CST Unit 3 - PPT 1 PDF

Unit-3
Noise in Analog Modulation Systems

Introduction
◊ To undertake an analysis of noise in continuous-wave

(CM) modulation systems, we need a receiver model.
◊ The customary practice is to model the receiver noise

(channel noise) as additive, white, and Gaussian. These
simplifying assumptions enable us to obtain a basic
understanding of the way in which noise affects the
performance of the receiver.
Receiver Model
◊ s(t) denotes the incoming modulated signal.

◊ w(t) denotes front-end receiver noise. The power spectral density of
the noise w(t) is denoted by N0/2, defined for both positive and
negative frequencies. N0 is the average noise power per unit
bandwidth measured at the front end of the receiver.
◊ The bandwidth of this band-pass filter is just wide enough to pass
the modulated signal without distortion.
◊ Assume the band-pass filter is ideal, having a bandwidth equal to the
transmission bandwidth BT of the modulated signal s(t) , and a mid-
band frequency equal to the carrier frequency fc , fc >> BT .
Receiver Model
Idealized characteristic of band-pass filtered noise.

◊ The filtered noise n(t) may be treated as a narrow band noise
represented in the canonical form:
n t   nI t cos 2πf c t   nQ t sin 2πf c t  6.1
where nI(t) is the in-phase noise component and nQ(t) is the
quadrature noise component, both measured with respect to the
carrier wave Accos(2πfct). 7
Receiver Model
◊ The filtered signal x(t) available for demodulation is defined by

x t   s t   n t  6.2
◊ The average noise power at the demodulator input is equal to the
total area under the curve of the power spectral density SN( f ):
 N0
Pavg-noise  2 BT  BT N 0
2
◊ Input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)I is defined as:
average power of the modulated signal s t 
SNR I 
average power of the filtered noise n t 
◊ Output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)O is defined as:
SNR  
average power of the demodulated message signal
O
average power of the noise
Receiver Model
◊ Channel signal-to-noise ratio
average power of the modulated signal
SNR C 
average power of noise in the message BW measured at the receiver input
◊ This ratio may be viewed as the signal-to-noise ratio that results

from baseband (direct) transmission of the message signal m(t)
without modulation, as demonstrated in the following figure:
◊ The message power at the low-pass filter input is adjusted to be the same
as the average power of the modulated signal
◊ The low-pass filter passes the message signal and rejects out-of-band
noise.
Receiver Model
◊ Figure of merit
◊ For the purpose of comparing different continuous-wave (CW) modulation
systems, we normalize the receiver performance by dividing the output
signal-to-noise ratio by the channel signal-to-noise ratio.
◊ The higher the value of the figure of merit, the better will the noise
performance of the receiver be.
◊ The figure of merit may equal one, be less than one, or be greater than one,
depending on the type of modulation used.
SNRO
Figure of merit=
SNR C
Noise in DSB-SC Receiver
◊ The model of a DSB-SC receiver using a coherent detector
◊ The amplitude of the locally generated sinusoidal wave is

assumed to be unity.
◊ For the demodulation scheme to operate satisfactorily, it is
necessary that the local oscillator be synchronized both in phase
and in frequency with the oscillator generating the carrier wave in
the transmitter. We assume that this synchronization has been
achieved.
◊ The DSB-SC component of the modulated signal s(t) is expressed
as
s t   CAc cos 2 f ct m t 
where C is the system dependent scaling factor. The purpose of

which is to ensure that the signal component s(t) is measured in
the same units as the additive noise component n(t).
◊ m(t) is the sample function of a stationary process of zero mean,
whose power spectral density SM( f ) is limited to a maximum
frequency W, i.e. W is the message bandwidth.
◊ The average power P of the message signal is the total area under
the curve of power spectral density
P   S M  f df
W
W
◊ Equation indicates the following:
◊ The message signal m(t) and in-phase noise component nI(t) of
the filtered noise n(t) appear additively at the receiver output.

◊ The quadrature component nQ(t) of the noise n(t) is completely
rejected by the coherent detector.

◊ We note that these two results are independent of the input signal-
to-noise ratio.
◊ Thus, coherent detection distinguishes itself from other
demodulation techniques in the important property: the output
message component is unmutilated and the noise component
always appears additively with the message, irrespective of the
input signal-to-noise ratio.

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Unit-3

Noise in Analog Modulation Systems

◊ To undertake an analysis of noise in continuous-wave

◊ The customary practice is to model the receiver noise

◊ s(t) denotes the incoming modulated signal.

Idealized characteristic of band-pass filtered noise.

◊ The filtered signal x(t) available for demodulation is defined by

◊ This ratio may be viewed as the signal-to-noise ratio that results

◊ The amplitude of the locally generated sinusoidal wave is

where C is the system dependent scaling factor. The purpose of

the filtered noise n(t) appear additively at the receiver output.

rejected by the coherent detector.

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