Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

in Chemistry (9701)

For use from 2016 in all papers for the above

syllabus, except practical examinations.

CSTxxx

**
Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

Contents: Tables of Chemical Data

Page no.

1 Important values, constants and standards 3

2 Ionisation energies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of selected elements in kJ mol–1 4
3 Bond energies 5
4 Standard electrode potential and redox potentials, E at 298K (25 °C) 7
5 Atomic and ionic radii 10
6 Typical proton (1H) chemical shift values (δ) relative to TMS = 0 12
7 Typical carbon (13C) chemical shift values (δ) relative to TMS = 0 13
8 Characteristic infra-red absorption frequencies for some selected bonds 14
9 The orientating effect of groups in aromatic substitution reactions 15
10 Names, structures and abbreviations of some amino acids 16
11 The Periodic Table of Elements 17

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

1 Important values, constants and standards

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

the Faraday constant F = 9.65 × 104 C mol–1

the Avogadro constant L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

the Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg
rest mass of proton, 11H

mn = 1.67 × 10–27 kg
rest mass of neutron, 1 n
0

0 me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
rest mass of electron, e
−1

electronic charge e = –1.60 × 10–19 C

molar volume of gas Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 at s.t.p.

Vm = 24.0 dm3 mol–1 under room conditions
(where s.t.p. is expressed as 101 kPa,
approximately, and 273 K [0 °C])

ionic product of water Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6

(at 298 K [25 °C])

specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1

(= 4.18 J g–1 K–1)

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

2 Ionisation energies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of selected elements, in kJ mol–1

Proton
number First Second Third Fourth
H 1 1310 – – –
He 2 2370 5250 – –
Li 3 519 7300 11800 –
Be 4 900 1760 14800 21000
B 5 799 2420 3660 25000
C 6 1090 2350 4610 6220
N 7 1400 2860 4590 7480
O 8 1310 3390 5320 7450
F 9 1680 3370 6040 8410
Ne 10 2080 3950 6150 9290
Na 11 494 4560 6940 9540
Mg 12 736 1450 7740 10500
Al 13 577 1820 2740 11600
Si 14 786 1580 3230 4360
P 15 1060 1900 2920 4960
S 16 1000 2260 3390 4540
Cl 17 1260 2300 3850 5150
Ar 18 1520 2660 3950 5770
K 19 418 3070 4600 5860
Ca 20 590 1150 4940 6480
Sc 21 632 1240 2390 7110
Ti 22 661 1310 2720 4170
V 23 648 1370 2870 4600
Cr 24 653 1590 2990 4770
Mn 25 716 1510 3250 5190
Fe 26 762 1560 2960 5400
Co 27 757 1640 3230 5100
Ni 28 736 1750 3390 5400
Cu 29 745 1960 3350 5690
Zn 30 908 1730 3828 5980
Ga 31 577 1980 2960 6190
Br 35 1140 2080 3460 4850
Rb 37 403 4632 3900 5080
Sr 38 548 1060 4120 5440
Ag 47 731 2074 3361 –
I 53 1010 1840 2040 4030
Cs 55 376 2420 3300 –
Ba 56 502 966 3390 –

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

3 Bond Energies

3(a) Bond energies in diatomic molecules (these are exact values)

Homonuclear Heteronuclear

Bond Energy / kJ mol–1 Bond Energy / kJ mol–1

HH 436 HF 562

DD 442 HCl 431

N≡N 944 HBr 366

O= O 496 HI 299

P≡P 485 C≡O 1077

S=S 425

FF 158

Cl Cl 242

BrBr 193

II 151

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

3(b) Bond energies in polyatomic molecules (these are average values)

Homonuclear Heteronuclear

Bond Energy / kJ mol–1 Bond Energy / kJ mol–1

CC 350 CH 410

C=C 610 CCl 340

C≡C 840 CBr 280

C….C (benzene) 520 CI 240

NN 160 CN 305

N=N 410 C=N 610

OO 150 C≡N 890

SiSi 222 CO 360

PP 200 C=O 740

SS 264 C=O in CO2 805

NH 390

NCl 310

OH 460

SiCl 359

SiH 320

SiO (in SiO2(s)) 460

Si=O (in SiO2(g)) 640

PH 320

PCl 330

PO 340

P=O 540

SH 347

SCl 250

SO 360

S=O 500

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

4 Standard electrode potential and redox potentials, E at 298 K (25 oC)

For ease of reference, two tables are given:

(a) an extended list in alphabetical order;

(b) a shorter list in decreasing order of magnitude, i.e. a redox series.

