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The Constitution Of India 1949 http://www.indiankanoon.
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The Constitution Of India 1949

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Constituent Assembly Debate On 11 October, 1949
Constituent Assembly Debate On 14 November, 1949
Citedby 7619 docs - [View All]
Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April, 1973
Smt. Indira Nehru Gandhi vs Shri Raj Narain And Anr. on 7 November, 1975
Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs Union Of India & Ors on 10 April, 2008
I. C. Golaknath & Ors vs State Of Punjab & Anrs.(With ... on 27 February, 1967
Glanrock Estate (P) Ltd. vs The State Of Tamil Nadu on 9 September, 2010
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 1949
Preamble
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure to all its
citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty sixth day of November 1949 , do HEREBY
ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION
PART I
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
1. Name and territory of the Union

(1) India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States
(2) The States and the territories thereof shall be as specified in the First Schedule
(3) The territory of India shall comprise
1. The territories of the States; the Union territories specified in the First Schedule; and such
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The Constitution Of India 1949 http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/237570/
other territories as may be acquired
2. Admission or establishment of new States: Parliament may by law admit into the Union, or
establish, new States on such terms and conditions, as it thinks fit
2A. Sikkim to be associated with the Union Rep by the Constitution Thirty six Amendment Act,
1975 , Section 5 (w e f 26 04 1975 )
3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States:
Parliament may by law
(a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more
States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State;
(b) increase the area of any State;
(c) diminish the area of any State;
(d) alter the boundaries of any State;
(e) alter the name of any State; Provided that no Bill for the purpose shall be introduced in
either House of Parliament except on the recommendation of the President and unless,
where the proposal contained in the Bill affects the area, boundaries or name of any of the
States, the Bill has been referred by the President to the Legislature of that State for
expressing its views thereon within such period as may be specified in the reference or within
such further period as the President may allow and the period so specified or allowed has
expired Explanation I In this article, in clauses (a) to (e), State includes a Union territory, but
in the proviso, State does not include a Union territory Explanation II The power conferred
on Parliament by clause (a) includes the power to form a new State or Union territory by
uniting a part of any State or Union territory to any other State or Union territory
4. Laws made under Articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth
Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters
(1) Any law referred to in Article 2 or Article 3 shall contain such provisions for the
amendment of the First Schedule and the Fourth Schedule as may be necessary to give effect
to the provisions of the law and may also contain such supplemental, incidental and
consequential provisions (including provisions as to representation in Parliament and in the
Legislature or Legislatures of the State or States affected by such law) as Parliament may
deem necessary
(2) No such law as aforesaid shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the
purposes of Article 368 PART II C ITIZENSHIP
5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution At the commencement of this

Constitution every person who has his domicile in the territory of India and
(a) who was born in the territory of India; or
(b) either of whose parents was born in the territory of India; or
(c) who has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India for not less than five years
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preceding such commencement, shall be a citizen of India
6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan
Notwithstanding anything in Article 5, a person who has migrated to the territory of India from
the territory now included in Pakistan shall be deemed to be a citizen of India at the
commencement of this Constitution if
(a) he or either of his parents or any of his grand parents was born in India as defined in the
Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted); and
(b)
(i) in the case where such person has so migrated before the nineteenth day of July, 1948 ,
he has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India since the date of his migration, or
(ii) in the case where such person has so migrated on or after the nineteenth day of July,
1948 , he has been registered as a citizen of India by an officer appointed in that behalf by
the Government of the Dominion of India on an application made by him therefor to such
officer before the commencement of this Constitution in the form and manner prescribed by
that Government: Provided that no person shall be so registered unless he has been
resident in the territory of India or at least six months immediately preceding the date of his
application
7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan Notwithstanding anything in Articles 5

and 6, a person who has after the first day of March, 1947 , migrated from the territory of
India to the territory now included in Pakistan shall not be deemed to be a citizen of India:
Provided that nothing in this article shall apply to a person who, after having so migrated to the
territory now included in Pakistan, has returned to the territory of India under a permit for
resettlement or permanent return issued by or under the authority of any law and every such
person shall for the purposes of clause (b) of Article 6 be deemed to have migrated to the
territory of India after the nineteenth day of July, 1948
8. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of India origin residing outside India

Notwithstanding anything in Article 5, any person who or either of whose parents or any of
whose grand parents was born in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as
originally enacted), and who is ordinarily residing in any country outside India as so defined
shall be deemed to be a citizen of India if he has been registered as a citizen of India by the
diplomatic or consular representative of India in the country where he is for the time being
residing on an application made by him therefor to such diplomatic or consular representative,
whether before or after the commencement of this Constitution, in the form and manner
prescribed by the Government of the Dominion of India or the Government of India
9. Person voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens No person shall
be a citizen of India by virtue of Article 5, or be deemed to be a citizen of India by virtue of
Article 6 or Article 8, if he has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign State
10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship Every person who is or is deemed to be a citizen of
India under any of the foregoing provisions of this Part shall, subject to the provisions of any
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law that may be made by Parliament, continue to be such citizen
11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law Nothing in the foregoing provisions of
this Part shall derogate from the power of Parliament to make any provision with respect to the
acquisition and termination of citizenship and all other matters relating to citizenship PART III
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS General
12. Definition In this part, unless the context otherwise requires, the State includes the
Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the
States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the
Government of India
13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights

(1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the
extent of such inconsistency, be void
(2) The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by
this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the
contravention, be void
(3) In this article, unless the context otherwise requires law includes any Ordinance, order,
bye law, rule, regulation, notification, custom or usages having in the territory of India the
force of law; laws in force includes laws passed or made by Legislature or other competent
authority in the territory of India before the commencement of this Constitution and not
previously repealed, notwithstanding that any such law or any part thereof may not be then
in operation either at all or in particular areas
(4) Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under
Article 368 Right of Equality
14. Equality before law The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the
equal protection of the laws within the territory of India Prohibition of discrimination on
grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
(1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste,
sex, place of birth or any of them
(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them,
be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to
(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and palaces of public entertainment; or
(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained
wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public
(3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for
women and children
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(4) Nothing in this article or in clause ( 2 ) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making
any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes
of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

(1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or
appointment to any office under the State
(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth,
residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect or, any
employment or office under the State
(3) Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, in regard
to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government of, or
any local or other authority within, a State or Union territory, any requirement as to
residence within that State or Union territory prior to such employment or appointment
(4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the
reservation of appointments or posts in favor of any backward class of citizens which, in the
opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State
(5) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the
incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational
institution or any member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a
particular religion or belonging to a particular denomination
17. Abolition of Untouchability Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is
forbidden The enforcement of any disability arising out of Untouchability shall be an offence
punishable in accordance with law
18. Abolition of titles No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by
the State No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State No person who is not a
citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without
the consent of the President any title from any foreign State No person holding any office of
profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present,
emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State Right to Freedom
19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech etc

(1) All citizens shall have the right
(a) to freedom of speech and expression;
(b) to assemble peaceably and without arms;
(c) to form associations or unions;
(d) to move freely throughout the territory of India;
(e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and
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(f) omitted
(g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business
(2) Nothing in sub clause (a) of clause ( 1 ) shall affect the operation of any existing law, or
prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions
on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub clause in the interests of the sovereignty
and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public
order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an
offence
(3) Nothing in sub clause (b) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in
so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the
sovereignty and integrity of India or public order, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of
the right conferred by the said sub clause
(4) Nothing in sub clause (c) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in
sovereignty and integrity of India or public order or morality, reasonable restrictions on the
exercise of the right conferred by the said sub clause
(5) Nothing in sub clauses (d) and (e) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any
existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing,
reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said sub clauses
either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any
Scheduled Tribe
(6) Nothing in sub clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in
general public, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub
clause, and, in particular, nothing in the said sub clause shall affect the operation of any
existing law in so far as it relates to, or prevent the State from making any law relating to,
(i) the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practising any profession or
carrying on any occupation, trade or business, or
(ii) the carrying on by the State, or by a corporation owned or controlled by the State, of any
trade, business, industry or service, whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens
or otherwise
20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences

(1) No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of the law in force at the
time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater
than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the
commission of the offence
(2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once
(3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself
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21. Protection of life and personal liberty No person shall be deprived of his life or personal
liberty except according to procedure established by law
22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases

(1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as
may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be
defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice
(2) Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the
nearest magistrate within a period of twenty four hours of such arrest excluding the time
necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the magistrate and no such
person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of a
magistrate
(3) Nothing in clauses ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) shall apply (a) to any person who for the time being is an
enemy alien; or (b) to any person who is arrested or detained under any law providing for
preventive detention
(4) No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a
longer period than three months unless (a) an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are,
or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court has reported before
the expiration of the said period of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause
for such detention:
(5) When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for
preventive detention, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, communicate
to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the
earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order
(6) Nothing in clause ( 5 ) shall require the authority making any such order as is referred to
in that clause to disclose facts which such authority considers to be against the public interest
to disclose
(7) Parliament may by law prescribe
(a) the circumstances under which, and the class or classes of cases in which, a person may
be detained for a period longer than three months under any law providing for preventive
detention without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board in accordance with the
provisions of sub clause (a) of clause ( 4 );
(b) the maximum period for which any person may in any class or classes of cases be
detained under any law providing for preventive detention; and
(c) the procedure to be followed by an Advisory Board in an inquiry under sub clause (a) of
clause ( 4 ) Right against Exploitation
23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour

(1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited
and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law
(2) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public
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purpose, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds
only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them
24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc No child below the age of fourteen
years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous
employment Provided that nothing in this sub clause shall authorise the detention of any
person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub
clause (b) of clause ( 7 ); or such person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any
law made by Parliament under sub clauses (a) and (b) of clause ( 7 )
25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion
(1) Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all
persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise
and propagate religion
(2) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State
from making any law
(a) regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which
may be associated with religious practice;
(b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious
institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus Explanation I The
wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be included in the profession of the Sikh
religion Explanation II In sub clause (b) of clause reference to Hindus shall be construed as
including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion, and the
reference to Hindu religious institutions shall be construed accordingly
26. Freedom to manage religious affairs Subject to public order, morality and health, every
religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right
(a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;
(b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion;
(c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and
(d) to administer such property in accordance with law
27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion No person shall be
compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of
expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religions denomination
28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational

institutions
(1) No religion instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained
out of State funds
(2) Nothing in clause ( 1 ) shall apply to an educational institution which is administered by
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the State but has been established under any endowment or trust which requires that
religious instruction shall be imparted in such institution
(3) No person attending any educational institution recognised by the State or receiving aid
out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction that may be
imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such
institution or in any premises attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a
minor, his guardian has given his consent thereto Cultural and Educational Rights
29. Protection of interests of minorities

(1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a
distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same
(2) No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the
State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or
any of them
30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions

(1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and
administer educational institutions of their choice
(1A) In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an
educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause ( 1 ),
the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the
acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed
under that clause
(2) The state shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any
educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether
based on religion or language
31A. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc ( 1 ) Notwithstanding anything
contained in Article 13, no law providing for
(a) the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or
modification of any such rights, or
(b) the taking over of the management of any property by the State for a limited period either
in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of the property, or
(c) the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public interest or in order to
secure the proper management of any of the corporations, or
(d) the extinguishment or modification of any rights of managing agents, secretaries and
treasurers, managing directors, directors or managers of corporations, or of any voting rights
of shareholders thereof, or
(e) the extinguishment or modification of any rights accruing by virtue of any agreement,
lease or licence for the purpose of searching for, or winning, any mineral or mineral oil, or the
premature termination or cancellation of any such agreement, lease or licence, shall be
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deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of
the rights conferred by Article 14 or Article 19: Provided that where such law is a law made
by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such
law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent:
Provided further that where any law makes any provision for the acquisition by the State of
any estate and where any land comprised therein is held by a person under his personal
cultivation, it shall not be lawful for the State to acquire any portion of such land as is within
the ceiling limit applicable to him under any law for the time being in force or any building or
structure standing thereon or appurtenant thereto, unless the law relating to the acquisition
of such land, building or structure, provides for payment of compensation at a rate which
shall not be less than the market value thereof
31B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations Without prejudice to the generality of the
provisions contained in Article 31A, none of the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth
Schedule nor any of the provisions thereof shall be deemed to be void, or ever to have become
void, on the ground that such Act, Regulation or provision is inconsistent with, or takes away or
abridges any of the rights conferred by, any provisions of this Part, and notwithstanding any
judgment, decree or order of any court or tribunal to the contrary, each of the said Acts and
Regulations shall, subject to the power of any competent Legislature to repeal or amend it,
continue in force
31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles Notwithstanding anything
contained in Article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing all or any
of the principles laid down in Part IV shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is
inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Article 14 or Article
19 and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in
question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy: Provided that
where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this Article shall not
apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has
received his assent Right to Constitutional Remedies
32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part

(1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of
the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed
(2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs
in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari,
whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part
(3) Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clause ( 1 ) and ( 2 ),
Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its
jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause ( 2 )
(4) The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided
for by this Constitution
33. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application etc
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Parliament may, by law, determine to what extent any of the rights conferred by this Part shall,
in their application to,
(a) the members of the Armed Forces; or
(b) the members of the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order; or
(c) persons employed in any bureau or other organisation established by the State for
purposes of intelligence or counter intelligence; or
(d) persons employed in, or in connection with, the telecommunication systems set up for the
purposes of any Force, bureau or organisation referred to in clauses (a) to (c), be restricted or
abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of
discipline among them
34. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law
indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respect of
any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area
within the territory of India where martial law was in force or validate any sentence passed,
punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or other act done under martial law in such area
35. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution,
(a) Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not have, power to make laws
(i) with respect to any of the matters which under clause ( 3 ) of Article 16, clause ( 3 ) of
Article 32, Article 33 and Article 34 may be provided for by law made by Parliament; and
(ii) for prescribing punishment for those acts which are declared to be offences under this
Part; and Parliament shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Constitution,
make laws for prescribing punishment for the acts referred to in sub clause (ii);
(b) any law in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in the
territory of India with respect to any of the matters referred to in sub clause (i) of clause (a)
or providing for punishment for any act referred to in sub clause (ii) of that clause shall,
subject to the terms there of and to any adaptations and modifications that may be made
therein under Article 372, continue in force until altered or repealed or amended by
Parliament Explanation In this article, the expression law in force has the same meaning as in
Article 372 PART IV DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
36. Definition In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the State has the same
meaning as in Part III
37. Application of the principles contained in this Part The provisions contained in this Part
shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless
fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply
these principles in making laws
38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people
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(1) The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as
effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform
all the institutions of the national life
(2) The State shall, in particular, strive to minimize the inequalities in income, and endeavor
to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals
but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different
vocations
39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State: The State shall, in particular, direct
its policy towards securing
(a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means to
livelihood;
(b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so
distributed as best to subserve the common good;
(c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth
and means of production to the common detriment;
(d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women;
(e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children
are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations
unsuited to their age or strength;
(f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in
conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against
exploitation and against moral and material abandonment
39. A Equal justice and free legal aid The State shall secure that the operation of the legal
system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free
legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for
securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities
40. Organisation of village panchayats The State shall take steps to organize village panchayats
and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to
function as units of self government
41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases The State shall, within
the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the
right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness
and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want
42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief The State shall make
provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief
43. Living wage, etc, for workers The State shall endeavour to secure, by suitable legislation or
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economic organisation or in any other way, to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise,
work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of
leisure and social and cultural opportunities and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to
promote cottage industries on an individual or co operative basis in rural areas
43. A Participation of workers in management of industries The State shall take steps, by
suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the
management of undertakings, establishments or other organisations engaged in any industry
44. Uniform civil code for the citizens The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a
uniform civil code throughout the territory of India
45. Provision for free and compulsory education for children The State shall endeavour to
provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and
compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years
46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes
and other weaker sections The State shall promote with special care the educational and
economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled
Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of
exploitation
47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve
public health The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of
living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in
particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for
medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health
48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry The State shall endeavour to organise
agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take
steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and
calves and other milch and draught cattle
48A. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life The
State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests
and wild life of the country
49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance It shall be the
obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic
interests, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance, from
spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be
50. Separation of judiciary from executive The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary
from the executive in the public services of the State
51. Promotion of international peace and security The State shall endeavour to
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(a) promote international peace and security;

(b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations;
(c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised
peoples with one another; and encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration
PART IVA FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
51A. Fundamental duties It shall be the duty of every citizen of India (a) to abide by the
Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the national Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of
India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce
practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild
life, and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the
nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement PART V THE UNION
CHAPTER I THE EXECUTIVE The President and Vice President
52. The President of India There shall be a President of India
53. Executive power of the Union

(1) The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised
by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this
Constitution
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the supreme command of
the Defence Forces of the Union shall be vested in the President and the exercise thereof
shall be regulated by law
(3) Nothing in this article shall
(a) be deemed to transfer to the President any functions conferred by any existing law on
the Government of any State or other authority; or
(b) prevent Parliament from conferring by law functions on authorities other than the
President
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54. Election of President The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college
consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament; and the elected members of
the Legislative Assemblies of the States
55. Manner of election of President

(1) As far as practicable, there shall be uniformity in the scale of representation of the d
different States at the election of the President
(2) For the purpose of securing such uniformity among the States inter se as well as parity b
between the States as a whole and the Union, the number of votes which each elected
member of Parliament and of the Legislative Assembly of each State is entitled to cast at such
election shall be determined in the following manner:
(a) every elected member of the Legislative Assembly of a State shall have as many votes as
there are multiples of one thousand in the quotient obtained by dividing the population of
the State by the total number of the elected members of the Assembly;
(b) if, after taking the said multiples of one thousand, the remainder is not less than five
hundred, then the vote of each member referred to in sub clause (a) shall be further
increased by one;
(c) each elected member of either House of Parliament shall have such number of votes as
may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members of the
Legislative Assemblies of the States under sub clause (a) and (b) by the total number of the
elected members of both Houses of Parliament, fractions exceeding one half being counted
as one and other fractions being disregarded
(3) The election of the President shall be held in accordance with the system of proportional
representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting at such election shall
be by secret ballot Explanation n this article, the expression population means the population
ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published:
Provided that the reference in this Explanation to the last preceding census of which the
relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken
after the year 2000 have been published, be construed as a reference to the 1971 census
56. Term of office of President

(1) The President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters
upon his office: Provided that
(a) the President may, by writing under his hand addressed to the Vice President, resign his
office;
(b) the President may, for violation of the constitution, be removed from office by
impeachment in the manner provided in Article 61:
(c) the President shall, notwithstanding the expiration of his term, continue to hold office
until his successor enters upon his office
(2) Any resignation addressed to the Vice President under clause (a) of the proviso to clause (
1 ) shall forthwith be communicated by him to the Speaker of the House of the People
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57. Eligibility for re election A person who holds, or who has held, office as President shall,
subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, be eligible for re election to that office
58. Qualifications for election as President

(1) No person shall be eligible for election as President unless he
(a) is a citizen of India,
(b) has completed the age of thirty five years, and
(c) is qualified for election as a member of the House of the People
(2) A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds any office of profit under
the or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the
control of any of the said Governments Explanation For the purposes of this article, a person
shall not be deemed to hold any office of profit by reason only that he is the President or Vice
President of the Union or the Governor of any State or is a Minister either for the Union or
for any State
59. Conditions of Presidents office

(1) The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the
Legislature of any State, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the
Legislature of any State be elected President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in
that House on the date on which he enters upon his office as President
(2) The President shall not hold any other office of profit
(3) The President shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residences
and shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be
determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such
emoluments, allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule
(4) The emoluments and allowances of the President shall ot be diminished during his term of
office
60. Oath or affirmation by the President Every President and every person acting as President
or discharging the functions of the President shall, before entering upon his office, make and
subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of India or, in his absence, the senior most Judge
of the Supreme Court available, an oath or affirmation in the following form, that is to say
swear in the name of God I, A B, do that I olemnly affirm will faithfully execute the office of
President (or discharge the functions of thePresident) of India and will do the best of my ability
preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to the
service and well being of the people of India
61. Procedure for impeachment of the President

(1) When a President is to be impeached for violation of the Constitution, the charge shall be
preferred by either House of Parliament
(2) No such charge shall be preferred unless
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(a) the proposal to prefer such charge is contained in a resolution which has been moved
after at least fourteen days notice in writing signed by not less than one fourth of the total
number of members of the House has been given of their intention to move the resolution,
and
(b) such resolution has been passed by a majority of not less than two thirds of the total
membership of the House
(3) When a charge has been so preferred by either House of Parliament, the other House
shall investigate the charge or cause the charge to be investigated and the President shall
have the right to appear and to be represented as such investigation
(4) If as a result of the investigation a resolution is passed by a majority of not less than two
thirds of the total membership of the House by which the charge was investigated or cause to
be investigated, declaring that the charge preferred against the President has been sustained,
such resolution shall have the effect of removing the President from his office as from the
date on which the resolution is so passed
62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of
person elected to fill casual vacancy
(1) An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of President shall
be completed before the expiration of the term
(2) An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of his death,
resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible after, and in no case
later than six months from, the date of occurrence of the vacancy, and the person elected to
fill the vacancy shall, subject to the provisions of Article 56, be entitled to hold office for the
full term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office
63. The Vice President of India There shall be a Vice President of India
64. The Vice President to be ex officio Chairman of the council of States The Vice President
shall be ex officio chairman of the counsel of States and shall not hold any other office of profit:
Provided that during any period when the Vice President acts as President or discharges the
functions of the President under Article 65, he shall not perform the duties of the office of
chairman of the council of States and shall not be entitled to any salary or allowance payable to
the chairman of the council of States under Article 97
65. The Vice President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies
in the office, or during the absence, of President
(1) In the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office of the President by reason of his
death, resignation or removal, or otherwise, the Vice President shall act as President until the
date on which a new President elected in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter to fill
such vacancy enters upon his office
(2) When the President is unable to discharge his functions owing to absence, illness or any
other cause, the Vice President shall discharge his functions until the date on which the
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President resumes his duties

(3) The Vice President shall, during, and in respect of, the period while he is so acting as, or
discharging the functions of, President, have all the powers and immunities of the President
and be entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by
Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments, allowances
and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule
66. Election of Vice President

(1) The Vice President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the
members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional
representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting at such election shall
be by secret ballot
(2) The Vice President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of
the Legislature of any State, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of
the Legislature of any State be elected Vice President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his
seat in that House on the date on which he enters upon his office as Vice President
(3) No person shall be eligible for election as Vice President unless he
(a) is a citizen of India;
(b) has completed the age of thirty five years;
(c) is qualified for election as a member of the Council of States
(4) A person shall not be eligible for election as Vice President if he holds any office of profit
under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other
authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments Explanation For the purposes
of this article, a person shall not be deemed to hold any office of profit by reason only that he
is the President or Vice President of the Union or the Governor of any State or is a Minister
either for the Union or for any State
67. Term of office of Vice President The Vice President shall hold office for a term of five years
from the date on which he enters upon his office: Provided that
(a) a Vice President may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his
office;
(b) a Vice President may be removed from his office by a resolution of the council of States
passed by a majority of all the then members of the council and agreed to by the House of the
People; but no resolution for the purpose of this clause shall be moved unless at least
fourteen days notice has been given of the intention to move the reso
(c) a Vice President shall, notwithstanding the expiration of his term, continue to hold office
until his successor enters upon his office
68. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice President and the term of office
of person elected to fill casual vacancy
(1) An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of Vice President
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shall be completed before the expiration of the term

(2) An election to fill a vacancy in the office of Vice President occurring by reason of his death,
resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible after the occurrence of
the vacancy, and the person elected to fill the vacancy shall, subject to the provisions of Article
67, be entitled to hold office for the full term of five years from the date on which he enters
upon his office
69. Oath or affirmation by the Vice President Every Vice President shall, before entering upon
his office, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf
by him, an oath or affirmation in the following form, that is to say swear in the name of God I, A
B, do that solemnly affirm will bear true faith, and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by
law established and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter
70. Discharge of Presidents functions in other contingencies Parliament may make such
provision as if thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the President in any contingency
not provided for in this Chapter
71. Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a president or Vice President
(1) All doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a president or
vice President shall be inquired into and decided by the Supreme court whose decision shall
be final
(2) If the election of a person as President or Vice President is declared void by the Supreme
court, acts done by him in the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of the office
of President or Vice President, as the case may be, on or before the date of the decision of the
Supreme Court shall not be invalidated by reason of that declaration
(3) Subject to the provisions of this constitution, Parliament may by law regulate any matter
relating to or connected with the election of a President or Vice President
(4) The election of a person as President or Vice President shall not be called in question on
the ground of the existence of any vacancy for whatever reason among the members of the
electoral college electing him
72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc, and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in
certain cases
(1) The President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of
punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any
offence
(a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a court Martial;
(b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law relating
to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends;
(c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death
(2) Noting in sub clause (a) of Clause ( 1 ) shall affect the power to suspend, remit or commute
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a sentence of death exercisable by the Governor of a State under any law for the time being
in force
73. Extent of executive power of the Union

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall
extend
(a) to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws; and
(b) to the exercise of such rights, authority and jurisdiction as are exercisable by the
government of India by virtue of any treaty on agreement: Provided that the executive
power referred to in sub clause (a) shall not, save as expressly provided in this constitution
or in any law made by Parliament, extend in any State to matters with respect in which the
Legislature of the State has also power to make laws
(2) Until otherwise provided by Parliament, a State and any officer or authority of a State
may, notwithstanding anything in this article, continue to exercise in matters with respect to
which Parliament has power to make laws for that State such executive power or functions as
the State or officer or authority thereof could exercise immediately before the commencement
of this Constitution Council of Ministers
74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President

(1) There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise
the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice:
Provided that the President may require the council of Ministers to reconsider such advice,
either generally or otherwise, and the President shall act in accordance with the advice
tendered after such reconsideration
(2) The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the
President shall not be inquired into in any court
75. Other provisions as to Ministers

(1) The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be
appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister
(2) The Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the President
(3) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People
(4) Before a Minister enters upon his office, the President shall administer to him the oaths of
office and of secrecy according to the forms set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule
(5) A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of either House
of Parliament shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister
(6) The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be such as Parliament may from time to
time by law determine and, until Parliament so determines, shall be as specified in the
Second Schedule The Attorney General for India
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76. Attorney General for India

(1) The President shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a Judge of the
Supreme Court to be Attorney General for India
(2) it shall be the duty of the Attorney General to give advice to the Government of India
upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from
time to time be referred or assigned to him by the President, and to discharge the functions
conferred on him by or under this Constitution or any other law for the time being in force
(3) In the performance of his duties the Attorney General shall have right of audience in all
courts in the territory of India
(4) The Attorney General shall hold office during the pleasure of the President, and shall
receive such remuneration as the President may determine Conduct of Government Business
77. Conduct of business of the Government of India

(1) All executive action of the Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name
of the President
(2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the President shall be
authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules to be made by the President, and
the validity of an order or instrument which is so authenticated shall nor be called in question
on the ground that it is not an order or instrument made or executed by the President
(3) The President shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the
Government of India, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business
78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc It
shall be the duty of the Prime Minister
(a) to communicate to the President all decisions of the council of Ministers relating to the
administration of the affairs of the union and proposals for legislation;
(b) to furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and
proposals for legislation as the President may call for; and
(c) if the President so requires, to submit for the consideration of the Council of Ministers any
matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered
by the Council CHAPTER II PARLIAMENT General
79. Constitution of Parliament There shall be a Parliament for the Union which shall consist of
the President and two Houses to be known respectively as the council of States and the House
of the People
80. Composition of the Council of States

(1) The Council of States shall consist of
(a) twelve members to be nominated by the President in accordance with the provisions of
clause ( 3 ); and
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(b) not more than two hundred and thirty eight representatives of the States and of the
Union territories
(2) The allocation of seats in the Council of States to be filled by representatives of the States
and of the Union territories shall be in accordance with the provisions in that behalf
contained in the fourth Schedule
(3) The members to be nominated by the President under sub clause (a) of clause ( 1 ) shall
consist of persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters
as the following, namely: Literature, science, art and social service
(4) The representatives of each State in the council of States shall be elected by the elected
members of the Legislative Assembly of the State in accordance with the system of
proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote
(5) The representatives of the Union Territories in the council of States shall be chosen in
such manner as Parliament may by law prescribe
81. Composition of the House of the People

(1) Subject to the provisions of Article 331 the House of the People shall consist of
(a) not more than five hundred and thirty members chosen by direct election from territorial
constituencies in the States, and
(b) not more than twenty members to represent the Union territories, chosen in such
manner as parliament may by law provide
(2) For the purposes of sub clause (a) of clause ( 1 ) (a) there shall be allotted to each State a
number of seats in the House of the People in such manner that the ratio between that
number and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States; and
(b) each State shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such manner that the ratio
between the population of each constituency and th number of seats allotted to it is, so far as
practicable, the same throughout the State: Provided that the provisions of sub clause (a) of
this clause shall not be applicable for the purpose of allotment of seats in the House of the
People to any State so long as the population of that State does not exceed six millions
(3) In this article, the expression population means the population as ascertained at the last
preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published: Provided that the
reference in this clause to the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been
published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2000 have
been published, be construed as a reference to the 1971 census
82. Readjustment after each census Upon the completion of each census, the allocation of seats
in the House of the People to the States and the division of each State into territorial
constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as Parliament may by
law determine: Provided that such readjustment shall not affect representation in the House of
the People until the dissolution of the then existing House: Provided further that such
readjustment shall take effect from such date as President may, by order, specify and until
such readjustment takes effect, any election to the House may be held on the basis of the
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territorial constituencies existing before such readjustment: Provided also that until the
relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2000 have been published, it shall not
be necessary to readjust the allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States and the
division of each State into territorial constituencies under this article
83. Duration of Houses of Parliament

(1) The council of States shall not be subject to dissolution, but as nearly as possible one third
of the members thereof shall retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every second year
in accordance with the provisions made in that behalf by Parliament by law
(2) The House of the People, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for five years from the
date appointed for its first meeting and no longer and the expiration of the said period of five
years shall operate as a dissolution of the House: Provided that the said period may, while a
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, be extended by Parliament by law for a period not
exceeding one year as a time and not extending in any case beyond a period of six months
after s the Proclamation has ceased to operate
84. Qualification for membership of Parliament A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to
fill a seat in Parliament unless he
(a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some person authorised in that
behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the
purpose in the Third Schedule;
(b) is, in the case of a seat in the Council of States, not less than thirty years of age and, in the
case of a seat in the House of the People, not less than twenty five years of age; and
(c) possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any
law made by Parliament
85. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution

(1) The President shall form time to time summon each House of Parliament to meet at such
time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in
one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session
(2) The President may from time to time
(a) prorogue the Houses or either House;
(b) dissolve the House of the People
86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses

(1) The President may address either House of Parliament or both Houses assembled
together, and for that purpose require the attendance of members
(2) The President may send messages to either House of Parliament, whether with respect to
a Bill then pending in Parliament or otherwise, and a House to which any message is so sent
shall with all convenient dispatch consider any matter required by the message to be taken
into consideration
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87. Special address by the President

(1) At the commencement of the first session after each general election to the House of the
People and at the commencement of the first session of each year the President shall address
both Houses of Parliament assembled together and inform Parliament of the causes of its
summons
(2) Provision shall be made by rules regulating the procedure of either House for the
allotment of time for discussion of the matters referred to in such address
88. Rights of Ministers and Attorney General in respects Houses Every Minister and the
Attorney General of India shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the
proceedings of either House, any joint sitting of the Houses, and any committee of Parliament
of which he may be named a member, but shall not by virtue of this article be entitled to vote
Officers of Parliament
89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the council of States

(1) The Vice President of India shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States
(2) The council of States shall, as soon as may be, choose a member of the council to be
Deputy an thereof and, so often as the office of Deputy Chairman becomes vacant, the council
shall choose another member to be Deputy chairman thereof
90. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman A member
holding office as Deputy chairman of the Council of States
(a) shall vacate his office if he cease to be a member of the Council;
(b) may at any time, by writing under his hand addressed to the Chairman, resign his office;
and
(c) may be removed from his office by a resolution of the Council passed by a majority of all
the then members of the Council: Provided that no resolution for the purpose of clause (c)
shall be moved unless at least fourteen days notice has been given of the intention to move
the resolution
91. Power of the Deputy chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to
act as, Chairman
(1) While the office of Chairman is vacant, or during any period when the vice President is
acting as, or discharging the functions of, President, the duties of the office shall be
performed by the Deputy chairman, or, if the office of Deputy chairman is also vacant, by
such member of the council of States as the President may appoint for the purpose
(2) During the absence of the chairman from any sitting of the council of States the Deputy
chairman, or, if he is also absent, such person as may be determined by the rules of
procedure of the council, or, if no such person is present, such other person as may be
determined by the council, shall act as Chairman
92. The Chairman or the Deputy chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal
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from office is under consideration

(1) At any sitting of the Council of States, while any resolution for the removal of the Vice
President from his office is under consideration, the Chairman, or while any resolution for the
removal of the Deputy Chairman from his office is under consideration, the Deputy
Chairman, shall not, though he is present, preside, and the provisions of clause ( 2 ) of Article
91 shall apply in relation to every such sitting as they apply in relation to a sitting from which
the chairman, or, as the case may be, the Deputy Chairman, is absent
(2) The Chairman shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in proceedings
of, the Council of States while any resolution for the removal of the Vice President from his
office is under consideration in the Council, but, notwithstanding anything in Article 100, shall
not be entitled to vote at all on such resolution or on any other matter during such
proceedings
93. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People The House of the People
shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the House to be respectively Speaker and
Deputy Speaker thereof and, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes
vacant, the House shall choose another member to be Speaker or Deputy Speaker, as the case
may be
94. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker of the House of the People
(a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the House of the People;
(b) may at any time, by writing under his hand addressed, if such member is the Speaker, to
the Deputy Speaker, and if such member is the Deputy Speaker, to the Speaker, resign his
office; and
(c) may be removed from his office by a resolution of the House of the People passed by a
majority of all the then members of the House: Provided that no resolution for the purpose of
clause (c) shall be moved unless at least fourteen days notice has been given of the intention
to move the resolution: Provided further that, whenever the House of the People is dissolved,
the Speaker shall not vacate his office until immediately before the first meeting of the House
of the People after the dissolution
95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act
as, Speaker
(1) While the office of Speaker is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the
Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the
House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose
(2) During the absence of the Speaker from any sitting of the House of the People the Deputy
Speaker or, if he is also absent, such person as may be determined by the rules of procedure
of the House, or, if no such person is present, such other person as may be determined by the
House, shall act as Speaker
96. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from
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office is under consideration

(1) At any sitting of the House of the People, while any resolution for the removal of the
Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Speaker, or while any resolution for the
removal of the Deputy Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Deputy Speaker,
shall not, though he is present, preside, and the provisions of clause ( 2 ) of Article 95 shall
apply in relation to every such sitting as they apply in relation to a sitting from which the
Speaker, or, as the case may be, the Deputy Speaker, is absent
(2) The Speaker shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings
of, the House of the People while any resolution for his removal from office is under
consideration in the House and shall, notwithstanding anything in Article 100, be entitled to
vote only in the first instance on such resolution or on any other matter during such
proceedings but not in the case of an equality of votes
97. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and
Deputy Speaker There shall be paid to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the council
of States, and to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People, such salaries
and allowances as may be respectively fixed by Parliament by law and, until provision in that
behalf is so made, such salaries and allowances as are specified in the Second Schedule
98. Secretariat of Parliament

(1) Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretariat staff: Provided that nothing in
this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of
Parliament
(2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons
appointed, to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament
(3) Until provision is made by Parliament under clause ( 2 ), the President may, after
consultation with the Speaker of the House of the People or the chairman of the council of
States, as the case may be, make rules regulating the recruitment, and the conditions of
service of persons appointed, to the secretarial staff of the House of the People or the council
of States, and any rules so made shall have effect subject to the provisions of any law made
under the said clause Conduct of Business
99. Oath or affirmation by members Every member of either House of Parliament shall, before
taking his seat, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that
behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third
Schedule
100. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
(1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, all questions at any sitting of either House
or joint sitting of the Houses shall be determined by a majority of votes of the members
present and voting, other than the Speaker or person acting as Chairman or Speaker The
Chairman or Speaker, or person acting as such, shall not vote in the first instance, but shall
have and exercise a casting vote in the case of an equality of votes
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(2) Either House of Parliament shall have power to act notwithstanding any vacancy in the
membership thereof, and any proceedings in Parliament shall be valid notwithstanding that it
is discovered subsequently that some person who was not entitled so to do sat or voted or
otherwise took part in the proceedings
(3) Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the quorum to constitute a meeting of either
House of Parliament shall be one tenth of the total number of members of the House
(4) If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, it shall be the duty of the
chairman or Speaker, or person acting as such, either to adjourn the House or to suspend the
meeting until there is a quorum
101. Vacation of seats

(1) No person shall be a member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made
by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of
his seat in one House or the other
(2) No person shall be a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a
State and if a person is chosen a member both of Parliament and of a House of the
Legislature of a State, then, at the expiration of such period as may be specified in rules made
by the President, that persons seat in Parliament shall become vacant, unless he has
previously resigned his seat in the Legislature of the State
(3) If a member of either House of Parliament
(a) becomes subject to any of the disqualification s mentioned in clause ( 1 ) or clause ( 2 ) of
Article 102, or
(b) resigns his seat by writing under his hand addressed to the Chairman or the Speaker, as
the as may be, and his resignation is accepted by the chairman or the Speaker, as the case
may be, his seat shall thereupon become vacant: Provided that in the case of any resignation
referred to in sub clause (b), if from information received or otherwise and after making
such inquiry as he thinks fit, the chairman or the Speaker, as the case may be, is satisfied
that such resignation is not voluntary or genuine, he shall not accept such resignation
(4) If for a period of sixty days a member of either House of Parliament is without permission
of the House absent from all meetings thereof, the House may declare his seat vacant:
Provided that in computing the said period of sixty days no account shall be taken of any
period during which the House is prorogued or is adjourned for more than four consecutive
days
102. Disqualification s for membership

(1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either
House of Parliament
(a) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any
State, other than an office declared by Parliament by law not to disqualify its holder;
(b) if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court;
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(c) if he is an undischarged insolvent;

(d) if he is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State,
or is under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
(e) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament Explanation For the
purposes of this clause a person shall not be deemed to hold an office of profit under the
Government of India or the Government of any State by reason only that he is a Minister
either for the Union or for such State
(2) A person shall be disqualified for being a member of either House of Parliament if he is so
disqualified under the Tenth Schedule
103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members

