APPENDIX II

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION (CAPE®)

CHEMISTRY DATA BOOKLET

CXC A11/U2/17 77
 CARIBBEAN E XAM I NAT I O N S COUNCIL
CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

CHEMISTRY

DATA BOOKLET

DO NOT TAKE AWAY FROM THE EXAMINATION ROOM

Revised: January 2015

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TABLE 1: SOME IMPORTANT CONSTANTS

The Avogadro constant L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

Electronic charge e = –1.60 × 10–19 C

The Faraday constant F = 9.65 × 104 C mol–1

Ionic product of water Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 (at 298 K)

Molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Molar volume of gas Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 at s.t.p

= 24 dm3 mol–1 under room conditions

The Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

0
Rest mass of electron, e me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
–1

1
Rest mass of neutron, n mn = 1.67 × 10–27 kg
0

1
Rest mass of proton, 1H mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg

Specific heat capacity of water Cwater = 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1

Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

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TABLE 2: IONISATION ENERGIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS

Ionisation Energies (kJ mol–1)

Element Proton
Number First Second Third Fourth

H 1 1310 – – –
He 2 2370 5250 – –
Li 3 519 7300 11800 –
Be 4 900 1760 14800 21000
B 5 799 2420 3660 25000
C 6 1090 2350 4610 6220
N 7 1400 2860 4590 7480
O 8 1310 3390 5320 7450
F 9 1680 3370 6040 8410
Ne 10 2080 3950 6150 9290
Na 11 494 4560 6940 9540
Mg 12 736 1450 7740 10500
Al 13 577 1820 2740 11600
Si 14 786 1580 3230 4360
P 15 1060 1900 2920 4960
S 16 1000 2260 3390 4540
Cl 17 1260 2300 3850 5150
Ar 18 1520 2660 3950 5770
K 19 418 3070 4600 5860
Ca 20 590 1150 4940 6480
Sc 21 632 1240 2390 7110
Ti 22 661 1310 2720 4170
V 23 648 1370 2870 4600
Cr 24 653 1590 2990 4770
Mn 25 716 1510 3250 5190
Fe 26 762 1560 2960 5400
Co 27 757 1640 3230 5100
Ni 28 736 1750 3390 5400
Cu 29 745 1960 3350 5690
Zn 30 908 1730 3828 5980
Ge 32 762 1540 3300 4390
Br 35 1140 2080 3460 4850
Sr 38 548 1060 4120 5440
Sn 50 707 1410 2940 3930
I 53 1010 1840 2040 4030
Ba 56 502 966 3390 –
Pb 82 716 1450 3080 4080
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TABLE 3: ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII OF SELECTED ELEMENTS

Atomic/nm Ionic/nm

(a) Group II
Metallic Be 0.112 Be2+ 0.031
Mg 0.160 Mg2+ 0.065
Ca 0.197 Ca2+ 0.099
Sr 0.215 Sr2+ 0.113
Ba 0.217 Ba2+ 0.135
Ra 0.220 Ra2+ 0.140

(b) Group IV
Single covalent C 0.077
Si 0.117 Si4+ 0.041
Ge 0.122 Ge2+ 0.093
Sn 0.162 Sn2+ 0.112
Pb 0.175 Pb2+ 0.120

(c) Group VII

Single covalent F 0.072 F– 0.136
Cl 0.099 Cl– 0.181
Br 0.114 Br– 0.195
I 0.133 I– 0.216
At 0.140

(d) Period 3
Metallic Na 0.186 Na+ 0.095
Mg 0.160 Mg2+ 0.065
Al 0.143 Al3+ 0.050

Single covalent Si 0.117 Si4+ 0.041

P 0.110 P3– 0.212
S 0.104 S2– 0.184
Cl 0.099 Cl– 0.181

Van der Waals Ar 0.192

(e) First row transition elements

Single covalent Sc 0.144 Sc3+ 0.081
Ti 0.132 Ti2+ 0.090
V 0.122 V3+ 0.074
Cr 0.117 Cr3+ 0.069
Mn 0.117 Mn2+ 0.080
Fe 0.116 Fe2+ 0.076
Fe3+ 0.064
Co 0.116 Co2+ 0.078
Ni 0.115 Ni2+ 0.078
Cu 0.117 Cu2+ 0.069
Zn 0.125 Zn2+ 0.074
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TABLE 4: SELECTED BOND ENERGIES

Bond Energy/kJ mol–1

(a) Diatomic molecules

H─H 436
D─D 442
N≡N 994
O═O 496
F─F 158
Cl─Cl 244
Br─Br 193
I─I 151
H─F 562
H─Cl 431
H─Br 366
H─I 299

(b) Polyatomic molecules

C─C 350
C═C 610
C≡C 840
…
C─C (benzene) 520
C─H 410
C─Cl 340
C─Br 280
C─I 240
C─N 305
C═N 610
C≡N 890
C─O 360
C═O 740
N─H 390
N─N 160
N═N 410
O─H 460
O─O 150
Si─Cl 359
Si─H 320
Si─O 444
Si─Si 222
S─Cl 250
S─H 347
S─S 264
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TABLE 5: STANDARD ELECTRODE AND REDOX POTENTIALS

