;MuD;onf/
L vGwfvyfpGm qE´azmfjycGifh
L vGwfvyfpGm yg0ifcGifh
L vGwfvyfpGm a&G;aumufcHydkifcGifh
L vGwfvyfí rQwaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm; yHkrSefusif;ycGifh
ponfh tcsurf sm;jzpfonf/ 'Drukd a&pDukd tus,cf sUJ Eikd v
f Qif
csJUEdkifoavmuf azmfjyvdkY &Edkifao;onf/
234 rif;aoh

ygwDwGif; 'Drdkua&pD
Edkiif HtwGi;f 'Drkdua&pDusihfxHk;rsm; touf0ifjcif;onf txl;
ta&;MuD;onf/ 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfudk armif;ESif&ef EdkifiHa&;ygwD
rsm;twGi;f 'Drkdua&pD usihx f Hk;rsm; touf0ifjcif;onf ydkí ta&;MuD;
onf/ taMumif;rSm tajccH,lepfwGifrS 'Drdkua&pD tyrSDaevQif EdkifiH
wGif; 'Drdkua&pD ryDjyifEdkif/

]a&mufwm ra&mufwm tyxm; a&mufatmif oGm;aezdkYu

uRefawmfwkYd wm0ef r[kwfvm;/}
]jzpfwm rjzpfwm tyxm; jzpfatmif vkyfaezdkYu
uRefawmfwdkY wm0ef r[kwfvm;/}

ygwDwiG ;f 'Dru
kd a&pDyjD yifzYkd jzpfoifo
h nfh tajccHtcsurf sm;&doS nf/
(1) vlxku vGwfvyfpGm ygwD0ifjzpfcGifh
(2) ygwDonf 'Drku d a&pDrrl sm;tay:wGif tajcjyKí zGUJ pnf;jcif;
wnfaqmufjcif;
(3) vGwfvyfaom pDrHcefYcGJrI pepf&dSjcif;
(4) vGwfvyfaom qufoG,fa&; pepf&dSjcif;
(5) acgif;aqmiftajymif;tvJ&jSd cif; ponft h csurf sm;jzpfonf/
vrf;pOfrsm;vnf;&dSonf/
L ygwD0if tm;vHk;u rdrdqE´udk azmfxkwfEdkif&rnf/
L vlenf;pk ygwD0ifrsm;udk wef;wl tcGifhta&;ay;&rnf/
L uefYowfxm;aom ygwDvkyfief;rsm; r&dSap&/
L tjrifoabmxm; rwlnDrIudk em;vnfvufcH&rnf/
L rl&dS&rnf/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; &dS&rnf/
L vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; touf0if&rnf/
L acgif;aqmifa&G;cs,frIrsm; yGifhvif;jrifomrI&dS&rnf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 235

ygwDwiG ;f 'Drku
d a&pD &drS &du
S kd txufyg aywHrsm;jzifh wdki;f wmrI
jyKEdkifonf/
vufawGUwiG f rnfonfyh gwDrQ ygwDwiG ;f 'Drku d a&pD tjynft h 0
r&dSEdkif/ þtcsufudk odxm;oifhonf/ rnfodkYyifqdkap ygwDwGif;
'Drkud a&pD touf0ifaeap&ef tjrJtm;xkwaf e&rSm rdrw d m0efjzpfonf/
ygwD0ifrsm; ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;\ wm0efjzpfonf/ jyifyygwD0if
r[kwfol jynfolvlxku rdrdaxmufcHvdkvm;aom ygwDü ygwDwGif;
'Drkdua&pD&SdzkdY wdkuwf Ge;f EIad qmfowday; vufwkdYae&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/
tm;vHk; qE´nn D D 'Drkud a&pD a&SUokYd csyD grS tjrefMuG tjrefxrnf
jzpfonf/
odkYr[kwfygu ygwDrsm;uvnf; ygwDryDo ryDjyif tpdk;&u
vnf; tpdk;&ryDo ryDjyif/ 0efxrf;uvnf; 0efxrf;tvkyu f kd yDyDjyif
jyifrvkyf ponfjzifh rD;cdk;MuGufavQmufMuD; yDyDjyifjyifr&dSrIrsm;udk
MuHK&Edkifacs &dSonf/
uRefawmf tjrJajymavh&dSaom pum;jzifh ed*Hk;csKyfcsifonf/
]a&mufwm ra&mufwm tyxm; a&mufatmif oGm;aezdkYu
uRefawmfwkYd wm0ef r[kwfvm;/}
]jzpfwm rjzpfwm tyxm; jzpfatmif vkyaf ezdkYu uRefawmfwkdY
wm0ef r[kwfvm;/}
onfawmh 'Drkdua&pD jzpfjcif; rjzpfjcif;? 'Drkdua&pD tjynfht0
&dSjcif; r&dSjcif; qdkwmxuf
L 'Drdkua&pD &dSaeatmif
L 'Drdkua&pDudk oHk;aeatmif
L 'Drdkua&pD touf0ifaeatmif vkyfae&rSm uRefawmfwdkY
wm0ef r[kwfvm;/
wu,fvkyaf eoltzkYd wu,fjzpfvmEdkiyf gonf/ jzpfatmifvnf;
vkyaf e&rnf/ þpdw"f mwfonf ta&;MuD;onf/ þae&mü ]taMumif;
236 rif;aoh

tusKd;ESifh tuefYtowf}udk em;vnfí [mrdkeDjzpfjzpf ygwDwGif;

'Drdkua&pDudk wnfaqmufEdkifMuygap/

pmnTef;
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtwGuf 'Drdkua&pDygwD wnfaqmufa&;?
Edkifatmifvif;/
Plastic Rainbow Book Publication

eHeuf 9 ; 56
28? ZGefv 2017/
v
 tpdk;&rydkifaom tpdk;&rD'D,m ESifh vlxktvTmjcHK tpdk;&rD'D,m

rD'D,mwdkY *a&; (gray) ZHkxJa&mufvmjcif;

þae&mwGif tpdk;&rydkifaom tpdk;&rD'D,mESifh tpdk;&ydkifonfh
tpdk;&r[kwfaom rD'D,mudk cGJjcm;em;vnf&ef vdktyfonf/ tpdk;&
rydkifaom tpdk;&rD'D,monf EdkifiHawmfydkifrD'D,mudk qdkvdkonf/
tpdk;&ydkifr[kwfjcif;[k qdkvkdjcif;rSm tpdk;&onf EdkifiHawmfr[kwf/
odkYaomf EdkifiHawmf[koHk;vQif tpdk;&u udk,fpm;jyKonfomjzpfaom
aMumifh tpdk;ydkifr[kwfonfh tpdk;&rD'D,m[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf/
xdkYaemuf tpdk;&ydkio
f nfh tpdk;&r[kwaf om rD'D,mudk em;vnf
&efvdktyfonf/ xdkjyqdkcsufrSm tpdk;&bufawmfom; tDvpfwpfpkydkif
qdkonfh vlxkrD'D,myifjzpfonf/ vlxktvTmjcHKtpdk;& rD'D,m[kyif
qdkEdkifonf/
pme,fZif;qdkonfh pum;vHk;xuf rD'D,m[lonfh a0g[m&u
ydkí jcHKrdikHrad om oabm&do S nf/ tmPm&Sif Edkiif rH sm;wGiu f m; rD',D m\
wnf&rSd o I nf xifomjrifom&do S nf/ Edkiif yH kid rf 'D ,
D mESihf vlxkr'D ,
D m[lí
oJoJuGJuGJ&dSonf/ odkYaomf pyfMum;tpdk;& (Hybrid Regime) rsm;
tkyfcsKyfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftwGif;wGif rD'D,monf rD;cdk;a&mifZHk
(Gray Zone) xJ a &muf a eonf / taMumif ; rS m tpd k ; &yd k i f a om
tpdk;&r[kwfonfh rD'D,mrsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/
238 rif;aoh