(a) E in alphabetical order

Electrode reaction E /V

Ag+ + e– Ag +0.80
Al 3+ + 3e– Al –1.66
Ba2+ + 2e– Ba –2.90
Br2 + 2e– 2Br– +1.07
Ca2+ + 2e– Ca –2.87
Cl2 + 2e– 2Cl – +1.36
2HOCl + 2H+ + 2e– Cl2 + 2H2O +1.64
Cl O– + H2O + 2e– Cl – + 2OH– +0.89
Co2+ + 2e– Co –0.28
Co3+ + e– Co2+ +1.82
[Co(NH3)6]2+ + 2e– Co + 6NH3 –0.43
Cr2+ + 2e– Cr –0.91
Cr3+ + 3e– Cr –0.74
Cr3+ + e– Cr2+ –0.41
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O +1.33
Cu+ + e– Cu +0.52
Cu2+ + 2e– Cu +0.34
Cu2+ + e– Cu+ +0.15
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2e– Cu + 4NH3 –0.05
F2 + 2e– 2F– +2.87
Fe2+ + 2e– Fe –0.44
Fe3+ + 3e– Fe –0.04
Fe3+ + e– Fe2+ +0.77
[Fe(CN)6]3– + e– [Fe(CN)6]4– +0.36
Fe(OH)3 + e– Fe(OH)2 + OH– –0.56
2H+ + 2e– H2 0.00
2H2O + 2e– H2 + 2OH– –0.83
I2 + 2e– 2I– +0.54
K + + e– K –2.92
Li+ + e– Li –3.04
Mg + 2e–
2+
Mg –2.38
Mn2+ + 2e– Mn –1.18
Mn3+ + e– Mn2+ +1.49
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.23
MnO4– + e– MnO42– +0.56
MnO4 + 4H+ + 3e–
–
MnO2 + 2H2O +1.67
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.52
NO3– + 2H+ + e– NO2 + H2O +0.81
NO3– + 3H+ + 2e– HNO2 + H2O +0.94
NO3– + 10H+ + 8e– NH4+ + 3H2O +0.87

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

Electrode reaction E /V

Na+ + e– Na –2.71
Ni2+ + 2e– Ni –0.25
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 2e– Ni + 6NH3 –0.51
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– 2H2O +1.77
HO2– + H2O + 2e– 3OH– +0.88
O2 + 4H+ + 4e– 2H2O +1.23
O2 + 2H2O + 4e– 4OH– +0.40
O2 + 2H+ + 2e– H2O2 +0.68
O2 + H2O + 2e– HO2– + OH– –0.08
Pb2+ + 2e– Pb –0.13
Pb4+ + 2e– Pb2+ +1.69
PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e– Pb2+ + 2H2O +1.47
SO42– + 4H+ + 2e– SO2 + 2H2O +0.17
S2O82–+ 2e– 2SO42– +2.01
S4O62–+ 2e– 2S2O32– +0.09
Sn2+ + 2e– Sn –0.14
Sn4+ + 2e– Sn2+ +0.15
V2+ + 2e– V –1.20
V3+ + e– V2+ –0.26
VO + 2H+ + e–
2+
V3+ + H2O +0.34
VO2+ + 2H+ + e– VO2+ + H2O +1.00
VO3– + 4H+ + e– VO2+ + 2H2O +1.00
Zn2+ + 2e– Zn –0.76

All ionic states refer to aqueous ions but other state symbols have been omitted.