Electrode Reaction E /volts

at 298 K (25 °C)

Ag+ + e– Ag +0.80
Al + 3e
3+ –
Al –1.66
Ba2+ + 2e– Ba –2.90
Br2 + 2e– 2Br– +1.07
Ca2+ + 2e– Ca –2.87
Cl2 + 2e –
2Cl –
+1.36
2HOCl + 2H+ + 2e– Cl2 + 2H2O +1.64
Co2+ + 2e– Co –0.28
Co3+ + e– Co2+ +1.82
[Co(NH3)6] + 2e 2+ –
Co + 6NH3 –0.43
Cr2+ + 2e– Cr –0.91
Cr3+ + 3e– Cr –0.74
Cr3+ + e– Cr2+ –0.41
Cr2O 2–
7
+ 14H + 6e
+ –
2Cr + 7H2O
3+
+1.33
Cu+ + e– Cu +0.52
Cu2+ + 2e– Cu +0.34
Cu2+ + e– Cu+ +0.15
[Cu(NH3)4] + 2e 2+ –
Cu + 4NH3 –0.05
F2 + 2e– 2F– +2.87
Fe2+ + 2e– Fe –0.44
Fe3+ + 3e– Fe –0.04
Fe + e
3+ –
Fe 2+
+0.77
[Fe(CN)6]3– + e– [Fe(CN)6]4– +0.36
Fe(OH)3 + e– Fe(OH)2 + OH– –0.56
2H+ + 2e– H2 0.00
I2 + 2e–
2I –
+0.54
K+ + e– K –2.92
Li+ + e– Li –3.04
Mg2+ + 2e– Mg –2.38
Mn + 2e
2+ –
Mn –1.18
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TABLE 5: STANDARD ELECTRODE AND REDOX POTENTIALS (CONT'D)

Electrode Reaction E /volts

at 298 K (25 °C)

Mn3+ + e– Mn2+ +1.49

MnO2 + 4H + 2e
+ –
Mn + 2H2O2+
+1.23
MnO–4 + e– MnO2–4 +0.56
MnO–4 + 4H+ + 3e– MnO2 + 2H2O +1.67
MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.52
NO + 2H + e
–
3
+ –
NO2 + H2O +0.81
NO–3 + 3H+ + 2e– HNO2 + H2O +0.94
NO–3 + 10H+ + 8e– NH–4 + 3H2O +0.87
Na+ + e– Na –2.71
Ni + 2e
2+ –
Ni –0.25
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 2e– Ni + 6NH3 –0.51
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– 2H2O +1.77
O2 + 4H+ + 4e– 2H2O +1.23
O2 + 2H2O + 4e –
4OH –
+0.40
O2 + 2H+ + 2e– H 2O 2 +0.68
2H2O + 2e– H2 + 2OH– –0.83
Pb2+ + 2e– Pb –0.13
Pb + 2e
4+ –
Pb 2+
+1.69
PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e– Pb2+ + 2H2O +1.47
SO2–4 + 4H+ + 2e– SO2 + 2H2O +0.17
S2O2–8 + 2e– 2SO2–4 +2.01
S4O 2–
6
+ 2e–
2S2O 2–
3
+0.09
Sn2+ + 2e– Sn –0.14
Sn4+ + 2e– Sn2+ +0.15
V2+ + 2e– V –1.20
V +e
3+ –
V 2+
–0.26
VO2+ + 2H+ + e– V3+ + H2O +0.34
VO+2 + 2H+ + e– VO2+ + H2O +1.00
VO–3 + 4H+ + e– VO2+ + 2H2O +1.00
Zn + 2e
2+ –
Zn –0.76
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TABLE 6: SELECTED INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPIC DATA

Characteristic Absorption Ranges*

Bond
(Wave Number, cm–1)

O─H ‘free’ 3580 to 3670

N─H primary amines 3350 to 3500

O─H ‘hydrogen-bonded’ in alcohols, phenols 3230 to 3550

C─H alkanes, alkenes, arenes 2840 to 3095

O─H ‘hydrogen-bonded’ in acids 2500 to 3300

C≡N 2200 to 2280

C≡C 2070 to 2250

C═O aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters 1680 to 1750

C═C 1610 to 1680

C─O alcohols, ethers, esters 1000 to 1300

C─Cl 700 to 800

*due to stretching vibrations
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The Periodic Table

Group

I II III IV V VI VII 0

1.0 4.0
H He
1 2

6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 0.2

Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52 0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

133 137 La* 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
Cs Ba to Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
55 56 Lu 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

– – Ac**
Fr Ra to
87 88 Lr

139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
* La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

a a – relative atomic mass

Key X X – atomic symbol
b b – proton (atomic) number