vlxk0wf½HkvTrf;jcHKum vHkjcHKoy
toGiful;ajymif;a&;e,fxJwGif 'Drdkua&pDodkY ra&mufao;bJ
wpf0Jvnfvnf wefYaeaomEdkiif Hrsm;wGif tpdk;&rD'D,mrsm;onf vlxk
rD'D,m0wf½Hkukd jcHKxm;onf/ xdkokdYjcHKxm;jcif;onfvnf; aooyfvS
onf/ odraf rGUvSonf/ 'Drkdu&ufwkduaf Z;&Si;f jzpfpOfwiG f jzwfoef;ae
aom wwd,Edkiif rH sm;wGif xdktawGUtMuHKonf xif&mS ;onf/ rsm;aom
tm;jzifh tMuGif;rJhtmPm&Sif vHk;vHk;r[kwfawmhonfh uGefjrLepfEdkifiH
rsm;onfvnf; vlxkta&jcHKrD'D,mrsm; tm;aumif;vmonfukd awGU&
onf/ txl;ojzifh ½k&Sm;ESifh w½kwfwdkYjzpfonf/
'Drdku&uf wdkufaZ;&Sif;umvtwGif; tpdk;&rD'D,mESifh vlxk
rD'D,monf a&m,Suv f monf/ tpdk;&vm; vlxkvm;qdkonfukd oJoJ
uGu J jJG rifEkid &f efvko
d nf/ odakY omf vlxktMum; rD', D mudk yHkpw H pfrsK;d wnf;
om jrifonf/ tpdk;&rD', D mESihf vlxkr'D , D m[líom/ vufawGUwiG u f m;
þodrkY [kw/f vlxkr'D , D monf tpdk;&rD', D mjzpf Edkiof nf/ tpdk;&rD', D m
onfvnf; tpdk;&ydkif [kwfcsifrS [kwfvdrfhrnf/
t"duuawmh State–owned media ESifh State-controlled
Media [lí tMurf;zsi;f cGE f nf/ State-owned Media rSm &Si;f onf/
J kid o
tpd;k &ydik rf 'D , D mjzpfonf/ odaYk omf State-controlled Media [lonfum;
tpdk;&rydkifaom tpdk;&rD'D,myif jzpfonf/ wpfenf; vlxktvTmjcHK
tpdk;& rD'D,mwpfckyif jzpfonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh xkdvlxktvTmjcHK
rD', D mrsm;onf Edik if \ H tDvpfwpfpyk ikd q f idk af om rD',D mrsm;jzpfwwfonf/
toGifajymif;EdkifiH[lonf toGiful;ajymif;a&;EdkifiH r[kwfonfudk
owdcsy&f rnf/ txl;ojzifh toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;udk trSef wu,frvkyf
aqmifbJ toGifajymif;EdkifiHudk toGiful;ajymif;onf[k ynwfwyf
xm;aom Edkiif rH sm;wGif txl;owdxm;zG,jf zpfonf/ xdkokYd toGiaf jymif;
EdkifiHrsm;wGif vlxktvTmjcHKrD'D,mrsm; MuD;pdk;wwfonf/
rD', D m[k jcHKajymvQif yHkEydS Ef iS hf 'D*spw f ,fEpS rf sK;d pvHk; yg0ifonf/
þae&mwGif yHkESdyfrD'D,mudk vHk;0eD;yg; vGwfvyfcGifhay;xm;jyD;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 239

'D*spfw,frD'D,mudk tvTmjcHKAsL[mrsKd; oHk;avh&dSonfom jzpfonf/

trsm;tm;jzifh wDADGESifh a&'D,dk rD'D,mudk toHk;rsm;onf/ tifwmeuf
0ufqk'd rf sm;udk xde;f csKyfjcif;um; rsm;pGmpdk;&drzf ,
G &f m r&daS cs/ taMumif;
rSm toGiaf jymif;Edkiif rH sm;wGif enf;ynmt&vnf;aumif; aiGaMu;awmifh
wif;rIt&vnf;aumif; csKUd wEhJ kid af o;onfjzpf&m tifwmeuf rD', D mudk
trsm;tjym;xde;f csKyf&ef rvdktyf/ odkYaomf wpfOD;csi;f pDukd apmifhMunfh
tuJcwfa&; enf;emrsm; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&qefYusifa&; bavmh*grsm;
0ufqk'd rf sm;udkum; txl;*½kwpdkuf apmifMh unhaf vh&o Sd nfom jzpfonf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh tifwmeufxuf wDADG Channal rsm;udk vlxktvTmjcHK
tpdk;&r[kwfaom tpdk;&rD'D,mrsm; MuD;pdk;aeatmif zefwD;xm;avh
&dSonf/ toGiful;ajymif;a&; rl0g'csrSwf&mwGifvnf; xdkodkYaom
rD'D,mrsm; tiftm;awmifhwif;pGm &yfwnfEdkifatmif a&cHajrcHrsm;
zefwD;ay;xm;avh&dSonf/

tpdk;& rydkifaom tpdk;&rD'D,monf EdkifiHawmfydkifrD'D,mudk

qdkvdkonf/ tpdk;&ydkifr[kwfjcif;[k qdkvkdjcif;rSm tpdk;&onf
EdkifiHawmfr[kwf/ odkYaomf EdkifiHawmf[koHk;vQif tpdk;&u
udk,fpm;jyKonfomjzpfaom aMumifh tpdk;ydkifr[kwfonfh
tpdk;&rD'D,m[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf/

tpdk;&rsm;rD',
D mvGwv
f yfciG u
hf kd tjynft
h 0ay;onf[k jrifatmif
zefwD;xm;avh&dSonf/ vGwfvyfaom rD'D,m[lonfh ynwfatmuf
wGif rjrif&aomvuf (invisible hand) rsm;jzifh tpdk;&\0g'udk oGwf
oGif;Edkifrnf[k ,lqí vkyfaqmifjcif;oabmyif jzpfonf/ þae&m
wGif State-controlled Media jzpfap&efvnf; MudK;yrf;rIrsm;&dSonf/
xdef;csKyfrIrsm; xdxda&mufa&muf jzpfap&efvnf; a&S;½I&onf/ rsm;
aomtm;jzifh Effective controlled Media jzpfatmif zefwD;jcif;yif
jzpfonf/ xdkodkYzefwD;&mwGif a&S;½I&m yHko@mef(4)yg; &dSonf/ xdk
240 rif;aoh

yHko@mef (4) yg;rSm -

(1) tpdk;&ESifh tDvpfydkrdkyl;uyfa&;yHko@mef
(2) atmufajcvlxkypfrSwfxm;a&; yHko@mef
(3) tifwmeuf tygt0if 'D*spfw,frD'D,muefYowfrIESifh
(4) twdkuftcHESifh vlrItzGJUrsm; ypfrSwfxm;a&; yHko@mef
[lí av;rsKd; av;oG,f csOf;uyf Muonf/

ydkrdkyl;uyfa&;yHko@mef
rsm;aomtm;jzifh rD'D,m[lí wpfom;wnf; jrifMuonfom
jzpfonf/ odkYaomf rD'D,monf wpfom;wnf; r[kw/f tpdk;&bufESihf
twdu k t f cHbuf[í l vnf; yHak or&d/S þtcsuu f ykd if tmPm&Siw f pfyikd ;f
tpdk;&rsm;u pdk;&drfMuonfom jzpfonf/ tDvpfrsm;[lonf jyKvG,f
ajymif;vG,o f rm;rsm; jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh 'D*spw f ,f rD'D,mrsm;udk
csKyfukdixf m;aom tDvpfwpfpkonf jyKvG,jf cif;xuf ajymif;vG,jf cif;
p½dkufu ydkonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkolwdkYonf rdrdtusKd;pD;yGm;udkom
OD;wnf a&S;½Ijcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/
udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;&vQif rnfolESifhrqdk yl;aygif;rnfqdkonfh
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wGJxm;aomvufukd qGJcgypfzkdY twefMumatmif pOf;pm;aernfr[kw/f
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tqdkygtDvpfrsm;udk twdkuftcHbuf ajymif;oGm;onfudk rvdkvm;/
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um; odraf rGU\/ rufvHk;omru ajcmufvHk;ajr§mufvHk;rsm;jzifh vkyaf vh
&do
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 241

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ouefudk azmfxkwf&efvdkonf/ xdko½kyfrSm ,cifuuJhodkY tpdk;&u
tMuGi;f rJh xde;f csKyx
f m;aom rD',
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tusK;d tjrwft"dujzifh tpdk;&rl0g'udk yHyh k;d ay;onfh yHkprH sK;d jzpfvmonf/
xdkt&mudk Quasi-commercial [ktrnfwyfonf/

atmufajcypfrSwf
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L EdkifiHa&;onf rdrdESifh bmrSrqdkif[k xifjrifvmatmif
vkyfonfhenf;
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atmifvkyfonfhenf;ESifh
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rqdkio
f vdkaewwfonfh tavhtxudk oGwo f Gi;f ay;onf/ vlxkMum;
wGif xkdodkYjzpfatmif enf;aygif;pHkjzifh vkyfonf/
'kwd,enf;udkum; rufvHk;jzifhvnf; qGJaqmifwm&dSonf/ xdkY
tjyif vuf&dStaetxm;udk om,mrdef;armapjyD; tajymif;tvJudk
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242 rif;aoh

