INSTITUTE OF FINANCE

MANAGEMENT(IFM)

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

DEPARTMENT.
MTU 07101:BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
TOPIC:REVIEW OF ALGEBRA
 Contents
• Number system
• Exponents
• Logarithms
• Permutation
• Combination
• Binomial expansions
 Number system
• A number system is a set of numbers together with
their operations such as addition or multiplication.
The operation may be one or more.
• In number system we have the following numbers:-
• Natural numbers
• Whole numbers
• Integers
• Rational numbers
• Irrational numbers and
• Real numbers.
 Natural and whole Numbers
Natural number- The set of numbers often
referred to as the set of counting numbers.
The set is infinite and starts from ‘1’ as shown
here {1, 2, 3, . . . } From this part we have prime
numbers, even numbers and odd numbers.
Activity- give examples of those numbers.

• Whole number.
• Is the expansion of a set of natural numbers by
incorporating “0”.
• {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .} = natural numbers
• {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .} =whole numbers
 Integers and rational numbers
• Integers. (I)
• Is a set of whole numbers and their additive
inverse. That means integers contain positive
and negative number but not in a fraction.
• Example:
• {. . . ,-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}
• Rational numbers (Q).
• A rational number is a number that can be
expressed in the form of a/b, where ‘a’ and ‘b’
are integers and b≠0. Rational numbers are
commonly referred as fractions.
• Examples of rational numbers are:-
• 6/1, 3/5, 15 and 25
 Irrational numbers

• Are decimal numbers that are non-

terminating and non-repeating.
• The most famous irrational number is pi (π).
The value of (π) for the first decimal places
is π=3.141592 . . .
• Other examples of irrational numbers are
square root of positive integers that are not
perfect square.
• Example:-√2, √3, √5, √6, √7
 Real number (R)
• Is the union of a set of rational numbers
and irrational numbers.
• Real numbers have the following
properties
a  b 
1. Closure property. ab  
(a  b )  c  a  (b  c)
2. Associative property
( ab ) c  a ( bc )
 Properties cont…
3. Commutative property a  b  b  a ab  ba
4. Distributive property( a  b ) c  ac  bc
5. Existence of identity a  0  a a .1  a
6.Existence of inverse
Additive inverse a  a  0
Multiplicative inverse 1
aa  1
 fractions
• Fraction is the part of whole. The fraction
is represented as
a
b
where “a” is called
numerator and “b” is denominator.
• Examples of fraction:

The coloured part is 1/4 and uncoloured

part is 3/4
 Types of fractions
1. Proper fraction is the fraction whose
numerator is smaller than the denominator
• Example , ½, ¾, 9/14, ...
2. Improper fraction is the fraction whose the
numerator is greater than the denominator
• Example: 4/3, 5/2, 14/9, ...
3. Mixed fraction is the fraction which consist
of the whole number and fraction

1 6 3
1 , 11 , 33 , ...
3 12 7
 Note: A mixed number can be
expressed as an improper fraction.
Examples on fraction
2
1. Change the fraction to improper fraction
2
3

2. Change the fraction to mixed fraction3

11

some operation on fractions.

1. addition 1 2 3  10 13
  
5 3 15 15
2 1 10 3 7
  
3 5 15 15
 Operation cont…
3 2 32 6
2. Multiplication   
5 7 57 35

3. Division a c a d 2 1 2 4
     2 
b d b c 3 2 3 3
• Decimals.
• Decimals are fractions that have a power
th th th
of 10 , 100 , 1000 etc for their
denominator.
 Decimal cont…
• (i) 7/10 = 0.7 ii)2/10=0.2, ii)21/100=0.21,
iv) 562/1000=0.562.
Decimal places 
• 0.2 is read as 2 tenths
• 0.21 is read as 21 hundredths
• 0.562 is read as 562 thousandths 
 Types of decimals
Decimals can be
• Terminating (like 0.2 or 0.562),
• Repeating and non terminating (like 0.121212…) or
• Non terminating and non repeating like
0.456351291….
Examples:
• 1. Express the following expression as decimals.
i)2/3 ii)4/9 iii) 25/99
• 2. Express the following decimals as fraction: 0.3,
0.75  
 Exponents
Consider
16  2222  2 4

i.e
16  2
4

Generally an exponential form of number y is m

y a
• Where “m is the power of a”.
• where “a” is a base
• “m” is an exponent
• m is a power
a
 Exponent cont…
• For that case, , “4” is a power of 22 4 , is a
power, “2” is a base and “4” is an
exponent.
• Examples:
Indicate 3 power, base and exponent
5
1.
 n  1
k