(1) If any question arises as to whether a member of either House of Parliament has become
subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause ( 1 ) of Article 102, the question
shall be referred for the decision of the President and his decision shall be final
(2) Before giving any decision on any such question, the President shall obtain the opinion of
the Election Commission and shall act according to such opinion
104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under Article 99 or when
not qualified or when disqualified If a person sits or votes as a member of either House of
Parliament before he has complied with the requirements of Article 99, or when he knows that
he is not qualified or that he is disqualified for membership thereof, or that he is prohibited
from so doing by the provisions of any law made by Parliament, he shall be liable in respect of
each day on which he so sits or votes to a penalty of five hundred rupees to be recovered as a
debt due to the Union Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105. Powers, privileges, etc of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees
thereof
(1) Subject to the provisions of this constitution and the rules and standing orders regulating
the procedure of Parliament, there shall be freedom of speech in Parliament
(2) No member of Parliament shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of
anything said or any vote given by him in Parliament or any committee thereof, and no
person shall be so liable in respect of the publication by or under the authority of either
House of Parliament of any report, paper, votes or proceedings
(3) In other respects, the powers, privileges and immunities of each House of Parliament, and
of the members and the committees of each House, shall be such as may from time to time be
defined by Parliament by law, and, until so defined shall be those of that House and of its
members and committees immediately before the coming into force of Section 15 of the
Constitution (Forty fourth Amendment) Act 1978
(4) The provisions of clauses ( 1 ), ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) shall apply in relation to persons who by
virtue of this constitution have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the
proceedings of, a House of Parliament or any committee thereof as they apply in relation to
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members of Parliament
106. Salaries and allowances of members Members of either House of Parliament shall be
entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined by
Parliament by law and, until provision in that in that respect is so made, allowances at such
rates and upon such conditions as were immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution applicable in the case of members of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of
India Legislative Procedure
107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills

(1) Subject to the provisions of Articles 109 and 117 with respect to Money Bills and other
financial Bills, a Bill may originate in either House of Parliament
(2) Subject to the provisions of Article 108 and 109, a Bill shall not be deemed to have been
passed by the Houses of Parliament unless it has been agreed to by both Houses, either
without amendment or with such amendments only as are agreed by both Houses
(3) A Bill pending in Parliament shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation of the Houses
(4) A Bill pending in the Council of States which has not been passed by the House of the
People shall not lapse on a dissolution of the House of the People
(5) A Bill which is pending in the House of the People, or which having been passed by the
House of the People is pending in the council of States, shall subject to the provisions of
Article 108, lapse on a dissolution of the House of the People
108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases

(1) If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House
(a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or
(b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill; or
(c) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House
without the Bill being passed by it the President may, unless the Bill has lapsed by reason of
a dissolution of the House of the People, notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting
or by public notification if they are not sitting, his intention to summon them to meet in a
joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill: Provided that nothing in
this clause shall apply to a Money Bill
(2) In reckoning any such period of six months as is referred to in clause ( 1 ), no account shall
be taken of any period during which the House referred to in sub clause (c) of that clause is
prorogued or adjourned for more than four consecutive days
(3) Where the President has under clause ( 1 ) notified his intention of summoning the Houses
to meet in a joint sitting, neither House shall proceed further with the Bill, but the President
may at any time after the date of his notification summon the Houses to meet in a joint sitting
for the purpose specified in the notification and, if he does so, the Houses shall meet
accordingly
(4) If at the joint sitting of the two Houses the Bill, with such amendments, if any, as are
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agreed to in joint siting, is passed by a majority of the total number of members of both
Houses present and voting, it shall be deemed for the purposes of this Constitution to have
been passed by both Houses: Provided that a joint sitting
(a) if the Bill, having been passed by one House, has not been passed by the other House
with amendments and returned to the House in which it originated, no amendment shall be
proposed to the Bill other than such amendments (if any) as are made necessary by the
delay in the passage of the Bill;
(b) if the Bill has been so passed and returned, only such amendments as aforesaid shall be
proposed to the Bill and such other amendments as are relevant to the matters with respect
to which the Houses have not agreed; and the decision of the person presiding as to the
amendments which are admissible under this clause shall be final
(5) A joint sitting may be held under this article and a Bill passed thereat, notwithstanding
that a dissolution of the House of the People has intervened since the President notified his
intention to summon the Houses to meet therein
109. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills

(1) A Money Bill shall not be introduced in the Council of States
(2) After a Money Bill has been passed by the House of the People it shall be transmitted to
the Council of States for its recommendations and the Council of States shall within a period
of fourteen days from the date of its receipt of the Bill return the Bill to the house of the
People with its recommendations and the House of the People may thereupon either accept
or reject all or any of the recommendations of the Council of States
(3) If the House of the People accepts any of the recommendations of the council of States,
the Money Bill shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses with the amendments
recommended by the council of States and accepted by the House of the People
(4) If the House of the People does not accept any of the recommendations of the council of
States, the Money Bill shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form in
which it was passed by the House of the People without any of the amendments
recommended by the Council of States
(5) If a Money Bill passed by the House of the People and transmitted to the council of States
for its recommendations is not returned to the House of the People within the said period of
fourteen days, it shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses at the expiration of
the said period in the form in which it was passed by the House of the People
110. Definition of Money Bill

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains
only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely
(a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;
(b) the regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the
Government of India, or the amendment of the law with respect to any financial obligations
undertaken or to be undertaken by the Government of India;
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(c) the custody of the consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of India, the payment of
moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from any such Fund;
(d) the appropriation of moneys out of the consolidated Fund of India;
(e) the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of
India or the increasing of the amount of any such expenditure;
(f) the receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account
of India or the custody or issue of such money or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of
a State; or
(g) any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in sub clause (a) to (f)
(2) A Bill shall not be deemed to be a Money Bill by reason only that it provides for the
imposition of fines or other pecuniary penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for
licences or fees for services rendered, or by reason that it provides for the imposition,
abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax by any local authority or body for local
purposes
(3) If any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of
the House of the People thereon shall be final
(4) There shall be endorsed on every Money Bill when it is transmitted to the Council of
States under Article 109, and when it is presented to the President for assent under Article
111, the certificate of the Speaker of the House of the People signed by him that it is a Money
Bill
111. Assent to Bills When a Bill has been passed by the Houses of Parliament, it shall be
presented to the President, and the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or
that he withholds assent therefrom Provided that the President may, as soon as possible after
the presentation to him of a Bill for assent, return the Bill if it is not a Money Bill to the Houses
with a message requesting that they will reconsider the Bill or any specified provisions thereof
and, in particular, will consider the desirability of introducing any such amendments as he may
recommend in his message, and when a Bill is so returned, the Houses shall reconsider the Bill
accordingly, and if the Bill is passed again by the Houses with or without amendment and
presented to the President for assent, the President shall not withhold assent therefrom
Procedures in Financial Matters
112. Annual financial statement

(1) The President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before both the
Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the
Government of India for that year, in this Part referred to as the annual financial statement
(2) The estimates of expenditure embodied in the annual financial statement shall show
separately
(a) the sums required to meet expenditure described by the Condition as expenditure
charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India; and
(b) the sums required to meet other expenditure proposed to be made from the
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Consolidated Fund of India, and shall distinguish expenditure on revenue account from
other expenditure
(3) The following expenditure shall be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of
India
(a) the emoluments and allowances of the President and other expenditure relating to his
office;
(b) the salaries and allowances of the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of
States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People;
(c) debt charges for which the Government of India is liable including interest, sinking fund
charges and redemption charges, and other expenditure relating to the raising of loans and
the service and redemption of debt;
(d)
(i) the salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of Judges of the Supreme
Court,
(ii) the pensions payable to or in respect of Judges of the Federal Court,
(iii) the pensions payable to or in respect of Judges of any High Court which exercises
jurisdiction in relation to any area included in the territory of India or which at any time
before the commencement of this Constitution exercises jurisdiction in relation to any area
included in a Governors Province of the Dominion of India;
(e) the salary, allowances and pension payable to or in respect of the Comptroller and
Auditor General of India;
(f) any sums required to satisfy any judgment, decree or award of any court or arbitral
tribunal;
(g) any other expenditure declared by this Constitution or by Parliament by law to be so
charged
113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates

(1) So much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of
India shall not be submitted to the vote of Parliament, but nothing in this clause shall be
construed as preventing the discussion in either House of Parliament of any of those
estimates
(2) So much of the said estimates as relates to other expenditure shall be submitted in the
form of demands for grants to the House of the People, and the House of the People shall
have power to assent, or to refuse to assent, to any demand, or to assent to any demand
subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein
(3) No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the President
114. Appropriation Bills

(1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 113 have been made by the House of the
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People, there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the appropriation out of the
Consolidated Fund of India of all moneys required to meet
(a) the grants so made by the House of the People; and
(b) the expenditure charged on the Consolidated fund of India but not exceeding in any
case the amount shown in the statement previously laid before Parliament
(2) No amendment shall be proposed to any such Bill in either House of Parliament which will
have the effect of varying the amount or altering the destination of any grant so made or of
varying the amount of any expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, and the
decision of the person presiding as to whether an amendment is inadmissible under this
clause shall be final
(3) Subject to the provisions of articles 115 and 116, no money shall be withdrawn from the
Consolidated Fund of India expect under appropriation made by law passed in accordance
with the provisions of this article
115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants

(1) The President shall
(a) If the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of article
114 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to be
insufficient for the purposes of that year or when a need has arisenduring the current
financial year for supplementary or additional expenditure upon some new service not
contemplated in the annual financial statement for that year, or
(b) if any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of the
amount granted for that service and for that year, cause to be laid before both the Houses of
Parliament another statement showing the estimated amount of that expenditure or cause
to be presented to the House of the People a demand for such excess, as the case may be
(2) The provisions of articles 112, 113 and 114 shall have effect in relation to any such
statement and expenditure or demand and also to any law to be made authorising the
appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India to meet such expenditure or
the grant in respect of such demand as they have effect in relation to the annual financial
statement and the expenditure mentioned therein or to a demand for a grant and the law to
be made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of
India to meet such expenditure or grant
116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants

(1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the House of the
People shall have power
(a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any
financial year pending the completion of the procedure prescribed in article 113 for the
voting of such grant and the passing of the law in accordance with the provisions of article
114 in relation to that expenditure;
(b) to make a grant for meeting an unexpected demand upon there sources of India when
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on account of the magnitude or the indefinite character of the service the demand cannot be
stand with the details ordinarily given in an annual financial statement;
(c) to make an exceptional grant which forms no part of the current service of any financial
year; and Parliament shall have power to authorise by law the withdrawal of moneys from
the Consolidated Fund of India for the purposes for which the said grants are made
(2) The provisions of articles 113 and 114 shall have effect in relation to the making of any
grant under clause ( 1 ) and to any law to be made under that clause as they have effect in
relation to the making of a grant with regard to any expenditure mentioned in the annual
financial statement and the law to be made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys
out of the Consolidated Fund of India to meet such expenditure
117. Special provisions as to financial Bills

(1) A Bill or amendment making provision for any of the matters specified in sub clauses (a) to
(f) of clause ( 1 ) of article 110 shall not be introduced or moved except on the
recommendation of the President and a Bill making such provision shall not be introduced in
the Council of States: Provided that no recommendation shall be required under this clause
for the moving of an amendment making provision for the reduction or abolition of any tax
(2) A Bill or amendment shall not be deemed to make provision for any of the matters
aforesaid by reason only that it provides for the imposition of fines or other pecuniary
penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for licences or fees for services rendered, or
by reason that it provides for the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of
any tax by any local authority or body for local purposes
(3) A Bill which, if enacted and brought into operation, would involve expenditure from the
consolidated Fund of India shall not be passed by either House of Parliament unless the
President has recommended to that House the consideration of the Bill Procedure Generally
118. Rules of procedure

(1) Each House of Parliament may make rules for regulations, subject to the provisions of this
Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business
(2) Until rules are made under clause ( 1 ), the rules of procedure and standing orders in
force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution with respect to the
Legislature of the Dominion of India shall have effect in relation to Parliament subject to such
modifications and adaptations as may be made therein by the Chairman of the Council of
States or the Speaker of the House of the People, as the case may be
(3) The President, after consultation with the Chairman of the Council of States and the
Speaker of the House of the People, may make rules as to the procedure with respect to joint
sittings of, and communications between, the two Houses
(4) At a joint sitting of the two Houses the Speaker of the House of the People, or in his
absence such person as may be determined by rules of procedure made under clause ( 3 ),
shall preside
119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business Parliament
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may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by law the
procedure of, and the conduct of business in, each House of Parliament in relation to any
financial matter or to any Bill for the appropriation of moneys out of the consolidated Fund of
India, and, if and so far as any provision of any law so made is inconsistent with any rule made
by a House of Parliament under clause ( 1 ) of Article 118 or with any rule or standing order
having effect in relation to Parliament under clause ( 2 ) of that article, such provision shall
prevail
120. Language to be used in Parliament

(1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the Article 348, business in
Parliament shall be transacted in Hindi or in English: Provided that the Chairman of the
Council of States or Speaker of the House of the People, or Person acting as such, as the Case
may be, may permit any member who cannot adequately express himself in Hindi or in
English to address the House in his mother tongue
(2) Unless Parliament by Law otherwise provides, this article shall, after the expiration of a
period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, have effect as if the
words or in English were omitted therefrom
121. Restriction on discussion in Parliament No discussions shall take place in Parliament with
respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge
of his duties expect upon a motion for presenting an address to the President praying for the
removal of the Judge as hereinafter provided
122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament

(1) The validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be called in question on the ground
of any alleged irregularity of procedure
(2) No officer or member of Parliament in whom powers are vested by or under this
Constitution for regulating procedure or the conduct of business, or for maintaining order, in
Parliament shall be subject to the jurisdiction of any court in respect of the exercise by him of
those powers CHAPTER III LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
123. Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament

(1) If at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are in session, the President is
satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action,
he may promulgate such Ordinance as the circumstances appear to him to require
(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article shall have the same force and effect as an
Act of Parliament, but every such Ordinance
(a) shall be laid before both House of Parliament and shall cease to operate at the expiration
of six weeks from the reassemble of Parliament, or, if before the expiration of that period
resolutions disapproving it are passed by both Houses, upon the passing of the second of
those resolutions; and
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the President Explanation Where the Houses of
Parliament are summoned to reassemble on different dates, the period of six weeks shall be
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reckoned from the later of those dates for the purposes of this clause
(3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which Parliament
would not under this Constitution be competent to enact, it shall be void CHAPTER IV THE
UNION JUDICIARY
124. Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court

(1) There shall be a Supreme Court of India constituting of a Chief Justice of India and, until
Parliament by law prescribes a larger number, of not more than seven other Judges
(2) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under
his hand and seal after consultation with such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the
High Courts in the States as the President may deem necessary for the purpose and shall
hold office until he attains the age of sixty five years: Provided that in the case of appointment
of a Judge other than the chief Justice, the chief Justice of India shall always be consulted:
(a) a Judge may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office;
(b) a Judge may be removed rom his office in the manner provided in clause ( 4 )
2A. The age of a Judge of the Supreme Court shall be determined by such authority and in
such manner as Parliament may by law provide
(3) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court unless
he is a citizen of India and
(a) has been for at least five years a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in
succession; or
(b) has been for at least ten years an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts
in succession; or
(c) is, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist Explanation I In this clause High
Court means a High Court which exercises, or which at any time before the commencement
of this Constitution exercised, jurisdiction in any part of the territory of India Explanation II
In computing for the purpose of this clause the period during which a person has been an
advocate, any period during which a person has held judicial office not inferior to that of a
district judge after he became an advocate shall be included
(4) A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an order of
the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority
of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two third of the
members of the House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same
session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity
(5) Parliament may by law regulate the procedure for the presentation of an address and for
the investigation and proof of the misbehaviour or incapacity of a Judge under clause ( 4 ):
(6) Every person appointed to be a Judge of the Supreme Court shall, before he enters upon
his office, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf
by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third
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Schedule
(7) No person who has held office as a Judge of the Supreme Court shall plead or act in any
court or before any authority within the territory of India
125. Salaries, etc, of Judges

(1) There shall be paid to the Judges of the Supreme Court such salaries as may be
determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries
as are specified in the Second Schedule
(2) Every Judge shall be entitled to such privileges and allowances and to such rights in
respect of leave of absence and pension as may from time to time be determined by or under
law made by Parliament and, until so determined, to such privileges, allowances and rights as
are specified in the Second Schedule: Provided that neither the privileges nor the allowances
of a Judge nor his rights in respect of leave of absence or pension shall be varied to his
disadvantage after his appointment
126. Appointment of acting Chief Justice When the office of Chief Justice of India is vacant or
when the Chief Justice is, by reason or absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of
his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of the other Judges of the
Court as the President may appoint for the purpose
127. Appointment of ad hoc Judges

(1) If at any time there should not be a quorum of the Judges of the Supreme Court available
to hold or continue any session of the Court, the Chief Justice of India may, with the previous
consent of the President and after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court
concerned, request in writing the attendance at the sittings of the Court, as an ad hoc Judge,
for such period as may be necessary, of a Judge of a High Court duly qualified for
appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court to be designated by the Chief Justice of India
(2) It shall be the duty of the Judge who has been so designated, in priority to other duties of
his office, to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court at the time and for the period for which
his attendance is required, and while so attending he shall have all the jurisdiction, powers
and privileges, and shall discharge the duties, of a Judge of the Supreme Court
128. Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court Notwithstanding anything
in this chapter, the Chief Justice of India may at any time, with the previous consent of the
president, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of the Supreme Court or of
the Federal Court or who has held the office of a Judge of a High Court and is duly qualified
for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court to sit and act as a Judge of the Supreme
Court, and every such person so requested shall, while so sitting and acting, be entitled to such
allowances as the President may by order determine and have all the jurisdiction, powers and
privileges of, but shall not otherwise be deemed to be, a Judge of that Court: Provided that
nothing in this article shall be deemed to require any such person as aforesaid to sit and act as
a Judge of that Court unless he consents so to do
129. Supreme Court to be a court of record The Supreme Court shall be a court of record and
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shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself
130. Seat of Supreme Court The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other place or
places, as the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the President, from time to time,
appoint
131. Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Subject to the provisions of this Constitution,
the Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court, have original jurisdiction in any
dispute
(a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or
(b) between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more
other States on the other; or
(c) between two or more States, if and in so far as the dispute involves any question (whether
of law or fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends: Provided that the
said jurisdiction shall not extend to a dispute arising out of any treaty, agreement, covenant,
engagements, and or other similar instrument which, having been entered into or executed
before the commencement of this Constitution, continues in operation after such
commencement, or which provides that the said jurisdiction shall not extend to such a dispute
132. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases ( 1 )
An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order of a High
Court in the territory of India, whether in a civil, criminal or other proceeding, if the High
Court certifies under Article 134A that the case involves a substantial question of law as t the
interpretation of this Constitution
(2) Omitted
(3) Where such a certificate is given, any party in the case may appeal to the Supreme Court
on the ground that any such question as aforesaid has been wrongly decided Explanation For
the purposes of this article, the expression final order includes an order declaring an issue
which, if decided in favour of the appellant, would be sufficient for the final disposal of the
case
133. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil
matters
(1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order in a
civil proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court certifies under
Article 134A
(a) that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance; and
(b) that in the opinion of the High Court the said question needs to be decided by the
Supreme Court
(2) Notwithstanding anything in Article 132, any party appealing to the Supreme Court under
clause ( 1 ) may urge as one of the grounds in such appeal that a substantial question of law as
to the interpretation of this Constitution has been wrongly decided
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(3) Notwithstanding anything in this article, no appeal shall, unless Parliament by law
otherwise provides, lie to the Supreme Court from the judgment, decree or final order of one
Judge of a High Court
134. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters

(1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, final order or sentence in a
criminal proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court has on appeal
reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death; or has
withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any court subordinate to its authority and has
in such trial convicted the accused person and sentenced him to death; or
(c) certifies under Article 134A that the case is a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court:
Provided that an appeal under sub clause (c) shall lie subject to such provisions as may be
made in that behalf under clause ( 1 ) of Article 145 and to such conditions as the High Court
may establish or require
(2) Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Court any further powers to entertain and
hear appeals from any judgment, final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High
Court in the territory of India subject to such conditions and limitations as may be specified in
such law
134A. Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court Every High Court, passing or making a
judgment, decree, final order, or sentence, referred to in clause ( 1 ) of Article 132 or clause ( 1 )
of Article 133, or clause ( 1 ) of Article 134
(a) may, if it deems fit so to do, on its own motion; and
(b) shall, if an oral application is made, by or on behalf of the party aggrieved, immediately
after the passing or making of such judgment, decree, final order or sentence, determine, as
soon as may be after such passing or making, the question whether a certificate of the nature
referred to in clause ( 1 ) of Article 132, or clause ( 1 ) of Article 133 or, as the case may be, sub
clause (c) of clause ( 1 ) of Article 134, may be given in respect of that case
135. Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the
Supreme Court Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the Supreme Court shall also have
jurisdiction and powers with respect to any matter to which the provisions of Article 133 or
Article 134 do not apply if jurisdiction and powers in relation to that matter were exercisable by
the Federal Court immediately before the commencement of this Constitution under any
existing law
136. Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court

(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant
special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determination, sentence or order in any
cause or matter passed or made by any court or tribunal in the territory of India
(2) Nothing in clause ( 1 ) shall apply to any judgment, determination, sentence or order
passed or made by any court or tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the
Armed Forces
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137. Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court Subject to the provisions of any law
made by Parliament or any rules made under Article 145, the Supreme Court shall have power
to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it
138. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

(1) The Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction and powers with respect to any of
the matters in the Union List as Parliament may by law confer
(2) The Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction, and powers with respect to any
matter as the Government of India and the Government of any State may by special
agreement confer, if Parliament by law provides for the exercise of such jurisdiction and
powers by the Supreme Court
139. Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs Parliament may by law
confer on the Supreme Court power to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the
nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them,
for any purposes other than those mentioned in clause ( 2 ) of Article 32
139A. Transfer of certain cases

(1) Where cases involving the same or substantially the same questions of law are pending
before the Supreme Court and one or more High Courts or before two or more High Courts
and the Supreme Court is satisfied on its own motion or an application made by the Attorney
General of India or by a party to any such case that such questions are substantial questions
of general importance, the Supreme Court may withdraw the case or cases pending before
the High Court or the High Courts and dispose of all the cases itself: Provided that the
Supreme Court may after determining the said questions of law return any case so
withdrawn together with a copy of its judgment on such questions to the High Court from
which the case has been withdrawn, and the High Court shall on receipt thereof, proceed to
dispose of the case in conformity with such judgment
(2) The Supreme Court may, if it deems it expedient so to do for the ends of justice, transfer
any case, appeal or other proceedings pending before any High Court to any other High
Court
140. Ancillary powers of Supreme Court Parliament may by law make provision for conferring
upon the Supreme Court such supplemental powers not inconsistent with any of the provisions
of this Constitution as may appear to be necessary or desirable for the purpose of enabling the
Court more effectively to exercise the jurisdiction conferred upon it by or under this
Constitution
141. Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts The law declared by the
Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India
142. Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and unless as to discovery, etc ( 1 )
The Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order
as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it, and any
decree so passed or orders so made shall be enforceable throughout the territory of India in
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such manner as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament and, until
provision in that behalf is so made, in such manner as the President may by order prescribe
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the Supreme Court
shall, as respects the whole of the territory of India, have all and every power to make any
order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person, the discovery or production
of any documents, or the investigation or punishment of any contempt of itself
143. Power of President to consult Supreme Court ( 1 ) If at any time it appears to the President
that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of
such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it,
he may refer the question to that Court for consideration and the Court may, after such
hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon
(2) The President may, notwithstanding anything in the proviso to Article 131, refer a dispute
of the kind mentioned in the said proviso to the Supreme Court for opinion and the Supreme
Court shall, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon
144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court All authorities, civil and
judicial, in the territory of India shall act in aid of the Supreme Court
145. Rules of Court, etc
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(1) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament the Supreme Court may from
time to time, with the approval of the President, make rules for regulating generally the
practice and procedure of the Court including
(a) rules as to the persons practising before the Court,
(b) rules as to the procedure for hearing appeals, and other matters pertaining to appeals
including the time within which appeals to the Court are to be entered;
(c) rules as to the proceedings in the Court for the enforcement of any of the rights
conferred by Part III;
(cc) rules as to the proceedings in the Court under Article 139A;
(d) rules as to the entertainment of appeals under sub clause (c) of clause ( 1 ) of Article 134;
(e) any judgment pronounced or order made by the Court may be received and rules as to
the conditions the procedure for such review including the time within which applications to
the Court for such review are to be entered;
(f) rules as to the costs of and incidental to any proceedings in the Court and as to the fees to
be charged in respect of proceeding therein;
(g) rules as to the granting of bail;
(h) rules as to stay of proceedings;
(i) rules providing for the summary determination of any appeal which appears to the Court
to be frivolous or vexatious or brought for the purpose of delay;
(j) rules as to the procedure for inquiries referred to in clause ( 1 ) of Article 317
(2) Subject to the provisions of clause ( 3 ), rules made under this article may fix the minimum
number of Judges who are to sit for any purpose, and may provide for the powers of single
Judges and Division Courts
(3) The minimum number of Judges who are to sit for the purpose of deciding any case
involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution or for the
purpose of hearing any reference under Article 143 shall be five: Provided that, where the
Court hearing an appeal under any of the provisions of this chapter other than Article 132
consists of less than five Judges and in the course of the hearing of the appeal the Court is
satisfied that the appeal involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this
Constitution the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of the appeal, such
Court shall refer the question for opinion to a Court constituted as required by this clause for
the purpose of deciding any case involving such a question and shall on receipt of the opinion
dispose of the appeal in conformity with such opinion
(4) No judgment shall be delivered by the Supreme Court save in open Court, and no report
shall be made under Article 143 save in accordance with an opinion also delivered in open
Court
(5) No judgment and no such opinion shall be delivered by the Supreme Court save with the
concurrence of a majority of the Judges present at the hearing of the case, but nothing in this
clause shall be deemed to prevent a Judge who does not concur from delivering a dissenting
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judgment or opinion
146. Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court
(1) Appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court shall be made by the Chief
Justice of India or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct: Provided that
the President may by rule require that in such cases as may be specified in the rule, no
person not already attached to the Court shall be appointed to any office connected with the
Court, save after consultation with the Union Public Service Commission
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, the conditions of service of
officers and servants of the Supreme Court shall be such as may be prescribed by rules made
by the Chief Justice of India or by some other Judge or officer of the Court authorised by the
Chief Justice of India to make rules for the purpose: Provided that the rules made under this
clause shall, so far as they relate to salaries, allowances, leave or pensions, require the
approval of the President
(3) The administrative expenses of the Supreme Court, including all salaries, allowances and
pensions payable to or in respect of the offices and servants of the Court, shall be charged
upon the Consolidated Fund of India, and any fees or other moneys taken by the court shall
form part of that Fund
147. Interpretation In this Chapter and in Chapter V of Part VI references to any substantial
question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution shall be construed as including
references to any substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Government of
India Act, 1935 (including any enactment amending or supplementing that Act), or of any
Order in Council or order made thereunder, or of the Indian Independence Act, 1947 , or of
any order made thereunder CHAPTER V COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF
INDIA
148. Comptroller and Auditor General of India

(1) There shall be a Comptroller and Auditor General of India who shall be appointed by the
President by warrant under his hand and seal and shall only be removed from office in like
manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court
(2) Every person appointed to be the Comptroller and Auditor General of India shall, before
he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the President, or some person
appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the
purpose in the Third Schedule
(3) The salary and other conditions of service of the Comptroller and Auditor General shall be
such as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until they are so determined, shall be
as specified in the Second Schedule: Provided that neither the salary of a Comptroller and
Auditor General nor his rights in respect of leave of absence, pension or age of retirement
shall be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment
(4) The Comptroller and Auditor General shall not be eligible for further office either under
the Government of India or under the Government of any State after he has ceased to hold
his office
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(5) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of any law made by Parliament, the
conditions of service of persons serving in the Indian Audit and Accounts Department and
the administrative powers of the Comptroller and Auditor General shall be such as may be
prescribed by rules made by the President after consultation with the Comptroller and
Auditor General
(6) The Administrative expenses of the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General,
including all salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of pensions serving in
that office, shall be charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India
149. Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor General The Comptroller and Auditor
General shall perform such duties and exercise such powers in relation to the accounts of the
Union and of the States and of any other authority or body as may be prescribed by or under
any law made by Parliament and, until provision in that behalf is so made, shall perform such
duties and exercise such powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and of the States as
were conferred on or exercisable by the Auditor General of India immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution in relation to the accounts of the Dominion of India and of
the Provinces respectively
150. Form of accounts of the Union and of the States The accounts of the Union and of the
States shall be kept in such form as the President may, on the advice of the Comptroller and
Auditor General of India, prescribe
151. Audit reports

(1) The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India relating to the accounts of the
Union shall be submitted to the President, who shall cause them to be laid before each House
of Parliament
(2) The reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India relating to the accounts of a
State shall be submitted to the Governor of the State, who shall cause them to be laid before
the Legislature of the State PART VI THE STATES CHAPTER I GENERAL
152. Definition In this Part, unless the context otherwise, requires, the expression State does
not include the State of Jammu and Kashmir CHAPTER II THE EXECUTIVE The Governor
153. Governors of States There shall be Governor for each State: Provided that nothing in this
article shall prevent the appointment of the same person as Governor for two or more States
154. Executive power of State

(1) The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by
him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution
(2) Nothing in this article shall
(a) be deemed to transfer to the Governor any functions conferred by any existing law on
any other authority; or
(b) prevent Parliament or the Legislature of the State from conferring by law functions on
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any authority subordinate to the Governor
155. Appointment of Governor The Governor of a State shall be appointed by the President by
warrant under his hand and seal
156. Term of office of Governor

(1) The Governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the President
(2) The Governor may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office
(3) Subject to the foregoing provisions of this article, a Governor shall hold for a term of five
years from the date on which he enters upon his office
(4) Provided that a Governor shall, notwithstanding the expiration of his term, continue to
hold office until his successor enters upon his office
157. Qualifications for appointment as Governor No person shall be eligible for appointment as
Governor unless he is a citizen of India and has completed the age of thirty five years
158. Conditions of Governor office

(1) The Governor shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the
Legislature of any State specified in the First Schedule, and if a member of either House of
Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any such State be appointed Governor, he shall
be deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date on which he enters upon his
office as Governor
(2) The Governor shall not hold any other office of profit
(3) The Governor shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residences
and shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be
determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such
emoluments, allowances and privileges as are specified in Second Schedule
(3A) Where the same person is appointed as Governor of two or more States, the
emoluments and allowances payable to the Governor shall be allocated among the States in
such proportion as the President may by order determine
(4) The emoluments and allowances of the Governor shall not be diminished during his term
of office
159. Oath or affirmation by Governor Every Governor and every person discharging the
functions of the Governor shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe in the
presence of the chief Justice of the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to the State,
or, in his absence, the senior most Judge of that court available, an oath or affirmation in the
following form, that is to say swear in the name of God I, A B, do that I solemnly affirm will
faithfully execute the office of Governor (or discharge the functions of the Governor) of (name
of the State) and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution
and the law and that I will devote myself to the service and well being of the people of (name of
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the State)
160. Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies The President may
make such provision as he thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the Governor of a
State in any contingency not provided for in this Chapter
161. Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc, and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in
certain cases The Governor of a State shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites
or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person
convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of
the State extends
162. Extent of executive power of State Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the
executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of
the State has power to make laws Provided that in any matter with respect to which the
Legislature of a State and Parliament have power to make laws, the executive power of the
State shall be subject to, and limited by, the executive power expressly conferred by the
Constitution or by any law made by Parliament upon the Union or authorities thereof Council
of Ministers
163. Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor

(1) There shall be a council of Ministers with the chief Minister at the head to aid and advise
the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except in so far as he is by or under this
constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion
(2) If any question arises whether any matter is or is not a matter as respects which the
Governor is by or under this Constitution required to act in his discretion, the decision of the
Governor in his discretion shall be final, and the validity of anything done by the Governor
shall not be called in question on the ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in his
discretion
(3) The question whether any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the
Governor shall not be inquired into in any court
164. Other provisions as to Ministers

(1) The chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be
appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, and the Ministers shall hold
office during the pleasure of the Governor: Provided that in the State of Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh and Orissa, there shall be a Minister in charge of tribal welfare who may in addition
be in charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and backward classes or any other work
(2) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the
State
(3) Before a Minister enters upon his office, the Governor shall administer so him the oaths of
office and of secrecy according to the forms set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule
(4) A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of the
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Legislature of the State shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister
(5) The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be such as the Legislature of the State may
from time to time by law determine and, until the Legislature of the State so determines, shall
be as specified in the Second Schedule The Advocate General for the State
165. Advocate General for the State

(1) The Governor of each State shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a
Judge of a High Court to be Advocate General for the State
(2) It shall be the duty of the Advocate General to give advice to the Government of the State
upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from
time to time be referred or assigned to him by the Governor, and to discharge the functions
conferred on him by or under this Constitution or any other law for the time being in force
(3) The Advocate General shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor, and shall
receive such remuneration as the Governor may determine Conduct of Government Business
166. Conduct of business of the Government of a State

(1) All executive action of the Government of a State shall be expressed to be taken in the
name of the Governor
(2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the Governor shall be
authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules to be made by the Governor, and
the validity of an order on instruction which is so authenticated shall not be called in question
on the ground that it is not an order or instrument made or executed by the Governor
(3) The Governor shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the
Government of the State, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business in so far
as it is not business with respect to which the Governor is by or under this Constitution
required to act in his discretion
167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc It shall
be the duty of the Chief Minister of each State
(a) to communicate to the Governor of the State all decisions of the council of Ministers
relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and proposals for legislation;
(b) to furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and
proposals for legislation as the Governor may call for; and
(c) if the Governor so requires, to submit for the consideration of the Council of Ministers any
matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered
by the Council CHAPTER III THE STATE LEGISLATURE General
168. Constitution of Legislatures in States

(1) For every State there shall be a Legislature which shall consist of the Governor, and
(a) in the States of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh, two
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houses:
(b) in other States, one House
(2) Where there are two Houses of the Legislature of a State, one shall be known as the
Legislative Council and the other as the Legislative Assembly, and where there is only one
House, it shall be known as the Legislative Assembly
169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States

(1) Notwithstanding anything in Article 168, Parliament may by law provide for the abolition
of the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council
in a State having no such Council, if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution
to that effect by a majority of the total membership of the Assembly and by a majority of not
less than two thirds of the members of the Assembly present and voting
(2) Any law referred to in clause ( 1 ) shall contain such provisions for the amendment of this
Constitution as may be necessary to give effect to the provisions of the law and may also
contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions as Parliament may deem
necessary
(3) No such law as aforesaid shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the
purposes of Article 368
170. Composition of the Legislative Assemblies

(1) Subject to the provisions of Article 333, the Legislative Assembly of each State shall consist
of not more than five hundred, and not less than sixty, members chosen by direct election
from territorial constituencies in the State
(2) For the purposes of clause ( 1 ), each State shall be divided into territorial constituencies in
such manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of
seats allotted to it shall, so far as practicable, be the same throughout the State Explanation
In this clause, the expression population means the population as ascertained at the last
preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published: Provided that the
reference in this Explanation to the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have
been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2000
have been published, be construed as a reference to the 1971 census
(3) Upon the completion of each census, the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly
of each State and the division of each State into territorial constituencies shall be readjusted
by such authority and in such manner as Parliament may by law determine: Provided that
such readjustment shall not affect representation in the Legislative Assembly until the
dissolution of the then existing Assembly: Provided further that such readjustment shall take
effect from such date as the President may, by order, specify and until such readjustment
takes effect, any election to the Legislative Assembly may be held on the basis of the
territorial constituencies existing before such readjustment: Provided also that until the
relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2000 have been published, it shall
not be necessary to readjust the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of each
State and the division of such State into territorial constituencies under this clause
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171. Composition of the Legislative Councils

(1) The total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council
shall not exceed one third of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly of that
State: Provided that the total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State shall in
no case be less than forty
(2) Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the composition of the Legislative Council of a
State shall be as provided in clause ( 3 )
(3) Of the total number of members of the Legislative council of a State
(a) as nearly as may be, one third shall be elected by electorates consisting of members of
municipalities, district boards and such other local authorities in the State as Parliament may
by law specify;
(b) as nearly as may be, one twelfth shall be elected by electorates consisting of persons
residing in the State who have been for at least three years graduates of any university in
the territory of India or have been for at least three years in possession of qualifications
prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament as equivalent to that of a graduate of
any such university;
(c) as nearly as may be, one twelfth shall be elected by electorates consisting of persons who
have been for at least three years engaged in teaching in such educational institutions within
the State, not lower in standard than that of a secondary school, as may be prescribed by or
under any law made by Parliament;
(d) as nearly as may be, one third shall be elected by the members of the Legislative
Assembly of the State from amongst persons who are not members of the Assembly;
(e) the remainder shall be nominated by the Governor in accordance with the provisions of
clause ( 5 )
(4) The members to be elected under sub clauses (a), (b) and (c) of clause ( 3 ) shall be chosen
in such territorial constituencies as may be prescribed by or under any law made by
Parliament, and the election under the said sub clauses and under sub clause (d) of the said
clause shall be held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of
the single transferable vote
(5) The members to be nominated by the Governor under sub clause (e) of clause ( 3 ) shall
consist of persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters
as the following, namely: Literature, science, art, co operative movement and social service
172. Duration of State Legislatures

(1) Every Legislative Assembly of every State, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for five
years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer and the expiration of the
said period of five years shall operate as a dissolution of the Assembly: Provided that the said
period may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, be extended by Parliament by
law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not extending in any case beyond a
period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate
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173. Qualification for membership of the State Legislature A person shall not be qualified to be
chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature of a State unless he
(a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some person authorised in that
behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the
purpose in the Third Schedule;
(b) is, in the case of a seat in the Legislative Assembly, not less than twenty five years of age
and in the case of a seat in the Legislative Council, not less than thirty years of age; and
(c) possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any
law made by Parliament
174. Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution

(1) The Governor shall from time to time summon the House or each House of the Legislature
of the State to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene
between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next
session
(2) The Governor may from time to time
(a) Prorogue the House or either House;
(b) dissolve the Legislative Assembly
175. Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses
(1) The Governor may address the Legislative Assembly or, in the case of a State having a
Legislative Council, either House of the Legislature of the State, or both Houses assembled
together, and may for that purpose require the attendance of members
(2) The Governor may sent messages to the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State,
whether with respect to a Bill then pending in the Legislature or otherwise, and a House to
which any message is so sent shall with all convenient dispatch consider any matter required
by the message to be taken into consideration
176. Special address by the Governor