jcif; rjzpfatmif vkyaf qmifonf/ vuf&Sdtaetxm;xuf ajzavsmhrI

tawmftwefvkyfay;í tqHk;pGefajzavsmhrIudk ray;yJ/ vwfwavm
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arG;jrLay;onf/ xdkenf;udk rD'D,mjzihfvkyfonf/ t"dutm;jzifh wDADG
Channel jzifh tm;jyKwnfaqmufonf/
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toGiftrsKd;rsKd; zefwD;í vkyfonf/ t"dutm;jzifh twdkuftcHbufrS
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; txl;ojzifh Revolutional Change udk jzpfaprnfh
vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udk vlxktm; tm½HkrpdkuEf kid af tmif azsmaf jza&; tpDtpOfrsm;
udk t&Sdeft[kefjzifh vkyfaqmifonf/ xdkYaemuf taysmftyg;bufwGif
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vlxktm½Hktpdkuq f Hk; tpDtpOfrsm;jzpfatmif xkwv f Tihpf DpOfavh&So
d nf/
þenf;jzifh vlxkukd tm½HkvTJonfh enf;emrsm;udk oHk;avhoHk;x &dSonf
om jzpfonf/

uGef,ufrD'D,m uefYowfrI
tifwmeufr'D , D monf zGUH jzdK;rItwGuf tc&musonf/ *vdkb,f
acwfokdY a&S;½IUvmavav tifwmeufukd toHk;jyK&avav jzpfonf/
txl;ojzifh eufueG , f ufrD'D,monf vlxk'Drkdua&pDtwGuEf Sihf zGHUjzdK;
rItwGuyf g ta&;yg t&ma&mufvmonf/ toGiaf jymif;Edkiif Hrsm;onf
aps;uGufudk OD;wnfxm;onfjzpf&m uGef,ufrD'D,m\ toHk;csrIudk
vlxkxHxd tysHUus,af tmif vkyaf qmifay;&avh &dSonf/ þae&mwGif
zGHUjzdK;rIukd &nf&, G af omfvnf; rdrw d kY\
d tmPmabmifrsO;f usO;f oxuf
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 243

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txl;ojzifh rdrw d kdYrvdkvm;aom 0ufqkd'f uGe, f ufrsm;udk jzwfawmuf
jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfonf/ þwGifru tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m 0ufqdk'frsm;udk
tuefYtowfjzifhom zGifhay;onf/ rouFmonfholrsm;udkvnf;
tGefvdkif;apmifhMunfhrIrsm; vkyfonf/ uGef,ufjzifhyif aemufaMumif;
vdkufrIrsm;&dSonf/
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vnf;&dSonf/ bavmh*grsm;udk w&m;pGJqkd wm;jrpfonfvnf; &dSonf/
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tpHkpHkjzifh uefYowfum abmifusOf;oxufusOf;atmif vkyfay;vdkuf
onf/
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axGjym;atmif vkyaf qmifjcif;jzpfonf/ OyrmrSm trSet f uefowif;rsm;udk
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vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/

twdkuftcHESifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;ypfrSwf
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csrSwf&ef vdktyfcsdefrsm;wGif toHvTifhXmersm; wDADG Channel rsm;rS
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244 rif;aoh

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rsm;wGif vkyu f ikd jf cif;xuf vlxrk 'D ,
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u@onf 'Drku d a&pDpepf uspv f spcf kid rf mrIukd t[eft
Y wm;jzpfaponf/

'Drdkua&pDudk ,kwfavsmhaponfh State Media

State Media rsm;onf 'Drku d a&pDukd tvHk;pHk ra&muf&aSd tmifEiS hf
aemufaMumif;jyefvSnhrf Iukd jzpfapaom t"dutaMumif;tcsux f JwGif
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onf/
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qifjcifp&m awG;vHk;rsm;
rD'D,mvGwfvyfcGifhjzifh ajzavsmha&;aywHudk toHk;jyKaeonfh
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f nf yHkEySd rf D'D,mwGif
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rD'D,m ESifh 'D*spfw,frD'D,mrsm; vGwfvyfcGifhomru zGHUjzdK;rIudkyg
jzpfapatmifaqmif&Guf&ef 'Drdku&ufwpf tkyfcsKyfa&;odkY oGm;rnfh
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 245

tpdk;&rsm;wGif wm0ef&dSonf/ vGwfvyfcGifhudkomru zGHUjzdK;rItwGuf

tyHhtydk;jyK &rnf/
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k ykd if
ajzavsmhrIyHkpHrsm; pwifvkyaf qmif&mwGif wlnDMuonfr[kw/f xdkokdY
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xGuv f mjcif;\ taMumif;t&if;rsm; jzpfaeEdkio f nf/ þum; Hybrid
Regime yHko@mefrsKd;yifjzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&;
umvtwGif; jzwfoef;aeMuaom EdkifiHrsm; owdxm;Muukef/
pmudk; -
Journal of Democracy (Volume 25, Number 1, January
2014)
Breaking the News, The Role of State-Run Media
(Christopher Walkerç Robert W. Orttung)
v
 pifumyl atmifjrif&jcif;\ t"du taMumif; (4) &yf

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4 &yfudk awGU&onf/ ¤if;rSm -
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(3) bmompum;
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pifumylEkid if \H wnfae&mudk Munfyh g/ rvuúm a&vufMum;\
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aMumif;awGudk zefwD;xm;onf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 247

xdkYtjyif oabFmusif;0efaqmifrI ukefpnftrsKd;rsKd;twGuf

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248 rif;aoh

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hJ nf/
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pD;yGm;a&;vkyfudkifcJhzdkY &nf&G,fcJhvQif pifumylonf ref'&if;udkom
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f mompum;udk
eHygwf (1) OD;pm;ay; a&G;cs,fcJhonf/

o,HZmwtm;jzifh bmrSr&dSaomEdkifiHu vludk tajcjyKí EdkifiHudk

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r[kw/f urÇm MunfMh unfíh vlrsm;udk a&G;cs,f arG;xkwjf cif;jzpfonf/
avmavmq,f arG ; xk w f í r&Ed k i f a o;aom vl U t &if ; rs m ;ud k
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pD&ifay;xm;onf/ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; wpfjcrf;apmif;jcif; r[kwf/
ynmudk arG;çpm;jcif; jzpfonf/

xdka&G;cs,rf t
I wGuf ½dkucf wfrrI sm;vnf; MuHKcJ&h onf/ vDurG , f k
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 249

xuf acgif;wpfv;kH omoGm;jcif;onf bmompum;\ tm;omcsuaf Mumifh

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pifumylu t*Fvyd b f mompum;udk w&m;0if½k;H oHk; bmompum;tjzpf
jy|mef;pOf uReaf wmfwkYd Edkiif üH t*Fvyd pf mudk uRepf m wd&pämeuxmtjzpf
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qif;&J&jcif; taMumif;wpf&yf jzpfEdkifrnf/

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acgif;aqmifrI[k rnfolurQ rowfrSwaf cs/ odkYaomf pOf;pm;Munfh&ef
wpfcsu&f Sod nf/ vpfb&,f 'Drku d &ufwpf r[kwaf om vlwpfa,muf
xHrS 'Drku
d a&pD pHjyEdkiif aH wmfMuD;jzpfonfh tar&duef or®wtqufquf
u tb,fhaMumifh tMuHnHrsm;&,l ae&oenf;/ vDuGrf,konf
tar&duef or®wtqufqufu olU\tjrifESifh tMuHÓPffrsm;udk
wa&;w,l tm½Hkpdkuf em;axmifcJh&onf/
tMuHÓPf[lonf 'Drdku&ufwpfjzpfjcif;? rjzpfjcif;ESifh wdkuf
½dkuof ufqkdiyf goavm/ ar;cGe;f xkwMf unfh&ef vdkonf/ ,cktcsed x f d
vDuGrf,konf EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk olUygwDESifhom oufqdkifap&ef
vkyfaqmifxm;EdkifcJhonf/ odkYaomf vD\ OD;aqmifrIum; pifumyludk
vlvm;ajrmufrIxuf omvGefaom tajctaeudk ydkYaqmifay;cJhjyD/
pifumyljynfou l csr;f omMuG,0f rIEiS hf acwfrrD u I kd cHwiG ;f awGUaeMujyD/
pD;yGm;a&;udk tysuf,Gif;rcHEdkif/ tpdk;&tajymif;tvJaMumifh vuf&dS
taetxm;rsm; ,dkifeJYoGm;rSmudk pdk;&drfMuonf/
þuJhokdY pdk;&drrf Irsm;jzpfay:vmjcif; taMumif;u vDuGr, f k\
acgif;aqmifrIaMumifh jzpfonf/ vDuGr, f ku Edkiif Ha&;acgif;aqmifrIukd
250 rif;aoh