2. 5
3
3.
2   2
4 4

NB.
 Exponent cont…
. 2  2   2  2  2  2   16
4 4

2   2  2  2  2  16
4

• Therefore you should pay attention to

parenthesis.
 Properties of exponents
m n
1 .a
m
 a n
 a
m n
2 .a
m
 a n
 a

a 
n
3.
m
 a mn

ab 
4.
n
 a n
b
n

 a m a
m

5 .  
b  b
m

Also 1
a
m
a m
a 0
Or 1. also a
0
1
 Fractional exponent
p

 a
p

q q
a
• Special cases of exponents
If then x = 1.
m
x
m
1

• If the bases are the same take the

exponent equal. 
 Examples on exponents

1. y
3
 y7
n
 
1 1
  
2. 8  8

3 5
y 
3.
2
10
4
3
 0 . 3   3 0 . 47
5. Simplify the following 0 . 47 6
 Examples cont...
6. Simplify the following 16
2
3

7.Simplify the following 3

a a
3

8. Express the following powers using
positive exponent
7
a
 LOGARITHM
• Consider the expression16  2 4
Remember that 2 is the base and 4 is the
power. An alternative yet, equivalent way of
writing this expression
log 2 16  4 is .This is
stated as “log to base 2 of 16 equals 4”.We
see that the logarithm is the same as the
power or index in the original expression.
• It is the base in the original expression
which becomes the base of the logarithm.
 logarithm
• This is stated as “log to base 2 of 16 equals
4”.
• We see that the logarithm is the same as
the power/index in the original expression
which becomes the base of the logarithm.
• The two statements 16  2 4 andlog 16  4 are
equivalent statements.
2

• Eg. Equivalent to
 2 log 8 64  2
• 64 8 equivalent to
log 27  3 3  27
3
3
 continue
• Now If x  a n equivalentlylog
x n a

• Also 10  10 log 10 10  1
equivalently
1

similarly log 2  12
is equivalently2to 2 1

• Generaly we have

log a a 1 ………..law 1
 Second law of logarithm
• Suppose x  a andy  a
n
then the m

equivalent logarithmic forms are

log x  n
a
andlog a y  m
Using the rule of indices we have
xy  a a n m

n m
xy a
log a
xy n m
log a
xy  log a
x  log a
y
 Third law of logarithm
Supposex  a and we raise both sides by
n

m and thereforex have

m
anm thinking
of the quantity
x
m as a single term the
logarithmic form
a
misnmthen
log x   m log x
a

It states that when finding the logarithm of a

power of a number this can be evaluated
by multiplying the logarithm of the number
by that power.
 Fourth law of logarithm
• Suppose x  a and n
y  am with equivalent
logarithmic formlog x  n a
log y  m
and a

• Consider the following

n
x a
 m
y a

x n m
 a
y
x
log  n m
a
y

• log
x
 log a x  log a y
a
y
 Fifth law of logarithm
• This law is called change of base.
• The law states;
log x
a
 log x
log a
y
y
if we let x=a it leads to
1
 log y
x
log y
Exercise 1 x

Prove the above theorem.

 Examples on logarithm and
exponents
• Write the following in logarithmic form
4 1
2 
16
2
1 
   36
6 
2 1
27 3

9
• Write the following in exponential form
• 1 log 49  2
 log 81
9 7
2
 More examples
Evaluate the following

1
log 8
64
log 25
5

log 2 8
write the following expression as a single term

log 6 30  log 6 10
solve log 5  log 4

log 3  7 x  3   log 3 5 x  9 
 PERMUTATION
• In the rule of counting we consider the
possible choices of r different objects or
events, with or without repetition.
• In permutations we have different
arrangements of certain number of
objects, say r taken from n different
objects without repetition of any given
object in any one set more than
n
Pr once.
Denoted by
 Cont………
• To illustrate there are many permutations of
ABC but none will be like ABB or AAA, thus
the objects in each set are different and
there will be as many sets as are the
arrangements possible from a given
number of objects.
• For example a bookseller has received three
new books A, B, C .He can place them in his
showcase in any of the following 6 ways:
 Cont………
• ABC,ACB,BAC,BCA,CAB,CBA.
• There are thus 6 ways of arranging three
distinct objects when each arrangement is
of all the 3 objects.No repetition has been
allowed in any one arrangement, each
element appear only once.
• Mathematically, we can say that three
distinct objects can be arranged in 3.2.1=6
ways.
 Cont……
• We can reason out this as follows.”There
are three places to be filled, the first can
be filled in 3 ways, the second in 2 ways
while for the third there is only 1 way.
Hence there 3.2.1 ways in all.
• Note: The number of permutations of n
different things taken r at a time in which
each thing is repeated r times in any
arrangement
n
r
is
 Permutation cont…
Example 1
There are 4 seats on a bench; in how many
ways can 9 people be arranged on the
bench?
n !  n ( n  1)( n  2 ).......