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

(b) E in decreasing order of oxidising power

(a selection only – see also the extended alphabetical list on the previous pages)

Electrode reaction E /V

F2 + 2e– 2F– +2.87

S2O82–+ 2e– 2SO42– +2.01
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– 2H2O +1.77
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.52
PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e– Pb2+ + 2H2O +1.47
Cl2 + 2e– 2Cl – +1.36
Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6e–
2–
2Cr3+ + 7H2O +1.33
O2 + 4H+ + 4e– 2H2O +1.23
Br2 + 2e– 2Br– +1.07
ClO – + H2O + 2e– Cl – + 2OH– +0.89
NO3– + 10H+ + 8e– NH4+ + 3H2O +0.87
NO3– + 2H+ + e– NO2 + H2O +0.81
Ag+ + e– Ag +0.80
Fe3+ + e– Fe2+ +0.77
I2 + 2e– 2I– +0.54
O2 + 2H2O + 4e– 4OH– +0.40
Cu2+ + 2e– Cu +0.34
SO4 + 4H+ + 2e–
2–
SO2 + 2H2O +0.17
Sn4+ + 2e– Sn2+ +0.15
S4O62–+ 2e– 2S2O32– +0.09
2H+ + 2e– H2 0.00
Pb2+ + 2e– Pb –0.13
Sn2+ + 2e– Sn –0.14
Fe2+ + 2e– Fe –0.44
Zn2+ + 2e– Zn –0.76
2H2O + 2e– H2 + 2OH– –0.83
V2+ + 2e– V –1.20
Mg2+ + 2e– Mg –2.38
Ca2+ + 2e– Ca –2.87
K + + e– K –2.92

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

5 Atomic and ionic radii

(a) Period 1 atomic / nm ionic / nm

single covalent H 0.037 H– 0.208

van der Waals He 0.140

(b) Period 2 atomic / nm ionic / nm

metallic Li 0.152 Li+ 0.060

Be 0.112 Be2+ 0.031

single covalent B 0.080 B3+ 0.020

C 0.077 C4+ 0.015 C4– 0.260

N 0.074 N3– 0.171

O 0.073 O2– 0.140

F 0.072 F– 0.136

van der Waals Ne 0.160

(c) Period 3 atomic / nm ionic / nm

metallic Na 0.186 Na+ 0.095

Mg 0.160 Mg2+ 0.065

Al 0.143 Al 3+ 0.050

single covalent Si 0.117 Si4+ 0.041

P 0.110 P3– 0.212

S 0.104 S2– 0.184

Cl 0.099 Cl – 0.181

van der Waals Ar 0.190

(d) Group 2 atomic / nm ionic / nm

metallic Be 0.112 Be2+ 0.031

Mg 0.160 Mg2+ 0.065

Ca 0.197 Ca2+ 0.099

Sr 0.215 Sr2+ 0.113

Ba 0.217 Ba2+ 0.135

Ra 0.220 Ra2+ 0.140

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

(e) Group 14 atomic / nm ionic / nm

single covalent C 0.077 C4+ 0.015

Si 0.117 Si4+ 0.041

Ge 0.122 Ge2+ 0.093

metallic Sn 0.162 Sn2+ 0.112

Pb 0.175 Pb2+ 0.120

(f) Group 17 atomic / nm ionic / nm

single covalent F 0.072 F– 0.136

Cl 0.099 Cl – 0.181

Br 0.114 Br– 0.195

I 0.133 I– 0.216

At 0.140

(g) First row transition atomic / nm ionic / nm

elements

metallic Sc 0.164 Sc3+ 0.081

Ti 0.146 Ti2+ 0.090 Ti3+ 0.067

V 0.135 V2+ 0.079 V3+ 0.064

Cr 0.129 Cr2+ 0.073 Cr3+ 0.062

Mn 0.132 Mn2+ 0.067 Mn3+ 0.062

Fe 0.126 Fe2+ 0.061 Fe3+ 0.055

Co 0.125 Co2+ 0.078 Co2+ 0.053

Ni 0.124 Ni2+ 0.070 Ni3+ 0.056

Cu 0.128 Cu2+ 0.073

Zn 0.135 Zn2+ 0.075

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

6 Typical proton (1H) chemical shift values (δ) relative to TMS = 0

type of chemical shift

environment of proton example structures
proton range (δ)

