Appendix: Appendix 1 Important Physical Constants and Standards
Appendix: Appendix 1 Important Physical Constants and Standards
Appendix: Appendix 1 Important Physical Constants and Standards
s.t.p. (standard temperature and pressure) 101 kPa (1 atm) and 0 °C (273 K)
Molar gas volume at s.t.p. Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol–1
Molar gas volume at r.t.p. (25 °C) Vm = 24.4 dm3 mol–1
Ionic product of water Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 at 298 K (25 °C)
Specific heat capacity of water c = 4.18 J g–1 K–1 or 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1
Appendix 2 • 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th ionisation energies for selected elements (kJ mol–1)
Appendix 267
Element Proton number First Second Third Fourth
K 19 418 3070 4600 5860
Ca 20 590 1150 4940 6480
Sc 21 632 1240 2390 7110
Ti 22 661 1310 2720 4170
V 23 648 1370 2870 4600
Cr 24 653 1590 2990 4770
Mn 25 716 1510 3250 5190
Fe 26 762 1560 2960 5400
Co 27 757 1640 3230 5100
Ni 28 736 1750 3390 5400
Cu 29 745 1960 3550 5690
Zn 30 908 1730 3828 5980
Ga 31 577 1980 2960 6190
Ge 32 762 1540 3300 4390
Br 35 1140 2080 3460 4850
Sr 38 548 1060 4120 5440
Sn 50 707 1410 2940 3930
I 53 1010 1840 2040 4030
Ba 56 502 966 3390 5000
Pb 82 716 1450 3080 4080
HOCl + H + e– + 1
–
2 Cl2 + H2O +1.64
Co2+ + 2e– Co –0.28
Co3+ + e– Co2+ +1.82
[Co(NH3)]62+ + 2e– Co + 6NH3 –0.43
[Co(NH3)] 6
3+
+e –
[Co(NH3)6] 2+
+0.10
Cr2+ + 2e– Cr –0.91
Cr + 3e
3+ –
Cr –0.74
Cr + e
3+ –
Cr 2+
–0.41
1
–
2 Cr2O 7
2–
+ 7H + 3e + –
Cr 3+ 7
+ H2O
–
2
+1.33
Appendix 269
Electrode reactions E °(V )
Sc + 3e
3+ –
Sc –2.08
SO 4
2–
+ 4H + 2e + –
H2SO3 + H2O +0.17
1
–SO
2 4 6
2–
+e –
S2O 3
2– +0.09
Sn + 2e
2+ –
Sn –0.14
Sn + 2e
4+ –
Sn 2+
+0.15
Sr2+ + 2e– Sr –2.89
Ti + 2e
2+ –
Ti –1.63
Ti + e
3+ –
Ti 2+
–0.37
V + 2e
2+ –
V –1.20
V +e
3+ –
V2+
–0.26
VO2+ + 2H+ + e– V3+ + H2O +0.34
VO2+ + 2H+ + e– VO2+ + H2O +1.00
VO + 4H + e
3
– + –
VO + 2H2O
2+
+1.00
Zn + 2e
2+ –
Zn –0.76
Hydrogen H 1 1s1
Helium He 2 1s2
Lithium Li 3 1s2 2s1
Beryllium Be 4 1s2 2s2
Boron B 5 1s2 2s2 2p1x
Carbon C 6 1s2 2s2 2p1x 2p1y
Nitrogen N 7 1s2 2s2 2p1x 2p1y p1z
Oxygen O 8 1s2 2s2 2p2x 2p1y 2p1z
Fluorine F 9 1s2 2s2 2p2x 2p2y 2p1z
Neon Ne 10 1s2 2s2 2p2x 2p2y 2p2z
Sodium Na 11 1s2 2s2 p6 3s1
Magnesium Mg 12 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Aluminium Al 13 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x
Silicon Si 14 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x 3p1y
Phosphorus P 15 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1x 3p1y 3p1z
Sulphur S 16 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2x 3p1y 3p1z
Chlorine Cl 17 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2x 3p2y 3p1z
Argon Ar 18 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2x 3p2y 3p2z
Potassium K 19 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Calcium Ca 20 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Scandium Sc 21 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2
Appendix 271