NOTE: 5!  5  4  3  2 1
 120
n! 9!
n
Pr 
9
P4  9!
n r ! 9  4 !
9
P4 
9  4 !

9  8  7  6  5!
9
P4 
9
P4  3024
5!
 Examples…

Example 3
How many three letter “words” can be
formed using 8 letters if
a) Repetition is not allowed
b) If repetition is allowed
 solution
n!
n
Pr 
n r !

8!
8
P3 
8  3 !
8!
8
P3 
5!
8
P3  336

(b) With repetition

 8 8 8
 512
 Permutation…
• Arrangement of n objects of which p are
like, q are like, r are alike, is given
 by
n!
p !q !r !
• Example.(a)Find the number of
permutations of the word “accountant”.
• (b)Find the number of arrangements that
can be made out of the word
“ASSASSINATION”
 EXERCISE

How many ways can the word be written?

1. MOROGORO
2. MATHEMATICS
3. DIFFERENT
 COMBINATION
A combination of n different objects taken r
at a time is the selection of r objects out
of n objects without minding the order of
the objects arranged.
Example 1
Two letters out of four letters A, B, C, D are
selected at random. How many ways can
this be done?
 solution

AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD. i.e. 6 combinations

or selection
n!
C 
Using the formula, ( n  r )! r ! use n = 4
n
r

and r = 2
4!
4
C2 
(4  2 )! 2!

 3  2 1
4
4
C2 
2 1  2 1
4
C 2
 6
 Example 2
In a certain organization three top leaders
are to be chosen from 5 people. How
many ways can this be done?
Solution:
Combination 3 out of 5 people
Using the formula, use n = 5 and r = 3
n!
n
Cr 
(n  r )! r !
 Solution cont…
. 5
C 
5!
 3 )! 3!
3
(5

5  4  3  2 1
5
C3 
2 1  3  2 1

5
C 3
 10
Example. From 6 boys and 4 girls,5 are to be
selected for admission for a particular
course. In how many ways can this be
done If there must be exactly 2 girls?
 More examples
• In how many ways can 4 white and 3 black
balls be selected from a box containing 20
white and 15 black balls.
• From 7 BACC students and 5 BBF
students a committee of 5 is to be formed.
In how many ways can this be done so as
to include atleast one BACC student.
 Binomial Expansions

Consider the following expansion

 b 1
0
a

 b  a  b
1
a

 b   a 2  2 ab  b 2
2
a

 b   a  3 a b  3 ab  b
3 3 2 2 3
a

a  b   a  4a b  6a  4 ab  b
4 4 3 2 2 3 4
b
 Pascal’s Triangle

Consider
 b 
0
a 1
a  b  
1
1 1
a b 
2
1 2 1
a  b  
3

1 3 3 1
 b 
4
a 1 4 6 4
1
 Pascal triangle cont….
Observations
• Each row begins with one and ends with
one
• Each element in the triangle except one
are the sum of the two elements
 Binomial theorem

n 1 n 2 n r  n  n 1 n
b  a  b C 2a  ...   ...   ab  b
n n n n 2 n r
a C 1a b Cra b
 n 1

We are aware that in the expansion of a  b  n The

coefficient n n
of the second term is c1
and of the third term isc 2 and
so on. Thus the suffix of each term is one less than the
number, therefore c r is the coefficient of the r  1
n th

term.

Generally n r
t r 1  C r a
n r
b
where by this is the
 Example 1

Find the Binomial expansion of ( 2 x  3 y 2 ) 4

Solution
Let a = 2x , b = 3y2
n 1 n 2 n r  n  n 1 n
a  b   a  C 1a b C 2a  ...  C r a  ...   ab  b
n n n n 2 n r
b b
 n 1

(2 x  3 y )
2 4 2 2 2 3
 (2 x)  C 1 ( 2 x ) 3 y  C 2 ( 2 x ) 3 y    (3 y 2 ) 4
4 4 3 2 4 2 4 1
C 3  2 x  3 y 
 = Example 2
=

Find the 3rd term in the expansion of( 2 x  3 y 2 ) 4

Solution
Let a = 2x , b =3 y 2
, r=2 and n=4
 Example 3
i. Write down the 10th term of the expansion
(2  3 x ) 20
ii. Find the coefficient of the 8th term of the
expansion above.
>>>>>>>>All the best in the first
topic>>>>>>>>>>