0g'jzifh yHkazmfcJhonf r[kwf/ &v'fjzifh yHkazmfcJhonf/ vDuGrf,kom

vufawGUorm;r[kwb f J tdki'f aD ,mfvk*d sw D pfckckukd pGjJ rJaom vlom;jzpf
vQif ,aeY pifumylyl[lonf jzpfvmEdkifp&m taMumif;r&dS/
vufawGUusaom tajrmftjrif&Sdaom (urÇmMunfhMunfhaom)
0g'rIid ;f rsm;rS uif;vGwo f nfh tdki'f , D mtay: tajccHí vDu pifumylukd
acgif;aqmifEkdicf Jhonf/ vD\ udk,&f nfukd,af oG;udk a,bk,savhvm
MunfhvQif
L ynm&Sifvdkawmfaom EdkifiHa&;orm;
L EdkifiHa&;orm;xuf ajrmfjrifqHk;jzwf&Jaom ynmwwf
L awmfvSefa&;orm;xuf jywfom;aom EdkifiHa&;orm;
L tdkif'D,morm;xufawmfaom vufawGUorm;
L vufawGUorm;xufomaom tdkif'D,morm;
vDuGrf,konf av,l&m ,drf;olr[kwf/ tpGJw&m;jzifh rdrd
tdki'f ,D mudk ausmufcsxm;ol r[kw/f vufawGUuif;aom tawG;orm;
oufoufvnf;r[kw/f vufawGUukdom a&S;½Iaom tdki'f D,mrJh orm;
vnf; r[kwf/ ,ck vDuGrf,konf tcGifhtvrf;udk jywfom;aom
qHk;jzwfcsurf sm;jzifh Edkiif u
H kd wnfaqmufco hJ /l olUrmS Edkiif aH &;orm;xuf
ydkaom oHwref t&nftaoG;&dSonf/ *vdkb,facwf rwdkifrDuyif
a&S;½dk; t,ltqrsm;rS azmufxu G Ef kid cf ahJ om pGeOYf ;D wDxiG f Edkiif aH &;orm;
EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifwpfa,muf jzpfonf/

tESpfcsKyf
Edkiif Hwpfck zGHUjzdK;wdk;wuf&ef tajccH&rnfh taMumif;t&if;rsm;
&dSonf/ wpfEdkifiHESifh wpfEdkifiHum; wlnDEdkifrnf r[kwfacs/ rdrdwGif
&dSonfh tm;omcsufudk tcGifhtvrf;tjzpf zefwD;EdkifzdkYom vdkonf/
pifumylonf yx0Dtaetxm;t& tm;omcsuu f kd ynmt&if; rl0g'
tpDt&ifrsm;jzifh toHk;rcsEkid yf gu ,ckuo hJ kYd jzpfvmEdkipf &m taMumif;
r&dS/ r&dSwmawGukd ab;z,fxm; &Sx d m;wJh t&mudk jrifatmifMunfhjyD;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 251

Edkiif w
H nfaqmufa&;udk vkyaf qmifomG ;onfh tdki'f ,
D mudk cs;D usL;&rnf/
av;pm;&rnf/ jrefrmtwGufum; pHjyEdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;enf;em
wpf&yf &rnf[k ,lq&onf/
v
 tdkif'D,morm;

acwfu wdk;wufvmw,f/ acwfu wdk;wufvmavav? ynmu

ta&;MuD;vmavav? ynmta&;MuD;vmavav tdki'f D,mtay:
tajccH&avavjzpfvmw,f/ tdkif'D,morm;wpfa,mufjzpfrS
wdk;wufr,f/ tenf;qHk; &Sio f efEkid rf ,f/ tdki'f ,
D mr&db
S J orm½dk;us
tjrifeJY a&S;½dk;pGJ enf;emawG qGJukdijf yD; b0wdkuyf GJukd 0if&if us½IH;
r,f/ wufeif;cH&r,f/ tajymif;cH&r,f/ 'Dawmh b0u olrsm;&JU
jyXmef;cHjzpfr,f/ 'Dvkd rjzpfzkYd tdki'f ,
D morm; jzpfatmifvky&f r,f/
'DhtwGuf 'Daqmif;yg;udk a&;ygw,f/
rif;aoh

ynm tdkif'D,m
tdki'f ,
D macwfvkq
Yd kwd ,f/ wpfenf;ajym&&if ynmacwf a&muf
jyDvdkYajymw,f/ ynmacwfrSm tc&musvmwmu tdkif'D,m/ ynm
tm;vHk;[m tdki'f D,mtay: tajccHjyD; xGuv f mMuw,f/ tdki'f D,mu
b,ftay:rSm trDjyKaewmvJ/ ar;p&m&dSygw,f/ tdkif'D,mqdkwm
avhvmrI oif,rl eI YJ wdku½f ku
d t f csK;d usw,f/ 'gayr,fh avhvmrI&w Sd kid ;f
tdki'f D,m&dSwmawmh r[kwb f l;/ tdki'f D,m&dS&ifawmh avhvmrI&Sw
d ,fvkdY
ajymvdkY&r,f/ avhvmw,fqkdwJhae&mrSm ta&;MuD;wJh tcsu&f Sdw,f/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 253

avhvmyHk csOf;uyfyHku tdkif'D,mxGufay:vmyHkeJY qufpyfaew,f/

'gudk avhvm&r,f/
ynmqdw k m olUtvdv k kd xGuv
f mwm r[kw/f tdik 'f ,
D mqdw k mvnf;
xdkenf;vnf;aumif;ygyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm ynmtay: csO;f uyfyHk[m ta&;
odyMf uD;w,f/ tpGJawGeJY csO;f uyfjcif;[m ynmudk owfwmyJ/ 'DvkdyJ
ywf0ef;usief YJ vdu
k af vsmnDaxGrjzpfwhJ tdik 'f ,
D mawGrmS ,pfr;l aejcif;[m
avhvmrIyHkpH rSm;vdkYyJvkdY qdkvkd&r,f/ ynmorm;rSe&f if vGwv f yfrIqDukd
oGm;&r,f/ tdki'f D,morm;[m tpGJuif;uif;&dS&r,f/ tpGJvHk;0 ruif;
&ifawmif tpGJrMuD;&bl;/ tpGJroef&bl;/ bufr&dS&bl;/ rl&dS&r,f/
tajccH&dS&r,f/

tdkif'D,mwdkY&JU oabm
tdkif'D,moabm[m EdI;qGrS Edk;xvmwJh oabm&dSw,f/
tdkif'D,mcrf;ajcmufjcif;[m tawG;tac: crf;ajcmufjcif; wpfrsKd;
jzpfvmw,f/ acwfopfrmS tdki'f , D mr&dw
S hJ vl[m olUrsm;aemufvkud jf zpf
r,f/ ynmacwfukd tdki'f , D morm;awGom csrD MurSmyJ/ tdki'f , D mqdkwm
vwfqwfae&r,f/ acwfrD&r,f/ toHk;0if&r,f/ ,xmblw us&
r,f/ vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpf&r,f/ tdkif'D,m[m ta&SUudk ajrmfjrifEkdif
&r,f/ tem*wfudk a&S;½IEdkif&r,f/ tdkif'D,morm;tzdkY tdkif'D,m
jzpf&m jzpfaMumif; ukefMurf;awGudk pkEkdiforQ pkaqmif;xm;Ekdifwm
taumif;qHk; jzpfvdrfhr,f/
tdki'f D,mqdkwm csucf si;f vufiif; xGuaf y:vmEdkiw f m r[kw/f
tdki'f D,m jzpf&mjzpfaMumif;rsm;udk MudKwifokdrDS;xm;&w,f/ tdki'f D,m
jzpf&m jzpfaMumif;awG olUtvdkvkd "mwfjyK&muae tdki'f D,mtopfawG
xGuaf y:vmwwfw,f/ tdki'f D,mqdkwJh oabmuvnf; olUcsn;f ouf
ouf rzGHUjzdK;Edki/f rwlaom tdki'f D,mrsm; aygif;pnf;&muae tdki'f D,m
topfwkYd aygufzmG ;vmMuw,f/ tdki'f , D mqdkwo hJ abmu vIy&f mS ;aewJh
oabm&dSw,f/ &SifoefaewJh oabm&dSw,f/ aemufjyD; tjrJa&SUudk
254 rif;aoh

vnfqefaY ewJh oabm&dw

S ,f/ 'ghaMumifh tdki'f ,
D mwd[
kY m wdk;wufjcif;&JU
o½kyfjzpfw,f/

tdkif'D,m&JU ta&;ygrI
tdkiw
f rD ay:rD acwfu ynmqdkwm tawGUtMuHKtay: wdku½f ku d f
tajccHw,f/ tawGUtMuHK rsm;avav ynmrsm;avav qdkwo hJ abm/
tdkiw f aD y:jyD;wJah cwfrmS ajymif;jyefjzpfomG ;w,f/ ynmqdkwm avhvmrI
pl;prf;rI &SmazGazmfxkwrf Itay:rSm rlwnfoGm;w,f/ avhvmrIaumif;
avav? ynmwwfavav ynmwwfavav vl&m0ifvmavav
jzpfvmw,f/ vl&m0ifw,fqkw d m vlaygif;qHhw,fqkw d Jh omref tqifh
rsK;d avmufukd qdkvkdcsiw f m r[kwb f l;/ tdki'f D,morm;tzdkY olUywf0ef;
usifrSm ol[m ta&;ygwJh vlwpfa,mufjzpfvmw,f/ aemufqHk;
r&dSrjzpf vlwpfa,mufjzpfvmw,f/ ywf0ef;usiu f olUtay: rDSckdvm
&w,f/ txl;ojzifh olUtdkif'D,mtay: rDScdkvm&w,f/ 'ghaMumifh
tdkif'D,morm;[m wefzdk;eJYvl jzpfvmw,f/

