Appendix: Appendix 1 Important Physical Constants and Standards

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APPENDIX

Appendix 1  Important Physical Constants and Standards

Gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1


Faraday constant F = 9.65 × 104 C mol–1
Avogadro constant L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s
Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1
1
Mass of proton 1H = 1.67 × 10
–27
kg
1
Mass of neutron 0n = 1.67 × 10
–27
kg
Mass of electron –1e = 9.11 × 10
0 –31
kg
Electronic charge e = –1.60 × 10 C–19

s.t.p. (standard temperature and pressure) 101 kPa (1 atm) and 0 °C (273 K)
Molar gas volume at s.t.p. Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol–1
Molar gas volume at r.t.p. (25 °C) Vm = 24.4 dm3 mol–1
Ionic product of water Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 at 298 K (25 °C)
Specific heat capacity of water c = 4.18 J g–1 K–1 or 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1

Appendix 2 • 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th ionisation energies for selected elements (kJ mol–1)

Element Proton number First Second Third Fourth


H 1 1310 — — —
He 2 2370 5250 — —
Li 3 519 7300 11 800 —
Be 4 900 1760 14 800 21 000
B 5 799 2420 3660 25 000
C 6 1090 2350 4610 6220
N 7 1400 2860 4590 7480
O 8 1310 3390 5320 7450
F 9 1680 3370 6040 8410
Ne 10 2080 3950 6150 9290
Na 11 494 4560 6940 9540
Mg 12 736 1450 7740 10 500
Al 13 577 1820 2740 11 600
Si 14 786 1580 3230 4360
P 15 1060 1900 2920 4960
S 16 1000 2260 3390 4540
Cl 17 1260 2300 3850 5150
Ar 18 1520 2660 3950 5770

Appendix 267
Element Proton number First Second Third Fourth
K 19 418 3070 4600 5860
Ca 20 590 1150 4940 6480
Sc 21 632 1240 2390 7110
Ti 22 661 1310 2720 4170
V 23 648 1370 2870 4600
Cr 24 653 1590 2990 4770
Mn 25 716 1510 3250 5190
Fe 26 762 1560 2960 5400
Co 27 757 1640 3230 5100
Ni 28 736 1750 3390 5400
Cu 29 745 1960 3550 5690
Zn 30 908 1730 3828 5980
Ga 31 577 1980 2960 6190
Ge 32 762 1540 3300 4390
Br 35 1140 2080 3460 4850
Sr 38 548 1060 4120 5440
Sn 50 707 1410 2940 3930
I 53 1010 1840 2040 4030
Ba 56 502 966 3390 5000
Pb 82 716 1450 3080 4080

Appendix 3 • Standard electrode and redox potentials (at 298 K)

Electrode reactions E °(V )


Ag + e+ –
Ag +0.80
AgCl + e –
Ag + Cl –
+0.22
[Ag(NH3)2] + e + –
Ag + 2NH3 +0.37
Al3+ + 3e– Al –1.66
Ba + 2e
2+ –
Ba –2.90
Be + 2e
2+ –
Be –1.85
1

2 Br2 + e –
Br – +1.07
Ca + 2e
2+ –
Ca –2.87
1

2 Cl2 + e –
Cl – +1.36

HOCl + H + e– + 1

2 Cl2 + H2O +1.64
Co2+ + 2e– Co –0.28
Co3+ + e– Co2+ +1.82
[Co(NH3)]62+ + 2e– Co + 6NH3 –0.43
[Co(NH3)] 6
3+
+e –
[Co(NH3)6] 2+
+0.10
Cr2+ + 2e– Cr –0.91
Cr + 3e
3+ –
Cr –0.74
Cr + e
3+ –
Cr 2+
–0.41
1

2 Cr2O 7
2–
+ 7H + 3e + –
Cr 3+ 7
+ H2O

2
+1.33

268 ACE AHEAD Chemistry Second Semester


Electrode reactions E °(V )
Cu+ + e– Cu +0.52
Cu2+ + 2e– Cu +0.34
Cu + e 2+ –
Cu +
+0.15
[Cu(NH3)4] + 2e 2+ –
Cu + 4NH3 –0.05
1

2  F2 + e –
F – +2.87
Fe + 2e
2+ –
Fe –0.44
Fe3+ + 3e– Fe –0.04
Fe + e
3+ –
Fe 2+
+0.77
[Fe(CN6)] + e 3– –
[Fe(CN6)] 4–
+0.36
Fe(OH)3 + e– Fe (OH)2 + OH– –0.56
H+ + e–
1

2  H2 0.00
1

2  H2 + e– H– –2.25
1

2 2  I + e– I– +0.54

IO3– + 6H+ + 5e–


1
 I + 3H2O

2 2
+1.19
K+ + e– K –2.92
Li + e
+ –
Li –3.04
Mg + 2e 2+ –
Mg –2.38
Mn2+ + 2e– Mn –1.18
Mn + e 3+ –
Mn 2+
+1.49
MnO2 + 4H + 2e + –
Mn + 2H2O
2+
+1.23
MnO4– + e– MnO42– +0.56
MnO + 4H + 3e 4
– + –
MnO2 + 2H2O +1.67
MnO + 8H + 5e 4
– + –
Mn + 4H2O
2+
+1.52
HNO2 + H+ + e– NO + H2O +0.99
NO + 2H + e
3
– + –
NO2 + H2O +0.81
NO + 3H + 2e
3
– + –
HNO2 + H2O +0.94
NO3– + 10H+ + 8e– NH4+ + 3H2O +0.87
Na + e + –
Na –2.71
Ni + 2e
2+ –
Ni –0.25
[Ni(NH3)6] + 2e 2+ –
Ni + 6NH3 –0.51
1