(1) At the commencement of the first session after each general election to the Legislative
Assembly and at the commencement of the first session of each year, the Governor shall
address the Legislative Assembly or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, both
House assembled together and inform the Legislature of the causes of its summons
(2) Provision shall be made by the rules regulating the procedure of the House or either
House for the allotment of time for discussion of the matters referred to in such address
177. Rights of Ministers and Advocate General as respects the Houses Every Minister and the
Advocate General for a State shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the
proceedings of, the legislative Assembly of the State or, in the case of a State having a
Legislative Council, both Houses, and to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings
of, any committee of the Legislature of which he may be named a member, but shall not, by
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virtue of this article, be entitled to vote Officers of the State Legislature
178. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly Every Legislative Assembly
of a State shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the Assembly to be respectively
Speaker and Deputy Speakers thereof and, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker
becomes vacant, the Assembly shall choose another member to be Speaker or Deputy Speaker,
as the case may be
179. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker of an Assembly
(a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Assembly;
(b) may at any time by writing under his hand addressed, if such member is the Speaker, to
the Deputy Speaker, and if such member is the Deputy Speaker, to the Speaker, resign his
office; and Provided that no resolution for the purpose of clause (c) shall be moved unless at
least fourteen days notice has been given of the intention to move the resolution: Provided
further that, whenever the Assembly is dissolved, the Speaker shall not vacate his office until
immediately before the first meeting of the Assembly after the dissolution
180. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to
act as, Speaker
(1) While the office of Speaker is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the
Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the
Assembly as the Governor may appoint for the purpose
(2) During the absence of the Speaker from any sitting of the Assembly the Deputy Speaker
or, if he is also absent, such person as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the
assembly, or, if no such person is present, such other person as may be determined by the
Assembly, shall act as Speaker
181. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from
office is under consideration
(1) At any sitting of the Legislative Assembly, while any resolution for the removal of the
Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Speaker, or while any resolution for the
removal of the Deputy Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Deputy Speaker,
Speaker or, as the case may be, the Deputy Speaker, is absent
(2) The Speaker shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings
of, the Legislative Assembly while any resolution for his removal from office is under
consideration in the Assembly and shall, notwithstanding anything in Article 189, be entitled
to vote only in the first instance on such resolution or on any other matter during such
proceedings but not in the case of an quality of votes
182. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council The Legislative Council of
every State having such Council shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the Council to
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be respectively Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof and, so often as the office of
Chairman or Deputy Chairman becomes vacant, the Council shall choose another member to
be Chairman or Deputy Chairman, as the case may be
183. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy
Chairman A member holding office as Chairman or Deputy Chairman of a Legislative Council
(a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Council;
(b) may at any time by writing under his hand addressed, if such member is the Chairman, to
the Deputy Chairman, and if such member is the Deputy chairman, to the Chairman, resign
his office; and
(c) may be removed from his office by a resolution of the council passed by a majority of all
the then members of the Council: Provided that no resolution for the purpose of clause (c)
shall be moved unless at least fourteen days notice has been given of the intention to move
the resolution
184. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to
act as, Chairman
(1) While the office of Chairman is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the
Deputy Chairman or, if the office of Deputy Chairman is also vacant, by such member of the
council as the Governor may appoint for the purpose
(2) During the absence of the Chairman from any sitting of the Council the Deputy Chairman
or, if he is also absent, such person as may be determined by the rules of procedure of the
Council, or, if no such person is present, such other person as may be determined by the
Council, shall act as Chairman
185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal
from office is under consideration
(1) At any sitting of the Legislative Council, while any resolution for the removal of the
chairman from his office is under consideration, the Chairman, or while any resolution for the
removal of the Deputy Chairman from his office is under consideration, the Deputy chairman,
Chairman or, as the case may be, the Deputy Chairman is absent
(2) The Chairman shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the
proceedings of, the Legislative Council while any resolution for his removal from office is
under consideration in the Council and shall, notwithstanding anything in Article 189, be
entitled to vote only in the first instance on such resolution or on any other matter during
such proceedings but not in the case of an equality of votes
186. Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and
Deputy Chairman There shall be paid to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the
Legislative Assembly, and to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative
Council, such salaries and allowances as may be respectively fixed by the Legislature of the
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State by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries and allowances as are
specified in the Second Schedule
187. Secretariat of State Legislature

(1) The House or each House of the Legislature of a State shall have a separate secretarial
staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall, in the case of the Legislature of a State having
a Legislative Council, be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both
Houses of such Legislature
(2) The Legislature of a State may by law regulate the recruitment, and the conditions of
service of persons appointed, to the secretarial staff of the House or Houses of the Legislature
of the State
(3) Until provision is made by the Legislature of the State under clause ( 2 ), the Governor
may, after consultation with the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly or the Chairman of the
Legislative Council, as the case may be, make rules regulating the recruitment, and the
conditions of service of persons appointed, to the secretarial staff of the Assembly or the
Council, and any rules so made shall have effect subject to the provisions of any law made
under the said clause
188. Oath or affirmation by members Every member of the Legislative Assembly or the
Legislative Council of a State shall, before taking his seat, make and subscribe before the
Governor, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to
the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule
189. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
(1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, all questions at any sitting of a House of
the legislature of a State shall be determined by a majority of votes of the members present
and voting, other than the Speaker or Chairman, or person acting as such The Speaker or
Chairman, or person acting as such, shall not vote in the first instance, but shall have and
exercise a casting vote in the case of an equality of votes
(2) A House of the Legislature of a State shall have power to act notwithstanding any vacancy
in the membership thereof, and any proceedings in the legislature of a State shall be valid
notwithstanding that it is discovered subsequently that some person who was not entitled so
to do sat or voted or otherwise took part in the proceedings
(3) Until the Legislature of the State by law otherwise provides, the quorum to constitute a
meeting of a House of the Legislature of a State shall be ten members or one tenth of the total
number of members of the House, whichever is greater
(4) If at any time during a meeting of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative council of a
State there is no quorum, it shall be the duty of the Speaker or Chairman, or person acting as
such, either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum
Disqualifications of Members
190. Vacation of seats

(1) No person shall be a member of both Houses of the legislature of a State and provision
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shall be made by the Legislature of the State by law for the vacation by a person who is
chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other
(2) No person shall be a member of the legislatures of two or more States specified in the
First Schedule and if a person is chosen a member of the Legislatures of two or more such
States, then, at the expiration of such period as may be specified in rules made by the
President, that persons seat in the Legislatures of all such States shall become vacant, unless
he has previously resigned his seat in the Legislatures of all but one of the States
(3) If a member of a House of the Legislature of a State
(a) becomes subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause ( 1 ) or clause ( 2 ) of
Article 191; or
(b) resigns his seat by writing under his hand addressed to the Speaker or the Chairman, as
the case may be, and his resignation is accepted by th Speaker or the Chairman, as the case
may be, his seat shall thereupon becomes vacant: Provided that in the case of any
resignation referred to in sub clause (b), if from information received or otherwise and after
making such inquiry as he thinks fit, the Speaker or the Chairman, as the case may be, is
satisfied that such resignation is not voluntary or genuine, he shall not accept such
resignation
(4) If for a period of sixty days a member of a House of the Legislature of a State is without
permission of the House absent from all meetings thereof, the House may declare his seat
vacant: Provided that in computing the said period of sixty days no account shall be taken of
any period during which the House is prorogued or is adjourned for more than four
consecutive days
191. Disqualifications for membership

(1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of the
Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State
(a) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any
State specified in the First Schedule, other than an office declared by the Legislature of the
State by law not to disqualify its holder;
(b) if he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court;
(c) if he is an undischarged insolvent;
(d) if he is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State,
or is under any acknowledgement of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
(e) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament Explanation For the
purposes of this clause, a person shall not be deemed to hold an office of profit under the
Government of India or the Government of any State specified in the First Schedule by
reason only that he is a Minister either for the Union or for such State
(2) A person shall be disqualified for being a member of the Legislative Assembly or
Legislative Council of a State if he is so disqualified under the Tenth Schedule
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192. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members

(1) If any question arises as to whether a member of a House of the Legislature of a State has
become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause ( 1 ) of Article 191, the
question shall be referred for the decision of the Governor and his decision shall be final
(2) Before giving any decision on any such question, the Governor shall obtain the opinion of
the Election Commission and shall act according to such opinion
193. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under Article 188 or when
not qualified or when disqualified If a person sits or votes as a member of the Legislative
Assembly or the Legislative Council of a State before he has complied with the requirements of
Article 188, or when he knows that he is not qualified or that he is disqualified for membership
thereof, or that he is prohibited from so doing by the provisions of any law made by Parliament
or the legislature of the State, he shall be liable in respect of each day on which he so sits or
votes to a penalty of five hundred rupees to be recovered as a debt due to the State Powers,
Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194. Powers, privileges, etc, of the House of Legislatures and of the members and committees
thereof
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the rules and standing orders
regulating the procedure of the Legislature, there shall be freedom of speech in the
Legislature of every State
(2) No member of the Legislature of a State shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in
respect of anything said or any vote given by him in the Legislature or any committee thereof,
and no person shall be so liable in respect of the publication by or under the authority of a
House of such a Legislature of any report, paper, votes or proceedings
(3) In other respects, the powers, privileges and immunities of a House of the Legislature of a
State, and of the members and the committees of a House of such Legislature, shall be such
as may from time to time be defined by the Legislature by law, and, until so defined, shall be
those of that House and of its members and committees immediately before the coming into
force of Section 26 of the Constitution forty fourth Amendment Act, 1978
(4) The provisions of clauses ( 1 ), ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) shall apply in relation to persons who by
virtue of this Constitution have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the
proceedings of a House of the Legislature of a State or any committee thereof as they apply in
relation to members of that Legislature
195. Salaries and allowances of members Members of the Legislative Assembly and the
Legislative Council of a State shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may
from time to time be determined, by the Legislature of the State by law and, until provision in
that respect is so made, salaries and allowances at such rates and upon such conditions as were
immediately before the commencement of the Constitution applicable in the case of members
of the Legislative Assembly of the corresponding Province Legislative Procedure
196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
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(1) Subject to the provisions of Article 198 and 207 with respect o Money Bills and other
financial Bills, a Bill may originate in either House of the Legislature of a State which has a
Legislative Council
(2) Subject to the provisions of Article 197 and 198, a Bill shall not be deemed to have been
passed by the Houses of the Legislature of a State having a legislative Council unless it has
been agreed to by both Houses, either without amendment or with such amendments only as
are agreed to by both Houses
(3) A Bill pending in the Legislature of a State shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation of
the House or Houses thereof
(4) A Bill pending in the Legislative Council of a State which has not been passed by the
Legislative Assembly shall not lapse on a dissolution of the Assembly
(5) A Bill which is pending in the Legislative Assembly of a State, or which having been
passed by the Legislative Assembly is pending in the Legislative Council, shall lapse on a
dissolution of the Assembly
197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills
(1) If after a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State having a Legislative
Council and transmitted to the Legislative Council
(a) the Bill is rejected by the Council; or
(b) more than three months elapse from the date on which the Bill is laid before the Council
without the Bill being passed by it; or
(c) the Bill is passed by the Council with amendments to which the Legislative Assembly
does not agree; the Legislative Assembly may, subject to the rules regulating its procedure,
pass the Bill again in the same or in any subsequent session with or without such
amendments, if any, as have been made, suggested or agreed to by the Legislative Council
and then transmit the Bill as so passed to the Legislative Council
(2) If after a Bill has been so passed for the second time by the Legislative Assembly and
transmitted to the Legislative Council
(a) the Bill is rejected by the Council; or
(b) more than one month elapses from the date on which the Bill is laid before the Council
without the Bill being passed by it; or
(c) the Bill is passed by the Council with amendments to which the Legislative Assembly
does not agree; the Bill shall be deemed to have been passed by the Houses of the
Legislature of the State in the form in which it was passed by the Legislative Assembly for
the second time with such amendments, if any, as have been made or suggested by the
Legislative Council and agreed to by the Legislative Assembly
(3) Nothing in this article shall apply to a Money Bill
198. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
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(1) A Money Bill shall not be introduced in a Legislative Council

(2) ) After a Money Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State having a
Legislative Council, it shall be transmitted to the Legislative Council for its recommendations,
and the Legislative Council shall within a period of fourteen days from the date of its receipt
of the Bill return the Bill to the Legislative Assembly with its recommendations, and the
Legislative Assembly may thereupon either accept or reject all or any of the recommendations
of the Legislative Council
(3) If the Legislative Assembly accepts any of the recommendations of the Legislative Council,
the Money Bill shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses with the amendments
recommended by the Legislative Council and accepted by the Legislative Assembly
(4) If the Legislative Assembly does not accept any of the recommendations of the Legislative
Council, the Money Bill shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses in the form in
which it was passed by the Legislative Assembly without any of the amendments
recommended by the Legislative Council
(5) If a Money Bill passed by the Legislative Assembly and transmitted to the Legislative
Council for its recommendations is not returned to the Legislative Assembly within the said
period of fourteen days, it shall be deemed to have been passed by both Houses at the
expiration of the said period in the form in which it was passed by the Legislative Assembly
199. Definition of Money Bills

(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains
only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely:
(a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;
(b) the regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the State, or
the amendment of the law with respect to any financial obligations undertaken or to be
undertaken by the State;
(c) the custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of the State, the payment
of moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from any such Fund;
(d) the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State;
(e) the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of
the State, or the increasing of the amount of any such expenditure;
(f) the receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of the State or the public
account of the State or the custody or issue of such money; or
(g) any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in sub clauses (a) to (f)
(2) A Bill shall not be deemed to be a Money Bill by reason only that it provides for the
imposition of fines or other pecuniary penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for
licences or fees for services rendered, or by reason that it provides for the imposition,
abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax by any local authority or body for local
purposes
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(3) If any question arises whether a Bill introduced in the Legislature of a State which has a
Legislative Council is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly of such State thereon shall be final
(4) There shall be endorsed on every Money Bill when it is transmitted to the Legislative
Council under Article 198, and when it is presented to the Governor for assent under Article
200, the certificate of the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly signed by him that it is a
Money Bill
200. Assent to Bills When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State or, in
the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has been passed by both Houses of the
Legislature of the State, it shall be presented to the Governor and the Governor shall declare
either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent therefrom or that he reserves the
Bill for the consideration of the President: Provided that the Governor may, as soon as possible
after the presentation to him of the Bill for assent, return the Bill if it is not a Money Bill
together with a message requesting that the House or Houses will reconsider the Bill or any
specified provisions thereof and, in particular, will consider the desirability of introducing any
such amendments as he may recommend in his message and, when a Bill is so returned, the
House or Houses shall reconsider the Bill accordingly, and if the Bill is passed again by the
House or Houses with or without amendment and presented to the Governor for assent, the
Governor shall not withhold assent therefrom: Provided further that the Governor shall not
assent to, but shall reserve for the consideration of the President, any Bill which in the opinion
of the Governor would, if it became law, so derogate from the powers of the High Court as to
endanger the position which that Court is by this Constitution designed to fill
201. Bill reserved for consideration When a Bill is reserved by a Governor for the consideration
of the President, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill or that he
withholds assent therefrom: Provided that, where the Bill is not a Money Bill, the President
may direct the Governor to return the Bill to the House or, as the case may be, the Houses of
the Legislature of the State together with such a message as it mentioned in the first proviso to
Article 200 and, when a Bill is so returned, the House or Houses shall reconsider it accordingly
within a period of six months from the date of receipt of such message and, if it is again passed
by the House or Houses with or without amendment, it shall be presented again to the
President for his consideration Procedure in Financial Matters
202. Annual financial statement

(1) The Governor shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before the House or
Houses of the Legislature of the State a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure
of the State for that year, in this Part referred to as the annual financial statement
(2) The estimates of expenditure embodied in the annual financial statement shall show
separately
(a) the sums required to meet expenditure described by this Constitution as expenditure
charged upon the Consolidated Fund of the State; and
(b) the sums required to meet other expenditure proposed to be made from the
Consolidated Fund of the State; and shall distinguish expenditure on revenue account from
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other expenditure
(3) The following expenditure shall be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of each
State
(a) the emoluments and allowances of the Governor and other expenditure relating to his
office;
(b) the salaries and allowances of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly and, in the case of State having a Legislative Council, also of the Chairman and the
Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council;
(c) debt charges for which the State is liable including interest, sinking fund charges and
redemption charges, and other expenditure relating to the raising of loans and the service
and redemption of debt;
(d) expenditure in respect of the salaries and allowances of Judges of any High Court;
(e) any sums required to satisfy and judgment, decree or award of any court or arbitral
tribunal;
(f) any other expenditure declared by this Constitution, or by the Legislature of the State by
law, to be so charged
203. Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates

(1) So much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of
a State shall not be submitted to the vote of the Legislative Assembly, but nothing in this
clause shall be construed as preventing the discussion in the Legislature of any of those
estimates
(2) So much of the said estimates as relates to other expenditure shall be submitted in the
form of demands for grants to the Legislative Assembly, and the Legislative Assembly shall
have power to assent, or to refuse to assent, to any demand, or to assent to any demand
subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein
(3) No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the Governor
204. Appropriation Bills

(1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 203 have been made by the Assembly,
there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund
of the State of all moneys required to meet
(a) the grants so made by the assembly; and
(b) the expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State but not exceeding in any
case the amount shown in the statement previously laid before the House or Houses
(2) No amendment shall be proposed to any such Bill in the House or either House of the
Legislature of the State which will have the effect of varying the amount or altering the
destination of any grant so made or of varying the amount of any expenditure charged on the
Consolidated Fund of the State, and the decision of the person presiding as to whether an
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amendment is inadmissible under this clause shall be final

(3) Subject to the provisions of articles 205 and 206, no money shall be withdrawn from the
Consolidated Fund of the State except under appropriation made by law passed in
accordance with the provisions of this article
205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants

(1) The Governor shall
(a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of article
204 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to be
insufficient for the purposes of that year or when a need has arisen during the current
financial year for supplementary or additional expenditure upon some new service not
contemplated in the annual financial statement for that year, or
(b) if any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of the
amount granted for that service and for that year, cause to be laid before the House or the
Houses of the Legislature of the State another statement showing the estimated amount of
that expenditure or cause to be presented to the Legislative Assembly of the State a demand
for such excess, as the case may be
(2) The provisions of articles 202, 203 and 204 shall have effect in relation to any such
statement and expenditure or demand and also to any law to be made authorising the
appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State to meet such expenditure
or the grant in respect of such demand as they have effect in relation to the annual financial
statement and the expenditure mentioned therein or to a demand for a grant and the law to
be made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the
State to meet such expenditure or grant
206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants

(1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the Legislative
Assembly of a State shall have power
(a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any
financial year pending the completion of the procedure prescribed in article 203 for the
voting of such grant and the passing of the law in accordance with the provisions of article
204 in relation to that expenditure;
(b) to make a grant for meeting an unexpected demand upon the resources of the State
when on account of the magnitude or the indefinite character of the service the demand
cannot be stated with the details ordinarily given in an annual financial statement;
(c) to make an exceptional grant which forms no part of the current service of any financial
year, and the Legislature of the State shall have power to authorise by law the withdrawal of
moneys from the Consolidated Fund of the State for the purposes for which the said grants
are made
(2) The provisions of articles 203 and 204 shall have effect in relation to the making of any
grant under clause ( 1 ) and to any law to be made under that clause as they have effect in
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relation to the making of a grant with regard to any expenditure mentioned in the annual
financial statement and the law to be made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys
out of the Consolidated Fund of the State to meet such expenditure
207. Special provisions as to financial Bills

(1) A Bill or amendment making provision for any of the matters specified in sub clause (a) to
(f) of clause ( 1 ) of article 199 shall not be introduced or moved except on the
recommendation of the Governor, and a Bill making such provision shall not be introduced in
a Legislative Council: Provided that no recommendation shall be required under this clause
for the moving of an amendment making provision for the reduction or abolition of any tax
(2) A Bill or amendment shall not be deemed to make provision for any of the matters
aforesaid by reason only that it provides for the imposition of fines or other pecuniary
penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for licences or fees for services rendered, or
by reason that it provides for the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of
any tax by any local authority or body for local purposes
(3) A Bill which, if enacted and brought into operation, would involve expenditure from the
Consolidated Fund of a State shall not be passed by a House of the Legislature of the State
unless the Governor has recommended to that House the consideration of the Bill Procedure
Generally
208. Rules of procedure

(1) A House of the Legislature of a State may make rules for regulating subject to the
provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business
(2) Until rules are made under clause ( 1 ), the rules of procedure and standing orders in
force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution with respect to the
Legislature for the corresponding Province shall have effect in relation to the Legislature of
the State subject to such modifications and adaptations as may be made therein by the
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, or the Chairman of the Legislative Council, as the case
may be
(3) In a State having a Legislative Council the Governor, after consultation with the Speaker
of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman of the legislative Council, may make rules as to
the procedure with respect to communications between the two Houses
209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial
business The Legislature of a State may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial
business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of business in, the House or
Houses of the Legislature of the State in relation to any financial matter or to any Bill for the
appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State, and, if and so far as any
provision of any law so made is inconsistent with any rule made by the House or either House
of the Legislature of the State under clause ( 1 ) of article 208 or with any rule or standing
order having effect in relation to the Legislature of the State under clause ( 2 ) of that article,
such provision shall prevail
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210. Language to be used in the Legislature

(1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348,
business in the Legislature of a State shall be transacted in the official language or languages
of the State or in Hindi or in English: Provided that the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
or Chairman of the Legislative Council, or person acting as such, as the case may be, may
permit any member who cannot adequately express himself in any of the languages aforesaid
to address the House in his mother tongue
(2) Unless the Legislature of the State by law otherwise provides, this article shall, after the
expiration of a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, have
effect as if the words or in English were omitted here from: Provided that in relation to the
Legislatures of the States of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura this clause
shall have effect as if for the words fifteen years occurring therein, the words twenty five
years were substituted: Provided further that in relation to the Legislature of the States of
Arunachal Pradesh, Goa and Mizoram, this clause shall have effect as if for the words fifteen
years occurring therein, the words forty years were substituted
211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature No discussion shall take place in the Legislature
of a State with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in
the discharge of his duties
212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature

(1) The validity of any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called in question
on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure
(2) No officer or member of the Legislature of a State in whom powers are vested by or under
this Constitution for regulating procedure or the conduct of business, or for maintaining
order, in the Legislature shall be subject to the jurisdiction of any court in respect of the
exercise by him of those powers CHAPTER IV LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR
213. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature

(1) If at any time, except when the Legislative Assembly of a State is in session, or where
there is a Legislative Council in a State, except when both Houses of the Legislature are in
session, the Governor is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to
take immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinance as the circumstances appear to
him to require: Provided that the Governor shall not, without instructions from the President,
promulgate any such Ordinance if
(a) a Bill containing the same provisions would under this Constitution have required the
previous sanction of the President for the introduction thereof into the Legislature; or
(b) he would have deemed it necessary to reserve a Bill containing the same provisions for
the consideration of the President; or
(c) an Act of the Legislature of the State containing the same provisions would under this
Constitution have been invalid unless, having been reserved for the consideration of the
President, it had received the assent of the President
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(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article shall have the same force and effect as an
Act of Legislature of the State assented to by the Governor, but every such Ordinance
(a) shall be laid before the legislative Assembly of the State, or where there is a Legislative
Council in the State, before both the House, and shall cease to operate at the expiration of
six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature, or if before the expiration of that period a
resolution disapproving it is passed by the Legislative Assembly and agreed to by the
Legislative Council, if any, upon the passing of the resolution or, as the case may be, on the
resolution being agreed to by the Council; and
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the Governor Explanation Where the Houses of the
Legislature of a State having a Legislative Council are summoned to reassemble on different
dates, the period of six weeks shall be reckoned from the later of those dates for the
purposes of this clause
(3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which would not be
valid if enacted in an Act of the legislature of the State assented to by the Governor, it shall be
void: Provided that, for the purposes of the provisions of this Constitution relating to the
effect of an Act of the Legislature of a State which is repugnant to an Act of Parliament or an
existing law with respect to a matter enumerated in the Concurrent List, an Ordinance
promulgated under this article in the Concurrent List, an Ordinance promulgated under this
article in pursuance of instructions from the President shall be deemed to be an Act of the
Legislature of the State which has been reserved for the consideration of the president and
assented to by him CHAPTER V THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES
214. High Courts for States There shall be a High Court for each State
215. High Courts to be courts of record Every High Court shall be a court of record and shall
have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself
216. Constitution of High Courts Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such
other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint
217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court

(1) Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his
hand and seal after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State,
and, in the case of appointment of a Judge other than the chief Justice, the chief Justice of
the High court, and shall hold office, in the case of an additional or acting Judge, as provided
in Article 224, and in any other case, until he attains the age of sixty two years Provided that
(a) a Judge may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office;
(b) a Judge may be removed from his office by the President in the manner provided in
clause ( 4 ) of Article 124 for the removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court;
(c) the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to be a
Judge of the Supreme Court or by his being transferred by the President to any other High
Court within the territory of India
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(2) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court unless he is a
citizen of India and
(a) has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of India; or
(b) has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts
in succession; Explanation For the purposes of this clause
(a) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the territory of
India, there shall be included any period, after he has held any judicial office, during which
the person has been an Advocate of a High Court or has held the office of a member of a
tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring special knowledge of law;
(aa) in computing the period during which a person has been an advocate of a High Court,
there shall be included any period during which the person has held judicial office or the
office of a member of a tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring special
knowledge of law after he became an advocate;
(b) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the territory of
India or been an advocate of High Court, there shall be included any period before the
commencement of this Constitution during which he has held judicial office in any area
which was comprised before the fifteenth day of August, 1947 , within India as defined by
the Government of India Act, 1935 , or has been an advocate of any High Court in any such
area, as the case may be
(3) If any question arises as to the age of a Judge of a High Court, the question shall be
decided by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the decision of
the President shall be final
218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts The provisions
of clauses ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) of Article 124 shall apply in relation to a High Court as they apply in
relation to the Supreme Court with the substitution of references to the High Court for
references to the Supreme Court
219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts Every person appointed to be a Judge of a
High Court shall, before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the Governor of
the State, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to
the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule
220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge No person who, after the
commencement of this Constitution, has held office as a permanent Judge of a High Court shall
plead or act in any court or before any authority in India except the Supreme Court and the
other High Courts Explanation In this article, the expression High Court does not include a
High Court for a State specified in Part B of the First Schedule as it existed before the
commencement of the Constitution (seventh Amendment) Act, 1956
221. Salaries etc, of Judges

(1) There shall be paid to the Judges of each High Court such salaries as may be determined
by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries as are
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specified in the Second Schedule

(2) Every Judge shall be entitled to such allowances and to such rights in respect of leave of
absence and pension as may from time to time be determined by or under law made by
Parliament and, until so determined, to such allowances and rights as are specified in the
Second Schedule: Provided that neither the allowances of a Judge nor his rights in respect of
leave of absence shall be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment
222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another

(1) The President may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge
from one High Court to any other High Court
(2) When a Judge has been or is so transferred, he shall, during the period he serves, after
the commencement of the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963 , as a Judge of the
other High Court, be entitled to receive in addition to his salary such compensatory allowance
as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until so determined, such compensatory
allowance as the President may by order fix
223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice When the office of Chief Justice of High Court is
vacant or when any such Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to perform
the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of the other
Judges of the Court as the President may appoint for the purposes
224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges

(1) If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of High Court or by reason of
arrears of work therein, it appears to the President that the number of the Judges of that
Court should be for the time being increased, the President may appoint duly qualified
persons to be additional Judges of the Court for such period not exceeding two years as he
may specific
(2) When any Judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice is by reason of absence or
for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his office or is appointed to act
temporarily as Chief Justice, the President may appoint a duly qualified person to act as a
Judge of that Court until the permanent Judge has resumed his duties
(3) No person appointed as an additional or acting Judge of a High Court shall hold office
after attaining the age of sixty two years
224. A Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts Notwithstanding anything in

this Chapter, the Chief Justice of a High Court for any State may at any time, with the previous
consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of Judge of that Court or
of any other High Court to sit and act as a Judge of the High Court for that State, and every
such person so requested shall, while so sitting and acting, be entitled to such allowances as the
President may by order determine and have all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of, but
shall not otherwise be deemed to be, a Judge of that High Court: Provided that nothing in this
article shall be deemed to require any such person as aforesaid to sit and act as a Judge of that
High Court unless he consents so to do
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225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to
the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on
that Legislature by this Constitution, the jurisdiction of, and the law administered in, any
existing High Court, and the respective powers of the Judges thereof in relation to the
administration of justice in the Court, including any power to make rules of Court and to
regulate the sittings of the Court and of members thereof sitting alone or in Division Courts,
shall be the same as immediately before the commencement of this Constitution: Provided that
any restriction to which the exercise of original jurisdiction by any of the High Courts with
respect to any matter concerning the revenue or concerning any act ordered or done in the
collection thereof was subject immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall
no longer apply to the exercise of such jurisdiction
226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs

(1) Notwithstanding anything in Article 32 every High Court shall have powers, throughout
the territories in relation to which it exercise jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority,
including in appropriate cases, any Government, within those territories directions, orders or
writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibitions, quo warranto
and certiorari, or any of them, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III
and for any other purpose
(2) The power conferred by clause ( 1 ) to issue directions, orders or writs to any Government,
authority or person may also be exercised by any High Court exercising jurisdiction in
relation to the territories within which the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises for the
exercise of such power, notwithstanding that the seat of such Government or authority or the
residence of such person is not within those territories
(3) Where any party against whom an interim order, whether by way of injunction or stay or
in any other manner, is made on, or in any proceedings relating to, a petition under clause ( 1
), without
(a) furnishing to such party copies of such petition and all documents in support of the plea
for such interim order; and
(b) giving such party an opportunity of being heard, makes an application to the High Court
for the vacation of such order and furnishes a copy of such application to the party in whose
favour such order has been made or the counsel of such party, the High Court shall dispose
of the application within a period of two weeks from the date on which it is received or from
the date on which the copy of such application is so furnished, whichever is later, or where
the High Court is closed on the last day of that period, before the expiry of the next day
afterwards on which the High Court is open; and if the application is not so disposed of, the
interim order shall, on the expiry of that period, or, as the case may be, the expiry of the aid
next day, stand vacated
(4) The power conferred on a High Court by this article shall not be in derogation of the
power conferred on the Supreme court by clause ( 2 ) of Article 32
226. A Constitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in proceedings under Article
226 Omitted
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227. Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court

(1) Every High Court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the
territories interrelation to which it exercises jurisdiction
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provisions, the High Court may
(a) call for returns from such courts;
(b) make and issue general rules and prescribe forms for regulating the practice and
proceedings of such courts; and
(c) prescribe forms in which books, entries and accounts shall be kept by the officers of any
such courts
(3) The High Court may also settle tables of fees to be allowed to the sheriff and all clerks and
officers of such courts and to attorneys, advocates and pleaders practising therein: Provided
that any rules made, forms prescribed or tables settled under clause ( 2 ) or clause ( 3 ) shall
not be inconsistent with the provision of any law for the time being in force, and shall require
the previous approval of the Governor
(4) Nothing in this article shall be deemed to confer on a High Court powers of
superintendence over any court or tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the
Armed Forces
228. Transfer of certain cases to High Court If the High Court is satisified that a case pending
in a court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this
Constitution the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of the case, it shall
withdraw the case and may
(a) either dispose of the case itself, or
(b) determine the said question of law and return the case to the court from which the case
has been so withdrawn together with a copy of its judgment on such question, and the said
court shall on receipt thereof proceed to dispose of the case in confirmity with such judgment
228A. Special provisions as to disposal of question relating to constitutional validity of State

Laws Rep by the Constitution (Forty third Amendment) Act, 1977 , sec 10, (w e f 13 4 1978 )
229. Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts

(1) Appointments of officers and servants of a High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice
of the Court or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct: Provided that the
Governor of the State may by rule require that in such cases as may be specified in the rule
no person not already attached to the Court shall be appointed to any office connected with
the Court save after consultation with the State Public Service Commission
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature of the State, the conditions of
service of officers and servants of a High Court shall be such as may be prescribed by rules
made by the Chief Justice of the Court or by some other Judge or officer of the Court
authorised by the Chief Justice to make rules for the purpose: Provided that the rules made
under this clause shall, so far as they relate to salaries, allowances, leave or pensions, require
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the approval of the Governor of the State

(3) The administrative expenses of a High Court, including all salaries, allowacnes and
pensions payable to or in respect of the officers and servants of the court, shall be charged
upon the Consolidated Fund of the State, and any fees or other moneys taken by the Court
shall form part of that Fund
230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories

(1) Parliament may by law extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to, or exclude the
jurisdiction of a High Court from, any Union territory
(2) Where the High Court of a State exercises jurisdiction in relation to a Union territory:
(a) nothing in this Constitution shall be construed as empowering the Legislature of the
State to increase, restrict or abolish that jurisdiction; and
(b) the reference in article 227 to the Governor shall, in relation to any rules, forms or tables
for subordinate courts in that territory, be construed as a reference to the President
231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this Chapter,
Parliament may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or
more States and a Union territory
(2) In relation to any such High Court,
(a) the reference in article 217 to the Governor of the State shall be construed as a reference
to the Governors of all the States in relation to which the High Court exercises jurisdiction;
(b) the reference in article 227 to the Governor shall, in relation to any rules, forms or tables
for subordinate courts, be construed as a reference to the Governor of the State in which the
Subordinate Courts are situate; and
(c) the reference in articles 219 and 229 to the State shall be construed as a reference to the
State in which the High Court has its principal seat: Provided that if such principal seat is in
a Union territory, the references in articles 210 and 229 to the Governor, Public Service
Commission, Legislature and Consolidated Fund of the State shall be construed respectively
as references to the President, Union Public Service Commission, Parliament and
Consolidated Fund of India
232. Omitted by the Constitution 7 th Amendment Act, 1956 CHAPTER VI SUBORDINATE

COURTS
233. Appointment of district judges

(1) Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any
State shall be made by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court
exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State
(2) A person not already in the service of the Union or of the State shall only be eligible to be
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appointed a district judge if he has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a
pleader and is recommended by the High Court for appointment
233. A Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc, delivered by, certain district judges
Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court,
(a)
(i) no appointment of any person already in the judicial service of a State or of any person
who has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a pleader, to be a district judge in
that State, and
(ii) no posting, promotion or transfer of any such person as a district judge, made at any time
before the commencement of the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966 ,
otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of Article 233 or Article 235 shall be
deemed to be illegal or void or ever to have become illegal or void by reason only of the fact
that such appointment, posting, promotion or transfer was not made in accordance with the
said provisions;
(b) no jurisdiction exercised, no judgment, decree, sentence or order passed or made, and no
other act or proceeding done or taken, before the commencement of the Constitution
(Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966 by, or before, any person appointed, posted, promoted or
transferred as a district judge in any State otherwise than in accordance with the provisions
of Article 233 or Article 235 shall be deemed to be illegal or invalid or ever to have become
illegal or invalid by reason only of the fact that such appointment, posting, promotion or
transfer was not made in accordance with the said provisions
234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service Appointment of
persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State shall be made by the
Governor of the State in accordance with rules made by him in that behalf after consultation
with the State Public Service Commission and with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in
relation to such State
235. Control over subordinate courts The control over district courts and courts subordinate
thereto including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons belonging to
the judicial service of a State and holding any post inferior to the post of district judge shall be
vested in the High Court, but nothing in this article shall be construed as taking away from any
such person any right of appeal which he may under the law regulating the conditions of his
service or as authorising the High Court to deal with him otherwise than in accordance with the
conditions of his service prescribed under such law
236. Interpretation In this Chapter

(a) the expression district judge includes judge of a city civil court, additional district judge,
joint district judge, assistant district judge, chief judge of a small cause court, chief presidency
magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge, additional sessions judge
and assistant sessions judge;
(b) the expression judicial service means a service consisting exclusively of persons intended
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to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to the post of district judge
237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates The
Governor may by public notification direct that the foregoing provisions of this Chapter and
any rules made thereunder shall with effect from such date as may be fixed by him in that
behalf apply in relation to any class or classes of magistrates in the State as they apply in
relation to persons appointed to the judicial service of the State subject to such exceptions and
modifications as may be specified in the notification
238. Omitted by the Constitution 7 th Amendment Act, 1956 PART VIII THE UNION
TERRITORIES
239. Administration of Union territories

(1) Save as otherwise provided by Parliament by law, every Union territory shall be
administered by the President acting, to such extent as he thinks fit, through an administrator
to be appointed by him with such designation as he may specify
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Part VI, the President may appoint the Governor
of a State as the administrator of an adjoining Union territory, and where a Governor is so
appointed, he shall exercise his functions as such administrator independently of his Council
of Ministers
239. A Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories
(1) Parliament may by law create for the Union territory of Pondicherry
(a) a body, whether elected or partly nominated and partly elected, to function as a
Legislature for the Union territory, or
(b) a Council of Ministers, or both with such constitution, powers and functions, in each case,
as may be specified in the law
(2) Any such law as is referred to in clause ( 1 ) shall not be deemed to be an amendment of
this Constitution for the purposes of Article 368 notwithstanding that it contains any
provision which amends or has the effect of amending this Constitution
239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature

(1) If at any time, except when the Legislature of the Union territory of Pondicherry is in
session, the administrator thereof is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it
necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as the
circumstances appear to him to require: Provided that no such Ordinance shall be
promulgated by the administrator except after obtaining instructions from the President in
that behalf: Provided further that whenever the said legislature is dissolved, or its functioning
from the President shall be deemed to be an Act of the Legislature of the Union territory
which has been duly enacted after complying with the provisions in that behalf contained in
any such law as is referred to in clause ( 1 ) of Article 239A, the administrator shall not
promulgate any Ordinance during the period of such dissolution or suspension
(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article in pursuance of instructions from the
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President shall be deemed to be an Act of the Legislature of the Union territory which has
been duly enacted after complying with the provisions in that behalf contained in any such
law as is referred to in clause ( 1 ) of Article 239A, but every such Ordinance
(a) shall be laid before the Legislature of the Union territory and shall cease to operate at
the expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of the legislature or if, before the expiration
of that period, a resolution disapproving it is passed by the Legislature, upon the passing of
the resolution; and
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the administrator after obtaining instructions from the
President in that behalf
(3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which would not be
valid if enacted in an Act of the Legislature of the Union territory made after complying with
the provisions in that behalf contained in any such law as is referred to in clause ( 1 ) of Article
239A, it shall be void
240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories

(1) The President may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the
Union territory of
(a) the Andaman and Nicobar Islands;
(b) Lakshadweep;
(c) Dadra and Nagar Haveli;
(d) Daman and Diu;
(e) Pondicherry; Provided that when any body is created under Article 239A to function as a
Legislature for the Union territories of Pondicherry, the President shall not make any
regulation for the peace, progress and good government of that Union territory with effect
from the date appointed for the first meeting of the Legislature: Provided further that
whenever the body functioning as a Legislature for the Union territory of Pondicherry is
dissolved, or the functioning of that body as such Legislature remains suspended on account
of any action taken under any such law as is referred to in clause ( 1 ) of Article 239A, the
President may, during the period of such dissolution or suspension, make regulations for the
peace, progress and good government of that Union territory
(2) Any regulation so made may repeal or amend any Act made by Parliament or any other
law which is for the time being applicable to the Union territory and, when promulgated by
the President, shall have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament which applies to
that territory
241. High Courts for Union territories

(1) Parliament may by law constitute a High Court for a Union territory or declare any court
in any such territory to be a High Court for all or any of the purposes of this Constitution
(2) The provisions of Chapter V of Part VI shall apply in relation to every High Court referred
to in clause ( 1 ) as they apply in relation to a High Court referred to in Article 214 subject to
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such modifications or exceptions as Parliament may by law provide

(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the
appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by or under
this Constitution, every High Court exercising jurisdiction immediately before the
commencement of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 , in relation to any Union
territory shall continue to exercise such jurisdiction in relation to that territory after such
commencement
(4) Nothing in this article derogates from the power of parliament to extend or exclude the
jurisdiction of a High Court for a State to, or from, any Union territory or part thereof
242. Coorg Rep by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 , Section 29 and Schedule
PART IX THE PANCHAYATS
243. Definitions In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,

(a) district means a district in a State;
(b) Gram Sabha means a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to
a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level;
(c) intermediate level means a level between the village and district levels specified by the
Governor of a State by public notification to be the intermediate level for the purposes of this
Part;
(d) Panchayat means an institution (by whatever name called) of self government constituted
under article 243B, for the rural areas;
(e) Panchayat area means the territorial area of a Panchayat;
(f) population means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the
relevant figures have been published;
(g) village means a village specified by the Governor by public notification to be a village for
the purposes of this Part and includes a group of villages so specified
243A. Gram Sabha A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and perform such functions at the
village level as the Legislature of a State may by law, provide
243B. Constitution of Panchayats

(1) There shall be constituted in every State, Panchayats at the village, intermediate and
district levels in accordance with the provisions of this Part
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause ( 1 ), Panchayats at the intermediate level may not be
constituted in a State having a population not exceeding twenty lakhs
243C. Composition of Panchayats

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make
provisions with respect to the composition of Panchayts: Provided that the ratio between the
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population of the territorial area of a Panchayat at any level and the number of seats in such
Panchayat to be filled by election shall, so far as practicable, be the same throughout the
State,
(2) All the seats in a Panchayat shall be filled by persons chosen by direct election from
territorial constituencies in the Panchayat area and, for this purpose, each Panchayat area
shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such manner that the ratio between the
population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it shall, so far as
practicable, be the same throughout the Panchayat area
(3) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for the representation
(a) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the village level, in the Panchayats at the
intermediate level or, in the case of a State not having Panchayats at the intermediate level,
in the Panchayats at the district level;
(b) if the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the intermediate level, in the Panchayats at the
district level;
(c) of the members of the House of the People and the members of the Legislative Assembly
of the State representing constituencies which comprise wholly or partly a Panchayat area at
a level other than the village level, in such Panchayat;
(d) of the members of the Council of States and the members of the Legislative Council of
the State, where they are registered as electors within
(i) a Panchayat area at the intermediate level, in Panchayat at the intermediate level;
(ii) a Panchayat area at the district level, in Panchayat at the district level
(4) The Chairperson of a Panchayat and other members of a Panchayat whether or not
chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the Panchayat area shall have the
right to vote in the meetings of the Panchayats
(5) The Chairperson of
(a) Panchayat at the village level shall be elected in such manner as the Legislature of a State
may, by law, provide; and
(b) a Panchayat at the intermediate level or district level, shall be elected by, and from
amongst, the elected members thereof
243D. Reservation of seats

(1) Seats shall be reserved for
(a) the Scheduled Castes; and
(b) the Scheduled Tribes, in every Panchayat and the number of seats so reserved shall
bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the, total number of seats to be filled by
direct election in that Panchayat as the population of the Scheduled Castes in that
Panchayat area or of the Scheduled Tribes in that Panchayat area bears to the total
population of that area and such seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies
in a Panchayat
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(2) Not less than one third of the total number of seats reserved under clause ( 1 ) shall be
reserved for women belonging, to the Scheduled Castes or, as the case may be, the Scheduled
Tribes
(3) Not less than one third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to
the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by
direct election in every Panchayat shall be reserved for women and such seats may be allotted
by rotation to different constituencies in a Panchayat
(4) The offices of the Chairpersons in the Panchayats at the village or any other level shall be
reserved for the Scheduled Castes the Scheduled Tribes and women in such manner as the
Legislature of a State may, by law, provide: Provided that the number of offices of
Chairpersons reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the Panchayats
at each level in any State shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total
number of such offices in the Panchayats at each level as the population of the Scheduled
Castes in the State or of the Scheduled Tribes in the State bears to the total population of the
State: Provided further that not less than one third of the total number of offices of
Chairpersons in the Panchayats at each level shall be reserved for women: Provided also that
the number of offices reserved under this clause shall be allotted by rotation to different
Panchayats at each level
(5) The reservation of seats under clauses ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) and the reservation of offices of
Chairpersons (other than the reservation for women) under clause ( 4 ) shall cease to have
effect on the expiration of the period specified in article 334
(6) Nothing in this Part shall prevent the Legislature of a State from making any provision for
reservation of seats in any Panchayat or offices of Chairpersons in the Panchayats at any level
in favour of backward class of citizens
243E. Duration of Panchayats, etc

(1) Every Panchayat, unless sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force, shall
continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer
(2) No amendment of any law for the time being in force shall have the effect of causing
dissolution of a Panchayat at any level, which is functioning immediately before such
amendment, till the expiration of its duration specified in clause ( 1 )
(3) An election to constitute a Panchayat shall be completed
(a) before the expiry of its duration specified in clause ( 1 );
(b) before the expiration of a period of six months from the date of its dissolution: Provided
that where the remainder of the period for which the dissolved Panchayat would have
continued is less than six months, it shall not be necessary to hold any election under this
clause for constituting the Panchayat
(4) A Panchayat constituted upon the dissolution of a Panchayat before the expiration of its
duration shall continue only for the remainder of the period for which the dissolved
Panchayat would have continued under clause ( 1 ) had it not been so dissolved
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243F. Disqualifications for membership

(1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of a Panchayat
(a) if he is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in force for the purposes of
elections to the Legislature of the State concerned: Provided that no person shall be
disqualified on the ground that be is less than twenty five years of age, if he has attained the
age of twenty one years;
(b) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by the Legislature of the State
(2) If any question arises as to whether a member of a Panchayat has become subject to any
of the disqualifications mentioned in clause ( 1 ), the question shall be referred for the
decision of such authority and in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law,
provide
243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats Subject to the provisions of this
Constitution the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow the Panchayats with such powers
and authority and may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self
government and such law may contain provisions for the devolution of powers and
responsibilities upon Panchayats, at the appropriate level, subject to such conditions as may be
specified therein, with respect to
(a) the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice;
(b) the implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice as may be
entrusted to them including those in relation to the matters listed in the Eleventh Schedule
243H. Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the Panchayats The Legislature of a State may,
by law,
(a) authorise a Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and fees in
accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits;
(b) assign to a Panchayat such taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied and collected by the State
Government for such purposes and subject to such conditions and limits;
(c) provide for making such grants in aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the
State; and
(d) provide for constitution of such Funds for crediting all moneys received, respectively, by
or on behalf of the Panchayats and also for the withdrawal of such moneys therefrom, as may
be specified in the law
243I. Constitution of finance Commissions to review financial position

(1) The Governor of a State shall, as soon as may be within one year from the commencement
of the Constitution (Seventy third Amendment) Act, 1992 , and thereafter at the expiration of
every fifth year, constitute a Finance Commission to review the financial position of the
Panchayats and to make recommendations to the Governor as to
(a) the principles which should govern
(i) the distribution between the State and the Panchayats of the net proceeds of the taxes,
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duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State, which may be divided between them under this
Part and the allocation between the Panchayats at all levels of their respective shares of
such proceeds;
(ii) the determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned to, or
appropriated by, the Panchayats;
(iii) the grants in aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the State;
(b) the measures needed to improve the financial position of the Panchayats;
(c) any other matter referred to the Finance Commission by the Governor in the interests of
sound finance of the Panchayats
(2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide for the composition of the Commission, the
qualifications which shall be requisite for appointment as members thereof and the manner
in which they shall be selected
(3) The Commission shall determine their procedure and shall have such powers in the
performance of their functions as the Legislature of the State may, by law, confer on them,
(4) The Governor shall cause every recommendation made by the Commission under this
article together with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon to be laid
before the Legislature of the State
243J. Audit of accounts of Panchayats The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions
with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the Panchayats and the auditing of such
accounts
243K. Elections to the Panchayats The superintendence, direction and control of the
preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the Panchayats shall be
vested in a State Election Commission consisting of a State Election Commissioner to be
appointed by the Governor
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature of a State the conditions of
service and tenure of office of the State Election Commissioner shall be such as the Governor
may by rule determine: Provided that the State Election Commissioner shall not be removed
from his office except in like manner and on the like ground as a Judge of a High Court and
the conditions of service of the State Election Commissioner shall not be varied to his
disadvantage after his appointment
(3) The Governor of a State shall, when so requested by the State Election Commission, make
available to the State Election Commission such staff as may be necessary for the discharge of
the functions conferred on the State Election Commission by clause ( 1 )
(4) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make
provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to the
Panchayats
243L. Application to Union territories The provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union
territories and shall, in their application to a Union territory, have effect as if the references to
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the Governor of a State were references to the Administrator of the Union territory appointed
under 239 and references to the Legislature or the Legislative Assembly of a State were
references, in relation to a Union territory having a Legislative Assembly, to that Legislative
Assembly: Provided that the President may, by public notification, direct that the provisions of
this Part shall apply to any Union territory or part thereof subject to such exceptions and
modifications as he may specify in the notification
243M. Part not to apply to certain areas

(1) Nothing in this Part shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause ( 1 ), and the
tribal areas referred to in clause ( 2 ), of article 244
(2) Nothing in this Part shall apply to
(a) the States of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram;
(b) the Hill areas in the State of Manipur for which District Councils exist under any law for
the time being in force
(3) Nothing in this Part

(a) relating to Panchayats at the district level shall apply to the Hill areas of the District of
Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal for which Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council exists under
any law for the time being in force;
(b) shall be construed to affect the functions and powers of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill
Council constituted under such law
(4) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution

(a) the Legislature of a State referred to in sub clause (a) of clause ( 2 ) may, by law, extend
this Part to that State, except the areas, if any, referred to in clause ( 1 ), if the Legislative
Assembly of that State passes a resolution to that effect by a majority of the total
membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two thirds of the members of
that house present and voting;
(b) Parliament may, by law, extend the provisions of this Part to the Scheduled Areas and
the tribal areas referred to in clause ( 1 ) subject to such exceptions and modifications as may
be specified in such law, and no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of this
Constitution for the purposes of Article 368
243N. Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats Notwithstanding anything in this Part, any
provision of any law relating to Panchayats in force in a State immediately before
commencement of the Constitution (Seventy third Amendment) Act, 1992 , which is
inconsistent with the provisions of this part, shall continue to be in force until amended or
repealed by a competent Legislature other competent authority or until the expiration of one
year from such commencement whichever is earlier: Provided that all the Panchayats existing
immediately before such commencement shall continue till the expiration of their duration,
unless sooner dissolved by a resolution passed to that effect by the Legislative Assembly of that
State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, by each house of the Legislature of
that State
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243O. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters Notwithstanding anything in this

Constitution
(a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of
seats to such constituencies made or purporting to be made under article 243K, shall not be
called in question in any court;
(b) no election to any Panchayat shall be called in question except by an election petition
presented to such authority and in such manner as is provided for by or under any Law made
by the legislature of a State PART IX A THE MUNICIPALITIES
243P. Definitions In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,

(a) Committee means a Committee constituted under article 243S;
(b) district means a district in a State;
(c) Metropolitan area means an area having a population of ten lakhs or more, comprised in
one or more districts and consisting of two or more Municipalities or Panchayats or other
contiguous areas, specified by the Governor by public notification to be Metropolitan area for
the purposes of this Part;
(d) Municipal area means the territorial area of a Municipality as is notified by the Governor;
(e) Municipality means an institution of self government constituted under Article 243Q;
(f) Panchayat means a Panchayat constituted under Article 243B;
(g) population means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the
relevant figures have been published
243Q. Constitution of Municipalities

(1) There shall be constituted in every State,
(a) a Nagar Panchayat (by whatever name called) for a transitional area, that is to say, an
area in transition from a rural area to an urban area
(b) a Municipal Council for a smaller urban area; and
(c) a Municipal Corporation for a larger urban area, in accordance with the provisions of this
Part: Provided that a Municipality under this clause may not be constituted in such urban
area or part thereof as the Governor may, having regard to the size of tile area and the
municipal services being provided or proposed to be provided by an industrial
establishment in that area and such other factors as he may deem fit, by public notification,
specify to be an industrial township
(2) In this article, a transitional area, a smaller urban area or a larger urban area means such
area as the Governor may, having regard to the population of the area, the density of the
population therein, the revenue generated for local administration, the percentage of
employment in non agricultural activities, the economic importance or such other factors as he
may deem fit, specify by public notification for the purposes of this Part
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243R. Composition of Municipalities

(1) Save as provided in clause ( 2 ), all the seats in a Municipality shall be filled by persons
chosen by direct election from the territorial constituencies in the Municipal area and for this
purpose each Municipal area shall be divided into territorial constituencies to be known as
wards
(2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, provide
(a) for the representation in a Municipality of
(i) persons having special knowledge or experience in Municipal administration;
(ii) the members of the House of the People and the members of the Legislative Assembly
of the State representing constituencies which comprise wholly or partly the Municipal
area;
(iii) the members of the Council of States and the members of the Legislative Council of the
State registered electors within tile Municipal area;
(iv) the Chairpersons of the Committees constituted under clause ( 5 ) of article 243S:
Provided that the persons referred to in paragraph (i) shall not have the right to vote in
the meetings of the Municipality;
(b) the manner of election of the Chairperson of a Municipality
243S. Constitution and composition of wards Committees, etc

(1) There shall be constituted Wards Committees, consisting of one or more Wards, within the
territorial area of a Municipality having a population of three lakhs or more
(2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to
(a) the composition and the territorial area of a Wards Committee;
(b) the manner in which the seats in a Wards Committee shall be filled
(3) A member of a Municipality representing a ward within the territorial area of the Wards
Committee shall be a member of that Committee
(4) Where a Wards Committee consists of
(a) one ward, the member representing that ward in the Municipality; or
(b) two or more wards, one of the members representing such wards in the Municipality
elected by the members of the Wards Committee, shall be the Chairperson of that
Committee
(5) Nothing in this article shall be deemed to prevent the Legislature of a State from making
any provision for the Constitution of Committees in addition to the Wards Committees
243T. Reservation of seats

(1) Seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in every
Municipality and the number of seats so reserved shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same
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proportion to the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in that Municipality as
the population of the Scheduled Castes in the Municipal area or of the Scheduled Tribes in
the Municipal area bears to the total population of that area and such seats may be allotted
by rotation to different constituencies in a Municipality
(2) Not less than one third of the total number of seats reserved under clause ( 1 ) shall be
reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes or, as the case may be, the Scheduled
Tribes
(3) Not less than one third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to
the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the total number of seats to be filled by
direct election in every Municipality shall be reserved for women and such seats may be
allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a Municipality
(4) The offices of Chairpersons in the Municipalities shall be reserved for the Scheduled
Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and women in such manner as the Legislature of a State may,
by law, provide
(5) The reservation of seats under clauses ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) and the reservation of offices of
Chairpersons (other than the reservation for women) under clause ( 4 ) shall cease to have
effect on the expiration of the period specified in article 334
(6) Nothing in this Part shall prevent the Legislature of a State from making any provision for
reservation of seats in any Municipality or offices of Chairpersons in the Municipalities in
favour of backward class of citizens
243U. Duration of Municipalities, etc

(1) Every Municipality, unless sooner dissolved under any law for the time being in force,
shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer:
Provided that a Municipality shall be given a reasonable opportunity of being heard before its
dissolution
(2) No amendment of any law for the time being in force shall have the effect of causing
dissolution of a Municipality at any level, which is functioning immediately before such
amendment, till the expiration of its duration specified in clause ( 1 )
(3) An election to Constitute a Municipality shall be completed,
(a) before the expiry of its duration specified in clause ( 1 );
(b) before the expiration of a period of six months from the date of its dissolution: Provided
that where the remainder of the period for which the dissolved Municipality would have
continued is less than six months, it shall not be necessary to hold any election under this
clause for constituting the Municipality for such period
(4) A Municipality constituted upon the dissolution of a Municipality before the expiration of
its duration shall continue only for the remainder of the period for which the dissolved
Municipality would leave continued under, clause ( 1 ) had it not been so dissolved
243V. Disqualifications for membership

(1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being a member of a
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Municipality
(a) if he is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in force for the purposes of
elections to the Legislature of the State concerned: Provided that no person shall be
disqualified on the ground that he is less than twenty five years of age, if he has attained the
age, of twenty one years;
(b) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by the Legislature of the State
(2) If any question arises as to whether a member of a Municipality has become subject to
any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause ( 1 ), the question shall be referred for the
decision of such authority and in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law,
provide
243W. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc Subject to the provisions of
this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow
(a) the Municipalities with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to
function as institutions of self government and such law may contain provisions for the
devolution of powers and responsibilities upon Municipalities, subject to such conditions as
may be specified therein, with respect to
(i) the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice;
(ii) the performance of functions and the implementation of schemes as may be entrusted to
them including those in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth Schedule;
(b) the Committees with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to
carry out the responsibilities conferred upon them including those in relation to the matters
listed in the Twelfth Schedule
243X. Power to impose taxes by, and funds, of, the Municipalities The Legislature of a State
may, by law
(a) authorise a Municipality to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and fees in
accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits;
(b) assign to a Municipality such taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied and collected by the State
Government for such purposes and subject to such conditions and limits;
(c) provide for making, such grants in aid to the Municipalities from the Consolidated Fund of
the State; and
(d) provide for constitution of such Funds for crediting all moneys received respectively, by or
on behalf of the Municipalities and also for the withdrawal of such moneys therefrom, as may
be specified in the law
243Y. Finance Commission

(1) The Finance Commission constituted under article 243 I shall also review the financial
position of the Municipalities and make recommendations to the Governor as to
(a) the principles which should govern
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(i) the distribution between the State and the Municipalities of the net proceeds of the
taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State, which may be divided between them
under this Part and the allocation between the Municipalities at all levels of their
respective shares of such proceeds;
(ii) the determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned to, or
appropriated by, the Municipalities;
(iii) the grants in aid to the Municipalities from the Consolidated Fund of the State;
(b) the measures needed to improve the financial position of the Municipalities;
(c) any other matter referred to the Finance Commission by the Governor in the interests of
sound finance of the Municipalities
(2) The Governor shall cause every recommendation made by the Commission under this
article together with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon to be laid
before the Legislature of the State
243Z. Audit of accounts of Municipalities The Legislature of a State may, by law, make
provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the Municipalities and the auditing
of such accounts
243Z. A Elections to the Municipalities

(1) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the
conduct of, all elections to the Municipalities shall be vested in the State Election Commission
referred to in article 243K
(2) Subject to provisions of this Constitution, the Legislature of a State may, by law, make
provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to the
Municipalities
243Z. B Application to Union territories The Provisions of this Part shall apply to the Union
territories and shall, in their application to a Union territory, have effect as if the references to
the Governor of a State were references to the Administrator of the Union territory appointed
under article 239 and references to the Legislature or the Legislative Assembly of a State were
references in relation to a Union territory having a Legislative Assembly, to that Legislative
Assembly: Provided that the President may, by public notification, direct that the provisions of
this Part shall apply to any Union territory or part thereof subject to such exceptions and
modifications as he may specify in the notification
243Z. C Part not to apply to certain areas

(1) Nothing in this Part shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in Clause ( 1 ), and the
tribal areas referred to in Clause ( 2 ), of article 244
(2) Nothing in this part shall be construed to affect the functions and powers of the Darjeeling
Gorkha Hill Council constituted under any law for the time being in force for the hill areas of
the district of Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal
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(3) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may, by law, extend the
provisions of this Part to the Scheduled Areas and the Tribal Areas referred to in clause ( 1 )
subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in such law, and no such law
shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368
243Z. D Committee for district planning

(1) There shall be constituted in every State at the district level a District Planning Committee
to consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and the Municipalities in the district and
to prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole
(2) The Legislative of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to
(a) the composition of the District Planning Committees;
(b) the manner in which the seats in such Committees shall be filled: Provided that not less
than four fifths of the total number of members of such Committee shall be elected by, and
from amongst, the elected members of the Panchayat at the district level and of the
Municipalities in the district in proportion to the ratio between the population of the rural
areas and of the urban areas in the district;
(c) the functions relating to district planning which may be assigned to such Committees;
(d) the manner in which the Chairpersons of such Committees be chosen
(3) Every District Planning Committee shall, in preparing the draft development plan,
(a) have regard to
(i) matters of common interest between the Panchayats and the Municipalities including
spatial planning, sharing of water and other physical and natural resources, the integrate
development of infrastructure and environmental conservation;
(ii) the extent and type of available resources whether financial or otherwise;
(b) consult such institutions and organizations as the Governor may, by order, specify
(4) The Chairperson of every District Planning Committee shall forward the development
plan, as recommended by such Committee, to the Government of the State
243Z. E Committee for Metropolitan Planning

(1) There shall be constituted in every Metropolitan, area a Metropolitan Planning Committee
to prepare a draft development plan for the Metropolitan area as a whole
(2) The Legislature of a State may, by law, make with respect to
(a) the composition of the Metropolitan Planning Committees;
(b) the manner in which the seats in such Committees shall be filled: Provided that not less
than two thirds of the members of such Committee shall be elected by, and from amongst,
the elected members of the Municipalities and Chairpersons of the Panchayats in the,
Metropolitan area in proportion to the ratio between the population of the Municipalities
and of the Panchayats in that area;
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(c) the representation, in such Committees of the Government of India and the Government
of the State and of such organisations and institutions as may be deemed necessary for
carrying out the functions assigned to such Committees;
(d) the functions relating to planning and coordination for the Metropolitan area which may
be assigned to such Committees;
(e) the manner in which the Chairpersons of such Committees shall be chosen
(3) Every Metropolitan Planning Committee shall, in preparing the draft development plan,
(a) have regard to
(i) the plans prepared by the Municipalities and the Panchayats in the Metropolitan area;
(ii) matters of common interest between the Municipalities and the Panchayats, including
co ordinated spatial planning of the area, sharing of water and other physical and natural
resources, the integrated development of infrastructure and environmental conservation;
(iii) the overall objectives and priorities set by the Government of India and the
Government of the State;
(iv) the extent and nature of investments likely to be made in the Metropolitan area by
agencies of the Government of India and of the Government of the State and other
available resources whether financial or otherwise;
(b) consult such institutions and organisations as the Governor may, by order, specify
(4) The Chairperson of every Metropolitan Planning Committee shall forward the
development plan, as recommended by such Committee, to the Government of the State
243Z. F Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities Notwithstanding anything in this Part,
any provision of any law relating to Municipalities in force in a State immediately before the
commencement of the Constitution (Seventy fourth Amendment) Act, 1992 , which is
inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall continue to be in force until amended or
repealed by a competent Legislature or other competent authority or until the expiration of one
year from such commencement, whichever is earlier: Provided that all the Municipalities
existing immediately before such commencement shall continue till the expiration of their
duration, unless sooner dissolved by a resolution passed to that effect by the Legislative
Assembly of that State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, by each House of
the Legislature of that State
243Z. G Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters Notwithstanding anything in this

Constitution,
seats to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under article 243Z A shall not be
called in question in any court;
(b) no election to any Municipality shall be called in question expect by an election petition
presented to such authority and in such manner as is provided for by or under any law made
by the Legislature of a State PART X THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
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244. Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas

(1) The provisions of the Fifth Schedule shall apply to the administration and control of the
Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in any State other than the States of Assam
Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram
244A. Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation
of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may, by law, form within the
State of Assam an autonomous State comprising (whether wholly or in part) all or any of the
tribal areas specified in Part I of the table appended to paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule
and create therefor
(a) a body, whether elected or partly nominated and partly elected, to function as a
Legislature for the autonomous State, or
(b) a Council of Ministers, or both with such constitution, powers and functions, in each case,
as may be specified in the law
(2) Any such law as is referred to in clause ( 1 ) may, in particular,

(a) specify the matters enumerated in the State List or the Concurrent List with respect to
which the legislature of the autonomous State shall have power to make laws for the whole
or any part thereof, whether to the exclusion of the Legislature of the State of Assam or
otherwise;
(b) define the matters with respect to which the executive power of the autonomous State
shall extend;
(c) provide that any tax levied by the State of Assam shall be assigned to the autonomous
State in so far as the proceeds thereof are attributable to the autonomous State;
(d) provide that any reference to a State in any article of this Constitution shall be construed
as including a reference to the autonomous State; and
(e) make such supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions as may be deemed
necessary
(3) An amendment of any such law as aforesaid in so far as such amendment relates to any of
the matters specified in sub clause (a) or sub clause (b) of clause ( 2 ) shall have no effect
unless the amendment is passed in each House of Parliament by not less than two thirds of
the members present and voting
(4) Any such law as is referred to in this article shall not be deemed to be an amendment of
this Constitution for the purposes of Article 368 notwithstanding that it contains any
provision which amends or has the effect of amending this Constitution PART XI
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES CHAPTER I LEGISLATIVE
RELATIONS Distribution of Legislative Powers
245. Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may make laws for the whole or
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any part of the territory of India, and the Legislature of a State may make laws for the whole
or any part of the State
(2) No law made by Parliament shall be deemed to be invalid on the ground that it would
have extra territorial operation
246. Subject matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States
(1) Notwithstanding anything in clauses ( 2 ) and ( 3 ), Parliament has exclusive power to
make laws with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List I in the Seventh Schedule
(in this Constitution referred to as the Union List)
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause ( 3 ), Parliament, and, subject to clause ( 1 ), the
Legislature of any State also, have power to make laws with respect to any of the matters
enumerated in List III in the Seventh Schedule (in this Constitution referred to as the
Concurrent List)
(4) Parliament has power to make laws with respect to any matter for any part of the territory
of India not included (in a State) notwithstanding that such matter is a matter enumerated in
the State List
247. Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts
Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, Parliament may by law provide for the
establishment of any additional courts for the better administration of laws made by
Parliament or of any existing laws with respect to a matter enumerated in the Union List
248. Residuary powers of legislation

(1) Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not
enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List
(2) Such power shall include the power of making any law imposing a tax not mentioned in
either of those Lists
249. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national
interest
(1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, if the Council of
States has declared by resolution supported by not less than two thirds of the members
present and voting that it is necessary or expedient in national interest that Parliament
should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List specified in the
resolution, it shall be lawful for Parliament to make laws for the whole or any part of the
territory of India with respect to that matter while the resolution remains in force
(2) A resolution passed under clause ( 1 ) shall remain in force for such period not exceeding
one year as may be specified therein: Provided that, if and so often as a resolution approving
the continuance in force of any such resolution is passed in the manner provided in clause ( 1
), such resolution shall continue in force for a further period of one year from the date on
which under this clause it would otherwise have ceased to be in force
(3) A law made by Parliament which Parliament would not but for the passing of a resolution
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under clause ( 1 ) have been competent to make shall, to the extent of the incompetency,
cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of six months after the resolution has ceased
to be in force, except as respects things done or omitted to be done before the expiration of
the said period
250. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, Parliament shall, while a Proclamation of
Emergency is in operation, have, power to make laws for the whole or any part of the
territory of India with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List
(2) A law made by Parliament which Parliament would not but for the issue of a Proclamation
of Emergency have been competent to make shall, to the extent of the incompetency, cease to
have effect on the expiration of a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to
operate, except as respects things done or omitted to be done before the expiration of the
said period
251. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under Articles 249 and 250 and laws
made by the Legislatures of States Nothing in Articles 249 and 250 shall restrict the power of
the Legislature of a State to make any law which under this Constitution it has power to make,
but if any provision of a law made by the legislature of a State is repugnant to any provision of
a law made by Parliament which Parliament has under either of the said articles power to
make, the law made by Parliament, whether passed before or after the law made by the
legislature of the State, shall prevail, and the law made by the Legislature of the State shall to
the extent of the repugnancy, but so long only as the law made by Parliament continues to have
effect, be inoperative
252. Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such
legislation by any other State
(1) If it appears to the Legislatures of two or more States to be desirable that any of the
matters with respect to which Parliament has no power to make laws for the States except as
provided in Articles 249 and 250 should be regulated in such States by Parliament by law,
and if resolutions to that effect are passed by all the House of the Legislatures of those States,
it shall be lawful for Parliament to pass an Act for regulating that matter accordingly, and any
Act so passed shall apply to such States and to any other State by which it is adopted
afterwards by resolution passed in that behalf by the House or, where there are two Houses,
by each of the Houses of the Legislature of that State
(2) Any Act so passed by Parliament may be amended or repealed by an Act of Parliament
passed or adopted in like manner but shall not, as respects any State to which it applies, be
amended or repealed by an Act of the Legislature of that State
253. Legislation for giving effect to international agreements Notwithstanding anything in the
foregoing provisions of this Chapter, Parliament has power to make any law for the whole or
any part of the territory of India for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention with
any other country or countries or any decision made at any international conference,
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association or other body
254. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of
States
(1) If any provision of a law made by the Legislature of a State is repugnant to any provision
of a law made by Parliament which Parliament is competent to enact, or to any provision of an
existing law with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent List, then,
subject to the provisions of clause ( 2 ), the law made by Parliament, whether passed before
or after the law made by the Legislature of such State, or, as the case may be, the existing
law, shall prevail and the law made by the Legislature of the State shall, to the extent of the
repugnancy, be void
(2) Where a law made by the Legislature of a State with respect to one of the matters
enumerated in the concurrent List contains any provision repugnant to the provisions of an
earlier law made by Parliament or an existing law with respect to that matter, then, the law so
made by the Legislature of such State shall, if it has been reserved for the consideration of
the President and has received his assent, prevail in that State: Provided that nothing in this
clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same
matter including a law adding to, amending, varying or repealing the law so made by the
Legislature of the State
255. Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of

procedure only No Act of Parliament or of the legislature of a State and no provision in any
such Act, shall be invalid by reason only that some recommendation or previous sanction
required by this Constitution was not given, if assent to that Act was given
(a) where the recommendation required was that of the Governor, either by the Governor or
by the President;
(b) where the recommendation required was that of the Rajpramukh, either by the
Rajpramukh or by the President;
(c) where the recommendation or previous sanction required was that of the President, by
the President CHAPTER II ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS General
256. Obligation of States and the Union The executive power of every State shall be so
exercised as to ensure compliance with the laws made by Parliament and any existing laws
which apply in that State, and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of
such directions to a State as may appear to the Government of India to be necessary for that
purpose
257. Control of the Union over States in certain cases

(1) The executive power of every State shall be so exercised as not to impede or prejudice the
exercise of the executive power of the Union, and the executive power of the Union shall
extend to the giving of such directions to a State as may appear to the Government of India to
be necessary for that purpose
(2) The executive power of the Union shall also extend to the giving of directions to a State as
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to the construction and maintenance of means of communication declared in the direction to

be of national or military importance: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be taken as
restricting the power of Parliament to declare highways or waterways to be national highways
or national waterways so declared or the power of the Union to construct and maintain means
of communication as part of its functions with respect to naval, military and air force works
(3) The executive power of the Union shall also extend to the giving of directions to a State as
to the measures to be taken for the protection of the railways within the State
(4) Where in carrying out any direction given to a State under clause ( 2 ) as to the
construction or maintenance of any means of communication or under clause ( 3 ) as to the
measures to be taken for the protection of any railway, costs have been incurred in excess of
those which would have been incurred in the discharge of the normal duties of the State if
such direction had not been given, there shall be paid by the Government of India to the
State such sum as may be agreed, or, in default of agreement, as may be determined by an
arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of India, in respect of the extra costs so incurred by
the State
257. A Assistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other forces of the Union Omitted
258. Power of the Union to confer powers, etc, on States in certain cases
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may, with the consent of the
Governor of a State, entrust either conditionally or unconditionally to that Government or to
its officers functions in relation to any matter to which the executive power of the Union
extends
(2) A law made by Parliament which applies in any State may, notwithstanding that it relates
to a matter with respect to which the Legislature of the State has no power to make laws,
confer powers and impose duties, or authorise the conferring of powers and the imposition of
duties, upon the State or officers and authorities thereof
(3) Where by virtue of this article powers and duties have been conferred or imposed upon a
State or officers or authorities thereof, there shall be paid by the Government of India to the
State such sum as may be agreed, or, in default of agreement, as may be determined by an
arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of India, in respect of any extra costs of
administration incurred by the State in connection with the exercise of those powers and
duties
258. A Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution, the Governor of a State may, with the consent of the Governor of India, entrust
either conditionally or unconditionally to that Government or to its officers functions in relation
to any matter to which the executive power of the State extends
259. Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First Schedule Rep by the Constitution (Seventh
Amendment) Act, 1956 , S 29 and Schedule
260. Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India The Government of India
may by agreement with the Government of any territory not being part of the territory of India
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undertake any executive, legislative or judicial functions vested in the Government of such
territory, but every such agreement shall be subject to, and governed by, any law relating to
the exercise of foreign jurisdiction for the time being in force
261. Public acts, records and judicial proceedings Full faith and credit shall be given throughout
the territory of India to public acts, records and judicial proceedings of the Union and of every
State
(2) The manner in which and the conditions under which the acts, records and proceedings
referred to in clause ( 1 ) shall be proved and the effect thereof determined shall be as
provided by law made by Parliament
(3) Final judgments or orders delivered or passed by civil courts in any part of the territory of
India shall be capable of execution anywhere within that territory according to law Disputes
relating to Waters
262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter State rivers or river valleys
(1) Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint with
respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter State river or river
valley
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may by law provide that
neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of any
such dispute or complaint as is referred to in clause ( 1 ) Co ordination between States
263. Provisions with respect to an inter State Council If any any time it appears to the
President that the public interests would be served by the establishment of a Council charged
with the duty of
(a) inquiring into and advising upon disputes which may have arisen between States;
(b) investigating and discussing subjects in which some or all of the States, or the Union and
one or more of the States, have a common interest; or
(c) making recommendations upon any such subject and, in particular, recommendations for
the better co ordination of policy and action with respect to that subject, in shall be lawful for
the President by order to establish such a Council, and to define the nature of the duties to be
performed by it and its organisation and procedure PART XII FINANCE, PROPERTY,
CONTRACTS AND SUITS CHAPTER I FINANCE General
264. Interpretation In this Part, Finance Commission means a Finance Commission constituted
under Article 280
265. Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law No tax shall be levied or collected except
by authority of law
266. Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States
(1) Subject to the provisions of Article 267 and to the provisions of this Chapter with respect
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to the assignment of the whole or part of the net proceeds of certain taxes and duties to
States, all revenues received by the Government of India, all loans raised by that Government
by the issue of treasury bills, loans or ways and means advances and all moneys received by
that Government in repayment of loans shall form one consolidated fund to be entitled the
Consolidated Fund of India, and all revenues received by the Government of a State, all loans
raised by that Government by the issue of treasury bills, loans or ways and means advances
and all moneys received by that Government in repayment of loans shall form one
consolidated fund to be entitled the Consolidated Fund of the State
(2) All other public moneys received by or on behalf of the Government of India or the
Government of a State shall be entitled to the public account of India or the public account of
the State, as the case may be
(3) No moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India or the Consolidated Fund of a State
shall be appropriated except in accordance with law and for the purposes and in the manner
provided in this Constitution
267. Contingency Fund

(1) Parliament may by law establish a Contingency Fund in the nature of an imprest to be
entitled the Contingency Fund of India into which shall be paid from time to time such sums
as may be determined by such law, and the said Fund shall be placed at the disposal of the
President to enable advances to be made by him out of such Fund for the purposes of
meeting unforeseen expenditure pending authorisation of such expenditure by Parliament by
law under Article 115 or Article 116
(2) The Legislature of a State may by law establish a Contingency Fund in the nature of an
imprest to be entitled the Contingency Fund of the State into which shall be paid from time to
time such sums as may be determined by such law, and the said Fund shall be placed at the
disposal of the Governor of the State to enable advances to be made by him out of such Fund
for the purposes of meeting unforeseen expenditure pending authorisation of such
expenditure by the Legislature of the State by law under Article 205 or Article 206
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States
(1) Such stamp duties and such duties of excise on medicinal and toilet preparations as are
mentioned in the Union List shall be levied by the Government of India but shall be collected
(a) in the case where such duties are leviable within any Union territory, by the Government
of India, and
(b) in other cases, by the States within which such duties are respectively leviable
(2) The proceeds in any financial year of any such duty leviable within any State shall not
form part of the Consolidated Fund of India, but shall be assigned to that State
269. Taxes levied and collected by the union but assigned to the States
(1) The following duties and taxes shall be levied and collected by the Government of India
but shall be assigned to the States in the manner provided in clause ( 2 ), namely:
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(a) duties in respect of succession to property other than agricultural land;