tdkif'D,mqdkwmvnf; olUtcsif;csif;wGef;rS wdkufrS wefzdk; topf

awG xGuv f mwwfwmrdYk tdik 'f ,
D morm;awG OD;aESmuf rkew
f ikd ;f qifzYkd
vdkw,f/ OD;aESmufudkqGrS tdkif'D,mtopfawG Edk;xvmr,f/
tdkif'D,mawG Edk;xrS tdkif'D,mawGuxjyD; tvkyfvkyfr,f/
tdik 'f ,
D mawG tvkyv
f yk rf S &v'fawG xGurf ,f/ &v'fxu G af tmif
tvkyfvkyfwwfrS wefzdk;&dSr,f/

acwfMu;D u wd;k wufvmavav ynmu ydjk y;D ta&;ygvmavav

jzpfvmw,f/ acwfu jydKifqdkifrIrsm;w,f/ jydKifqdkifrIvnf; jyif;xef
w,f/ taotaus wdkucf kdu&f wmawG rsm;vmw,f/ touf&Siu f sef
EdkifzdkYtwGuf tawmfMudK;pm;,lae&wJhacwf jzpfvmw,f/ vlqdkwm
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 255

uvnf; &Sio f efzkdYtwGuf yxrta&;tMuD;qHk; xm;&wmr[kwv f m;/

&SifoefzdkYtwGuf omrefeJY r&awmh ynmu ydkjyD; ta&;MuD; vmw,f/
ynmMuD;wJo h al wG ydkjyD; oufaomifo
h ufom &dv S mw,f/ ydkjyD; prwfus
vmw,f/ ynmu acwfopfrSm ydkjyD; vdkvmavav tdki'f D,morm;wdkY
ykjd yD; a&SUa&mufvmavavyJ/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ajym&&if tdik 'f , D morm;wdYk
ydkjyD;vkv d mavavyJ/ tdki'f , D m tenf;tusO;f avmufeYJ a&SUa&mufaewJh
olawGukd MunfhjyD; tdki'f D,mrsm; tHkvkduu f si;f vdku&f Sd&if b,favmuf
aygufajrmufrvJqdkwmudk awG;MunfhEkdifw,f/

tdkif'D,mwdkY xHkul;jcif;
tdki'f D,m&JUoabm[m aygif;pyfwwfwJh oabm&dSw,f/ "mwf
ul;w,f/ "mwfjyKw,fqdkwJh oabm&dS jyefw,f/ "mwfjyKjyD; topf
aygufzGm;vmw,f/ tdki'f D,mtopfawGuom acwfopfukd OD;aqmif
w,f/ tckjzpfaewJh acwfuvnf; tdki'f , D mtopfawGu jyKjyifzefw;D wJh
avmujzpfvmwmudk awGU&w,f/ 'gudk tdik 'f , D morm;wd&Yk UJ acwfvaYkd jym&if
rrSm;bl;aygh/
tdki'f D,mwdkY xHkul;zdkYqkd&if tdki'f D,mawGu rwluGJjym;rS&r,f/
rqDrqdkifwJh tdkif'D,mawGu xHkul;zdkYrvG,fbl;/ qefYusifbuf
tdki'f ,
D mwdku Y xHku;l zdkY vG,w f ,f/ A[kokwqdkwm olUcsn;f oufouf
oHk;r&ygbl;/ A[kokwudk tajccHjyD; tdkif'D,mtjzpfajymif;vJEdkifrS
toHk;0ifw,f/ wefzdk;&dSw,f/
tdki'f ,D mqdkwmvnf; olUtcsi;f csi;f wGe;f rS wdkurf S wefzk;d topf
awG xGufvmwwfwmrdkY tdkif'D,morm;awG OD;aESmuf rkefwdkif;qifzdkY
vdkw,f/ OD;aESmufukdqGrS tdki'f D,mtopfawG Edk;xvmr,f/ tdki'f D,m
awG Edk;xrS tdkif'D,mawGuxjyD; tvkyfvkyfr,f/ tdkif'D,mawG
tvkyv f kyrf S &v'fawG xGurf ,f/ &v'fxGuaf tmif tvkyv f kyw f wfrS
wefzdk;&dSr,f/ 'g[m tdkif'D,mwdkY xHkul;jcif;&JU tusKd;aygh/
256 rif;aoh

vli,feJY tdkif'D,m
vli,frSef&if pdwu f l;,Of&r,f/ tdki'f D,meJY vlom;jzpf&r,f/
tdki'f , D mqdkwm pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;aumif;wmudk ac:wm/ pdwu f ;l aumif;
zdkYqdk&if ynmA[kokw tajccHvdkovdk pdwful;,OfwwfzdkYvnf;
vdkw,f/ pdwu f l;,Ofw,fqkdwm arQmfvifhcsuf wpfckvnf;jzpfw,f/
'DvdkyJ &nfrSef;csufvnf; jzpfw,f/ bmvdkYvJ qdkawmh oljzpfcsifwJh
tajctaeudk arQmfrSe;f jyD;awmh awG;awmh pdwu f l;,Ofw,f jzpfomG ;wm
aygh/ 'Dae&mrSm pdwful;wmawG vufawGUjzpfEdkifzdkY ta&;MuD;w,f/
tJ'DrSm tdki'f D,mu odyt f a&;MuD;oGm;jyD/ vufvTwpf yg,fawG;wmudk
pdwu f ;l w,fvkYd ajymayr,fh pepfwus awG;wmudk tdki'f , D m xkww f ,f
vdkq Y kw
d ,f/ pdwOf ;D wnf&h m awG;wmeJY tdki'f , D m xkww f ,f qdkwt hJ Mum;
rSm pnf;uav; yg;yg;yJ jcm;ygw,f/ 'gudk odzdkYvdkw,f/
avmurSm tqef;jym;qHk;t&mawGu t½dk;&Sif;qHk;t&mawGyJ/
½d;k &Si;f vGe;f vdu
Yk kd qef;aewm/ t½d;k &Si;f qH;k todawGu qef;jym;wJt h ikd 'f ,
D m
awG xGufvmwwfw,f/ tdkif'D,mqdkwm ½IaxmifhwpfrsKd;vnf; jzpf
w,f/ olrsm; rjrifEkdiw f mudk jrifatmif MunfhEkdiwf mu ynm/ olrsm;
rodwmudk odwmu tod/ udk,fh&JU ½Iaxmifhu olrsm;awGeJY rwlapzdkY
axmifah jymif; pOf;pm;enf;u ta&;wMuD; vdkygw,f/ udk,hf ae&muae
csn;f yJ awG;raeeJY/ olrsm;ae&muae0ifjyD; awG;wwf jrifwwfygap/
'DvdkyJ ynm&JUoabmxJrSm &SmazGazmfxkwfjcif; qdkwmygw,f/ udk,fh
ae&muaeyJMunfh&if wpfckwnf;yJ jrifr,f/ axmifhajymif;jyD; MunfhEkid f
&if tjrifopf tawG;opf todopf&r,f/ 'g[m &SmazGawGU&jSd cif;yJaygh/
'Dawmh vli,fawG tdki'f , D mtopfawG xGuzf t kYd wGuf orm½dk;us
enf;vrf;awG roHk;eJY/ yHkaorxm;eJY/ yHkaorawG;eJY/ wpf,lroefeJY/
tpGJyg;EdkiforQyg;atmif MunfhEdkifygap/ 'DvdkyJ jrifEdkiforQ rsm;rsm;
jrifatmif rsufpdudkzGifh em;udkpGifh OD;aESmufudk tjrJ qGaezdkY vdkw,f/
ESvHk;om;[m yGifhvif;vGwfvyf ae&r,f/ 'grS tdkif'D,m topfawG
xGufr,f/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 257