alkane –CH3, –CH2–, >CH– 0.9–1.7

alkyl next to C=O CH3–C=O, –CH2–C=O, >CH–C=O 2.2–3.0

alkyl next to aromatic

CH3–Ar, –CH2–Ar, >CH–Ar 2.3–3.0
ring

alkyl next to
CH3–O, –CH2–O, –CH2–Cl, >CH–Br 3.2–4.0
electronegative atom

attached to alkyne ≡C–H 1.8–3.1

C–H
attached to alkene =CH2, =CH– 4.5–6.0

attached to aromatic ring H 6.0–9.0

aldehyde R C 9.3–10.5

alcohol RO–H 0.5–6.0

phenol OH 4.5–7.0
O-H
(see
note
O
below)
carboxylic acid R C 9.0–13.0

O H

alkyl amine R–NH– 1.0–5.0

aryl amine NH2 3.0–6.0

N-H
(see
note O
below)
R C
amide 5.0–12.0
N H

Note: δ values for –O-H and –N-H protons can vary depending on solvent and concentration

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

7 Typical carbon (13C) chemical shift values (δ) relative to TMS = 0

hybridisation of environment of carbon example structures chemical

the carbon atom shift range
atom (δ)

sp3 alkyl CH3–, –CH2–, –CH< 0–50

sp3 next to alkene/arene CH2 10–40

–CH2–C=C,

sp3 next to carbonyl/carboxyl –CH2–COR, –CH2–CO2R 25–50

sp3 next to nitrogen –CH2–NH2, –CH2–NR2, 30–65

–CH2–NHCO

next to chlorine
sp3 (-CH2-Br and -CH2-I are in –CH2–Cl 30–60
the same range as alkyl)

sp3 next to oxygen –CH2–OH, –CH2–O–CO– 50–70

C C
sp2 alkene or arene C C 110–160
>C=C<, C C

sp2 carboxyl R–CO2H, R–CO2R 160–185

sp2 carbonyl R–CHO, R–CO–R 190–220

sp alkyne R–C≡C– 65–85

sp nitrile R–C≡N 100–125

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

8 Characteristic infra-red absorption frequencies for some selected bonds

appearance of peak
functional groups absorption range (in
bond (s = strong,
containing the bond wavenumbers) /cm–1
w = weak)

C–O alcohols, ethers, esters 1040–1300 s

aromatic compounds,
C=C 1500–1680 w unless conjugated
alkenes

amides, 1640–1690 s
C=O ketones and aldehydes 1670–1740 s
esters, 1710–1750 s

C≡C alkynes 2150–2250 w unless conjugated

C≡N nitriles 2200–2250 w

alkanes, CH2–H 2850–2950 s

C–H
alkenes/arenes, =C–H 3000–3100 w

N–H amines, amides 3300–3500 w

carboxylic acids, RCO2–H 2500–3000 s and very broad

O–H H–bonded alcohol, RO–H 3200–3600 s
free alcohol, RO–H 3580–3650 s and sharp

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

9 The orientating effect of groups in aromatic substitution reactions.

The position of the incoming group, Y, is determined by the nature of the group, X, already bonded
to the ring, and not by the nature of the incoming group Y.

X X

2
+ Y+ + H+
3
4
Y
X- groups that direct the incoming X- groups that direct the incoming
Y group to the 2- or 4- positions Y group to the 3- position

–NH2, –NHR or –NR2 –NO2

–OH or –OR –NH3

–NHCOR –CN

–CH3, –alkyl –CHO, –COR

–Cl –CO2H, –CO2R

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Cambridge Pre-U Revised Syllabus

10 Names, structures and abbreviations of some amino acids

structure of side chain R- in

NH2
name 3-letter abbreviation 1-letter symbol
R CH
CO2H

alanine Ala A CH3–

aspartic acid Asp D HO2CCH2–

cysteine Cys C HSCH2–

glutamic acid Glu E HO2CCH2CH2–

glycine Gly G H–

lysine Lys K H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2–

phenylalanine Phe F CH2

serine Ser S HOCH2–

tyrosine Tyr Y HO CH2

CH3
valine Val V CH
CH3

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 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2
H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1.0 4.0
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
6.9 9.0 relative atomic mass 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23.0 24.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
17

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 – 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 116.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba lanthanoids
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cr Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.4 – 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232.0 231.0 238.0 – – – – – – – – – – –
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