(b) estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land;
(c) terminal taxes on goods or passengers carried by railway, sea or air;
(d) taxes on railway fares and freights;
(e) taxes other than stamp duties on transactions in stock exchanges and futures markets;
(f) taxes on the sale or purchase of newspapers and on advertisements published therein;
(g) taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or
purchase takes place in the course of inter State trade or commerce;
(h) taxes on the consignment of goods (whether the consignment is to the person making it
or to any other person), where such consignment takes place in the course of inter State
trade or commerce
(2) The net proceeds in any financial year of any such duty or tax, except in so far as those
proceeds represent proceeds attributable to Union territories, shall not form part of the
Consolidated Fund of India, but shall be assigned to the States within which that duty or tax
is leviable in that year, and shall be distributed among those States in accordance with such
principles of distribution as may be formulated by Parliament by law
(3) Parliament may by law formulate principles for determining when a sale or purchase of or
consignment of goods takes place in the course of inter State or commerce 270 Taxes levied
and collected by the Union and distributed between the Union and the States
(1) Taxes on income other than agricultural income shall be levied and collected by the
Government of India and distributed between the Union and the States in the manner
provided in clause ( 2 )
(2) Such percentage, as may be prescribed, of the net proceeds in any financial year of any
such tax, except in so far as those proceeds represent proceeds attributable to Union
territories or to taxes payable in respect of Union emoluments, shall not form part of the
Consolidated Fund of India, but shall be assigned to the States within which that tax is
leviable in that year, and shall be distributed among those States in such manner and form
such tie as may be prescribed
(3) For the purposes of clause ( 2 ), in each financial year such percentage as may be
prescribed of so much of the net proceeds of taxes on income as does not represent the net
proceeds of taxes payable in respect of Union emoluments shall be deemed to represent
proceeds attributable to Union territories
(4) In this article
(a) taxes on income does not include a corporation tax;
(b) prescribed means
(i) until a Finance Commission has been constituted, prescribed by the President by order,
and
(ii) after a Finance Commission has been constituted, prescribed by the President by order
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after considering the recommendations of the Finance Commission;
(c) Union emoluments includes all emoluments and pensions payable out of the
Consolidated Fund of India in respect of which income tax is chargeable
270. Taxes levied and collected by the Union and distributed between the Union and the
States
(1) Taxes on income other than agricultural income shall be levied and collected by the
Government of India and distributed between the Union and the States in the manner
provided in clause ( 2 )
(2) Such percentage, as may be prescribed 3, of the net proceeds in any financial year of any
such tax, except in so far as those proceeds represent proceeds attributable to Union
territories or to taxes payable in respect of Union emoluments, shall not form part of the
Consolidated Fund of India, but shall be assigned to the States within which that tax is
leviable in that year, and shall be distributed among those States in such manner and from
such time as may be prescribed
(3) For the purposes of clause ( 2 ), in each financial year such percentage as may be
prescribed of so much of the net proceeds of taxes on income as does not represent the net
proceeds of taxes payable in respect of Union emoluments shall be deemed to represent
proceeds attributable to Union territories
(4) In this article
(a) taxes on income does not include a corporation tax;
(b) prescribed means
(i) until a Finance Commission has been constituted, prescribed by the President by order,
and
(ii) after a Finance Commission has been constituted, prescribed by the President by order
after considering the recommendations of the Finance Commission;
(c) Union emoluments includes all emoluments and pensions payable out of the
Consolidated Fund of India in respect of which income tax is chargeable
271. Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union Notwithstanding
anything in Articles 269 and 270, Parliament may at any time increase any of the duties or
taxes referred in those articles by a surcharge for purposes of the Union and the whole
proceeds of any such surcharge shall form part the Consolidated Fund of India
272. Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be distributed between the
Union and the States Union duties of excise other than such duties of excise on medicinal and
toilet preparations as are mentioned in the Union List shall be levied and collected by the
Government of India, but, if Parliament by law so provides, there shall be paid out of the
Consolidated Fund of India to the States to which the law imposing the duty extends sums
equivalent to the whole or any part of the net proceeds of that duty, and those sums shall be
distributed among those States in accordance with such principles of distribution as may be
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formulated by such law
273. Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products

(1) There shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India in each year as grants in aid of
the revenues of the State of Assam, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal, in lieu of assignment of
any share of the net proceeds in each year of export duty on jute and jute products to those
States, such sums as may be prescribed
(2) The sums so prescribed shall continue to be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India so
long as any export duty on jute or jute products continues to be levied by the Government of
India or until the expiration of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution,
whichever is earlier
(3) In this article, the expression prescribed has the same meaning as in Article 270
274. Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are
interested
(1) No Bill or amendment which imposes or varies any tax which varies any tax or duty in
which States are interested, or which varies the meaning of the expression agricultural
income as defined for the purposes of the enactments relating to Indian income tax, or which
affects the principles on which under any of the foregoing distributable to State, or which
imposes any surcharge for the purposes of the Union as is mentioned in the foregoing
provisions of this Chapter, shall be introduced or moved in either House or Parliament except
on the recommendation of the President ( 2 ) In this article, the expression tax or duty in
which States are interested means
(a) a tax or duty the whole or part of the net proceeds whereof are assigned to any State; or
(b) a tax or duty by reference to the net proceeds whereof sums are for the time being
payable out of the Consolidated Fund of India to any State
275. Grants from the Union to certain States

(1) Such sums as Parliament may by law provide shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund
of India in each year as grants in aid of the revenues of such States as Parliament may
determine to be in need of assistance, and different sums may be fixed for different States:
Provided that there shall be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India as grants in aid of the
revenues of a State such capital and recurring sums as may be necessary to enable that State
to meet the costs of such schemes of development as may be undertaken by the State with
the approval of the Scheduled Tribes in that State or raising the level of administration of the
Scheduled Areas therein to that of the administration of the rest of the areas of that State:
Provided further that there shall be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India as grants in
aid of the revenues of the State of Assam sums, capital and recurring, equivalent to
(a) the average excess of expenditure over the revenues during the two years immediately
proceeding the commencement of this Constitution in respect of the administration of the
tribal areas specified in Part I of the table appended to paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule;
and
(b) the costs of such schemes of development as maw be undertaken by that State with the
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approval of the Government of India for the purpose of raising the level of administration of
the said areas to that of the administration of the rest of the areas of that State
(1A) On and from the formation of the autonomous State under Article 244 A,
(i) any sums payable under clause (a) of the second proviso to clause ( 1 ) shall, if the
autonomous State therein, be paid to the autonomous State, and, if the autonomous State
comprises only some of those tribal areas, be apportioned between the State of Assam and
the autonomous State as the President may, by order, specify;
(ii) there shall be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India as grants in aid of the
revenues of the autonomous State sums, capital and recurring, equivalent to the costs of
such schemes of development as may be undertaken by the autonomous State with the
approval of the Government of India for the purpose of raising the level of administration
of that State to that of the administration of the rest of the State of Assam
(2) Until provision is made by Parliament under clause ( 1 ), the powers conferred on
Parliament under that clause shall be exercisable by the President by order and any order
made by the President under this clause shall have effect subject to any provision so made by
Parliament: Provided that after a Finance Commission has been constituted no order shall be
made under this clause by the President except after considering the recommendations of the
Finance Commission
276. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments

(1) Notwithstanding anything in Article 246, no law of the Legislature of a State relating to
taxes for the benefit of the State or of a municipality, district board, local board or other local
authority therein in respect of professions, trades, callings or employments shall be invalid on
the ground that it relates to a tax on income
(2) The total amount payable in respect of any one person to the State or to any one
municipality, district board, local board or other local authority in the State byway of taxes on
professions, trades, callings and employments shall not exceed two hundred and fifty rupees
per annum: Provided that if in the financial year immediately preceding the commencement
of this Constitution there was in force in the case of any State or any such municipality, board
or authority a tax on professions, trades, callings or employments the rate, or the maximum
rate, of which exceed two hundred and fifty rupees per annum, such tax may continue to be
levied until provisions to the contrary is made by Parliament by law, and any law so made by
Parliament may be made either generally or in relation to any specified States, municipalities,
boards or authorities
(3) The power of the Legislature of a State to make laws as aforesaid with respect to taxes on
professions, trades, callings and employments shall not be construed as limiting in any way
the power of Parliament to make laws with respect to taxes on income accruing from or
arising out of professions, trades, callings and employments
277. Savings Any taxes, duties, cesses or fees which, immediately before the commencement of
this Constitution, were being lawfully levied by the Government of any State or by any
municipality or other local authority or body for the purposes of the State, municipality, district
or other local area may, notwithstanding that those taxes, duties, cesses or fees are mentioned
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in the Union List, continue to be levied and to be applied to the same purposes until provision
to the contrary is made by Parliament by law
278. Agreement with States in Part B of the First Schedule with regard to certain financial
matters Rep by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 , Section 29 and Schedule
279. Calculation of net proceeds, etc

(1) In the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, net proceeds means in relation to any tax or
duty the proceeds thereof reduced by the cost of collection, and for the purposes of those
provisions the net proceeds of any tax or duty, or of any part of any tax or duty, in or
attributable to any area shall be ascertained and certified by the Comptroller and Auditor
General of India, whose certificate shall be final
(2) Subject as aforesaid, and to any other express provision of this Chapter, a law made by
Parliament or an order of the President may, in any case where under this Part the proceeds
of any duty or tax are, or may be, assigned to any State, provide for the manner in which the
proceeds are to be calculated, for the time from or at which and the manner in which any
payments are to be made, for the making of adjustments between one financial year and
another, and for any other incidental or ancillary matters
280. Finance Commission

(1) The President shall, within two years from the commencement of this Constitution and
thereafter at the expiration of every fifth year or at such earlier time as the President
considers necessary, by order constitute a Finance Commission which shall consist of a
Chairman and four other members to be appointed by the President
(2) It shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to
(a) the distribution between the Union and the States of the net proceeds of taxes which are
to be, or may be, divided between them under this Chapter and the allocation between the
States of the respective shares of such proceeds;
(b) the principles which should govern the grants in aid of the revenues of the States out of
the Consolidated Fund of India;
(c) any other matter referred to the Commission by the President in the interests of sound
finance
(4) The Commission shall determine their procedure and shall have such powers in the
performance of their functions as Parliament may by law confer on them
281. Recommendations of the Finance Commission The President shall cause every
recommendation made by the Finance Commission under the provisions of this Constitution
together with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon to be laid before
each House of Parliament Miscellaneous Financial Provisions
282. Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues The Union or a State
may make any grants for any public purpose, notwithstanding that the purpose is not one with
respect to which Parliament or the Legislature of the State, as the case may be, may make laws
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283. Custody, etc of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the
public accounts
(1) The custody of the Consolidated Fund of India and the Contingency Fund of India, the
payment of moneys into such Funds, the withdrawal of moneys therefrom, the custody of
public moneys other than those credited to such Funds received by or on behalf of the
Government of India, their payment into the public account of India and the withdrawal of
moneys from such account and all other matters connected with or ancillary to matters
aforesaid shall be regulated by law made by Parliament, and, until provision in that behalf is
so made, shall be regulated by rules made by the President
(2) The custody of the Consolidated Fund of a State and the Contingency Fund of a State, the
payment of moneys into such Funds, the withdrawal of moneys therefrom, the custody of
public moneys other than those credited to such Funds, received by or on behalf of the
Government of the State, their payment into the public account of the State and withdrawal
of moneys from such account and all other matters connected with or ancillary to matters
aforesaid shall be regulated by law made by the Legislature of the State, and, until provision
in that behalf is so made, shall be regulated by rules made by the Governor of the State
284. Custody of suitors deposits and other moneys received by public servants an courts All
moneys received by or deposited with
(a) any officer employed in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State in his
capacity as such, other than revenues or public moneys raised or received by the Government
of India or the Government of the State, as the case may be, or
(b) any court within the territory of India to the credit of any cause, matter, account or
persons, shall be paid into the public account of India or the public account of the State, as
the case may be
285. Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation

(1) The property of the Union shall, save in so far as Parliament may by law otherwise
provide, be exempt from all taxes imposed by a State or by any authority within a State
(2) Nothing in clause ( 1 ) shall, until Parliament by law otherwise provides, prevent any
authority within a State from levying any tax on any property of the Union to which such
property was immediately before the commencement of this Constitution liable or treated as
liable, so long as that tax continues to be levied in that State
286. Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods

(1) No law of a State shall impose, or authorise the imposition of, a tax on the sale or purchase
of goods where such sale or purchase takes place
(a) outside the State; or
(b) in the course of the import of the goods into, or export of the goods out of, the territory of
India
(2) Parliament may by law formulate principles for determining when a sale or purchase of
goods takes place in any of the ways mentioned in clause ( 1 )
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(3) Any law of a State shall, in so far as it imposes, or authorises the imposition of,
(a) a tax on the sale or purchase of goods declared by Parliament by law to be of special
importance in inter State trade or commerce; or
(b) a tax on the sale or purchase of goods, being a tax of the nature referred to in sub clause
(b), sub clause (c) or sub clause (d) of clause 29 A of Article 366, be subject to such
restrictions and conditions in regard to the system of levy, rates and other incidents of the
tax as Parliament may by law specify
287. Exemption from taxes on electricity Save in so far as Parliament may by law otherwise
provide, no law of a State shall impose, or authorise the imposition of, a tax on the consumption
or sale of electricity (whether produced by a Government or other persons) which is
(a) consumed by the Government of India, or sold to the Government of India for
consumption by that Government; or
(b) consumed in the construction, maintenance or operation of any railway by the
Government of India or a railway company operating that railway, or sold to that Government
or any such railway company for consumption in the construction, maintenance or operation
of any railway, and any such law imposing, or authorising the imposition of, a tax on the sale
of electricity shall secure that the price of electricity sold to the Government of India for
consumption by that Government, or to any such railway company as aforesaid for
consumption in the construction, maintenance or operation of any railway, shall be less by the
amount of the tax than the price charged to other consumers of a substantial quantity of
electricity
288. Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases
(1) Save in so far as the President may by order otherwise provide, no law of a State in force
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall impose, or authorise the
imposition of, a tax in respect of any water or electricity stored, generated, consumed,
distributed or sold by any authority established by any existing law or any law made by
Parliament for regulating or developing any inter State river or river valley Explanation The
expression law of a State in force in this clause shall include a law of a State passed or made
before the commencement of this Constitution and not previously repealed, notwithstanding
that it or parts of it may not be then in operation either at all or in particular areas
(2) The Legislature of a State may by law impose, or authorise the imposition of, any such tax
as is mentioned in clause ( 1 ), but no such law shall have any effect unless it has, after having
been reserved for the consideration of the President received his assent; and if any such law
provides for the fixation of the rates and other incidents of such tax by means of rules or
orders to be made under the law by any authority, the law shall provide for the previous
consent of the President being obtained to the making of any such rule or order
289. Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation

(1) The property and income of a State shall be exempt from Union taxation
(2) Nothing in clause ( 1 ) shall prevent the Union from imposing, or authorising the
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imposition of, any tax to such extent, if any, as Parliament may by law provide in respect of a
trade or business of any kind carried on by, or on behalf of, the Government of a State, or any
operations connected therewith, or any property used or occupied for the purposes of such
trade or business, or any income accruing or arising in connection therewith
(3) Nothing in clause ( 2 ) shall apply to any trade or business, or to any class of trade or
business, which Parliament may by law declare to be incidental to the ordinary functions of
government
290. Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions Where under the provisions of
this Constitution the expenses of any court or Commission, or the pension payable to or in
respect of a person who has served before the commencement in connection with the affairs of
the Union or of a State, are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or the Consolidated
Fund of a State, then, if
(a) in the case of a charge on the Consolidated Fund of India, the court or Commission serves
any of the separate needs of a State, or the person has served wholly or in part in connection
with the affairs of a State; or
(b) in the case of a charge on the Consolidated Fund of a State, the court or Commission
serves any of the separate needs of the Union or another State, or the person has served
wholly or in part in connection with the affairs of the Union or another State, there shall be
charged on and paid out of the Consolidated Fund of the State or, as the case may be, the
Consolidated Fund of India or the consolidated Fund of the other State, such contribution in
respect of the expenses or pension as may be agreed, or as may in default of agreement be
determined by an arbitrator to be appointed by the Chief Justice of India
290. A Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds A sum of forty six lakhs and fifty thousand
rupees shall be charged on, and paid out of, the Consolidated Fund of the State of Kerala every
year to the Travancore Devaswom Fund; and a sum of thirteen lakhs and fifty thousand rupees
shall be charged on, and paid out of the Consolidated Fund of the State of Tamil Nadu every
year to the Devaswom Fund established in that State for the maintenance of Hindu temples
and shrines in the territories transferred to that State on the 1 st day of November, 1956 , from
the State of Travancore Cochin
291. Privy purse sums of Rulers Rep by the Constitution (Twenty sixth Amendment) Act, 1971 ,
Section 2 CHAPTER II BORROWING
292. Borrowing by the Government of India The executive power of the Union extends to
borrowing upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of India within such limits, if any, as
may from time to time be fixed by Parliament by law and to the giving of guarantees within
such limits, if any, as may be so fixed
293. Borrowing by States

(1) Subject to the provisions of this article, the executive power of a State extends to
borrowing within the territory of India upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of the
State within such limits, if any, as may from time to time be fixed by the Legislature of such
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State by law and to the giving of guarantees within such limits, if any, as may be so fixed
(2) The Government of India may, subject to such conditions as may be laid down by or under
any law made by Parliament, make loans to any State or, so long as any limits fixed under
Article 292 are not exceeded, give guarantees in respect of loans raised by any State, and any
sums required for the purpose of making such loans shall be charged on the Consolidated
Fund of India
(3) A State may not without the consent of the Government of India raise any loan if there is
still outstanding any part of a loan which has been made to the State by the Government of
India or by its predecessor Government, or in respect of which a guarantee has been given by
the Government of India or by its predecessor Government
(4) A consent under clause ( 3 ) may be granted subject to such conditions, if any, as the
Government of India may think fit to impose CHAPTER III PROPERTY, CONTRACTS,
RIGHTS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
294. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases s from the
commencement of this Constitution
(a) all property and assets which immediately before such commencement were vested in His
Majesty for the purposes of the Government of the Dominion of India and all property and
assets which immediately before such commencement were vested in His Majesty for the
purposes of the Government of each Governors Province shall vest respectively in the Union
and the corresponding State, and
(b) all rights, liabilities and obligations of the Government of the Dominion of India and of the
Government of each Governors Province, whether arising out of any contract or otherwise,
shall be the rights, liabilities and obligations respectively of the Government of India and the
Government of each corresponding State, subject to any adjustment made or to be made by
reason of the creation before the commencement of this Constitution of the Dominion of
Pakistan or of the Provinces of West Bengal, West Punjab and East Punjab
295. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases
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(1) As from the commencement of this Constitution

(a) all property and assets which immediately before such commencement were vested in
any Indian State corresponding to a State specified in Part B of the First Schedule shall vest
in the Union, if the purposes for which such property and assets were held immediately
before such commencement will thereafter be purposes of the Union relating to any of the
matters enumerated in the Union List, and
(b) all rights, liabilities and obligations of the Government of any Indian State corresponding
to a State specified in Part B of the First Schedule, whether arising out of any contract or
otherwise, shall be the rights, liabilities and obligations of the Government of India, if the
purposes for which such rights were acquired or liabilities or obligations were incurred
before such commencement will thereafter be purposes of the Government of
commencement will thereafter be purposes of the Government of India relating to any of
the matters enumerated in the Union List, subject to any agreement entered into in that
behalf by the Government of India with the Government of that State
(2) Subject as aforesaid, the Government of each State specified in Part B of the First
Schedule shall, as from the commencement of this Constitution, be the successor of the
Government of the corresponding Indian State as regards all property and assets and all
rights, liabilities and obligations, whether arising out of any contract or otherwise, other than
those referred to in clause ( 1 )
296. Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia Subject as hereinafter provided
any property in the territory of India which, if this Constitution had not come into operation,
would have accrued to His Majesty or, as the case may be, to the Ruler of an Indian State by
escheat or lapse, or as bona vacantia for want of a rightful owner, shall, if it is property situate
in a State, vest in such State, and shall, in any other case, vest in the Union: Provided that any
property which at the date when it wouldhave so accrued to His Majesty or to the Ruler of an
Indian State was in the possession or under the control of the Government of India or the
Government of a State shall, according as the purposes for which it was then used or held were
purposes of the Union or a State, vest in the Union or in that State Explanation In the article,
the expressions Ruler and Indian State have the same meanings as in Article 363
297. Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive
economic zone to vest in the Union
(1) All lands, minerals and other things of value underlying the ocean within the territorial
waters, or the continental shelf, or the exclusive economic zone, of India shall vest in the
Union and be held for the purposes of the Union
(2) All other resources of the exclusive economic zone of India shall also vest in the Union and
be held for the purposes of the Union
(3) The limits of the territorial waters, the continental shelf, the exclusive economic zone, and
other maritime zones, of India shall be such as may be specified, from time to time, by or
under any law made by Parliament
298. Power to carry on trade, etc The executive power of the Union and of each State shall
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extend to the carrying on of any trade or business and to the acquisition, holding and disposal
of property and the making of contracts for any purpose: Provided that (a) the said executive
power of the Union shall, in so far as such trade or business or such purpose is not one with
respect to which Parliament may make laws, be subject in each State to legislation by the State;
and
(b) the said executive power of each State shall, in so far as such trade or business or such
purpose is not one with respect to which the State Legislature may make laws, be subject to
legislation by Parliament
299. Contracts
(1) All contracts made in the exercise of the executive power of the Union or of a State shall be
expressed to be made by the President, or by the Governor of the State, as the case may be,
and all such contracts and all assurances of property made in the exercise of that power shall
be executed on behalf of the President or the Governor by such persons and in such manner
as he may direct or authorise
(2) Neither the President nor the Governor shall be personally liable in respect of any
contract or assurance made or executed for the purposes of this Constitution, or for the
purposes of any enactment relating to the Government of India heretofore in force, nor shall
any person making or executing any such contract or assurance on behalf of any of them be
personally liable in respect thereof
300. Suits and proceedings

(1) The Governor of India may sue or be sued by the name of the Union and the Government
of a State may sue or be sued by the name of the State and may, subject to any provisions
which may be made by Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of such State enacted by virtue
of powers conferred by this Constitution, sue or be sued in relation to their respective affairs
in the like cases as the Dominion of India and the corresponding Provinces or the
corresponding Indian States might have sued or been sued if this Constitution had not been
enacted
(2) If at the commencement of this Constitution
(a) any legal proceedings are pending to which the Dominion of India is a party, the Union
of India shall be deemed to be substituted for the Dominion in those proceedings; and
(b) any legal proceedings are pending to which a Province or an Indian State is a party, the
corresponding State shall be deemed to be substituted for the Province or the Indian State
in those proceedings CHAPTER IV RIGHT TO PROPERTY
300. A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law No person shall be
deprived of his property save by authority of law PART XIII TRADE, COMMERCE AND
INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA
301. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse Subject to the other provisions of this Part,
trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free
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302. Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse

Parliament may by law impose such restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce or
intercourse between one State and another or within any part of the territory of India as may
be required in the public interest
303. Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade
and commerce
(1) Notwithstanding anything in Article 302, neither Parliament nor the Legislature of a State
shall have power to make any law giving, or authorising the giving of, any preference to one
State over another, or making, or authorising the making of, any discrimination between one
State and another, by virtue of any entry relating to trade and commerce in any of the Lists in
the Seventh Schedule
(2) Nothing in clause ( 1 ) shall prevent Parliament from making any law giving, or authorising
the giving of, any preference or making, or authorising the making of, any discrimination if it
is declared by such law that it is necessary to do so for the purpose of dealing with a situation
arising from scarcity of goods in any part of the territory of India
304. Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States Notwithstanding anything
in Article 301 or Article 303, the Legislature of a State may by law
(a) impose on goods imported from other States or the Union territories any tax to which
similar goods manufactured or produced in that State are subject, so, however, as not to
discriminate between goods so imported and goods so manufactured or produced; and
(b) impose such reasonable restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse
with or within that State as may be required in the public interest: Provided that no Bill or
amendment for the purposes of clause shall be introduced or moved in the Legislature of a
State without the previous sanction of the President
305. Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies Nothing in Articles 301
and 303 shall affect the provisions of any existing law except in so far as the President may be
order otherwise direct; and nothing in Article 301 shall affect the operation of any law made
before the commencement of the Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act, 1955 , in so far as it
relates to, or prevent Parliament or the Legislature of a State from making any law relating to,
any such matter as is referred to in sub clause (ii) of clause ( 6 ) of Article 19
306. Power of certain States in Part B of the First Schedule to impose restrictions on trade and
commerce Rep by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 , Section 29 and Schedule
307. Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of Articles 301 to 304 Parliament
may by law appoint such authority as it considers appropriate for carrying out the purposes of
Articles 301, 302, 303 and 304, and confer on the authority so appointed such powers and such
duties as it thinks necessary PART XIV SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
CHAPTER I SERVICES
308. Interpretation In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression State
does not include the State of Jammu and Kashmir
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309. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State Subject to
the provisions of this Constitution, Acts of the appropriate Legislature may regulate the
recruitment, and conditions of service of persons appointed, to public services and posts in
connection with the affairs of the Union or of any State: Provided that it shall be competent for
the President or such person as he may direct in the case of services and posts in connection
with the affairs of the Union, and for the Governor of a State or such person as he may direct in
the case of services and posts in connection with the affairs of the State, to make rules
regulating the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed, to such services
and posts until provision in that behalf is made by or under an Act of the appropriate
Legislature under this article, and any rules so made shall have effect subject to the provisions
of any such Act
310. Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State

(1) Except as expressly provided by this Constitution, every person who is a member of a
defence service or of a civil service of the Union or of an all India service or holds any post
connected with defence or any civil post under the Union, holds office during the pleasure of
the President, and every person who is a member of a civil service of a State or holds any civil
post under a State holds office during the pleasure of the Governor of the State
(2) Notwithstanding that a person holding a civil post under the Union or a State holds office
during the pleasure of the President or, as the case may be, of the Governor of the State, any
contract under which a person, not being a member of a defence service or of an all India
service or of a civil service of the Union or a State, is appointed under this Constitution to hold
such a post may, if the President or the Governor as the case may be, deems it necessary in
order to secure the services of a person having special qualifications, provide for the payment
to him of compensation, if before the expiration of an agreed period, that post is abolished or
he is, for reasons not connected with any misconduct on his part, required to vacate that post
311. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the
Union or a State
(1) No person who is a member of a civil service of the Union or an all India service or a civil
service of a State or holds a civil post under the Union or a State shall be dismissed or
removed by a authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed
(2) No such person as aforesaid shall be dismissed or removed or reduced in rank except
after an inquiry in which he has been informed of the charges against him and given a
reasonable opportunity of being heard in respect of those charges Provided that where it is
proposed after such inquiry, to impose upon him any such penalty, such penalty may be
imposed on the basis of the evidence adduced during such inquiry and it shall not be
necessary to give such person any opportunity of making representation on the penalty
proposed: Provided further that this clause shall not apply
(a) where a person is dismissed or removed or reduced in rank on the ground of conduct
which has led to his conviction on a criminal charge; or
(b) where the authority empowered to dismiss or remove a person or to reduce him in rank
ins satisfied that for some reason, to be recorded by that authority in writing, it is not
reasonably practicable to hold such inquiry; or
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(c) where the President or the Governor, as the case may be, is satisfied that in the interest
of the security of the State, it is not expedient to hold such inquiry
(3) If, in respect of any such person as aforesaid, a question arises whether it is reasonably
practicable to hold such inquiry as is referred to in clause ( 2 ), the decision thereon of the
authority empowered to dismiss or remove such person or to reduce him in rank shall be final
312. All India Services

(1) Notwithstanding anything in Chapter VI of Part VI or Part XI, if the Council of States has
declared by resolution supported by not less than two thirds of the members present and
voting that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest so to do, Parliament may by
law provide for the creation of one or more all India services (including an all India judicial
service) common to the Union and the States, and, subject to the other provisions of this
Chapter, regulate the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed, to any
such service
(2) The services known at the commencement of this Constitution as the Indian
Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service shall be deemed to be services created
by Parliament under this article
(3) The all India judicial service referred to in clause ( 1 ) shall not include any post inferior to
that of a district judge as defined in article 236
(4) The law providing for the creation of the all India judicial service aforesaid may contain
such provisions for the amendment of Chapter VI of Part VI as may be necessary for giving
effect to the provisions of that law and no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of
this Constitution for the purposes of article 368
312A. Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services
(1) Parliament may by law
(a) vary or revoke, whether prospectively or retrospectively, the conditions of service as
respects remuneration, leave and pension and the rights as respects disciplinary matters of
persons who, having been appointed by the Secretary of State or Secretary of State in
Council to a civil service of the Crown in India before the commencement of this
Constitution, continue on and after the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty eight
Amendment) Act, 1972 , to serve under the Government of India or of a State in any service
or post;
(b) vary or revoke, whether prospectively or retrospectively, the conditions of service as
respects pension of persons who, having been appointed b the Secretary of State or
Secretary of State in Council to a civil service of the Crown in India before the
commencement of this Constitution, retired or otherwise ceased to be in service at any time
before the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty eight Amendment) Act, 1972 :
Provided that in the case of any such person who is holding or has held the office of the
Chief Justice or other Judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court, the Comptroller and
Auditor General of India, the Chairman or other members of the Union or a State Public
Service Commission or the Chief Election Commissioner, nothing in sub clause (a) or sub
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clause (b) shall be construed as empowering Parliament to vary or revoke, after his
appointment to such post, the condition of his service to his disadvantage except in so far as
such conditions of his service to his disadvantage except in so far as such condition of service
are applicable to him by reason of his being a person appointed by the Secretary of State or
Secretary of State in Council to a civil service of the Crown in India
(2) Except to the extent provided for by Parliament by law under this article, nothing in this
article shall affect the power of any legislature or other authority under any other provision of
this Constitution to regulate the conditions of service of persons referred to in clause ( 1 )
(3) Neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have jurisdiction in
(a) any dispute arising out of any provision of, or any endorsement on, any covenant,
agreement or other similar instrument which was entered into or executed by any person
referred to in clause ( 1 ), or arising out of any letter issued to such person, in relation to his
appointment to any civil service of the Crown in India or his continuance in service under
the Government of the Dominion of India or a Province thereof; any dispute in respect of
any right, liability or obligation under Article 314 as originally enacted The provisions of the
article shall have effect notwithstanding anything in Article 314 as originally enacted or in
any other provision of this Constitution
313. Transitional provisions Until other provision is made in this behalf under this Constitution,
all the laws in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and applicable
to any public service or any post which continues to exist after the commencement of service or
post under the Union or a State shall continue in force so far as consistent with the provisions
of this Constitution
314. Provision for protection of existing officers of certain services Rep by the Constitution
(Twenty eight Amendment) Act, 1972 , Section 3 (w e f 29 08 1972 ) CHAPTER II PUBLIC
SERVICE COMMISSION
315. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States
(1) Subject to the provisions of this article, there shall be a Public Service Commission for the
Union and a Public Service Commission for each State
(2) Two or more States may agree that there shall be one Public Service Commission for that
group of States, and if a resolution to that effect is passed by the House or, where there are
two Houses, by each House of the Legislature of each of those States, Parliament may by law
provide for the appointment of a Joint State Public Service Commission (referred to in this
Chapter as Joint Commission) to serve the needs of those States
(3) Any such law as aforesaid may contain such incidental and consequential provisions as
may be necessary or desirable for giving effect to the purposes of the law
(4) The Public Service Commission for the Union, if requested so to do by the Governor of a
State, may, with the approval of the President, agree to serve all or any of the needs of the
State
(5) References in this Constitution to the Union Public Service Commission or a State Public
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Service Commission shall, unless the context otherwise requires, be construed as references
to the Commission serving the needs of the Union or, as the case may be, the State as
respects the particular matter in question
316. Appointment and term of office of members

(1) The Chairman and other members of a Public Service Commission shall be appointed, in
the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, by the President, and in the case of
a State Commission, by the Governor of the State: Provided that as nearly as may be one half
of the members of every Public Service Commission shall be persons who at the dates of their
respective appointments have held office for at least ten years either under the Government
of India or under the Government of a State, and in computing the said period of ten years
any period before the commencement of this Constitution during which a person has held
office under the Crown in India or under the Government of an Indian State shall be
included
(1A) If the office of the Chairman of the Commission becomes vacant or if any such
Chairman is by reason of absence or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of
his office, those duties shall, until some persons appointed under clause ( 1 ) to the vacant
office has entered on the duties thereof or, as the case may be, until the Chairman has
resumed his duties, be performed by such one of the other members of the Commission as
the President, in the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, and the Governor
of the State in the case of a State in the case of a State Commission, may appoint for the
purpose
(2) A member of a Public Service Commission shall hold office for a term of six years from the
date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains, in the case of the Union
Commission, the age of sixty five years, and in the case of a State Commission or a Joint
Commission, the age of sixty two years, whichever is earlier: Provided that
(a) a member of a Public Service Commission may, by writing under his hand addressed, in
the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, to the President, and in the case of
a State Commission, to the Governor of the State, resign his office;
(b) a member of a Public Service Commission may be removed from his office in the manner
provided in clause ( 1 ) or clause ( 3 ) of Article 317
(3) A person who holds office as a member of a Public Service Commission shall, on the
expiration of his term of office, be ineligible for re appointment to that office
317. Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission

(1) Subject to the provisions of clause ( 3 ), the Chairman or any other member of a Public
Service Commission shall only be removed from his office by order of the President on the
ground of misbehaviour after the Supreme Court, on reference being made to it by the
President, has, on inquiry held in accordance with the procedure prescribed in that behalf
under Article 145, reported that the Chairman or such other member, as the case may be,
ought on any such ground to be removed
(2) The President, in the case of the Union Commissionor a Joint Commission, and the
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Governor in the case of a State Commission, may suspend from office the Chairman or any
other member of the Commission in respect of whom a reference has been made to the
Supreme Court under clause ( 1 ) until the President has passed orders on receipt of the
report of the Supreme Court on such reference
(3) Notwithstanding anything in clause ( 1 ), the President may by order remove from office
the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission if the Chairman or such
other member, as the case may be,
(a) is adjudged an insolvent; or
(b) engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office;
or
(c) is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of
mind or body
(4) If the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission is or becomes in any
way concerned or interested in any contract or agreement made by or on behalf of the
Government of India or the Government of a State or participates in any way in the profit
thereof or in any benefit or emolument arising therefrom otherwise than as a member and in
common with the other members of an incorporated company, he shall, for the purposes of
clause ( 1 ), be deemed to be guilty of misbehaviour
318. Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the
Commission In the case of the Union Commission or a Joint Commission, the President and, in
the case of a State Commission, the Governor of the State may by regulations
(a) determine the, number of members of the Commission and their conditions of service;
and
(b) make provision with respect to the number of members of the staff of the commission and
their conditions of service: Provided that the conditions of service of a member of a Public
Service Commission shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment
319. Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such

members On ceasing to hold office
(a) the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be ineligible for further
employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State;
(b) the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as
the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission or as the
Chairman of any other State Public Service Commission, but not for any other employment
either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State;
(c) a member other than the Chairman of th Union Public Service Commission shall be
eligible for appointment as the Chairman of the Union Public Service commission or as the
Chairman of a State Public Service Commission, but not for any other employment either
under the Government of India or under the Government of a State;
(d) a member other than the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible
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for appointment as the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service
Commission or as the Chairman of that of any other State Public Service Commission, but not
for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of
a State
320. Functions of Public Service Commissions

(1) It shall be the duty of the Union and the State Public Service Commission to conduct
examinations for appointments to the services of the Union and the services of the State
respectively
(2) It shall also be the duty of the Union Public Service Commission, if requested by any two
or more State so to do, to assist those States in framing and operating schemes of joint
recruitment for any services for which candidates possessing special qualifications are
required
(3) The Union Public Service Commission or the State Public Service Commission, as the case
may be, shall be consulted
(a) on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts;
(b) on the principles to be followed in making appointments to civil services and posts and in
making promotions and transfers from one service to another and on the suitability of
candidates for such appointments, promotions or transfers;
(c) on all disciplinary matters affecting a person serving under the Government of India or
the Government of a State in a civil capacity, including memorials or petitions relating to
such matters;
(d) on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served under the
Government of India or the Government of a State or under the Crown in India or under
the Government of an Indian State, in a civil capacity, that any costs incurred by him in
defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to
be done in the execution of his duty should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India,
or, as the case may be, out of the Consolidated Fund of the State;
(e) on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while
serving under the Government of India or the Government of a State or under the Crown in
India or under the Government of an Indian State, in a civil capacity, and any question as to
the amount of any such award, and it shall be the duty of a Public Service Commission to
advice on any matter so referred to them and on any other matter which the President, or,
as the case may be, the Governor, of the State, may refer to them: Provided that the
President as respects the all India services and also as respects other services and posts in
connection with the affairs of the Union, and the Governor, as respects other services and
posts in connection with the affairs of a State, may make regulations specifying the matters
in which either generally, or in any particular class of case or in any particular
circumstances, it shall not be necessary for a Public Service Commission to be consulted
(4) Nothing in clause ( 3 ) shall require a Public Service Commission to be consulted as

respects the manner in which any provision referred to in clause ( 4 ) of Article 16 may be
made or as respects the manner in which effect maybe given to the provisions of Article 335
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(5) All regulations made under the proviso to clause ( 3 ) by the President or the Governor of a
State shall be laid for not less than fourteen days before each House of Parliament or the
House or each House of the Legislature of the State, as the case may be, as soon as possible
after they are made, and shall be subject to such modifications, whether by way of repeal or
amendment, as both Houses of Parliament or the House or both Houses of the Legislature of
the State may make during the session in which they are so laid
321. Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions An Act made by Parliament or,
as the case may be, the Legislature of a State may provide for the exercise of additional
functions by the Union Public Service Commission or the State Public Service Commission as
respects the services of the Union of the State and also as respects the services of any local
authority or other body corporate constituted by law or of any public institution
322. Expenses of Public Service Commission The expenses of the Union or a State Public
Service Commission, including any salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of
the members or staff of the Commission, shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India
or, as the case may be, the Consolidated Fund of the State
323. Reports of Public Service Commissions