wu,fh tdkif'D,morm;
tdki'f ,D mtopfawGu tawG;tac:topfawG t,ltqtopf
awGukd ay;w,f/ tawG;opfawGeJY touf&Siw f Jh vl&JUb0u tjrJvwf
qwfaew,f/ vef;qef;aer,f/ ol[m tjrJ wufMuGaer,f/ vIy&f mS ;ae
r,f/ olU&JU vkyf&yfawGu yHkaotjrJ r&dSbl;/ olU&JU vkyfyHkudkifyHkawG
uvnf; tjrJxufjrufaer,f/ oGuv f ufaer,f/ topf topfawGeJY
taumif;qHk; MudK;pm;aer,f/
tdki'f D,morm;&JUpw d [ f m pdw"f mwfuswm enf;w,f/ bmvdkYvJ
qdkawmh ol[m tdki'f D,mtopfawGeJY tjrJxpd yfaevdkY jzpfw,f/ orm;
½dk;us tawG;tac:awGrSm ausmufcsraebl;/ t,ltqopf tjrifopf
awGeYJ ywf0ef;usirf mS aexdkiw f t hJ cg olUywf0ef;usiu f vnf; tjrJajymif;
vJaew,f/ yHkao r[kwb f ;l / a&aovdkY r[kwb f ;l / pD;qif;aewJah &[m
tjrJ oefY&Si;f aeovdk tjrJajymif;vJaewJholuvnf; vef;qef;aew,f/
wufMuGaew,f/ ol[m b0t"dyÜm,f&dSwJholyJ/ ol[m &SifoefaewJh
b0udk &w,f/
ajymif;vJaew,f qdkuwnf;u &Sio f efaevdkYaygh/ ,HkMunfcsuf
awG cH,lcsuaf wGuawmh cdkirf m&r,f/ 'gayr,fh tjrifawG t,ltq
awG todawGu tjrJajymif;aeatmif MudK;pm;&r,f/ ajymif;w,fqkdwJh
ae&mrSm ydkjyD;aumif;wJhae&mudk ajymif;oGm;wmudk ajymwmjzpfygw,f/
tdkif'D,morm;[m tajymif;tvJtay:rSm rQrQww ½IjrifEkdifw,f/
'Dawmh tajymif;tvJrmS vku d yf gEdkiw f ,f/ tajymif;tvJrmS vdkuyf gEdkirf S
&Siuf seEf kid rf ,fh acwfrmS ajymif;vJEkid w f o hJ al wG a&SUwef;a&mufvmw,f/
ajymif;vJEdkifoljzpfzkdY tdki'f D,mvdkw,f/ orm½dk;usorm;[m a&S;½dk;pGJ
enf;emawGudk zufwG,fw,f/ 'Dawmh topfqdk&if jiif;y,fw,f/
ta[mif;qdk&if tjrJwrf;aumif;w,fqkdwJh pdwt f pGJ&Sdw,f/ tdki'f D,m
topfawGcsjy&if udk,hu f kd,u f kd rvHkjcHKovdk cHpm;&w,f/ oufaomifh
oufom r&dSwJh ZHkxJrSm a&mufaaeovkd cHpm;&w,f/ 'ghaMumifhol[m
ta[mif;qDrSmyJ tjrJaew,f/ aemufqHk; oludk,fwdkifu rajymif;
wJhtcgrSm tajymif;cH&wJh tajctaeudk a&mufoGm;w,f/
258 rif;aoh

vdk&if;
ed*Hk;csKyftaeeJY ajym&&if acwfu wdk;wufvmavav ynmu
ydkjyD; tc&m usvmavavyJ/ ynmu ydkjyD; t&ma&mufvmavav
tdki'f D,mydkjyD; ta&;ygvmavavyJ/ tdki'f D,m ta&;ygjcif;u tdki'f D
,mwdkY topfawGay:xGuv f mjcif;eJY qdkiw
f ,f/ tdki'f D,mtopfqkdwm
qefYusifbuf tjrifawGtay: awG;qqifjcifjyD; odpGrf;Edkifjcif;udk
ac:wm/ tpGJawG yHkaoenf;awG aocsmw,fqkdwJh pum;vHk;awGuae
uif;vGwfaewm/ tdkif'D,mqdkwm tjrJajymif;vJaewJh urÇmrSm odyf
ta&;MuD;w,f/ ajymif;rvm; tajymif;cHrvm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;rSm
tdkif'D,morm;u oluyJ ajymif;w,f/ oludk tajymif;cH&atmif
b,fawmhrS raebl;/ tdkif'D,morm;qdkwm tjrJajymif;vJaezdkY olU
udk,folvnf; MudK;pm;aeovdk olUywf0ef;usifudkvnf; ajymif;zdkY
MudK;pm;aewJholjzpfvdkY ol[m &Sifoef aew,f/ vIyf&Sm;aew,f/
ajymif;vJaewJh urÇmrSm tdik 'f , D morm;awGom &Siu f seaf eEdik rf ,f/
,SOjf ydKifru
I jyif;xefvmw,f/ wdkuw f m cdkuw
f mawGu Murf;wrf;vm
w,f/ 'DrSm tdki'f D,mu az;rrIr&dS&if aooGm;r,f/ ½IH;edrho f l jzpfawmh
r,f/ tdki'f , D morm;jzpfzkYd avhvmrIu t"duusw,f/ avhvmrIqkw d m
rSmvnf; orm½dk;usqnf;yl;rIuae a&SmifcGmEkid rf S jzpfr,f/ csO;f uyfrI
topfawG axmifhajymif;pOf;pm;enf;awGeJY ½IaxmifhpHkukd MunfhEkid af tmif
MudK;pm;&r,f/ 'DacwfrmS avhvmp&mawGu rsm;w,f/ awGUu&modcsif
avhvmcsifvdkY r&bl;/ udk,fhtwGuf ta&;ygwmeJY ta&;MuD;wmudk
a&G;cs,jf yD; avhvmwwfzkv Yd kw
d ,f/ b,ft&mu udk,t hf wGuf ta&;yg
w,f/ b,ft&mu udk,t hf wGuf ta&;MuD;w,fqkw d mudk odjcif;uom
ynmjzpfw,f/ ynmr&dS&if tdki'f D,morm; rjzpfbl;/ tdki'f D,morm;
rjzpf&ifvnf; ynmrjzpfbl;/ ynmeJY tdkif'D,m[m tnrnoabm
qufpyfaew,f/ olwdkYwawG[m tjyeftvSef aus;Zl;jyKaew,f/
v
 tifpwDusL&Sife,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;

(1)
jrefrmhEkid if aH &;onf tul;tajymif;rsm;onf/ 1948 umvrSpí
ajymif;vdkufaom tul;tajymif;wdkYonf ,aeYtxdyif jzpfonf/
1958? 1962? 1974? 1988? 2010? 2015 ponfh ckESpfrsm;tvdkuf
toGiftrsKd;rsKd; ul;Mu? ajymif;Muonf/ jrefrmtzdkY tajymif;tvJESifh
,Ofyg;aeonf[kyif xifEkdipf &m&dSonf/ odkYaomf xdkokdYr[kw/f toGif
ul;ajymif;a&;onf odrfarGUonf/ eufeJonf/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;
tul;tajymif;wdkYonf ydkrdkeufeJ odrfarGUwwfaom oabm&dSonf/

oabm obm0
toGiful;ajymif;a&;udk tbufbufrS jyKjyifajymif;vJ&aom
oabm&dSonf/ bufaygif;pHkrS jyKjyifjcif;onf qifhuJjyKjyifajymif;vJrI
rsm;rSwpfqifh tvHk;pHk toGiu f l;ajymif;a&;tqifhokdY a&muf&SEd kdio
f nf/
jrefrmwGif tul;tajymif;tMum; wnfjidrrf Ijzifh jzwfoef;Edki&f ef txl;
vdktyfonf/ wnfwnfjidrjf idrjf zifh rajymif;Edkiu f jynfolwkdYukd cHpm;rI
Murf;Murf; &apEdkio f nf/ toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvwGif trsm;tm;jzifh
y#dyu©trsKd;rsKd;jzifh MuHK&wwfonf/ vltkyfcsKyfaom EdkifiHa&;pepfrS
Oya'tkycf sKyfaom Edkiif Ha&;pepfokdY toGiu f l;ajymif;&mwGif wnfwnf
jidrfjidrfjzifh qifhuJtoGifajymif;EdkifrSom rsm;pGmaumif;rGefEdkifonf/
260 rif;aoh

vlrSrlodkY toGiful;ajymif;jcif;udk 'Drdku&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif;[k

ac:onf/ EdkifiHa&;pepf pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk t"duajymif;vJjcif;jzifh
Edkiif H\pepfukd ajymif;onf/ 'Drkdu&ufwkduaf Z;&Siüf Edkiif Ha&;wGif 'Drkd
ua&pDjzpfí pD;yGm;a&;wGif aps;uGujf zpfonf/ 'Drku d &ufwku d af Z;&Si;f udk
avhvm&efum; b,fvdk'Drdkua&pDESifh b,fvdkaps;uGuf [lonfudk
txl;jyKavhvm&efyif jzpfonf/

jrefrmhvTwfawmftwGif; ppfbufyg0ifrIudk tvsifpvdk

avsmhcsjcif;onf jrefrmtwGufaumif;aom tajctaeudk
jzpfay:aprnfr[kwf/ t&yfbufwGif 'Drdkua&pD &ifhusuf
vmonfEiS t hf rQ vTwaf wmftwGi;f ppfbufyg0ifru
I kd avsmyh g;
aprSom EdkifiHa&; tajctaeaumif;udk &vmapEdkifrnf/

ppfabmifusKHUa&;
'Drku
d &ufwku d af Z;&Si;f odkY toGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&;wGif ppfbuft&yf
buf taetxm;udk *½kwpdkuaf vhvm&ef vdkonf/ ppfbuf t&yfbuf
oabmudk aumif;pGm raMunufygu wnfjidrpf mG toGiu f l;ajymif;&ef
rsm;pGm cufcJwwfonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf 'Drkdu&ufwkduaf Z;&Si;f wGif
ppfbuf t&yfbufEiS hf ygwD[o l nfh axmifo h ;kH axmifrh S Munf&h efvo
kd nf/
t&yfbufwGif vlxkyg0ifovdk t&yfom;tpdk;&\ tcef;u@onf
rsm;pGm yg0ifonf/ 'Drkdua&pDtoGiu f l;ajymif;a&;\ taetxm;wGif
Edkiif Ha&;½IaxmifhrS MunfhvQif ppfbuft&yfbufESihf ygwD [lí u@
oHk;ck cGJí Munfh&efvkdonf/ pD;yGm;a&;wGif aps;uGuo f ½kyuf kd rnfhonfh
twdkif; twmtxd tazmfaqmifEdkifjcif; tay:rlwnfonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 261