2 H2O2 + H + e + –
H2O +1.77
1

2 O2 + 2H + 2e + –
H2O +1.23
1

2 O2 + H2O + 2e– 2OH– +0.40
O2 + 2H + 2e + –
H2O2 +0.68
2H2O + 2e– H2+ 2OH– –0.83
Pb + 2e 2+ –
Pb –0.13
Pb + 2e 4+ –
Pb 2+
+1.69
PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e– Pb2+ + 2H2O +1.47
S + 2e –
S 2–
–0.51
S + 2H + 2e + –
H2S +0.14

Appendix 269
Electrode reactions E °(V )
Sc + 3e
3+ –
Sc –2.08
SO 4
2–
+ 4H + 2e + –
H2SO3 + H2O +0.17
1
–SO
2 4 6
2–
+e –
S2O 3
2– +0.09
Sn + 2e
2+ –
Sn –0.14
Sn + 2e
4+ –
Sn 2+
+0.15
Sr2+ + 2e– Sr –2.89
Ti + 2e
2+ –
Ti –1.63
Ti + e
3+ –
Ti 2+
–0.37
V + 2e
2+ –
V –1.20
V +e
3+ –
V2+
–0.26
VO2+ + 2H+ + e– V3+ + H2O +0.34
VO2+ + 2H+ + e– VO2+ + H2O +1.00
VO + 4H + e
3
– + –
VO + 2H2O
2+
+1.00
Zn + 2e
2+ –
Zn –0.76

Appendix 4 • Electronic configurations of atoms with proton numbers 1 to 30

Element Symbol Proton number Electronic configuration

Hydrogen H 1 1s1
Helium He 2 1s2
Lithium Li 3 1s2 2s1
Beryllium Be 4 1s2 2s2
Boron B 5 1s2 2s2 2p1x
Carbon C 6 1s2 2s2 2p1x 2p1y
Nitrogen N 7 1s2 2s2 2p1x 2p1y p1z
Oxygen O 8 1s2 2s2 2p2x 2p1y 2p1z
Fluorine F 9 1s2 2s2 2p2x 2p2y 2p1z
Neon Ne 10 1s2 2s2 2p2x 2p2y 2p2z
Sodium Na 11 1s2 2s2 p6 3s1
Magnesium Mg 12 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Aluminium Al 13 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x
Silicon Si 14 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x 3p1y
Phosphorus P 15 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x 3p1y 3p1z
Sulphur S 16 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2x 3p1y 3p1z
Chlorine Cl 17 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2x 3p2y 3p1z
Argon Ar 18 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2x 3p2y 3p2z
Potassium K 19 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Calcium Ca 20 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Scandium Sc 21 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2

270 ACE AHEAD Chemistry Second Semester


Element Symbol Proton number Electronic configuration

Titanium Ti 22 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2


Vanadium V 23 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
Chromium Cr 24 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
Manganese Mn 25 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2
Iron Fe 26 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2
Cobalt Co 27 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2
Nickel Ni 28 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2
Copper Cu 29 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1
Zinc Zn 30 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2

Appendix 5 • Glossary of terms used in the STPM Chemistry Examination

1 Define (the term (s) …): only a formal statement is required.


2 What do you understand by/what is meant by (the term(s) …): a definition should be given together with
some relevant comment on the significance of the term(s) concerned, especially where two or more terms are
included in the question. The amount of additional comments will depend on the marks given in the question.
3 State: a concise answer with little or no supporting reasons to justify the answer. For example, a numerical
answer that can be obtained by inspection.
4 State and explain: a concise answer but with supporting reasoning or some reference to theory (if necessary).
5 Describe: this is often used with reference to experimental techniques or to a particular phenomemon. In the
case of experiment, apparatus, method, measurements, results and precautions are often required.
6 Outline: a brief answer where only the basic essentials are given.
7 Predict: the candidate is expected to give a concise answer based on a logical connection between pieces of
information which may be given in the question.
8 Deduce: used in a similar way as predict except that some supporting statement is required. Reference to a
scientific law or theory should be included in the answer.
9 Suggest: no unique answer for this question (for example, two or more substances may satisfy the given
properties). Sometimes a candidate is expected to apply his/her general knowledge to a rare or theoretical
situation which is not found in the syllabus.
10 Find: this is a general term which means to calculate, to measure or to determine.
11 Calculate: normally, a numerical answer is required and working should be shown.
12 Sketch: applies to a graph or a diagram. For a graph, the shape and/or the position of the graph need only to
be qualitatively correct. In most cases, the candidate is expected to show whether the graph passes through
the origin.
In reference to diagrams, sketch means a free-hand drawing. However, the approximate proportions of the
apparatus used and other important details must be included.
13 Units, significant figures: candidates will be penalised if units are not given or wrongly given for numerical
answers, or answers are quoted to an inappropriate number of significant figures.

Appendix 271

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