(1) It shall be the duty of the Union Commission to present annually to the President a report
as to the work done by the Commission and on receipt of such report the President shall
cause a copy thereof together with a memorandum explaining, as respects the cases, if any,
where the advice of the Commission was not accepted, the reason for such non acceptance to
be laid before each House of Parliament
(2) It shall be the duty of a State Commission to present annually to the Governor of the State
a report as to the work done by the Commission, and it shall be the duty of a Joint
Commission to present annually to the Governor of each of the States the needs of which are
served by the Joint Commission a report as to the work done by the Commission in relation to
that State, and in either case the Governor shall, on receipt of such report, cause a copy
thereof together with a memorandum explaining, as respects the cases, if any, where the
advice of the Commission was not accepted, the reasons for such non acceptance to be laid
before the Legislature of the State PART XIVA TRIBUNALS
323. A Administrative tribunals Parliament may, by law, provide for the adjudication or trial by
administrative tribunals of disputes and complaints with respect to recruitment and conditions
of service of persons appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the
Union or of any State or of any local or other authority within the territory of India or under
the control of the Government of India or of any corporation owned or controlled by the
Government
(2) A law made under clause ( 1 ) may
(a) provide for the establishment of an administrative tribunal for the Union and a separate
administrative tribunal for each State or for two or more States;
(b) specify the jurisdiction, powers (including the power to punish for contempt) and
authority which may be exercised by each of the said tribunals;
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(c) provide for the procedure (including provisions as to limitation and rules of evidence) to
be followed by the said tribunals;
(d) exclude the jurisdiction of all courts, except the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under
Article 136, with respect to the disputes or complaints referred to in clause ( 1 );
(e) provide for the transfer to each such administrative tribunal of any cases pending before
any court or other authority immediately before the establishment of such tribunal as would
have been within the jurisdiction of such tribunal if the cause of action on which such suits
or proceedings are based had arisen after such establishment;
(f) repeal or amend any order made by the President under clause ( 3 ) of Article 371D;
(g) contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions (including provisions
as to fees) as Parliament may deem necessary for the effective functioning of, and for the
speedy disposal of cases by, and the enforcement of the orders of, such tribunals
(3) The provisions of this article shall have effect notwithstanding anything in any other
provision of this Constitution or in any other law for the time being in force
323B. Tribunals for other matters

(1) The appropriate Legislature may, by law, provide for the adjudication or trial by tribunals
of any disputes, complaints, or offences with respect to all or any of the matters specified in
clause ( 2 ) with respect to which such Legislature has power to make laws
(2) The matters referred to in clause ( 1 ) are the following, namely:
(a) levy, assessment, collection and enforcement of any tax;
(b) foreign exchange, import and export across customs frontiers;
(c) industrial and labour disputes;
(d) land reforms by way of acquisition by the State of any estate as defined in Article 31A or
of any rights therein or the extinguishment or modification of any such rights or by way of
ceiling on agricultural land or in any other way;
(e) ceiling on urban property;
(f) elections to either House of Parliament or the House or either House of the Legislature of
a State, but excluding the matters referred to in Article 329 and Article 329A;
(g) production, procurement, supply and distribution of foodstuffs (including edible oilseeds
and oils) and such other goods as the President may, by public notification, declare to be
essential goods for the purpose of this article and control of prices of such goods;
(h) offences against laws with respect to any of the matters specified in sub clause (a) to (g)
and fees in respect of any of those matters;
(i) any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in sub clause (a) to (h)
324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election

Commission
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(1) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls for, and
the conduct of, all elections to Parliament and to the Legislature of every State and of
elections to the offices of President and Vice President held under this Constitution shall be
vested in a Commission (referred to in this Constitution as the Election Commission)
(2) The Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election Commissioner and such
number of other Election Commissioners, if any, as the President may from time to time fix
and the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners
shall, subject to the provisions of any law made in that behalf by Parliament, be made by the
President
(3) When any other Election Commissioner is so appointed the Chief Election Commissioner
shall act as the Chairman of the Election Commission
(4) Before each general election to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assembly of
each State, and before the first general election and thereafter before each biennial election
to the Legislative Council of each State having such Council, the President may also appoint
after consultation with the Election Commission such Regional Commissioners as he may
consider necessary to assist the Election Commission in the performance of the functions
conferred on the Commission by clause ( 1 )
(5) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, the conditions of service and
tenure of office of the Election Commissioners and the Regional Commissioners shall be such
as the President may by rule determine; Provided that the Chief Election Commissioner shall
not be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of
the Supreme Court and the conditions of service of the Chief Election Commissioner shall not
be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment: Provided further that any other Election
Commissioner or a Regional Commissioner shall not be removed from office except on the
recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner
(6) The President, or the Governor of a State, shall, when so requested by th Election
Commission, make available to the Election Commission or to a Regional Commissioner such
staff as may be necessary for the discharge of the functions conferred on the Election
Commission by clause ( 1 )
325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral
roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex There shall be one general electoral roll for every
territorial constituency for election to either House of Parliament or to the House or either
House of the Legislature of a State and no person shall be ineligible for inclusion in any such
roll or claim to be included in any special electoral roll for any such constituency on grounds
only of religion, race, caste, sex or any of them
326. Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on
the basis of adult suffrage The elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative
Assembly of every State shall be on the basis of adult suffrage; but is to say, every person who
is a citizen of India and who is not less than twenty one years of age on such date as may be
fixed in that behalf by or under any law made by the appropriate legislature and is not
otherwise disqualified under this constitution or any law made by the appropriate Legislature
on the ground of non residence, unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice, shall
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be entitled to be registered as a voter at any such election
327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures Subject to
the provisions of this constitution, Parliament may from time to time by law made provision
with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to either House of
Parliament or to the House or either House of the Legislature of a State including the
preparation of electoral rolls, the delimitation of constituencies and all other matters necessary
for securing the due constitution of such House or Houses
328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such
Legislature Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and in so far as provision in that
behalf is not made by Parliament, the Legislature of a State may from time to time bylaw make
provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, the elections to the
House or either House of the Legislature of the State including the preparation of electoral
rolls and all other matters necessary for securing the due constitution of such House or Houses
329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters Notwithstanding anything in this

Constitution
seats to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under Article 327 or Article 328,
shall not be called in question in any court;
(b) No election to either House of Parliament or to the House or either House of the
Legislature of a State shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to
such authority and in such manner as may be provided for by or under any law made by the
appropriate Legislature
329. A Special provision as to elections to Parliament in the case of Prime Minister and Speaker
Omitted PART XVI SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the
People
(1) Seats shall be reserved in the House of the People for
(a) the Scheduled Castes;
(b) the Scheduled Tribes except the Scheduled Tribes in the autonomous districts of Assam;
and
(c) the Scheduled Tribes in the autonomous districts of Assam
(2) The number of seats reserved in any State or Union territory for the Scheduled Castes or
the Scheduled Tribes under clause ( 1 ) shall bear, as nearly as may be, the same proportion
to the total number of seats allotted to that State or Union territory in the House of the
People as the population of the Scheduled Castes in the State or Union territory or of the
Scheduled Tribes in the State or Union territory or part of the State or Union territory, as the
case may be, in respect of which seats are so reserved, bears to the total population of the
State or Union territory
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(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause ( 2 ), the number of seats reserved in the
House of the People for the Scheduled Tribes in the autonomous districts of Assam shall bear
to the total number of seats allotted to that State a proportion not less than the population of
the Scheduled Tribes in the said autonomous districts bears to the total population of the
State Explanation In this article 332, the expression population means the population as
ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published:
Provided that the reference in this Explanation to the last preceding census of which the
relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken
after the year 2000 have been published, be construed as a reference to the 1971 census
331. Representation of the Anglo Indian community in the Hose of the People Notwithstanding
anything in Article 81, the President may, if he is of opinion that the Anglo Indian community is
not adequately represented in the House of the people, nominate not more than two members
of that community to the House of the People
332. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative
Assemblies of the States
(1) Seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, except the
Scheduled Tribes in the tribal areas of Assam, in Nagaland and in Meghalaya, in the
Legislative Assembly of every State
(2) Seats shall be reserved also for the autonomous districts in the Legislative Assembly of the
State of Assam
(3) The number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in the
Legislative Assembly nearly as may be, the same proportion to the total number of seats in
the Assembly as the population of the Scheduled Castes in th State or of the Scheduled
Tribes in the State or part of the State, as the case may be, in respect of which seats are so
reserved bears to the total population of the State
(4) The number of seats reserved for an autonomous district in the legislative Assembly of the
State of Assam shall bear to the total number of seats in that Assembly a proportion not less
than the population of the district bears to the total population of the State
(5) The constituencies for the seats reserved for any autonomous district of Assam shall not
comprise any area outside that district
(6) No person who is not a member of a Scheduled Tribe of any autonomous district of the
State of Assam shall be eligible for election to the Legislative Assembly of the State from any
constituency of that district
333. Representation of the Anglo Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States
Notwithstanding anything in Article 170, the Governor of a State may, if he is of opinion that
the Anglo Indian community needs representation in the Legislative Assembly of the State and
is not adequately represented therein, nominate one member of that community to the
Assembly
334. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after forty years Notwithstanding
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anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, the provisions of Constitution relating to
(a) the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the House
of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies of the States; and
(b) the representation of the Anglo Indian community in the House of the People and in the
Legislative Assemblies of the States by nomination, shall cease to have effect on the expiration
of a period of forty years from the commencement of this Constitution: Provided that nothing
in this article shall affect any representation in the House of the People or in the legislative
Assembly of a State until the dissolution of the then existing House or Assembly, as the case
may be
335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts The claims of the
members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration,
consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making of
appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State
336. Special provision for Anglo Indian community in certain services

(1) During the first two years after the commencement of this Constitution, appointments of
members of the Anglo Indian community to posts in the railway, customs, postal and
telegraph services of the Union shall be made on the same basis as immediately before the
fifteenth day of August, 1947 During every succeeding period of two years, the number of
posts reserved for the members of the said community in the said services shall, as nearly as
possible, be less by ten per cent than the numbers so reserved during the immediately
preceding period of two years: Provided that at the end of ten years from the commencement
of this Constitution all such reservations shall cease
(2) Nothing in clause ( 1 ) shall bar the appointment of members of the Anglo Indian
community to posts other than, or in addition to, those reserved for the community under
that clause if such members are found qualified for appointment on merit as compared with
the members of other communities
337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo Indian
community During the first three financial years after the commencement of this Constitution,
the same grants, if any, shall be made by the Union and by each State for the benefit of the
Anglo Indian community in respect of education as were made in the financial year ending on
the thirty first day of March, 1948 During every succeeding period of three years the grants
may be less by ten per cent than those for the immediately preceding period of three years:
Provided that at the end of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution such grants,
to the extent to which they are a special concession to the Anglo Indian community, shall cease:
Provided further that no educational institution shall be entitled to receive any grant under this
article unless at least forty per cent of annual admissions therein are made available to
members of communities other than the Anglo Indian community
338. Special Officer for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes etc

(1) There shall be a Special Officer for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to be
appointed by the President
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(2) It shall be the duty of the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the
safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under this Constitution
and report to the President upon the working of those safeguards at such intervals as the
President may direct, and the President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each
House of Parliament
(3) In this article references to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes shall be construed
as including references to such other backward classes as the President may, on receipt of the
report of a Commission appointed under clause ( 1 ) of Article 340, by order specify and also
to the Anglo Indian community
339. Control of the Union over the administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of
Scheduled Tribes
(1) The President may at any time and shall, at the expiration of ten years from the
commencement of this Constitution by order appoint a Commission to report on the
administration of the Scheduled Areas and the welfare of this Scheduled Tribes in the States
The order may define the composition, powers and procedure of the Commission and may
contain such incidental or ancillary provisions as the President may consider necessary or
desirable
(2) The executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to a State as to
the drawing up and execution of schemes specified in the direction to be essential for the
welfare of the Scheduled Tribes in the State
340. Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes

(1) The President may by order appoint a Commission consisting of such persons as he thinks
fit to investigate the conditions of socially and educationally backward classes within the
territory of India and the difficulties under which they labour and to make recommendations
as to the steps that should be taken by the Union or any State to remove such difficulties and
to improve their condition and as to the grants that should be made for the purpose by the
Union or any State the conditions subject to which such grants should be made, and the order
appointing such Commission shall define the procedure to be followed by the Commission
(2) A Commission so appointed shall investigate the matters referred to them and present to
the President a report setting out the facts as found by them and making such
recommendations as they think proper
(3) The President shall cause a copy of the report so presented together with a memorandum
explaining the action taken thereon to be laid before each House of Parliament
341. Scheduled Castes

(1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State
after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, specify the castes, races or
tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purposes of this
Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union territory, as
the case may be
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(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Castes specified in
a notification issued under clause ( 1 ) any caste, race or tribe or part of or group within any
caste, race or tribe, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not
be varied by any subsequent notification
342. Scheduled Tribes

(1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State,
after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal
communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the
purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or
Union territory, as the case may be
(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes specified in
a notification issued under clause ( 1 ) any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within
any tribe or tribal community, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause
shall not be varied by any subsequent notification PART XVII OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
CHAPTER I LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
343. Official language of the Union

(1) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script The form of
numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of
Indian numerals
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause ( 1 ), for a period of fifteen years from the
commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for all the
official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such
commencement: Provided that the president may, during the said period, by order authorise
the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form
of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official
purposes of the Union
(3) Notwithstanding anything in this article, Parliament may by law provide for the use, after
the said period of fifteen years, of
(a) the English language, or
(b) the Devanagari form of numerals, for such purposes as may be specified in the law
344. Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language

(1) The President shall, at the expiration of five years from the commencement of this
Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of ten years from such commencement, by order
constitute a Commission which shall consist of a Chairman and such other members
representing the different languages specified in the English Schedule as the President may
appoint, and the order shall define the procedure to be followed by the Commission
(2) It shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to
(a) the progressive use of the Hindi language for the official purposes of the Union;
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(b) restrictions on the use of the English language for all or any of the official purposes of the
Union;
(c) the language to be used for all or any of the purposes mentioned in Article 348;
(d) the form of numerals to be used for any one or more specified purposes of the Union;
(e) any other matter referred to the Commission by the President as regards the official
language of the Union and the language for communication between the Union and a State
or between one State and another and their use
(3) In making their recommendations under clause ( 2 ), the Commission shall have due
regard to the industrial, cultural and scientific advancement of India, and the jut claims and
the interests of persons belonging to the non Hindi speaking areas in regard to the public
services
(4) There shall be constituted a Committee consisting of thirty members, of whom twenty
shall be members of the House of the People and ten shall be members of the Council of
States to be elected respectively by the members of the House of the People and the
members of the council of States in accordance with the system of proportional
representation by means of the single transferable vote
(5) It shall be the duty of the Committee to examine the recommendations of the Commission
constituted under clause ( 1 ) and to report to the President their opinion thereon
(6) Notwithstanding anything in Article 343, the President may, after consideration of the
report referred to in clause ( 5 ), issue directions in accordance with the whole or any part of
that report CHAPTER II REGIONAL LANGUAGES
345. Official language or languages of a State Subject to the provisions of Article 346 and 347,
the Legislature of a State may by law adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the
State or Hindi as the language or languages to be used for all or any of the official purposes of
that State: Provided that, until the Legislature of the State otherwise provides by law, the
English language shall continue to be used for those official purposes within the State for which
it was being used immediately before the commencement of this Constitution
346. Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State
and the Union The language for the time being authorised for use in the Union for official
purposes shall be the official language for communication between one State and another State
and between a State and the Union: Provided that if two or more States agree that the Hindi
language should be the official language for communication between such States, that language
may be used for such communication
347. Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State On a
demand being made in that behalf the President may, if he is satisfied that a substantial
proportion of the population of a State desire the use of any language spoken by them to be
recognised throughout that State or any part thereof for such purpose as he may specify
CHAPTER III LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC
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348. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc
(1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, until Parliament by law
otherwise provides
(a) all proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High Court,
(b) the authoritative texts
(i) of all Bills to be introduced or amendments thereto to be moved in either House of
Parliament or in the House or either House of the Legislature of a State,
(ii) of all Acts passed by Parliament or the Legislature of a State and of all Ordinances
promulgated by the President or the Governor of a State, and
(iii) of all orders, rules, regulations and bye laws issued under this Constitution or under
any law made by Parliament or the Legislature of a State, shall be in the English language
(2) Notwithstanding anything in sub clause (a) of clause ( 1 ), the Governor of a State may,
with the previous consent of the President, authorise the use of the Hindi language, or any
other language used for any official purposes of the State, in proceedings in the High Court
having its principal seat in that State: Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to any
judgment, decree or order passed or made by such High Court
(3) Notwithstanding anything in sub clause (b) of clause ( 1 ), where the Legislature of a State
has prescribed any language other than the English language for use in Bills introduced in, or
Acts passed by, the Legislature of the State or in Ordinances promulgated by the Governor of
the State or in any order, rule, regulation or bye law referred to in paragraph (iii) of that sub
clause, a translation of the same in the English language published under the authority of the
Governor of the State in the Official Gazette of that State shall be deemed to be the
authoritative text thereof in the English language under this article
349. Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language During the period of
fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, no Bill or amendment making
provision for the language to be used for any of the purposes mentioned in clause ( 1 ) of Article
348 shall be introduced or moved in either House of Parliament without the previous sanction
of the President, and the President shall not give his sanction to the introduction of any such
Bill or the moving of any such amendment except after he has taken into consideration the
recommendations of the Commission constituted under clause ( 1 ) of Article 344 and the
report of the Committee constituted under clause ( 4 ) of that article CHAPTER IV SPECIAL
DIRECTIVES
350. Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances Every person shall be
entitled to submit a representation for the redress of any grievance to any officer or authority
of the Union or a State in any of the languages used in the Union or in the State, as the case
may be
350. A Facilities for instruction in mother tongue at primary stage It shall be the endeavour of
every State and of every local authority within the State to provide adequate facilities for
instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to
linguistic minority groups; and the President may issue such directions to any State as he
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considers necessary or proper for securing the provision of such facilities
350. B Special Officer for linguistic minorities

(1) There shall be a Special Officer for linguistic minorities to be appointed by the President
(2) It shall be the duty of the Special Officer to investigate all matters relating to the
safeguards provided for linguistic minorities under this Constitution and report to the
President upon those matters at such intervals as the president may direct, and the President
may direct, and the President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each House of
Parliament, and sent to the Governments of the States concerned
351. Directive for development of the Hindi language It shall be the duty of the Union to
promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of
expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India and to secure its enrichment
by assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and expressions used in
Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by
drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and
secondarily on other languages PART XVIII EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
352. Proclamation of Emergency

(1) If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or
of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, whether by war or external aggression or
armed rebellion, he may, by Proclamation, made a declaration to that effect in respect of the
whole of India or of such part of the territory thereof as may be specified in the Proclamation
Explanation A Proclamation of Emergency declaring that the security of India or any part of
the territory thereof is threatened by war or by external aggression or by armed rebellion
may be made before the actual occurrence of war or of any such aggression or rebellion, if the
President is satisfied that there is imminent danger thereof
(2) A Proclamation issued under clause (I) may be or revoked by a subsequent proclamation
(3) The President shall not issue a Proclamation under clause (I) or a Proclamation varying
such Proclamation unless the decision of the Union Cabinet (that is to say, the Council
consisting of the Prime Minister and other Ministers of Cabinet rank under Article 75) that
such a Proclamation may be issued has been communicated to him in writing
(4) Every Proclamation issued under this article shall be laid before each House of Parliament
and shall, except where it is a Proclamation revoking a previous Proclamation, cease to
operate at the expiration of one month unless before the expiration of that period it has been
approved by resolutions of both Houses of Parliament Provided that if any such Proclamation
(not being a Proclamation revoking a previous Proclamation) is issued at a time when the
House of the People has been dissolved, or place during the period of one month referred to
in this clause, and if a resolution approving the Proclamation has been passed by the Council
of States, but no resolution with respect to such Proclamation has been passed by the House
of the People before the expiration of that period, the Proclamation shall cease to operate at
the expiration of thirty days from the date on which the House of the People first sits after its
reconstitution, unless before the expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution
approving the Proclamation has been also passed by the House of the People
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(5) A Proclamation so approved shall, unless revoked, cease to operate on the expiration of a
period of six months from the date of the passing of the second of the resolutions approving
the proclamation under clause ( 4 ); Provided that if and so often as a resolution approving
the continuance in force of such a Proclamation is passed by both Houses of Parliament the
Proclamation shall, unless revoked, continue in force for a further period of six months from
the date on which it would otherwise have ceased of operate under this clause Provided
further that if the dissolution of the House of the People takes place during any such period
of six months an a resolution approving the continuance in force of such Proclamation has
been passed by the House of the People during the said period, the Proclamation shall cease
to operate at the expiration of thirty days from the date on which the House of the People
first sits after its reconstitution unless before the expiration of the said period of thirty days, a
resolution approving the continuance in force of the proclamation has been also passed by the
House of the People
(6) For the purpose of clause ( 4 ) and ( 5 ), a resolution may be passed by either House of
Parliament only by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not
less than two thirds of the members of that House present and voting
(7) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing clauses, the President shall revoke a
Proclamation issued under clause (l) or a Proclamation varying such Proclamation if the
House of the People passes a resolution disapproving, or, as the case may be, disapproving
the continuance in force of, such Proclamation
(8) Where a notice in writing signed by not less than one tenth of the total number of
members of the House of the People has been given of, their intention to move a resolution
for disapproving, or, as the case may be, for disapproving the continuance in force of, a
Proclamation issued under clause (l) or a Proclamation varying such Proclamation,
(a) to the Speaker, if the House is in session; or
(b) to the President, if the House is not in session, a special sitting of the House shall be held
within fourteen days from the date on which such notice is received by the Speaker, or as
the case may be, by the President, for the purpose of considering such resolution
(9) The power conferred on the President by this article shall include the power to issue
different Proclamations on different grounds, being war or external aggression or armed
rebellion or imminent danger of war or external aggression or armed rebellion, whether or
not here is a Proclamation already issued by the President under clause (l) and such
Proclamation is in operation
353. Effect of Proclamation of Emergency While a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation,

then
(a) notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall
extend to the giving of directions to any State as to the manner in which the executive power
thereof is to be exercised;
(b) the power of Parliament to make laws with respect to any matter shall include power to
make laws conferring powers and imposing duties, or authorising the conferring of powers
and the imposition of duties, upon the Union or officers and authorities of the Union as
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respects that matter, notwithstanding that t is one which is not enumerated in the Union List;
Provided that where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation only in any part of the
territory of India,
(i) the executive power of the Union to give directions under clause (a), and
(ii) the power of Parliament to make laws under clause (b), shall also extend to any State
other than a State in which or in any part of which the Proclamation of Emergency is in
operation if and in so far as the security of India or any part of the territory thereof is
threatened by activities in or in relation to the part of the territory of India in which the
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
354. Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of

Emergency is in operation (l) The President may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in
operation, by order direct that all or any of the provisions of Articles 268 to 279 shall for such
period, not extending in any case beyond the expiration of the financial year in which such
Proclamation ceases to operate, as may be specific in the order, have effect subject to such
exceptions or modifications as he thinks fit
(2) Every order made under clause (l) shall, as soon as may be after it is made, be laid before
each House of Parliament
355. Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance It
shall be the duty of the Union to protect every State against external aggression and internal
disturbance and to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with
the provisions of this Constitution
356. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in State

(1) If the President, on receipt of report from the Governor of the State or otherwise, is
satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on
in accordance with he provisions of this Constitution, the President may be Proclamation
(a) assume to himself all or any of the functions of the Government of the State and all or
any of the powers vested in or exercisable by the Governor or any body or authority in the
State other than the Legislature of the State;
(b) declare that the powers of the Legislature of the State shall be exercisable by or under
the authority of Parliament;
(c) make such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to the president to be
necessary or desirable for giving effect to the objects of the Proclamation, including
provisions for suspending in whole or in part the operation of any provisions of this
constitution relating to any body or authority in the State Provided that nothing in this
clause shall authorise the President to assume to himself any of the powers vested in or
exercisable by a High Court, or to suspend in whole or in part the operation of any provision
of this Constitution relating to High Courts
(2) Any such Proclamation may be revoked or varied by a subsequent Proclamation

(3) Every Proclamation issued under this article except where it is a Proclamation revoking a
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previous Proclamation, cease to operate at the expiration of two months unless before the
expiration of that period it has been approved by resolutions of both Houses of Parliament
Provided that if any such Proclamation (not being a Proclamation revoking a previous
Proclamation) is issued at a time when the House of the People is dissolved or the dissolution
of the House of the People takes place during the period of two months referred to in this
clause, and if a resolution approving the Proclamation has been passed by the Council of
States, but no resolution with respect to such Proclamation has been passed by the House of
the People before the expiration of that period, the Proclamation Shall cease to operate at the
expiration of thirty days from the date on which the House of the People first sits after its
reconstitution unless before the expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution
approving the Proclamation has been also passed by the House of the People
(4) A Proclamation so approved shall, unless revoked, cease to operate on the expiration of a
period of six months from the date of issue of the Proclamation: Provided that if and so often
as a resolution approving the continuance in force of such a Proclamation is passed by both
Houses of Parliament, the Proclamation shall, unless revoked, continue in force for a further
period of six months from the date on which under this clause it would otherwise have ceased
to operating, but no such Proclamation shall in any case remain in force for more than three
years: Provided further that if the dissolution of the House of the People takes place during
any such period of six months and a resolution approving the continuance in force of such
Proclamation has been passed by the Council of States, but no resolution with respect to the
continuance in force of such Proclamation has been passed by the House of the People during
the said period, the Proclamation shall cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days from
the date on which the House of the People first sits after its reconstitution unless before the
expiration of the said period of thirty days a resolution approving the continuance in force of
the Proclamation has been also passed by the House of the People
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause ( 4 ), a resolution with respect to the
continuance in force of a Proclamation approved under clause ( 3 ) for any period beyond the
expiration of one year from the date of issue of such proclamation shall not be passed by
either House of Parliament unless
(a) a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, in the whole of India or, as the case may be,
in the whole or any part of the State, at the time of the passing of such resolution, and
(b) the Election Commission certifies that the continuance in force of the Proclamation
approved under clause ( 3 ) during the period specified in such resolution is necessary on
account of difficulties in holding general elections to the Legislative Assembly of the State
concerned: Provided that in the case of the Proclamation issued under clause ( 1 ) on the 6
th day of October, 1985 with respect to the State of Punjab, the reference in this clause to
any period beyond the expiration of two years
357. Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under Article 356
(1) Whereby a Proclamation issued under clause ( 1 ) of Article 356, it has been declared that
the powers of the Legislature of the State shall be exercisable by or under the authority of
Parliament, it shall be competent
(a) for Parliament to confer on the President the power of the Legislature of the State to
make laws, and to authorise the President to delegate, subject to such conditions as he may
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think fit to impose, the power so conferred to any other authority to be specified by him in
that behalf;
(b) for Parliament, or for the President or other authority in whom such power to make laws
is vested under sub clause (a), to make laws conferring powers and imposing duties, or
authorising the conferring of powers and the imposition of duties, upon the Union or officers
and authorities thereof;
(c) for the President to authorise when the House of the People is not in session expenditure
from the Consolidated Fund of the State pending the sanction of such expenditure by
Parliament
(2) Any law made in exercise of the power of the Legislature of the State by Parliament or the
President or other authority referred to in sub clause (a) of clause ( 1 ) which Parliament or
the President or such other authority would not, but for the issue of a Proclamation under
Article 356, have been competent to make shall, after the Proclamation has ceased to operate,
continue in force until altered or repealed or amended by a competent Legislature or other
authority
358. Suspension of provisions of Article 19 during emergencies

(1) While a Proclamation of Emergency declaring that the security of India or any part of the
territory thereof is threatened by war or by external aggression is in operation, nothing in
Article 19 shall restrict the power of the State as defined in Part III to make any law or to take
any executive action which the State would but for the provisions contained in that Part be
competent to make or to take, but any law so made shall, to the extent of the in competency,
cease to have effect as soon as the Proclamation ceases to operate, except as respects things
done or omitted to be done before the law so ceases to have effect: Provided that where such
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation only in any part of the territory of India, any such
law may be made, or any such executive action may be taken, under this article in relation to
or in any State or Union territory in which or in any part of which the Proclamation of
Emergency is not in operation, if and in so far as the security of India or any part of the
territory thereof is threatened by activities in or in relation to the part of the territory of India
in which the Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
(2) Nothing in clause ( 1 ) shall apply (a) to any law which does not contain a recital to the
effect that such law is in relation to the Proclamation of Emergency in operation when it is
made; or (b) to any executive action taken otherwise than under a law containing such a
recital
359. Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies
(1) Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the President may by order declare
that the right to move any court for the enforcement of such of the rights conferred by Part
III (except Article 20 and 21) as may be mentioned in the order and all proceedings pending
in any court for the enforcement of the rights so mentioned shall remain suspended for the
period during which the Proclamation is in force or for such shorter period as may be
specified in the order
(1A) While an order made under clause ( 1 ) mentioning any of the rights conferred by Part
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III (except Article 20 and 21) is in operation, nothing in that Part conferring those rights
shall restrict the power of the State as defined in the said Part to make any law or to take
any executive action which the State would but for the provisions containing in that Part be
competent to make or to take, but any law so made shall, to the extent of the in competency,
cease to have effect as soon as the order aforesaid ceases to operate, except as respects
things done or omitted to be done before the law so ceases to have effect Provided that
where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation only in any part of the territory of India,
any such law may be made, or any such executive action may be taken, under this article in
relation to or in any State or Union territory in which or in any part of which the
Proclamation of Emergency is not in operation, if and in so far as the security of India or any
part of the territory thereof is threatened by activities in or in relation to the part of the
territory of India in which the Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
(1B) Nothing in clause ( 1A ) shall apply
(a) to any law which does not contain a recital to the effect that such law is in relation to the
Proclamation of Emergency in operation when it is made; or
(b) to any executive action taken otherwise than under a law containing such a recital
(2) An order made as aforesaid may extend to the whole or any part of the territory of India:
Provided that where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation only in a part of the
territory of India, any such order shall not extend to any other part of the territory of India
unless the President, being satisfied that the security of India or any part of the territory
thereof is threatened by activities in or in relation to the part of the territory of India in which
the Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, considers such extension to be necessary
(3) Every order made under clause ( 1 ) shall, as soon may be after it is made, be laid before
each House of Parliament
360. Provisions as to financial emergency

(1) If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or
credit of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, he may by a Proclamation
make a declaration to that effect
(2) A Proclamation issued under clause ( 1 )
(a) may be revoked or varied by a subsequent Proclamation;
(b) shall be laid before each House of Parliament;
(c) shall cease to operate at the expiration of two months unless before the expiration of that
period it has been approved by resolutions of both Houses of Parliament: Provided that if
any such Proclamation is issued at a time when the House of the People has been dissolved
or the dissolution of the House of the People takes place during the period of two months
referred to in sub clause (c), and if a resolution approving the Proclamation has been passed
by the Council of States, but no resolution with respect to such Proclamation has been
passed by the House of the People before the expiration of that period, the Proclamation
shall cease to operate at the expiration of thirty days from the ate on which the House of the
People first sits after its reconstitution, unless before the expiration of the said period of
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thirty days a resolution approving the Proclamation has been also passed by the House of
the People
(3) During the period any such Proclamation as is mentioned in clause ( 1 ) is in operation, the
executive authority of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to any State to
observe such canons of financial propriety as may be specified in the directions, and to the
giving of such other directions as the President may deem necessary and adequate for the
purpose
(a) any such direction may include
(i) a provision requiring the reduction of salaries and allowances of all or any class of
persons serving in connection with the affairs of a State;
(ii) a provision requiring all Money Bills or other Bills to which the provisions of Article 207
apply to be reserved for the consideration of the President after they are passed by the
Legislature of the State;
(b) it shall be competent for the President during the period any Proclamation issued under
this article is in operation to issue directions for the reduction of salaries and allowances of
all or any class of persons serving in connection with the affairs of the Union including the
Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts PART XIX MISCELLANEOUS
361. Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs

(1) The President, or the Governor or Rajpramukh of a State, shall not be answerable to any
court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of his office or for any act
done or purporting to be done by him in the exercise and performance of those powers and
duties: Provided that the conduct of the President may be brought under review by any
court, tribunal or body appointed or designated by either House of Parliament for the
investigation of a charge under Article 61: Provided further that nothing in this clause shall be
construed as restricting the right of any person to bring appropriate proceedings against the
Governor of India or the Government of a State
(2) No criminal proceedings whatsoever shall be instituted or continued against the President,
or the Governor of a State, in any court during his term of office
(3) No process for the arrest or imprisonment of the President, or the Governor of a State,
shall issue from any court during his term of office
(4) any civil proceedings in which relief is claimed against the President, or the Governor of a
State, shall be instituted during his term of office in any court in respect of any act done or
purporting to be done by him in his personal capacity, whether before or after he entered
upon his office as President, or as Governor of such State, until the expiration of two months
next after notice in writing has been delivered to the President or Governor, as the case may
be, or left at his office stating the nature of the proceedings, the cause of action therefor, the
name, description and place of residence of the party by whom such proceedings are to be
instituted and the relief which he claims
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361. A Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislature

(1) No person shall be liable to any proceedings, civil or criminal, in any court in respect of the
publication in a newspaper of a substantially true report of any proceedings of either House
of Parliament or the Legislative Assembly, or, as the case may be, either House of the
Legislature, of a State, unless the publication is proved to have been made with malice:
Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to the publication of any report of the
proceedings of a secret sitting of either House of Parliament or the Legislative Assembly, or,
as the case may be, either House of the Legislature, of a State
(2) Clause ( 1 ) shall apply in relation to reports or matters broadcast, by means of wireless
telegraphy as part of any programme or service provided by means of a broadcasting station
as it applies in relation to reports or matters published in a newspaper Explanation In this
article, newspaper includes a news agency report containing material for publication in a
newspaper
362. Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States Rep by the Constitution (Twenty sixth
Amendment) Act, 1971 ,
363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution but subject to the provisions of Article 143,
neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have jurisdiction in any dispute arising
out of any provision of a treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, sanad or other similar
instrument which was entered into or executed before the commencement of this
Constitution by any Ruler of an Indian State and to which the Government was a party and
which has or has been continued in operation after such commencement, or in any dispute in
respect of any right accruing under or any liability or obligation arising out of any of the
provisions of this Constitution relating to any such treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement,
sanad or other similar instrument
(2) In this article
(a) Indian State means any territory recognised before the commencement of this
Constitution by His Majesty or the Government of the Dominion of India as being such a
State; and
(b) Ruler includes the Prince, Chief or other person recognised before such commencement
by His Majesty or the Government of the Dominion of India as the Ruler of any Indian State
363. A Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution or in any law for the time being in force
(a) the Prince, Chief or other person who, at any time before the commencement or the
Constitution (Twenty sixth Amendment) Act, 1971 , was recognised by the President as the
Ruler of an Indian State or any person who, at any time before such commencement, was
recognised by the President as the successor of such Ruler shall, on and from such
commencement, cease to be recognised as such Ruler or the successor of such Ruler;
(b) on and from the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty sixth Amendment) Act, 1971 ,
privy purse is abolished and all rights, liabilities and obligations in respect of privy purse are
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extinguished and accordingly the Ruler or, as the case may be, the successor of such Ruler,
referred to in clause (a) or any other person shall not be paid any sum as privy purse
364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes

(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by public notification
direct that as from such date as may be specified in the notification
(a) any law made by Parliament or by the Legislature of a State shall not apply to any major
port or aerodrome or shall apply thereto subject to such exceptions or modifications as may
be specified in the notification, or
(b) any existing law shall cease to have effect in any major port or aerodrome except as
respects things done or omitted to be done before the said date, or shall in its application to
such port or aerodrome have effect subject to such exceptions or modifications as may be
specified in the notification
(2) In this article

(a) major port means a port declared to be a major port by or under any law made by
Parliament or any existing law and includes all areas for the time being included within the
limits of such port;
(b) aerodrome means aerodrome as defined for the purposes of the enactment s relating to
airways, aircraft and air navigation
365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union Where
any State has failed to comply with or to give effect to any directions given in the exercise of the
executive power of the Union under any directions given in the exercise of the executive power
of the Union under any of the provisions of this Constitution, it shall be lawful for the President
to hold that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in
accordance with the provisions of this Constitution
366. Definition In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, the following
expressions have l, the meanings hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say
(1) agricultural income means agricultural income as defined for the purposes of the
enactments relating to Indian income tax;
(2) an Anglo Indian means a person whose father or any of whose other male progenitors in
the male line is or was of European descent but who is domiciled within the territory of India
and is or was born within such territory of parents habitually resident therein and not
established there for temporary purposes only;
(3) article means an article of this Constitution;
(4) borrow includes the raising of money by the grant of annuities, and loan shall be
construed accordingly;
(5) clause means a clause of the article in which the expression occurs;
(6) corporation tax means any tax on income, so far as that tax is payable by companies and is
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a tax in the case of which the following conditions are fulfilled:

(a) that it is not chargeable in respect of agricultural income;
(b) that no deduction in respect of the tax paid by companies is, by any enactments which
may apply to the tax, authorised to be made from dividends payable by the companies to
individuals;
(c) that no provision exists for taking the tax so paid into account in computing for the
purposes of Indian income tax the total income of individuals receiving such dividends, or in
computing the Indian income tax payable by, or refundable to, such individuals;
(7) corresponding Province, corresponding Indian State or corresponding State means in

cases of doubt such Province, Indian State or State as may be determined by the President to
be the corresponding Province, the corresponding Indian State or the corresponding State, as
the case may be, for the particular purpose in question;
(8) debt includes any liability in respect of any obligation to repay capital sums by way of
annuity and any liability under any guarantee, and debt charges shall be construed
accordingly;
(9) estate duty means a duty to be assessed on or by reference to the principal value,
ascertained in accordance with such rules as may be prescribed by or under laws made by
Parliament or the Legislature of a State relating to the duty, of all property passing upon
death or deemed, under the provisions of the said laws, so to pass;
(10) existing law means any law, Ordinance, order, bye law, rule or regulation passed or made
before the commencement of this Constitution by any Legislature, authority or person having
power to make such a law, Ordinance, order, bye law, rule or regulation;
(11) Federal Court means the Federal Court constituted under the Government of India Act,
1935 ;
(12) goods includes all materials, commodities, and articles;
(13) guarantee includes any obligation undertaken before the commencement of this
Constitution to make payments in the event of the profits of an undertaking falling short of a
specified amount;
(14) High Court means any court which is deemed for the purposes of this Constitution to be
a High Court for any State and includes
(a) any Court in the territory of India constituted or reconstituted under this Constitution as
a High Court, and
(b) any other Court in the territory of India which may be declared by Parliament by law to
be a High Court for all or any of the purposes of this Constitution;
(15) Indian State means any territory which the Government of the Dominion of India
recognised as such a State;
(16) Part means a part of this Constitution;
(17) pension means a pension, whether contributory or not, of any kind whatsoever payable
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to or in respect of any person, and includes retired pay so payable, a gratuity so payable and
any sum or sums so payable by way of the return, with or without interest thereon or any
other addition thereto, of subscriptions to a provident fund;
(18) Proclamation of Emergency means a Proclamation issued under clause ( 1 ) of Article 352;
(19) public notification means a notification in the Gazette of India, or, as the case may be, the
Official Gazette of a State;
(20) railway does not include
(a) a tramway wholly within a municipal area, or
(b) any other line of communication wholly situate in one State and declared by Parliament
by law not to be a railway;
(22) Ruler means the Prince, Chief or other person who, at any time before the
commencement of the Constitution (Twenty sixth Amendment) Act, 1971 , was recognised by
the President as the Ruler of an Indian State or any person who, at any time before such
commencement, was recognised by the President as the successor of such Ruler;
(23) Schedule means a Schedule to this Constitution;
(24) Scheduled Castes means such cases, races or tribes or parts of or groups within such
castes, races or tribes as are deemed under Article 341 to be Scheduled Castes for the
purposes of this Constitution;
(25) Scheduled Tribes means such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within
such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for
the purposes of this Constitution;
(26) securities includes stock;
(27) sub clause means a sub clause of the clause in which the expression occurs;
(28) taxation includes the imposition of any tax or impost, whether general or local or special,
and tax shall be construed accordingly;
(29) tax on income includes a tax in the nature of an excess profits tax;
(29A) tax on the sale or purchase of goods includes
(a) a tax on the transfer, otherwise than in pursuance of a contact, of property in any goods
for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration;
(b) a tax on the transfer of property in goods (whether as goods or in some other form)
invoked in the execution of a works contract;
(c) a tax on the delivery of goods on hire purchase or any system of payment by instalments;
(d) a tax on the transfer of the right to use any goods for any purpose (whether or not for a
specified period) for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration;
(e) a tax on the supply of goods by any unincorporated association or body of persons to a
member thereof for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration;
(f) a tax on the supply, by way of or as part of any service or in any other manner
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whatsoever, of goods, being food or any other article for human consumption or any drink
(whether or not intoxicating), where such supply or service, is for cash, deferred payment or
other valuable consideration, and such transfer, delivery or supply of any goods shall be
deemed to be a sale of those goods by the person making the transfer, delivery or supply
and a purchase of those goods by the person to whom such transfer, delivery or supply is
made;
(30) Union territory means any Union territory specified in the First Schedule and includes
any other territory comprised within the territory of India but not specified in that Schedule
367. Interpretation
(1) Unless the context otherwise requires, the General Clauses Act, 1897 , shall, subject to any
adaptations and modifications that may be made therein under Article 372, apply for the
interpretation of this Constitution as it applies for the interpretation of an Act of the
Legislature of the Dominion of India
(2) Any reference in this Constitution to Acts or laws of, or made by, Parliament, or to Acts or
laws of, or made by, the Legislature of a State, shall be construed as including a reference to
an Ordinance made by the President or, to an Ordinance made by a Governor, as the case
may be
(3) For the purposes of this Constitution foreign State means any State other than India:
Provided that, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, the President may by
order declare any State not to be a foreign State for such purposes as may be specified in the
order PART XX AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor

(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may in exercise of its
constituent power amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision of this
Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down in this article
(2) An amendment of this Constitution may be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill for
the purpose in either House of Parliament, and when the Bill is passed in each House by a
majority of the total membership of that House present and voting, it shall be presented to
the President who shall give his assent to the Bill and thereupon the Constitution shall stand
amended in accordance with the terms of the Bill: Provided that if such amendment seeks to
make any change in
(a) Article 54, Article 55, Article 73, Article 162 or Article 241, or
(b) Chapter IV of Part V, Chapter V of Part VI, or Chapter I of Part XI, or
(c) any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule, or
(d) the representation of States in Parliament, or
(e) the provisions of this article, the amendment shall also require to be ratified by the
Legislature of not less than one half of the States by resolution to that effect passed by those
Legislatures before the Bill making provision for such amendment is presented to the
President for assent
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(3) Nothing in Article 13 shall apply to any amendment made under this article
(4) No amendment of this Constitution (including the provisions of Part III) made or
purporting to have been made under this article whether before or after the commencement
of Section 55 of the Constitution (Forty second Amendment) Act, 1976 shall be called in
question in any court on any ground
(5) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that there shall be no limitation whatever
on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way of addition, variation or repeal the
provisions of this Constitution under this article PART XXI TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL
AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS
369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State
List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution, Parliament shall, during a period of five years from the commencement of this
constitution, have power to make laws with respect to the following matters as if they were
enumerated in the Concurrent List, namely:
(a) trade and commerce within a State in, and in production, supply and distribution of,
cotton and woollen textiles, raw cotton (including ginned cotton and unginned cotton or
kapas), cotton seed, paper (including newsprint), foodstuffs (including edible oilseeds and oil),
cattle fodder (including oil cakes and other concentrates), coal (including coke and derivatives
of coal), iron, steel and mica;
(b) offences against laws with respect to any of the matters mentioned in clause (a),
jurisdiction and powers of all courts except the Supreme Court with respect to any of those
matters, and fees in respect of any of those matters but not including fees taken in any court;
but any law made by Parliament, which Parliament would not but for the provisions of this
article have been competent to make, shall, to the extent of the incompetency, cease to have
effect on the expiration of the said period, except as respects things done or omitted to be
done before the expiration thereof
370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,
(a) the provisions of Article 238 shall not apply in relation to the State of Jammu and
Kashmir;
(b) the power of Parliament to make laws for the said State shall be limited to
(i) those matters in the Union List and the Concurrent List which, in consultation with the
Government of the State, are declared by the President to correspond to matters specified
in the Instrument of Accession governing the accession of the State to the Dominion of
India as the matters with respect to which the Dominion Legislature may make laws for
that State; and
(ii) such other matters in the said Lists as, with the concurrence of the Government of the
State, the President may by order specify Explanation For the purposes of this article, the
Government of the State means the person for the time being recognised by the President
as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers for
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the time being in office under the Maharajas Proclamation dated the fifth day of March,
1948 ;
(c) the provisions of Article 1 and of this article shall apply in relation to that State;
(d) such of the other provisions of this Constitution shall apply in relation to that State
subject to such exceptions and modifications as the President may by order specify:
Provided that no such order which relates to the matters specified in the Instrument of
Accession of the State referred to in paragraph (i) of sub clause (b) shall be issued except in
consultation with the Government of the State: Provided further that no such order which
relates to matters other than those referred to in the last preceding proviso shall be issued
except with the concurrence of that Government
(2) If the concurrence of the Government of the State referred to in paragraph (ii) of sub
clause (b) of clause ( 1 ) or in the second proviso to sub clause (d) of that clause be given
before the Constituent Assembly for the purpose of framing the Constitution of the State is
convened, it shall be placed before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon
(3) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this article, the President may, by
public notification, declare that this article shall cease to be operative or shall be operative
only with such exceptions and modifications and from such date as he may specify: Provided
that the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State referred to in clause ( 2 )
shall be necessary before the President issues such a notification
371. Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by order made with
respect to the State of Maharashtra or Gujarat, provide for any special responsibility of the
Governor for
(a) the establishment of separate development boards for Vidarbha, Marathwada, and the
rest of Maharashtra or, as the case may be, Saurashtra, Kutch and the rest of these boards
will be placed each year before the State Legislative Assembly;
(b) the equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure over the said areas,
subject to the requirements of the State as a whole; and
(c) an equitable arrangement providing adequate facilities for technical education and
vocational training, and adequate opportunities for employment in service under the control
of the State Government, in respect of all the said areas, subject to the requirements of the
State as a whole
371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland

(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,
(a) no Act of Parliament in respect of
(i) religious or social practices of the Nagas,
(ii) Naga customary law and procedure,
(iii) administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga
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customary law,
(iv) ownership and transfer of land and its resources, shall apply to the State of Nagaland
unless the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland by a resolution so decides;
(b) the Governor of Nagaland shall have special responsibility with respect to law and order
in the State of Nagaland for so long as in his opinion internal disturbances occurring in the
Naga Hills Tuensang Area immediately before the formation of that State continue therein
or in any part thereof and in the discharge of his functions in relation thereto the Governor
shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers, exercise his individual judgment as to the
action to be taken: Provided that if any question arises whether any matter is or is not a
matter as respects which the Governor is under this sub clause required to act in the
exercise of his individual judgment, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be
final, and the validity of anything done by the Governor shall not be called in question on
the ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in the exercise of his individual
judgment: Provided further that if the President on receipt of a report from the Governor or
otherwise is satisfied that it is no longer necessary for the Governor to have special
responsibility with respect to law and order in the State of Nagaland, he may by order direct
that the Governor shall cease to have such responsibility with effect from such date as may
be specified in the order;
(c) in making his recommendation with respect to any demand for a grant, the Governor of
Nagaland shall ensure that any money provided by the Government of India out of the
Consolidated Fund of India for any specific service or purpose is included in the demand for
a grant relating to that service or purpose and not in any other demand;
(d) as from such date as the Governor of nagaland may by public notification in this behalf
specify, there shall be estalished a regional council for the Tuensang district consisting of
thirty five members and the Governor shall in his discretion make rules providing for
(i) the composition of the regional council and the manner in which the members of the
regional council shall be chosen: Provided that the Deputy Commissioner of the Tuensang
district shall be the Chairman ex officio of the regional council and the Vice Chairman of
the regional council shall be elected by the members thereof from amongst themselves;
(ii) the qualifications for being chosen as, and for being, members of the regional council;
(iii) the term of office of, and the salaries and allowances, if any, to be paid to members of,
the regional council;
(iv) the procedure and conduct of business of the regional council;
(v) the appointment of officers and staff of the regional council and their conditions of
services; and
(vi) any other matter in respect of which it is necessary to make rules for the constitution
and proper functioning of the regional council
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, for a period of ten years from the date of
the formation of the State of Nagaland or for such further period as the Governor may, on the
recommendation of the regional council, by public notification specify in this behalf,
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(a) the administration of the Tuensang district shall be carried on by the Governor;
(b) where any money is provided by the Government of India to the Government of
Nagaland to meet the requirements of the State of nagaland as a whole, the Governor shall
in his discretion arrange for an equitable allocation of that money between the Tuensang
district and the rest of the State;
(c) no Act of the Legislature of Nagaland shall apply to the Tuensang district unless the
Governor, on the recommendation of the regional council, by public notification so directs
and the Governor in giving such direction with respect to any such Act may direct that the
Act shall in its application to the Tuensang district or any part thereof have effect subject to
such exceptions or modifications as the Governor may specify on the recommendation of the
regional council: Provided that any direction given under this sub clause may be given so as
to have retrospective effect;
(d) the Governor may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the
Tuensang district and any regulations so made may repeal or amend with retrospective
effect, if necessary, any Act of Parliament or any other law which is for the time being
applicable to that district;
(e)
(i) one of the members representing the Tuensang district in the Legislative Assembly of
nagaland shall be appointed Minister for Tuensang affairs by the Governor on the advice
of the Chief Minister and the Chief Minister in tendering his advice shall act on the
recommendation of the majority of the members as aforesaid;
(ii) the Minister for Tuensang affairs shall deal with, and have direct access to the
Governor on, all matters relating to the Tuensang district but he shall keep the Chief
Minister informed about the same;
(f) notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this clause, the final decision on
all matters relating to the Tuensang district shall be made by the Governor in his discretion;
(g) in articles 54 and 55 and clause ( 4 ) of Article 80, references to the elected members of
the Legislative Assembly of a State or to each such member shall include references to the
members or member of the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland elected by the regional council
established under this article;
(h) in Article 170
(i) clause ( 1 ) shall, in relation to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland, have effect as if for
the word sixty, the words forty six had been substituted;
(ii) in the said clause, the reference to direct election from territorial constituencies in the
State shall include election by the members of the regional council established under this
article;
(iii) in clauses ( 2 ) and ( 3 ), references to territorial constituencies shall mean references to
territorial constituencies in the Kohima and Mokokchung districts
371B. Special provision with respect to the State of Assam Notwithstanding anything in this
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Constitution, the President may, by order made with respect to the State of Assam, provide for
the constitution and functions of a committee of the Legislative Assembly of the State consisting
of members of that Assembly elected from the tribal areas specified in Part I of the table
appended to paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule and such number of other members of that
Assembly as may be specified in the order and for the modifications to be made in the rules of
procedure of that Assembly for the constitution and proper functioning of such committee
371C. Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur

(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may, by order made with
respect to the State of Manipur, provide for the constitution and functions of a committee of
the Legislative Assembly of the State consisting of members of that Assembly elected from the
Hill Areas of that State, for the modifications to be made in the rules of business of the
Government and in the rules of procedure of the Legislative Assembly of the State and for
any special responsibility of the Governor in order to secure the proper functioning of such
committee
(2) The Governor shall annually, or whenever so required by the President, make a report to
the President regarding the administration of the Hill Areas in the State of Manipur and the
executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to the State as to the
administration of the said areas Explanation In this article, the expression Hill Areas means
such areas as the President may, by order, declare to be Hill Areas
371D. Special provisions with respect to the state of Andhra Pradesh

(1) The president may by order made with respect to the state of Andhra Pradesh provide,
having regard to the requirements of the state as a whole, for equitable opportunities and
facilities for the people belonging to different parts of state, in the matter of public
employment and in the matter of education, and different provisions may be made for
various parts of the state
(2) An order made under clause ( 1 ) may, in particular,
(a) require the state Government to organise any class or classes of posts in a civil service of,
or any classes of civil post of state and allot in accordance with such principal and procedure
as may be specified in the order the persons holding such post to the local cadres so
organised;
(b) specify any part or parts of the state which shall be regarded as the local area
(i) for direct recruitment to posts in any local cadre (whether organised in pursuance of an
order under this article or constituted otherwise) under the State Government;
(ii) for direct recruitment to posts in any cadre under any local authority within the State;
and
(iii) for the purposes of admission to any University within the State or to any other
educational institution which is subject to the control of the State Government;
(c) specify the extent to which, the manner in which and the conditions subject to which,
preference or reservation shall be given or made
(i) in the matter of direct recruitment to posts in any such cadre referred to in sub clause
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(b) as may be specified in this behalf in the order;

(ii) in the matter of admission to any such University or other educational institution
referred to in sub clause (b) as may be specified in this behalf in the order, to or in favour
of candidates who have resided or studied for any period specified in the order in the local
area in respect of such cadre, University or other educational institution, as the case may
be
(3) The President may, by order, provide for the constitution of an Administrative Tribunal
for the State of Andhra Pradesh to exercise such jurisdiction, powers and authority including
any jurisdiction, power and authority which immediately before the commencement of the
constitution (Thirty second Amendment) Act, 1973 , was exercisable by any court (other than
the Supreme Court) or by any tribunal or other authority as may be specified in the order
with respect to the following matters, namely:
(a) appointment, allotment or promotion to such class or classes of posts in any civil service
of the State, or to such class or classes of civil posts under the State, or to such class or
classes of posts under the control of any local authority within the State, as may be specified
in the order;
(b) seniority of persons appointed, allotted or promoted to such class or classes of posts in
any civil service of the State, or to such class or classes of civil posts under the State, or to
such class or classes of posts under the control of any local authority within the State, as may
be specified in the order;
(c) such other conditions of service of persons appointed, allotted or promoted to such class
or classes of civil posts under the State or to such class or classes of posts under the control
of any local authority within the State, as may be specified in the order
(4) An order made under clause ( 3 ) may

(a) authorise the Administrative Tribunal to receive representations for the redress of
grievances relating to any matter within its jurisdiction as the President may specify in the
order and to make such orders thereon as the Administrative Tribunal deems fit;
(b) contain such provisions with respect to the powers and authorities and procedure of the
Administrative Tribunal (including provisions with respect to the powers of the
Administrative Tribunal to punish for contempt of itself) as the President may deem
necessary;
(c) provide for the transfer of the Administrative Tribunal of such classes of proceedings,
being proceedings relating to matters within its jurisdiction and pending before any court
(other than the Supreme Court) or tribunal or other authority immediately before the
commencement of such order, as may be specified in the order;
(d) contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions (including provisions
as to fees and as to limitation, evidence or for the application of any law for the time being in
force subject to any exceptions or modifications) as the President may deem necessary
(5) The order of the Administrative Tribunal finally disposing of any case shall become
effective upon its confirmation by the State Government or on the expiry of three months
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from the date on which the order is made, whichever is earlier: Provided that the State
Government may, by special order made in writing and for reasons to be specified therein,
modify or annul any order of the Administrative Tribunal before it becomes effective and in
such a case, the order of the Administrative Tribunal shall have effect only in such modified
form or be of no effect, as the case may be
(6) Every special order made by the State Government under the proviso to clause ( 5 ) shall
be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before both Houses of the State Legislature
(7) The High Court for the State shall not have any powers of superintendence over the
Administrative Tribunal and no court (other than the Supreme Court) or tribunal shall
exercise any jurisdiction, power or authority in respect of any matter subject to the
jurisdiction, power or authority of, or in relation to, the Administrative Tribunal
(8) If the President is satisfied that the continued existence of the Administrative Tribunal is
not necessary, the President may by order abolish the Administrative Tribunal and make
such provisions in such order as he may deem fit for the transfer and disposal of cases
pending before the Tribunal immediately before such abolition
(9) Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court, tribunal or other authority,
(a) no appointment, posting, promotion or transfer of any person
(i) made before the 1 st day of November, 1956 , to any post under the Government of, or
any local authority within, the State of Hyderabad as it existed before that date; or
(ii) made before the commencement of the Constitution (Thirty second Amendment) Act,
1973 , to any post under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, the
State of Andhra Pradesh; and
(b) no action taken or thing done by or before any person referred to in sub clause (a), shall
be deemed to be illegal or void or ever to have become illegal or void merely on the ground
that the appointment, posting, promotion or transfer of such person was not made in
accordance with any law, then in force, providing for any requirement as to residence within
the State of Hyderabad or, as the case may be, within any part of the State of Andhra
Pradesh, in respect of such appointment, posting, promotion or transfer
(10) The provisions of this article and of any order made by the President thereunder shall
have effect notwithstanding anything in any other provision of this Constitution or in any
other law for the time being in force
371E. Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh Parliament may by law provide
for the establishment of a University in the State of Andhra Pradesh
371F. Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution,
(a) the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim shall consist of not less than thirty
members;
(b) as from the date of commencement of the Constitution (Thirty sixth Amendment) Act,
1975 , (hereafter in this article referred to as the appointed day)
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(i) the Assembly for Sikkim formed as a result of the elections held in Sikkim in April, 1974
with thirty two members elected in the said elections (hereinafter referred to as the sitting
members) shall be deemed to be the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim duly
constituted under this Constitution;
(ii) the sitting members shall be deemed to be the members of the Legislative Assembly of
the State of Sikkim duly elected under this Constitution; and
(iii) the said Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim shall exercise the powers and
perform the functions of the Legislative Assembly of a State under this Constitution;
(c) in the case of the Assembly deemed to be the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim
under clause (b), the references to the period of five years in clause ( 1 ) of Article 172 shall be
construed as references to a period of four years and the said period of four years shall be
deemed to commence from the appointed day;
(d) until other provisions are made by Parliament by law, there shall be allotted to the State
of Sikkim one seat in the House of the People and the State of Sikkim shall form one
parliamentary constituency to be called the parliamentary constituency for Sikkim;
(e) the representative of the State of Sikkim in the House of the People in existence on the
appointed day shall be elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly of the State of
Sikkim;
(f) Parliament may, for the purpose of protecting the rights and interests of the different
sections of the population of Sikkim make provision for the number of seats in the Legislative
Assembly of the State of Sikkim which may be filled by candidates belonging to such sections
and for the delimitation of the assembly constituencies from which candidates belonging to
such sections alone may stand for election to the Legislative Assembly of the State of Sikkim;
(g) the Governor of Sikkim shall have special responsibility for peace and for an equitable
arrangement for ensuring the social and economic advancement of different sections of the
population of Sikkim and in the discharge of his special responsibility under this clause, the
Governor of Sikkim shall, subject to such directions as the President may, from time to time,
deem fit to issue, act in his discretion;
(h) all property and assets (whether within or outside the territories comprised in the State of
Sikkim) which immediately before the appointed day were vested in the Government of
Sikkim or in any other authority or in any person for the purposes of the Government of
Sikkim shall, as from the appointed day, vest in the Government of the State of Sikkim;
(i) the High Court functioning as such immediately before the appointed day in the territories
comprised in the State of Sikkim shall, on and from the appointed day, be deemed to be the
High Court for the State of Sikkim;
(j) all courts of civil, criminal and revenue jurisdiction, all authorities and all officers, judicial,
executive and ministerial, throughout the territory of the State of Sikkim shall continue on
and from the appointed day to exercise their respective functions subject to the provisions of
this Constitution;
(k) all laws in force immediately before the appointed day in the territories comprised in the
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State of Sikkim or any part thereof shall continue to be in force therein until amended or
repealed by a competent legislature or other competent authority;
(l) for the purpose of facilitating the application of any such law as is referred to in clause (k)
in relation to the administration of the State of Sikkim and for the purpose of bringing the
provisions of any such law into accord with the provisions of this Constitution, the President
may, within two years from the appointed day, by order, make such adaptations and
modifications of the law, whether by way of repeal or amendment, as may be necessary or
expedient, and thereupon, every such law shall have effect subject to the adaptations and
modifications so made, and any such adaptation or modification shall not be questioned in
any court of law;
(m) neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have jurisdiction in respect of any
dispute or other matter arising out of any treaty, agreement, engagement or other similar
instrument relating to Sikkim which was entered into or executed before the appointed day
and to which the Government of India or any of its predecessor Governments was a party,
but nothing in this clause shall be construed to derogate from the provisions of Article 143;
(n) the President may, by public notification, extend with such restrictions or modifications as
he thinks fit to the State of Sikkim any enactment which is in force in a State in India at the
date of the notification;
(o) if any difficulty arises in giving effect to any of the foregoing provisions of this article, the
president may, by order, do anything (including any adaptation or modification of any other
article) which appears to him to be necessary for the purpose of removing that difficulty:
Provided that no such order shall be made after the expiry of two years from the appointed
day;
(p) all things done and all actions taken in or in relation to the State of Sikkim or the
territories comprised therein during the period commencing on the appointed day and
ending immediately before the date on which the Constitution (Thirty sixth Amendment) Act,
1975 , be deemed for all purposes to have been validly done or taken under this Constitution
as so amended
371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution,
(a) no Act of President in respect of
(i) religious or social practices of the Mizos,
(ii) Mizo customary law and procedure,
(iii) administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Mizo
customary law,
(iv) ownership and transfer of land, shall apply to the State of Mizoram unless the
Legislative Assembly of the State of Mizoram by a resolution so decides: Provided that
nothing in this clause shall apply to any Central Act in force in the union territory of
Mizoram immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Fifty third
Amendment) Act, 1986 ;
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(b) the Legislative Assembly of the State of Mizoram shall consist of not less than forty
members
371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution,
(a) the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh shall have special responsibility with respect to law
and order in the State of Arunachal Pradesh and in the discharge of his functions in relation
thereto, the Governor shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers, exercise his individual
judgment as to the action to be taken: Provided that if any question arises whether any
matter is or is not a matter as respects which the Governor is under this clause required to act
in the exercise of his individual judgment, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall
be final, and the validity of anything done by the Governor shall not be called in question on
the ground that he ought or ought not to have acted in the exercise of his individual
judgment: Provided further that if the President on receipt of a report from the Governor or
otherwise is satisfied that it is no longer necessary for the Governor to have special
responsibility with respect to law and order in the State of Arunachal Pradesh, he may by
order direct that the Governor shall cease to have such responsibility with effect from such
date as may be specified in the order;
(b) the Legislative Assembly of the State of Arunachal Pradesh shall consist of not less than
thirty members
371I. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa Notwithstanding anything in this
Constitution, the Legislative Assembly of the State of Goa shall consist of not less than thirty
members
372. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation

(1) Notwithstanding the repeal by this Constitution of the enactments referred to in Article
395 but subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, all the laws in force in the territory
of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, all the laws in force in
the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall
continue in force therein until altered or repealed or amended by a competent Legislature or
other competent authority
(2) For the purpose of bringing the provisions of any law in force in the territory of India into
accord with the provisions of this Constitution, the President may by order make such
adaptations and modifications of such law, whether by way of repeal or amendment, as may
be necessary or expedient, and provide that the law shall, as from such date as may be
specified in the order, have effect subject to the adaptations and modifications so made, and
any such adaptation or modification shall not be questioned in any court of law
(3) Nothing in clause ( 2 ) shall be deemed
(a) to empower the President to make any adaptation or modification of any law after the
expiration of three years from the commencement of this Constitution; or
(b) to prevent any competent Legislature or other competent authority from repealing or
amending any law adapted or modified by the President under the said clause Explanation I
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The expression law in force in this article shall include a law passed or made by a legislature
or other competent authority in the territory of India before the commencement of this
Constitution and not previously repealed, notwithstanding that it or parts of it may not be
then in operation either at all or in particular areas Explanation II Any law passed or made
by a legislature or other competent authority in the territory of India which immediately
before the commencement of this Constitution had extra territorial effect as well as effect in
the territory of India shall, subject to any such adaptations and modifications as aforesaid,
continue to have such extra territorial effect Explanation III Nothing in this article shall be
construed as continuing any temporary law in force beyond the date fixed for its expiration
or the date on which it would have expired if this Constitution had not come into force
Explanation IV An Ordinance promulgated by the Governor of a Province under Section 88
of the Government of India Act, 1935 , and in force immediately before the commencement
of this Constitution shall, unless withdrawn by the Governor of the corresponding State
earlier, cease to operate at the expiration of six weeks from the first meeting after such
commencement of the Legislative Assembly of that State functioning under clause ( 1 ) of
Article 382, and nothing in this article shall be construed as continuing any such Ordinance
in force beyond the said period
372. A Power of the President to adapt laws

(1) For the purposes of bringing the provisions of any law in force in India or in any part
thereof, immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment)
Act, 1956 , into accord with the provisions of this Constitution as amended by that Act, the
President may by order made before the 1 st day of November, 1957 make such adaptations
and modifications of the law, whether by way of repeal or amendment, as may be necessary
or expedient, and provide that the law shall, as from such date as may be specified in the
order, have effect subject to the adaptations and modifications so made, and any such
adaptation or modification shall not be questioned in any court of law
(2) Nothing in clause ( 1 ) shall be deemed to prevent a competent legislature or other
competent authority from repealing or amending any law adapted or modified by the
President under the said clause
373. Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in
certain cases Until provision is made by Parliament under clause ( 7 ) of Article 22, or until the
expiration of one year from the commencement of this Constitution, whichever is earlier, the
said article shall have effect as if for any reference to Parliament in clauses ( 4 ) and ( 7 )
thereof there were substituted a reference to the Parliament in those clauses there were
substituted a reference to an order made by the President
374. Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal
Court or before His Majesty in Council ( 1 ) The Judges of the Federal Court holding office
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected
otherwise, become on such commencement the Judges of the Supreme Court and shall
thereupon be entitled to such salaries and allowances and to such rights in respect of leave of
absence and pension as are provided for under Article 125 in respect of the Judges of the
Supreme Court
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(2) All suits, appeals and proceedings, civil or criminal, pending in the Federal Court at the
commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such
commencement the Judges of the Supreme Court and shall thereupon be entitled to such
salaries and allowances and to such rights in respect of leave of absence and pension as are
provided for under Article 125 in respect of the Judges of the Supreme Court
(3) Nothing in this Constitution shall operate to invalidate the exercise of jurisdiction by His
Majesty in Council to dispose of appeals and petitions from, or in respect of, any judgement,
decree or order of any court within the territory of India in so far as the exercise of such
jurisdiction is authorised by law, and any order of His Majesty in Council made on any such
appeal or petition after the commencement of this Constitution shall for all purposes have
effect as if it were an order or decree made by the Supreme Court in the exercise of the
jurisdiction conferred on such Court by this Constitution
(4) On and from the commencement of this Constitution the jurisdiction of the authority
functioning as the Privy Council in a State specified in Part B of the First Schedule to
entertain and dispose of appeals and petitions from or in respect of any judgment, decree or
order of any court within that State shall cease, and all appeals and other proceedings
pending before the said authority at such commencement shall be transferred to, and
disposed of by, the Supreme Court
(5) Further provision may be made by Parliament by law to give effect to the provisions of this
article
375. Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the
Constitution All courts of civil, criminal and revenue jurisdiction, all authorities and all officers,
judicial, executive and ministerial, throughout the territory of India, shall continue to exercise
their respective functions subject to the provisions of this Constitution
376. Provisions as to Judges of High Courts

(1) Notwithstanding anything in this clause ( 2 ) of Article 217, the Judges of a High Court in
any Province holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall,
unless they have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the Judges of the High
Court in the corresponding State, and shall thereupon be entitled to such salaries and
allowances and to such rights in respect of leave of absence and pension as are provided for
under Article 221 in respect of the Judges of such High Court Any such Judge shall,
notwithstanding that he is not a citizen of India, be eligible for appointment as Chief Justice
of such High Court, or as Chief Justice or other Judge of any other High Court
(2) The Judges of a High Court in any Indian State corresponding to any State specified in
Part B of the First Schedule holding office immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the
Judges of the High Court in the State so specified and shall, notwithstanding anything in
clauses ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) of Article 217 but subject to the proviso to clause ( 1 ) of that article,
continue to hold office until the expiration of such period as the President may by order
determine In this article, the expression Judge does not include an acting Judge or an
additional Judge
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377. Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor General of India The Auditor General of India
holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless he has
elected otherwise, become on such commencement the Comptroller and Auditor General of
India and shall thereupon be entitled to such salaries and to such rights in respect of leave of
absence and pension as are provided for under clause ( 3 ) of Article 148 in respect of the
Comptroller and Auditor General of India and be entitled to continue to hold office until the
expiration of his term of office as determined under the provisions which were applicable to
him immediately before such commencement
378. Provisions as to Public Service Commissions

(1) The members of the Public Service Commission for the Dominion of India holding office
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected
otherwise, become on such commencement the members of the Public Service Commission
for the Union and shall, notwithstanding anything in clauses ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) of Article 316 but
subject to the proviso to clause ( 2 ) of that article, continue to hold office until the expiration
of their term of office as determined under the rules which were applicable immediately
before such commencement to such members
(2) The members of a Public Service Commission of a Province or of a Public Service
Commission serving the needs of a group of Provinces holding office immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such
commencement the members of the Public Service Commission for the corresponding State
or the members of the Joint State Public Service Commission serving the needs of the
corresponding States, as the case may be, and shall, notwithstanding anything in clauses ( 1 )
and ( 2 ) of Article 316 but subject to the proviso to clause ( 2 ) of that article, continue to hold
office until the expiration of their term of office as determined under the rules which were
applicable immediately before such commencement to such members
378A. Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly

Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 172, the Legislative Assembly of the State of
Andhra Pradesh as constituted under the provisions of Sections 28 and 29 of the States
Reorganisation Act, 1956 , shall, unless sooner dissolved, continue for a period of five years
from the date referred to in the said Section 29 and no longer and the expiration of the said
period shall operate as a dissolution of that Legislative Assembly 379 391 Repealed by the
Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956 , S 29 and Sch
392. Power of the President to remove difficulties

(1) The President may, for the purpose of removing any difficulties, particularly in relation to
the transition from the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935 , to the provisions of
this Constitution, by order direct that this Constitution shall, during such period as may be
specified in the order, have effect subject to such adaptations, whether by way of
modification, addition or omission, as he may deem to be necessary or expedient: Provided
that no such order shall be made after the first meeting of Parliament duly constituted under
Chapter II of Part V
(2) Every order made under clause ( 1 ) shall be laid before Parliament
(3) The powers conferred on the President by this article, by Article 324, by clause ( 3 ) of
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Article 367 and by Article 391 shall, before the commencement of this Constitution, be
exercisable by the Governor General of the Dominion of India PART XXII SHORT TITLE,
COMMENCEMENT AND REPEALS
393. Short title This Constitution may be called the Constitution of India
394. Commencement This article and Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388,
391, 392 and 393 shall come into force at once, and the remaining provisions of this
Constitution shall come into force on the twenty sixth day of January, 1950 , which day is
referred to in this Constitution as the commencement of this Constitution
395. Repeals The Indian Independence Act, 1947 , and the Government of India Act, 1935 ,
together with all enactment s amending or supplementing the latter Act, but not including the
Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act, 1949 , are hereby repealed FIRST SCHEDULE
Articles 1 and 4 I THE STATES Name Territories
1. Andhra Pradesh The territories specified in sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the Andhra State
Act, 1953 , sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 , the First
Schedule to the Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1959 , and the
Schedule to the Andhra Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act, 1968 , but excluding
the territories specified in the Second Schedule to the Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration
of Boundaries) Act, 1959
2. Assam The territories which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution
were comprised in the Province of Assam, the Khasi States and the Assam Tribal Areas, but
excluding the territories specified in the Schedule to the Assam (Alteration of Boundaries) Act,
1951 , and the territories specified in sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the State of Nagaland Act,
1962 and the territories specified in sections 5, 6 and 7 of the North Eastern Areas
(Reorganisation) Act, 1971
3. Bihar The territories which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution were
either comprised in the Province of Bihar or were being administered as if they formed part of
that Province and the territories specified in clause ( 1 ) of sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1968 , but excluding the territories
specified in sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories)
Act, 1956 , and the territories specified in clause (b) of sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the first
mentioned Act
4. Gujarat The territories referred to in sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the Bombay

Reorganisation Act, 1960
5. Kerala The territories specified in sub section ( 1 ) of section 5 of the States Reorganisation
Act, 1956
6. Madhya Pradesh The territories specified in sub section ( 1 ) of section 9 of the States
Reorganisation Act, 1956 and the First Schedule to the Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh
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(Transfer of Territories) Act, 1959
7. Tamil Nadu The territories which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution
were either comprised in the Province of Madras or were being administered as if they formed
part of that Province and the territories specified in section 4 of the States Reorganisation Act,
1956 , and the Second Schedule to the Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries)
Act, 1959 but excluding the territories specified in sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 and sub section (
1 ) of section 4 of the Andhra State Act, 1953 and the territories specified in clause (b) of sub
section ( 1 ) of section 5, section 6 and clause (d) of sub section ( 1 ) of section 7 of the States
Reorganisation Act, 1956 and the territories specified in the First Schedule to the Andhra
Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1959
8. Maharashtra The territories specified in sub section ( 1 ) of section 8 of the States

Reorganisation Act, 1956 , but excluding the territories referred to in sub section ( 1 ) of section
3 of the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960
9. Karnataka The territories specified in sub section ( 1 ) of section 7 of the States