(2)

ppfbufu@
jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;wGif ppfbuf\tcef;u@udk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;rS jynfhpHkrSefuefrnf/ ppfbufudk Munhfí pOf;pm;vdkY r&/ cP
tomz,fxm;í pOf;pm;vQifvnf; r&acs/ ppfbufonf Edkiif HtwGuf
ta&;MuD;ovdk EdkifiHa&;udk rsm;pGmvIyfcgEdkifaom vufeufudkif tzGJU
tpnf;jzpfonf/ ppfbuftcef;u@onf 'Dru kd a&pD toGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&;
wGif rnfuo hJ kaYd om taetxm;wGif yg0ifaeoenf;/ tqdkygar;cGe;f udk
ajz&ef avhvmcsuftcsKdU jyK&rnf/

csOf;uyfyHk
vTwfawmftwGif; ppfbufrS t&,lxm;aom taetxm;udk
oHk;oyf&efvdkonf/ rnfodkYaom ta&;udpörsKd;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf
wwfoenf;/ rnfonh½f aI xmifw h iG f trsm;tm;jzifh tm½H&k aeoenf;qdo k nfh
ar;cGe;f rsK;d jzifh csO;f uyfavhvm&ef vdkonf/ b,fvkdta&;t&mrsK;d wGif
jiif;qefwwfjcif;onf rnfonho f abm xm;&daS Mumif; odomEdkio f nf/
toGiu f ;l ajymif;rI tpwGif Edkiif aH &; wnfjidrrf &I ap&ef vTwaf wmf
wGif ppfbuf\ yg0ifrIudk cGifhjyKvQif &Edkifaomfvnf; a&&SnfwGif
ppfbufyg0ifrIudk avsmhcs&efvdktyfonf/ jrefrmhvTwfawmftwGif;
ppfbufyg0ifru I kd tvsipf vdk avsmch sjcif;onf jrefrmtwGuaf umif;aom
tajctaeudk jzpfay:aprnfr[kw/f t&yfbufwiG f 'Drku d a&pD &ifuh suf
vmonfESiht f rQ vTwaf wmftwGi;f ppfbufyg0ifrIukd avsmhyg;aprSom
Edkiif aH &; tajctaeaumif;udk &vmapEdkirf nf/ þum; jrefrmhvw T af wmf
Edik if aH &;wGif ppfbufyg0ifrI tajctaeudk rnfuo hJ aYkd om taetxm;wGif
&dSap&efvdktyfonf [lonfh wifjycsufyifjzpfonf/
262 rif;aoh

ppfbuf? t&yfbuf qufqHa&;

ppfbuf? t&yfbuf qufqHa&;aumif;rGefvQif 'Drdkua&pD
&ifhusurf tI csed u
f kd wdkwkjd zifh &vmEdkipf &m&dSonf/ xdkokq
Yd kv
d Qif ppfbuf
t&yfbuf qufqaH &;aumif;rGeaf p&ef ,HkMunfrw I nfaqmufa&;tqifh
rsm; vdktyfvmonf/ ,HkMunfrIwnfaqmufa&;\ tpum; ppfbuf
t&yfbufacgif;aqmifrsm; ]EdkifiHawmf}[lonfh t"dyÜm,fudk A[dkjyK
xm;aom oabmxm;&dSrSom taumif;qHk;jzpfrnf/ oabmxm;MuD;í
cHpm;csuu f if;pifaom aqG;aEG;awGUqHkrIrsm;jzifh ,HkMunfhrIwnfaqmuf
jcif;udk jznf;jznf;csif; 0uftl&pfwif;&ef vdktyfonf/

yifudk,foabm
ppfbufEiS hf &if;ES;D pGm qufqEH kid &f ef ygwDrsm; taejzifh tcGit hf cg
ray;ao;acs/ oHo,jzifh tjrJMunfhwwfaom ppfbuf\ obm0udk
ausmfvGefEdkif&ef rvG,fulay/ xdkYtjyif t&m&mudk vHkjcHKa&;ESifh
umuG,fa&;twGuf tom;ay;vGef;jcif;onfh ppfbufwdkY\ yifudk,f
obm0 jzpfonf/ ppfbuf\ rlvyifudk,fobm0tm; tjypfqdk&ef
r[kwf/ ppfbuf\ wm0efudku xdkenf;twdkif;yifjzpfonf/
obm0csif;rwlnDonfh tzGJUtpnf;ESpfck wpfom;wnf; jzpf
wnf&ef rarQmfvifhoifh/ EdkifiHtwGuf qdkif&m u@tvdkuf toD;oD;
wm0efxrf;aqmif&jcif; oabm&do S nf/ ud, k w hf m0efukd ud,
k o
f &d efvt kd yf
ouJhokdY udk,hpf nf;udk,f owd&S&d efvnf; vdktyfonf/ ppfbufvkyEf kdif
pGr;f onft
h &monf ae&mwdik ;f wGif r&daS cs/ t&m&m ppfbufO;D aqmifrw I iG f
&daS eaom taetxm;wdkY y,fzsuo f ifah csjyD/ xdt kY wl t&yfbufuvnf;
t&mtm;vHk;udk wwfpGrf;onf[k rrSwf,loifh/
ppfbuftm; obm0usaom tzGUJ tpnf;taejzifh ½Ijrifoifo h nf/
txl; owdcsyf&efum; ppfbufudk uRefozG,f oabmrxm;oifh/
jynfolUuRef[k oHk;EIef;csio f lawGtwGuf owdxm;p&m jzpfonf/ rdrd
u olwyg;udk av;pm;rSom olwyg;u rdru d kd jyefvnf av;pm;rIay;rnf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 263

ppfbuf? t&yfbuf qufqHa&;wGif owdxm;zG,ftajctaewGif

jrefrmu &dSaeao;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ppftkycf sKyfa&;rS t&yfbuf
tkycf sKyaf &;odYk toGiu
f ;l ajymif;aeonfh umvwGif tvGef owdxm;&rnf/
(3)

t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ wm0efcHrI
'Dru
kd a&pD vlaY bmiftzGUJ tpnf;wGif t&yfbuf vlUtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
\ wm0efonf rsm;pGmta&;ygonf/ ta&;vnf;MuD;onf/ taMumif;rSm
'Drdku&ufwpftpdk;&wdkY rvkyfEdkifaom vkyfief;rsm;udk t&yfbuftzGJU
tpnf;rsm;rS aumif;pGm vkyaf qmifEkdiaf omaMumifhjzpfonf/ 'Drkdua&pD
udk touf0ifaponfrSmvnf; CSO rsm;yifjzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pD
yDjyifapjcif;onfvnf; CSO rsm;\ tyHhtydk;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/

zmax;a&; wm0ef
txl;ojzifh tpdk;&vufwHwdkaeaom vkyfief;rsm;udk CSO
rsm; vkyEf kdio f nf/ tpdk;&taejzifh CSO rsm;tm; wm0eftawmfrsm;rsm;
ay;vdkujf cif;tm;jzifh vlrIa&;0efxky0f efyk;d rsm; ayghoGm;Ekid pf &m&dSonf/
xdkokdYqkdvQif Edkiif Hwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tm½HkpkduEf kdiaf p&ef
tajctaeaumif;rsm; ydkí jzpfvmEdkio f nf/ vkyyf kid cf iG rhf sm; rsm;jym;oGm;
vQif tpdk;&\c&D;vrf;wGif tav;tzifh jzpfaeEkid o f vdk enf;oGm;vQif
vnf; rdrw d \ kYd wdki;f jynfavSsmufvrS ;f &m c&D;Murf;onf a&SUa&mufEkid rf nf
r[kwfacs/

0efaqmifrIxuf ynmudk ydkí tajcjyKap

t&yfbuf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;[k qdkvQifvnf; bmvmvm jyD;a&m
jzpfaep&mrvdk/ 0efaqmifrItajcjyK tzGJUtpnf;rsm; &dSoifhonf/
rsm;&rnf/ xdkt
Y wlyif ynmudk tajcjyKí vkyaf qmifaeaom t&yfbuf
264 rif;aoh

tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;&d&S rnf/ rsm;&rnfyifjzpfonf/ Service xuf Advocacy

udktajcjyK&ef vdkonf/
'Drdku&ufwpf tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; taumif;rS 'Drdkua&pD
cdkirf muspv f sprf nf/ 'Drkdua&pD ckid rf muspvf sp&f ef ynmtajcjyK t&yf
buftzGUJ tpnf;rsm; tm;aumif;&rnf/ 'Drku d a&pDukd a&mufatmifweG ;f
Edkifaom ae&mwGif ynmtajcjyK t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzifh a&TU&
rnf/ ynmjzifhom 'Drdkua&pDudk wnfwnfjidrfjidrf a&TUapEdkifonf/
0efaqmifrI tajcjyKjcif;onf jrefrmtwGuf a&S;tpOftvmuwnf;u
&daS ejcif;aMumifh odytf axGtxl; a&;om;aep&m rvdktyf/ omrIemrIwiG f
tawGUtMuHK&dSjyD;jzpfaom t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf tm;aumif;
aejyD;om;yifjzpfonf/
(4)

wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmf yDjyifvmapa&;

'Dru dk a&pD tm;aumif;apa&;onf tpd;k &wGif ta&;Mu;D onfw h m0ef
&dSonf/ tpdk;&qdk&mwGif Oya'jyK vTwaf wmf tkycf sKyfa&;tzGJUESihf w&m;
pD&ifa&;tzGJUwGif rsm;pGmta&;MuD;onf/ udk,hw f m0efukd,af usyGerf Som
Edkiif HzGHUjzdK; wdk;wufa&;twGuf aumif;rnf/ t"dutm;jzifh jrefrmEdkiif H
wGif ta&;MuD;onf tcsuw f pfcsu&f Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm vTwaf wmftwGi;f
ynm wwfvlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; rsm;rsm;0ifa&mufap&efjzpfonf/
e,fy,f t&yf&yfrS ynm&Sifrsm; vTGwfawmftwGif; a&muf&dSvmvQif
jrefrmEdkiif \ H c&D;oGm;ajryHkonf tvkyjf zpfEkid o
f nf/ ta&;MuD;onfum;
ynm&Sifrsm; ta&G;aumufcH&efvdkonf/

2020 twGuf jyifqif&ef

ynm&Siftydkif;wGif vlMuD;vli,f rsm;pGmyg0if&ef vdkonf/
acwfumvaMumifh vlMuD;ydki;f ynm&Sirf sm; &Sm;yg;Edkiaf omfvnf; tvm;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 265

tvm&dSaom vli,fynm&Sifrsm; vTwfawmftwGif; 0ifa&mufEdkif&ef

ta&;wMuD;vdkonf/
jynfoEl iS hf vli,fynm&Sirf sm;tzdku Y m; Edkiif aH &;udk pdw0f ifpm;&ef
vdktyfjyD; Edkiif t
H wGuf trsK;d om;Edkiif aH &;ESihf ygwDEkid if aH &;udk vkyaf qmif
&ef a&G;cs,o f ifhonf/ ynm&Siq f efavav Edkiif Ha&;pdw0f ifpm;rI enf;
oGm;avav rjzpfap&ef owdxm;&rnf/ todonf Edik if w H nfaqmufa&;
twGuf jzpfap&rnf/ Edkiif Hwnfaqmufa&;udk vkyaf qmif&mwGiv f nf;
todjzefYa0í xdxda&mufa&muf vkyfEdkifrnf/
wpfEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh EdkifiHa&;todMuG,fap&efum;
rvkyfEdkif/ vkyfEdkifvQifvnf; a&&Snftvkyfomjzpfí vwfwavm
oufa&mufrI enf;apEdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh vTwfawmfEdkifiHa&;wGif
0ifa&mufupm;rnfh ynmwwfvil ,frsm; jrifrh m;aom Edkiif aH &;todukd
aygif;pyf&efom ta&;MuD;onf/ xdkYaemuf AsL½dkua&pD ,EÅ&m;xJu
vli,frsm; EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&; todjrifhap&ef ta&;MuD;onf/

ygwDrsm;twGuf owdcsyf
vTwaf wmfEkid if aH &;onf 'Drku d a&pDukd tyDtjyiftaumiftxnf
azmfaom yifr,EÅ&m;jzpfonf/ vTwaf wmfwGif 'Drkdu&ufwpftifpwD
usL;&Si;f rsm; zGUH jzdK;ap&rnf/ Edik if aH &;tajrmftjrif&aSd om vli,fynmwwf
rsm;udk jynforl sm; a&G;cs,&f rnf/ jynfoal &G;cs,rf I rSeu f efap&eftwGuf
Edkiif Ha&;ygwDrsm;onf pGr;f &nfjrifhvli,frsm;udk ysK;d axmifí ae&may;
oifhonf/ pDeD,m *sLeD,myHkpHjzifh Edkiif Ha&;ygwDwGif roGm;oifh/ roGm;
tyf/ þoabmonf A[dkcsKyfukid jf cif; jzpfonf/ A[dkcsKyfukid jf cif;onf
'Drku
d a&pDEiS hf ravsmu f ef roifjh rwfacs/ 'Drku d a&pDukd aMuG;aMumfaeaom
EdkifiHa&; 0g&ifhorm;rsm; owdcsyfoifhonf/

atmufoufaus 'Drdkua&pD
wapäudk ESdrfeif;aomolonf rdrdudk,fwdkif wapärjzpfapoifh/
jrefrmEdkiif HwGif 'Drkdu&ufwpf Edkiif Ha&;orm;rsm; &dSygonf/ 'Drku
d &uf
266 rif;aoh

wpfqo kd nfah e&mwGiyf if ya'ompHpk mG wnf&aSd eonf/ ya'ompHjk cif;onf

'Drkdua&pD\ oabm0yifjzpfvifhupm; 'Drkdu&ufwpfta&jcHK A[dkcsKyf
udkifrIuJaom 'Drdku&ufwpfrsm; jzpfaponf/ MudK;eDpepf\ t&dyfudk
tefwkzufjydKifcJhonfum;&dS\/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDwGif;rSmyif 'Drdku&uf
wpfqefqef vkyfEdkifudkifEdkifrS EdkifiHawmftqifhudk wm0ef,l taumif
txnfazmfonfhtcg atmufoufausrnf jzpfygonf/
A[dkcsKyfudkifrI(0g)MudK;eDpepfonf 'Drdkua&pDESifh rtyfpyf/ xdk
trltusihu f kd rdryd gwDtwGi;f rSmyif ajzavsmhEkdif rS Edkiif Ha&;yg0g&vQif
'Drdku&ufwpfjzifh ,Ofyg;rnfjzpfonf/ vTwfawmfEdkifiHa&;wGif 'Drdk
ua&pDukd tcdkit f rmwnfaqmufEkdi&f ef ygwDtqifhuyif pwif&rnf
jzpfonf/
v
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 267

rl0g' jzpfpOf

tpkd;&u jyóemaygif;rsm;pGmudk oHk;oyfqef;ppfjyD; tusKd;

aus;Zl;rsm;rsm;&dES kid rf ,fh tpDtpOfwpfckukd a&;qGjJ yD; taumiftxnfazmf
wmudk rl0g'vdkYac:w,f/ vlrIjyóemawGu rsm;pGm&dSEkdiw f ,f/ tpk;d &
&,fvkdY jzpfvm&if jyóemawG &Sm&w,f/ jyóemwdki;f udk tajzwpfck
csif;pDeJY ajz&Sif;vdkY r&EkdifwmawGu wpfyHkMuD;&dSw,f/ jyóemawG&JU
t&if;tjrpfuswJh tcsufudk ppfwrf;awGvkyf okawoeawGvkyfjyD;
&SmazGoifhu &Sm&w,f/ jyóemawGudk aumufcsufqGJ rSm;oGm;&if
rl0g'awGvnf; vGJawmhwmyJ/ 'gudk tpdk;&awG odxm;oifhw,f/

w&m;ao csOf;uyfrI
jyóemawG trsm;MuD;[m t&if;rlv Zpfjrpfwpfckwnf;uvnf;
vmcsifvmEdkifw,f/ rlv ZpfjrpfESpfck aygif;jyD;vnf; vmEdkifw,f/
bmZpfjrpfrSr&dSbJ vuf&dStaMumif;awGaMumifh tusKd;w&m;wpfck
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yHkaowGuv f kYd r&bl;/ vlrjI yóemawGukd ½Ijrifqef;ppf&mrSm w&m;ao
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270 rif;aoh

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272 rif;aoh

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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 273

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274 rif;aoh

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280 rif;aoh

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