Reorganisation Act, 1956 but excluding the territory specified in the Schedule to the Andhra
Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act, 1968
10. Orissa The territories which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution
were either comprised in the Province of Orissa or were being administered as if they formed
part of that Province
11. Punjab The territories specified in section 11 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 and the
territories referred to in Part II of the First Schedule to the Acquired Territories (Merger) Act,
1960 but excluding the territories referred to in Part II of the First Schedule to the
Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960 and the territories specified in sub section ( 1 ) of
section 3, section 4 and sub section ( 1 ) of section 5 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966
12. Rajasthan The territories specified in section 10 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 but
excluding the territories specified in the First Schedule to the Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh
(Transfer of Territories) Act, 1959
13. Uttar Pradesh The territories which immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution were either comprised in the Province known as the United Provinces or were
being administered as if they formed part of that Province, the territories specified in clause (b)
of sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act,
1968 , and the territories specified in clause (b) of sub section ( 1 ) of section 4 of the Haryana
and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1979 , but excluding the territories specified
in clause (a) of sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of
Boundaries) Act, 1968 , and the territories specified in clause (a) of sub section ( 1 ) of section 4
of the Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1979
14. West Bengal The territories which immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution were either comprised in the Province of West Bengal or were being administered
as if they formed part of that Province in the territory of Chandernagore as defined in clause
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(c) of section 2 of the Chandernagore (Merger) Act, 1954 , and also the territories specified in
sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act, 1956
15. Jammu and The territory which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution
are comprised in the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir
16. Nagaland The territories specified in sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the State of Nagaland
Act, 1962
17. Haryana The territories specified in sub section ( 1 ) of section 3 of the Punjab
Reorganisation Act, 1966 and the territories specified in clause (a) of sub section ( 1 ) of section
4 of the Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act, 1979 , but excluding the
territories specified in clause (b) of sub section ( 1 ) of section 4 of that Act
18. Himachal Pradesh The territories which immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution were being administered as if they were Chief Commissioners Provinces under
the names of Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur and the Territories specified in sub section ( 1 ) of
section 5 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966
19. Manipur The territory which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution
was being administered as if it were a Chief Commissioners Province under the name of
Manipur
20. Tripura The territory which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution
was being administered as if it were a Chief Commissioners Province under the name of
Tripura
21. Meghalaya The territories specified in section 5 of the North Eastern Areas (Reorganisation)
Act, 1971
22. Sikkim The territories which immediately before the commencement of the Constitution
(Thirty sixth Amendment) Act, 1975 , were comprised in Sikkim
23. Mizoram The territories specified in section 6 of the North Eastern Areas (Reorganisation)
Act, 1971
24. Arunachal Pradesh The territories specified in section 7 of the North Eastern Areas
(Reorganisation) Act, 1971
25. Goa The territories specified in section 3 of the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act,
1987 II THE UNION TERRITORIES
1. Delhi The territory which immediately before the commencement of this Constitution was
comprised in the Chief Commissioners Province of Delhi
2. The Andaman and The territory which immediately before the commencement of this
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Constitution was comprised in the Chief Commissioners Province of the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands
3. Lakshadweep The territory specified in section 6 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956
4. Dadra and Nagar The territory which immediately before the eleventh day of August, 1961
was comprised in Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli
5. Daman and Diu The territories specified in section 4 of the Goa, Daman and Diu
Reorganisation Act, 1987
6. Pondicherry The territories which immediately before the sixteenth day of August, 1962 ,
were comprised in the French Establishments in India known as Pondicherry, Karikal, Mahe
and Yanam
7. Chandigarh The territories specified in section 4 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966
SECOND SCHEDULE Articles 59 ( 3 ), 65 ( 3 ), 75 ( 6 ), 97, 125, 148 ( 3 ), 158 ( 3 ), 164 ( 5 ), 186
and 221 PART A PROVISIONS AS TO THE PRESIDENT AND THE GOVERNORS OF
STATES
1. There shall be paid to the President and to the Governors of the States the following
emoluments per mensem, that is to say: The President 10, 000 rupees The Governor of a State
5, 500 rupees
2. There shall also be paid to the President and to the Governors of the States such allowances
as were payable respectively to the Governor General of the Dominion of India and to the
Governors of the corresponding Provinces immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution
3. The President and the Governors of the States throughout their respective terms of office
shall be entitled to the same privileges to which the Governor General and the Governors of the
corresponding Provinces were respectively entitled immediately before the commencement of
this Constitution
4. While the Vice President or any other person is discharging the functions of, or is acting as,
President, or any person is discharging the functions of the Governor, he shall be entitled to the
same emoluments, allowances and privileges as the President or the Governor whose functions
he discharges or for whom he acts, as the case may be PART C PROVISIONS AS TO THE
SPEAKER AND THE DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF THE PEOPLE AND THE
CHAIRMAN AND THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF STATES AND THE
SPEAKER AND THE DEPUTY SPEAKER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY AND THE
CHAIRMAN AND THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL OF A
STATE
7. There shall be paid to the Speaker of the House of the People and the Chairman of the
Council of States such salaries and allowances as were payable to the Speaker of the
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Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of India immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution, and there shall be paid to the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People and to
the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States such salaries and allowances as were payable to
the Deputy Speaker of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of India immediately before
such commencement
8. There shall be paid to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and
to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council of a State such salaries
and allowances as were payable respectively to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the
Legislative Assembly and the President and the Deputy President of the Legislative Council of
the corresponding Province immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and,
where the corresponding Province had no Legislative Council immediately before such
commencement, there shall be paid to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the
Legislative Council of the State such salaries and allowances as the Governor of the State may
determine PART D PROVISIONS AS TO THE JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT AND OF
THE HIGH COURTS
9.
(1) There shall be paid to the Judges of the Supreme Court, in respect of time spent on actual
service, salary at the following rates per mensem, that is to say: The Chief Justice 10, 000
rupees Any other Judge 9, 000 rupees: Provided that if a Judge of the Supreme Court at the
time of his appointment is in receipt of a pension (other than a disability or wound pension) in
respect of any previous service under the Government of India or any of its predecessor
Governments or under the Government of a State or any of its predecessor Governments, his
salary in respect of service in the Supreme Court shall be reduced
(a) by the amount of that pension, and
(b) if he has, before such appointment, received in lieu of a portion of the pension due to
him in respect of such previous service the commuted value thereof, by the amount of that
portion of the pension, and
(c) if he has, before such appointment, received a retirement gratuity in respect of such
previous service, by the pension equivalent of that gratuity
(2) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of
an official residence
(3) Nothing in sub paragraph ( 2 ) of this paragraph shall apply to a Judge who, immediately
before the commencement of this Constitution,
(a) was holding office as the Chief Justice of the Federal Court and has become on such
commencement the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under clause ( 1 ) of article 374, or
(b) was holding office as any other Judge of the Federal Court and has on such
commencement become a Judge (other than the Chief Justice) of the Supreme Court under
the said clause, during the period he holds office as such Chief Justice or other Judge, and
every Judge who so becomes the Chief Justice or other Judge of the Supreme Court shall, in
respect of time spent on actual service as such Chief Justice or other Judge, as the case may
be, be entitled to receive in addition to the salary specified in sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this
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paragraph as special pay an amount equivalent to the difference between the salary so
specified and the salary which he was drawing immediately before such commencement
(4) Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall receive such reasonable allowances to reimburse
him for expenses incurred in travelling on duty within the territory of India and shall be
afforded such reasonable facilities in connection with travelling as the President may from
time to time prescribe
(5) The rights in respect of leave of absence (including leave allowances) and pension of the
Judges of the Supreme Court shall be governed by the provisions which, immediately before
the commencement of this Constitution, were applicable to the Judges of the Federal Court
10.
(1) There shall be paid to the Judges of High Courts, in respect of time spent on actual
service, salary at the following rates per mensem, that is to say, The Chief Justice 9, 000
rupees Any other Judge 8, 000 rupees: Provided that if a Judge of a High Court at the time
of his appointment is in receipt of a pension (other than a disability or wound pension) in
respect of any previous service under the Government of India or any of its predecessor
Governments or under the Government of a State or any of its predecessor Governments, his
salary in respect of service in the High Court shall be reduced
(a) by the amount of that pension, and
(b) if he has, before such appointment, received in lieu of a portion of the pension due to
him in respect of such previous service the commuted value thereof, by the amount of that
portion of the pension, and
(c) if he has, before such appointment, received a retirement gratuity in respect of such
previous service, by the pension equivalent of that gratuity
(2) Every person who immediately before the commencement of this Constitution
(a) was holding office as the Chief Justice of a High Court in any Province and has on such
commencement become the Chief Justice of the High Court in the corresponding State
under clause ( 1 ) of article 376, or
(b) was holding office as any other Judge of a High Court in any Province and has on such
commencement become a Judge (other than the Chief Justice) of the High Court in the
corresponding State under the said clause, shall, if he was immediately before such
commencement drawing a salary at a rate higher than that specified in sub paragraph ( 1 )
of this paragraph, be entitled to receive in respect of time spent on actual service as such
Chief Justice or other Judge, as the case may be, in addition to the salary specified in the
said sub paragraph as special pay an amount equivalent to the difference between the
salary so specified and the salary which he was drawing immediately before such
commencement
(3) Any person who, immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventh
Amendment) Act, 1956 , was holding office as the Chief Justice of the High Court of a State
specified in Part B of the First Schedule and has on such commencement become the Chief
Justice of the High Court of a State specified in the said Schedule as amended by said Act,
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shall, if he was immediately before such commencement drawing any amount as allowance in
addition to his salary, be entitled to receive in respect of time spent on actual service as such
Chief Justice, the same amount as allowance in addition to the salary specified in sub
paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph
11. In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires

(a) the expression Chief Justice includes an acting Chief Justice, and a Judge includes an ad
hoc Judge;
(b) actual service includes
(i) time spent by a Judge on duty as a Judge or in the performance of such other functions
as he may at the request of the President undertake to discharge;
(ii) vacations, excluding any time during which the Judge is absent on leave; and
(iii) joining time on transfer from a High Court to the Supreme Court or from one High
Court to another PART E PROVISIONS AS TO THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR
GENERAL OF INDIA
12.
(1) There shall be paid to the Comptroller and Auditor General of India a salary at the rate of
four thousand 2 rupees per mensem,
(2) The person who was holding office immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution as Auditor General of India and has become on such commencement the
Comptroller and Auditor General of India under article 377 shall in addition to the salary
specified in sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph be entitled to receive as special pay an
amount equivalent to the difference between the salary so specified and the salary which he
was drawing as Auditor General of India immediately before such commencement
(3) The rights in respect of leave of absence and pension and the other conditions of service of
the Comptroller and Auditor General of India shall be governed or shall continue to be
governed, as the case may be, by the provisions which were applicable to the Auditor General
of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and all references in
those provisions to the Governor General shall be construed as references to the President
THIRD SCHEDULE Articles 75 ( 4 ), 99, 124 ( 6 ), 148 ( 2 ), 164 ( 3 ), 188 and 2191 Forms of
Oaths or Affirmations I Form of oath of office for a Minister for the Union: I, A B, do that I
will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will
uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India that I will faithfully and conscientiously
discharge my duties as a Minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of
people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or ill
will II Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for the Union: I, A B, do that I will not directly or
indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought
under my consideration or shall become known to me as a Minister for the Union except as
may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister III A Form of oath or
affirmation to be made by a candidate for election to Parliament: I, A B, having been
nominated as a candidate to fill a seat in the Council of States (or the House of the People) do
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that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and
that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India B Form of oath or affirmation to be
made by a member of Parliament: I, A B, having been elected (or nominated) a member of
the Council of States (or the House of the People) do that I will bear true faith and allegiance
to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and
integrity of India and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter
IV Form of oath or affirmation to be made by the Judges of the Supreme Court and the
Comptroller and Auditor General of India: I, A B, having been appointed Chief Justice (or a
Judge) of the Supreme Court of India (or Comptroller and Auditor General of India) do that I
will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will
uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of
my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour,
affection or ill will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws V Form of oath of
office for a Minister for a State: I, A B, do that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the
Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of
India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State
of and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the
law without fear or favour, affection or ill will VI Form of oath of secrecy for a Minister for a
State: I, A B, do that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or
persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to
me as a Minister for the State of except as may be required for the due discharge of my
duties as such Minister VII A Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a candidate for
election to the Legislature of a State: I, A B, having been nominated as a candidate to fill a
seat in Legislative Assembly (or Legislative Council), do that I will bear true faith and
allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will uphold the
sovereignty and integrity of India B Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a member of
the Legislature of a State: I, A B, having been elected (or nominated) a member of the
Legislative Assembly (or Legislative Council), do that I will bear true faith and allegi ance to
the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and
integrity of India and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter
VIII Form of oath or affirmation to be made by the Judges of a High Court: I, A B, having
been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the High Court at (or of) do that I will bear true
faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the
sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability,
knowledge, and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or
ill will and that I will uphold the Constitution and the laws FOURTH SCHEDULE Articles 4 (
1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) Allocation of seats in the Council of States For each State or Union territory
specified in the first column of the following table, there shall be allotted the number of seats
specified in the second column thereof opposite to that State or that Union territory, as the
case may be Table
1. Andhra Pradesh 18
2. Assam 7
3. Bihar 22
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4. Goa 1
5. Gujarat 11
6. Haryana 5
7. Kerala 9
8. Madhya Pradesh 16
9. Tamil Nadu 18
10. Maharashtra 19
11. Karnataka 12
12. Orissa 10
13. Punjab 7
14. Rajasthan 10
15. Uttar Pradesh 34
16. West Bengal 16
17. Jammu and Kashmir 4
18. Nagaland 1
19. Himachal Pradesh 3
20. Manipur 1
21. Tripura 1
22. Meghalaya 1
23. Sikkim 1
24. Mizoram 1
25. Arunachal Pradesh 1
26. Delhi 3
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27. Pondicherry 1 Total 233 FIFTH SCHEDULE Article 244 ( 1 ) Provisions as to the
Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes PART A General
1. Interpretation In this Schedule, unless the context otherwise requires, the expression State
does not include the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram
2. Executive power of a State in Scheduled Areas Subject to the provisions of this Schedule, the
executive power of a State extends to the Scheduled Areas therein
3. Report by the Governor to the President regarding the administration of Scheduled Areas
The Governor of each State having Scheduled Areas therein shall annually, or whenever so
required by the President, make a report to the President regarding the administration of the
Scheduled Areas in that State and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving
of directions to the State as to the administration of the said areas PART B ADMINISTRATION
AND CONTROL OF SCHEDULED AREAS AND SCHEDULED TRIBES
4. Tribes Advisory Council

(1) There shall be established in each State having Scheduled Areas therein and, if the
President so directs, also in any State having Scheduled Tribes but not Scheduled Areas
therein, a Tribes Advisory Council consisting of not more than twenty members of whom, as
nearly as may be, three fourths shall be the representatives of the Scheduled Tribes in the
Legislative Assembly of the State: Provided that if the number of representatives of the
Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the State is less than the number of seats in
the Tribes Advisory Council to be filled by such representatives, the remaining seats shall be
filled by other members of those tribes
(2) It shall be the duty of the Tribes Advisory Council to advise on such matters pertaining to
the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes in the State as may be referred to
them by the Governor
(3) The Governor may make rules prescribing or regulating, as the case may be,
(a) the number of members of the Council, the mode of their appointment and the
appointment of the Chairman of the Council and of the officers and servants thereof,
(b) the conduct of its meetings and its procedure in general; and
(c) all other incidental matters
5. Law applicable to Scheduled Areas

(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Governor may by public notification
direct that any particular Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall not apply to
a Scheduled Area or any part thereof in the State or shall apply to a Scheduled Area or any
part thereof in the State subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the
notification and any direction given under this sub paragraph may be given so as to have
retrospective effect
(2) The Governor may make regulations for the peace and good government of any area in a
State which is for the time being a Scheduled Area In particular and without prejudice to the
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generality of the foregoing power, such regulations may

(a) prohibit or restrict the transfer of land by or among members of the Scheduled Tribes in
such area;
(b) regulate the allotment of land to members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area;
(c) regulate the carrying on of business as money lender by persons who lend money to
members of the Scheduled Tribes in such area
(3) In making any such regulation as is referred to in sub paragraph ( 2 ) of this paragraph,
the Governor may repeal or amend any Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State or
any existing law which is for the time being applicable to the area in question
(4) All regulations made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the President
and, until assented to by him, shall have no effect
(5) No regulation shall be made under this paragraph unless the Government making the
regulation has, in the case where there is a Tribes Advisory Council for the State, consulted
such Council PART C SCHEDULED AREAS
6. Scheduled Areas
(1) In this Constitution, the expression Scheduled Areas means such areas as the President
may by order 2 declare to be Scheduled Areas
(2) The President may at any time by order 2
(a) direct that the whole or any specified part of a Scheduled Area shall cease to be a
Scheduled Area or a part of such an area;
(aa) increase the area of any Scheduled Area in a State after consultation with the Governor
of that State;
(b) alter, but only by way of rectification of boundaries, any Scheduled Area;
(c) on any alteration of the boundaries of a State or on the admission into the Union or the
establishment of a new State, declare any territory not previously included in any State to
be, or to form part of, a Scheduled Area;
(d) rescind, in relation to any State or States, any order or orders made under this
paragraph, and in consultation with the Governor of the State concerned, make fresh orders
redefining the areas which are as to be Scheduled Areas, and any such order may contain
such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to the President to be necessary and
proper, but save as aforesaid, the order made under sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph
shall not be varied by any subsequent order PART D AMENDMENT OF THE SCHEDULE
7. Amendment of the Schedule

(1) Parliament may from time to time by law amend by way of addition, variation or repeal
any of the provisions of this Schedule and, when the Schedule is so amended, any reference
to this Schedule in this Constitution shall be construed as a reference to such Schedule as so
amended
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(2) No such law as is mentioned in sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph shall be deemed to
be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 SIXTH SCHEDULE
Articles 244 ( 2 ) and 275 ( 1 ) Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States
of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram
1. Autonomous districts and autonomous regions

(1) Subject to the provisions of this paragraph, the tribal areas in each item of Parts I, II and
IIA and in Part III of the table appended to paragraph 20 of this Schedule shall be an
autonomous district
(2) If there are different Scheduled Tribes in an autonomous district, the Governor may, by
public notification, divide the area or areas inhabited by them into autonomous regions
(3) The Governor may, by public notification,
(a) include any area in any of the Parts of the said table,
(b) exclude any area from any of the Parts of the said table,
(c) create a new autonomous district,
(d) increase the area of any autonomous district,
(e) diminish the area of any autonomous district,
(f) unite two or more autonomous districts or parts thereof so as to form one autonomous
district,
(ff) alter the name of any autonomous district,
(g) define the boundaries of any autonomous district: Provided that no order shall be made
by the Governor under clauses (c), (d), (e) and (f) of this sub paragraph except after
consideration of the report of a Commission appointed under sub paragraph ( 1 ) of
paragraph 14 of this Schedule: Provided further that any order made by the Governor
under this sub paragraph may contain such incidental and consequential provisions
(including any amendment of paragraph 20 and of any item in any of the Parts of the said
table) as appear to the Governor to be necessary for giving effect to the provisions of the
order
2. Constitution of District Councils and Regional Councils

(1) There shall be a District Council for each autonomous district consisting of not more than
thirty members, of whom not more than four persons shall be nominated by the Governor
and the rest shall be elected on the basis of adult suffrage
(2) There shall be a separate Regional Council for each area constituted an autonomous
region under sub paragraph ( 2 ) of paragraph 1 of this Schedule
(3) Each District Council and each Regional Council shall be a body corporate by the name
respectively of the District Council of (name of district) and the Regional Council of (name of
region), shall have perpetual succession and a common seal and shall by the said name sue
and be sued
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(4) Subject to the provisions of this Schedule, the administration of an autonomous district
shall, in so far as it is not vested under this Schedule in any Regional Council within such
district, be vested in the District Council for such district and the administration of an
autonomous region shall be vested in the Regional Council for such region
(5) In an autonomous district with Regional Councils, the District Council shall have only such
powers with respect to the areas under the authority of the Regional Council as may be
delegated to it by the Regional Council in addition to the powers conferred on it by this
Schedule with respect to such areas
(6) The Governor shall make rules for the first constitution of District Councils and Regional
Councils in consultation with the existing tribal Councils or other representative tribal
organisations within the autonomous districts or regions concerned, and such rules shall
provide for
(a) the composition of the District Councils and Regional Councils and the allocation of seats
therein;
(b) the delimitation of territorial constituencies for the purpose of elections to those
Councils;
(c) the qualifications for voting at such elections and the preparation of electoral rolls
therefor;
(d) the qualifications for being elected at such elections as members of such Councils;
(e) the term of office of members of Regional Councils;
(f) any other matter relating to or connected with elections or nominations to such Councils;
(g) the procedure and the conduct of business including the power to act notwithstanding
any vacancy in the District and Regional Councils;
(h) the appointment of officers and staff of the District and Regional Councils
(6A) The elected members of the District Council shall hold office for a term of five years
from the date appointed for the first meeting of the Council after the general elections to the
Council, unless the District Council is sooner dissolved under paragraph 16 and a nominated
member shall hold office at the pleasure of the Governor: Provided that the said period of
five years may, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation or if circumstances exist
which, in the opinion of the Governor, render the holding of elections impracticable, be
extended by the Governor for a period not exceeding one year at a time and in any case
where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation not extending beyond a period of six
months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate: Provided further that a member
elected to fill a casual vacancy shall hold office only for the remainder of the term of office of
the member whom he replaces
(7) The District or the Regional Council may after its first constitution make rules with the
approval of the Governor with regard to the matters specified in sub paragraph ( 6 ) of this
paragraph and may also make rules with like approval regulating
(a) the formation of subordinate local Councils or Boards and their procedure and the
conduct of their business; and
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(b) generally all matters relating to the transaction of business pertaining to the
administration of the district or region, as the case may be: Provided that until rules are
made by the District or the Regional Council under this sub paragraph the rules made by
the Governor under sub paragraph ( 6 ) of this paragraph shall have effect in respect of
elections to, the officers and staff of, and the procedure and the conduct of business in, each
such Council
3. Powers of the District Councils and Regional Councils to make laws

(1) The Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of all areas within such region
and the District Council for an autonomous district in respect of all areas within the district
except those which are under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within the district
shall have power to make laws with respect to
(a) the allotment, occupation or use, or the setting apart, of land, other than any land which
is a reserved forest for the purposes of agriculture or grazing or for residential or other non
agricultural purposes or for any other purpose likely to promote the interests of the
inhabitants of any village or town: Provided that nothing in such laws shall prevent the
compulsory acquisition of any land, whether occupied or unoccupied, for public purposes by
the Government of the State concerned in accordance with the law for the time being in
force authorising such acquisition;
(b) the management of any forest not being a reserved forest;
(c) the use of any canal or water course for the purpose of agriculture;
(d) the regulation of the practice of jhum or other forms of shifting cultivation;
(e) the establishment of village or town committees or councils and their powers;
(f) any other matter relating to village or town administration, including village or town
police and public health and sanitation;
(g) the appointment or succession of Chiefs or Headmen;
(h) the inheritance of property;
(i) marriage and divorce;
(j) social customs
(2) In this paragraph, a reserved forest means any area which is a reserved forest under the
Assam Forest Regulation, 1891 , or under any other law for the time being in force in the area
in question
(3) All laws made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and,
until assented to by him, shall have no effect
4. Administration of justice in autonomous districts and autonomous regions

(1) The Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of areas within such region and
the District Council for an autonomous district in respect of areas within the district other
than those which are under the authority of the Regional Councils, if any, within the district
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may constitute village councils or courts for the trial of suits and cases between the parties all
of whom belong to Scheduled Tribes within such areas, other than suits and cases to which
the provisions of sub paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 5 of this Schedule apply, to the exclusion of
any court in the State, and may appoint suitable persons to be members of such village
councils or presiding officers of such courts, and may also appoint such officers as may be
necessary for the administration of the laws made under paragraph 3 of this Schedule
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Regional Council for an autonomous
region or any court constituted in that behalf by the Regional Council or, if in respect of any
area within an autonomous district there is no Regional Council, the District Council for such
district, or any court constituted in that behalf by the District Council, shall exercise the
powers of a court of appeal in respect of all suits and cases triable by a village council or court
constituted under sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph within such region or area, as the
case may be, other than those to which the provisions of sub paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 5 of
this Schedule apply, and no other court except the High Court and the Supreme Court shall
have jurisdiction over such suits or cases
(3) The High Court shall have and exercise such jurisdiction over the suits and cases to which
the provisions of sub paragraph ( 2 ) of this paragraph apply as the Governor may from time
to time by order specify
(4) A Regional Council or District Council, as the case may be, may with the previous approval
of the Governor make rules regulating
(a) the constitution of village councils and courts and the powers to be exercised by them
under this paragraph;
(b) the procedure to be followed by village councils or courts in the trial of suits and cases
under sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph;
(c) the procedure to be followed by the Regional or District Council or any court constituted
by such Council in appeals and other proceedings under sub paragraph ( 2 ) of this
paragraph;
(d) the enforcement of decisions and orders of such Councils and courts:
(e) all other ancillary matters for the carrying out of the provisions of sub paragraphs ( 1 )
and ( 2 ) of this paragraph
(5) On and from such date as the President may, after consulting the Government of the State
concerned, by notification appoint in this behalf, this paragraph shall have effect in relation to
such autonomous district or region as may be specified in the notification, as if
(i) in sub paragraph ( 1 ), for the words between the parties all of whom belong to Scheduled
Tribes within such areas, other than suits and cases to which the provisions of sub
paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 5 of this Schedule apply,, the words not being suits and cases of
the nature referred to in sub paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph ( 5 ) of this Schedule, which the
Governor may specify in this behalf, had been substituted;
1258156 ii sub paragraphs ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) had been omitted; 476222 iii in sub paragraph ( 4 )
190524 a for the words A Regional Council or District Council, as the case may be, may with the
previous approval of the Governor make rules regulating, the words the Governor may make
rules regulating had been substituted; and 1806826 b for clause (a), the following clause had
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been substituted, namely: 190524 a the constitution of village councils and courts, the powers
to be exercised by them under this paragraph and the courts to which appeals from the
decisions of village councils and courts shall lie; 1514862 c for clause (c), the following clause
had been substituted, namely: 343070 c the transfer of appeals and other proceedings pending
before the Regional or District Council or any court constituted by such Council immediately
before the date appointed by the President under sub paragraph ( 5 ); and 160806 d in clause
(e), for the words, brackets and figures sub paragraphs ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), the word, brackets and
figure sub paragraph ( 1 ) had been substituted
5. Conferment of powers under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 , and the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1898 , 1 on the Regional and District Councils and on certain courts and officers for
the trial of certain suits, cases and offences
(1) The Governor may, for the trial of suits or cases arising out of any law in force in any
autonomous district or region being a law specified in that behalf by the Governor, or for the
trial of offences punishable with death, transportation for life, or imprisonment for a term of
not less than five years under the Indian Penal Code or under any other law for the time
being applicable to such district or region, confer on the District Council or the Regional
Council having authority over such district or region or on courts constituted by such District
Council or on any officer appointed in that behalf by the Governor, such powers under the
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 , or, as the case may be, the Code of Criminal Procedure,
18981, as he deems appropriate, and thereupon the said Council, court or officer shall try the
suits, cases or offences in exercise of the powers so conferred
(2) The Governor may withdraw or modify any of the powers conferred on a District Council,
Regional Council, court or officer under sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph
(3) Save as expressly provided in this paragraph, the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 , and the
Code of Criminal Procedure, 18981, shall not apply to the trial of any suits, cases or offences
in an autonomous district or in any autonomous region to which the provisions of this
paragraph apply
(4) On and from the date appointed by the President under sub paragraph ( 5 ) of paragraph
4 in relation to any autonomous district or autonomous region, nothing contained in this
paragraph shall, in its application to that district or region, be deemed to authorise the
Governor to confer on the District Council or Regional Council or on courts constituted by the
District Council any of the powers referred to in sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph
6. Powers of the District Council to establish primary schools, etc

(1) The District Council for an autonomous district may establish, construct, or manage
primary schools, dispensaries, markets, cattle pounds, ferries, fisheries, roads, road transport
and waterways in the district and may, with the previous approval of the Governor, make
regulations for the regulation and control thereof and, in particular, may prescribe the
language and the manner in which primary education shall be imparted in the primary
schools in the district
(2) The Governor may, with the consent of any District Council, entrust either conditionally or
unconditionally to that Council or to its officers functions in relation to agriculture, animal
husbandry, community projects, co operative societies, social welfare, village planning or any
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other matter to which the executive power of the State extends
7. District and Regional Funds

(1) There shall be constituted for each autonomous district, a District Fund for each
autonomous region, a Regional Fund to which shall be credited all moneys received
respectively by the District Council for that district and the Regional Council for that region in
the course of the administration of such district or region, as the case may be, in accordance
with the provisions of this Constitution
(2) The Governor may make rules for the management of the District Fund, or, as the case
may be, the Regional Fund and for the procedure to be followed in respect of payment of
money into the said Fund, the withdrawal of moneys therefrom, the custody of moneys
therein and any other matter connected with or ancillary to the matters aforesaid
(3) The accounts of the District Council or, as the case may be, the Regional Council shall be
kept in such form as the Comptroller and Auditor General of India may, with the approval of
the President, prescribe
(4) The Comptroller and Auditor General shall cause the accounts of the District and Regional
Councils to be audited in such manner as he may think fit, and the reports of the Comptroller
and Auditor General relating to such accounts shall be submitted to the Governor who shall
cause them to be laid before the Council
8. Powers to assess and collect land revenue and to impose taxes

(1) The Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of all lands within such region
and the District Council for an autonomous district in respect of all lands within the district
except those which are in the areas under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within
the district, shall have the power to assess and collect revenue in respect of such lands in
accordance with the principles for the time being followed by the Government of the State in
assessing lands for the purpose of land revenue in the State generally
(2) The Regional Council for an autonomous region in respect of areas within such region and
the District Council for an autonomous district in respect of all areas in the district except
those which are under the authority of Regional Councils, if any, within the district, shall have
power to levy and collect taxes on lands and buildings, and tolls on persons, resident within
such areas
(3) The District Council for an autonomous district shall have the power to levy and collect all
or any of the following taxes within such district, that is to say
(a) taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments;
(b) taxes on animals, vehicles and boats;
(c) taxes on the entry of goods into a market for sale therein, and tolls on passengers and
goods carried in ferries; and
(d) taxes for the maintenance of schools, dispensaries or roads
(4) A Regional Council or District Council, as the case may be, may make regulations to
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provide for levy and collection of any of the taxes specified in sub paragraphs ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) of
this paragraph and every such regulation shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor and,
until assented to by him, shall have no effect
39. Licences or leases for the purpose of prospecting for, or extraction of, minerals
(1) Such share of the royalties accruing each year from licences or leases for the purpose of
prospecting for, or the extraction of, minerals granted by the Government of the State in
respect of any area within an autonomous district as may be agreed upon between the
Government of the State and the District Court of such district shall be made over to that
District Council
(2) If any dispute arises as to the share of such royalties to be made over to a District Council,
it shall be referred to the Governor for determination and the amount determined by the
Governor in his discretion shall be deemed to be the amount payable under sub paragraph ( 1
) of this paragraph to the District Council and the decision of the Governor shall be final
310. Power of District Council to make regulations for the control of money lending and trading
by non tribals
(1) The District Council of an autonomous district may make regulations for the regulation and
control of money lending or trading within the district by persons other than Scheduled
Tribes resident in the district
(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such
regulations may
(a) prescribe that no one except the holder of a licence issued in that behalf shall carry on
the business of money lending;
(b) prescribe the maximum rate of interest which may be charged or be recovered by a
money lender;
(c) provide for the maintenance of accounts by money lenders and for the inspection of such
accounts by officers appointed in that behalf by the District Council;
(d) prescribe that no person who is not a member of the Scheduled Tribes resident in the
district shall carry on wholesale or retail business in any commodity except under a licence
issued in that behalf by the District Council: Provided that no regulations may be made
under this paragraph unless they are passed by a majority of not less than three fourths of
the total membership of the District Council: Provided further that it shall not be competent
under any such regulations to refuse the grant of a licence to a money lender or a trader
who has been carrying on business within the district since before the time of making of
such regulations
(3) All regulations made under this paragraph shall be submitted forthwith to the Governor
and, until assented to by him, shall have no effect
11. Publication of laws, rules and regulations made under the Schedule All laws, rules and
regulations made under this Schedule by a District Council or a Regional Council shall be
published forthwith in the Official Gazette of the State and shall on such publication have the
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force of law
112. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Assam to
autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State of Assam
(a) no Act of the Legislature of the State of Assam in respect of any of the matters specified
in paragraph 3 of this Schedule as matters with respect to which a District Council or a
Regional Council may make laws, and no Act of the Legislature of the State of Assam
prohibiting or restricting the consumption of any non distilled alcoholic liquor shall apply to
any autonomous district or autonomous region in the State unless in either case the District
Council for such district or having jurisdiction over such region by public notification so
directs, and the District Council in giving such direction with respect to any Act may direct
that the Act shall in its application to such district or region or any part thereof have effect
subject to such exceptions or modifications as it thinks fit;
(b) the Governor may, by public notification, direct that any Act of Parliament or of the
Legislature of the State of Assam to which the provisions of clause (a) of this sub paragraph
do not apply shall not apply to an autonomous district or an autonomous region in that
State, or shall apply to such district or region or any part thereof subject to such exceptions
or modifications as he may specify in the notification
(2) Any direction given under sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph may be given so as to
have retrospective effect
12A. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Meghalaya to
autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State of Meghalaya Notwithstanding
(a) if any provision of a law made by a District or Regional Council in the State of Meghalaya
with respect to any matter specified in sub paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 3 of this Schedule or
if any provision of any regulation made by a District Council or a Regional Council in that
State under paragraph 8 or paragraph 10 of this Schedule, is repugnant to any provision of a
law made by the Legislature of the State of Meghalaya with respect to that matter, then, the
law or regulation made by the District Council or, as the case may be, the Regional Council
whether made before or after the law made by the Legislature of the State of Meghalaya,
shall, to the extent of repugnancy, be void and the law made by the Legislature of the State of
Meghalaya shall prevail;
(b) the President may, with respect to any Act of Parliament, by notification, direct that it shall
not apply to an autonomous district or an autonomous region in the State of Meghalaya, or
shall apply to such district or region or any part thereof subject to such exceptions or
modifications as he may specify in the notification and any such direction may be given so as
to have retrospective effect
12A. A Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Tripura to the
autonomous district and autonomous regions in the State of Tripura Notwithstanding anything
in this Constitution
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(a) no Act of the Legislature of the State of Tripura in respect of any of the matters specified
Regional Council may make laws, and no Act of the Legislature of the State of Tripura
the autonomous district or an autonomous region in that State unless, in either case, the
District Council for that district or having jurisdiction over such region by public notification
so directs, and the District Council in giving such direction with respect to any Act direct that
the Act shall, in its application to that district or such region or any part thereof, have effect
(b) the Governor may, by public notification, direct that any Act of the Legislature of the State
of Tripura to which the provisions of clause (a) of this sub paragraph do not apply, shall not
apply to the autonomous district or an autonomous region in that State, or shall apply to that
district or such region, or any part thereof, subject to such exceptions or modifications, as he
may specify in the notification;
(c) the President may, with respect to any Act of Parliament, by notification, direct that it shall
not apply to the autonomous district or an autonomous region in the State of Tripura, or shall
apply to such district or region or any part thereof, subject to such exceptions or modifications
as he may specify in the notification and any such direction may be given so as to have
12B. Application of Acts of Parliament and of the Legislature of the State of Mizoram to
autonomous districts and autonomous regions in the State of Mizoram Notwithstanding
(a) no Act of the Legislature of the State of Mizoram in respect of any of the matters specified
Regional Council may make laws, and no Act of Legislature of the State of Mizoram
any autonomous district or autonomous region in that State unless, in either case, the District
Council for such district or having jurisdiction over such region, by public notification, so
directs, and the District Council, in giving such direction with respect to any Act, may direct
that the Act shall, in its application to such district or region or any part thereof, have effect
(b) the Governor may, by public notification, direct that any Act of the Legislature of the State
of Mizoram to which the provisions of clause (a) of this sub paragraph do not apply, shall not
apply to an autonomous district or an autonomous region in that State, or shall apply to such
district or region, or any part thereof, subject to such exceptions or modifications, as he may
specify in the notification;
(c) the President may, with respect to any Act of Parliament, by notification, direct that it shall
not apply to an autonomous district or an autonomous region in the State of Mizoram, or shall
apply to such district or region or any part thereof, subject to such exceptions or modifications
as he may specify in the notification and any such direction may be given so as to have
13. Estimated receipts and expenditure pertaining to autonomous districts to be shown
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separately in the annual financial statement The estimated receipts and expenditure pertaining
to an autonomous district which are to be credited to, or is to be made from, the Consolidated
Fund of the State shall be first placed before the District Council for discussion and then after
such discussion be shown separately in the annual financial statement of the State to be laid
before the Legislature of the State under article 202
14. Appointment of Commission to inquire into and report on the administration of

autonomous districts and autonomous regions
(1) The Governor may at any time appoint a Commission to examine and report on any matter
specified by him relating to the administration of the autonomous districts and autonomous
regions in the State, including matters specified in clauses (c), (d), (e) and (f) of sub paragraph
( 3 ) of paragraph 1 of this Schedule, or may appoint a Commission to inquire into and report
from time to time on the administration of autonomous districts and autonomous regions in
the State generally and in particular on
(a) the provision of educational and medical facilities and communications in such districts
and regions;
(b) the need for any new or special legislation in respect of such districts and regions; and
(c) the administration of the laws, rules and regulations made by the District and Regional
Councils; and define the procedure to be followed by such Commission
(2) The report of every such Commission with the recommendations of the Governor with
respect thereto shall be laid before the Legislature of the State by the Minister concerned
together with an explanatory memorandum regarding the action proposed to be taken
thereon by the Government of the State
(3) In allocating the business of the Government of the State among his Ministers the
Governor may place one of his Ministers specially in charge of the welfare of the autonomous
districts and autonomous regions in the State
15. Annulment or suspension of acts and resolutions of District and Regional Councils
(1) If at any time the Governor is satisfied that an act or resolution of a District or a Regional
Council is likely to endanger the safety of India or is likely to be prejudicial to public order, he
may annul or suspend such act or resolution and take such steps as he may consider
necessary (including the suspension of the Council and the assumption to himself of all or any
of the powers vested in or exercisable by the Council) to prevent the commission or
continuance of such act, or the giving of effect to such resolution
(2) Any order made by the Governor under sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph together
with the reasons therefor shall be laid before the Legislature of the State as soon as possible
and the order shall, unless revoked by the Legislature of the State, continue in force for a
period of twelve months from the date on which it was so made: Provided that if and so often
as a resolution approving the continuance in force of such order is passed by the Legislature
of the State, the order shall unless cancelled by the Governor continue in force for a further
period of twelve months from the date on which under this paragraph it would otherwise
have ceased to operate
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16. Dissolution of a District or a Regional Council

(1) The Governor may on the recommendation of a Commission appointed under paragraph
14 of this Schedule by public notification order the dissolution of a District or a Regional
Council, and
(a) direct that a fresh general election shall be held immediately for the reconstitution of the
Council, or
(b) subject to the previous approval of the Legislature of the State assume the
administration of the area under the authority of such Council himself or place the
administration of such area under the Commission appointed under the said paragraph or
any other body considered suitable by him for a period not exceeding twelve months:
Provided that when an order under clause (a) of this paragraph has been made, the
Governor may take the action referred to in clause (b) of this paragraph with regard to the
administration of the area in question pending the reconstitution of the Council on fresh
general election: Provided further that no action shall be taken under clause (b) of this
paragraph without giving the District or the Regional Council, as the case may be, an
opportunity of placing its views before the Legislature of the State
(2) If at any time the Governor is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the
administration of an autonomous district or region cannot be carried on in accordance with
the provisions of this Schedule, he may, by public notification assume to himself all or any of
the functions or powers vested in or exercisable by the District Council or, as the case may be,
the Regional Council and declare that such functions or powers shall be exercisable by such
person or authority as he may specify in this behalf, for a period not exceeding six months:
Provided that the Governor may by a further order or orders extend the operation of the
initial order by a period not exceeding six months on each occasion
(3) Every order made under sub paragraph ( 2 ) of this paragraph with the reasons therefor
shall be laid before the Legislature of the State and shall cease to operate at the expiration of
thirty days from the date on which the State Legislature first sits after the issue of the orders,
unless, before the expiry of that period it has been approved by the State Legislature
17. Exclusion of areas from autonomous districts in forming constituencies in such districts For
the purposes of elections to the Legislative Assembly of Assam or Meghalaya or Tripura or
Mizoram, the Governor may by order declare that any area within an autonomous district in
the State of Assam or Meghalaya or Tripura or Mizoram, as the case may be, shall not form
part of any constituency to fill a seat or seats in the Assembly reserved for any such district but
shall form part of a constituency to fill a seat or seats in the Assembly not so reserved to be
specified in the order
19. Transitional provisions

(1) As soon as possible after the commencement of this Constitution the Governor shall take
steps for the constitution of a District Council for each autonomous district in the State under
this Schedule and, until a District Council is so constituted for an autonomous district, the
administration of such district shall be vested in the Governor and the following provisions
shall apply to the administration of the areas within such district instead of the foregoing
provisions of this Schedule, namely:
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(a) no Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall apply to any such area unless
the Governor by public notification so directs; and the Governor in giving such a direction
with respect to any Act may direct that the Act shall, in its application to the area or to any
specified part thereof, have effect subject to such exceptions or modifications as he thinks
fit;
(b) the Governor may make regulations for the peace and good government of any such area
and any regulations so made may repeal or amend any Act of Parliament or of the
Legislature of the State or any existing law which is for the time being applicable to such
area
(2) Any direction given by the Governor under clause (a) of sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this
paragraph may be given so as to have retrospective effect
(3) All regulations made under clause (b) of sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph shall be
submitted forthwith to the President and, until assented to by him, shall have no effect
20. Tribal areas

(1) The areas specified in Parts I, II, IIA and III of the table below shall respectively be the
tribal areas within the State of Assam, the State of Meghalaya, the State of Tripura and the
State of Mizoram
(2) Any reference in Part I, Part II or Part III of the table below to any district shall be
construed as a reference to the territories comprised within the autonomous district of that
name existing immediately before the day appointed under clause (b) of section 2 of the
North Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 : Provided that for the purposes of clauses (e)
and (f) of sub paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 3, paragraph 4, paragraph 5, paragraph 6, sub
paragraph ( 2 ), clauses (a), (b), and (d) of sub paragraph ( 3 ) and sub paragraph ( 4 ) of
paragraph 8 and clause (d) of sub paragraph ( 2 ) of paragraph 10 of this Schedule, no part of
the area comprised within the municipality of Shillong shall be deemed to be within the Khasi
Hills District
(3) The reference in Part IIA in the table below to the Tripura Tribal Areas District shall be
construed as a reference to the territory comprising the tribal areas specified in the First
Schedule to the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Act, 1979 TABLE PART I
1. The North Cachar Hills District
2. The Karbi Anglong District PART II
1. Khasi Hills District
2. Jaintia Hills District
3. The Garo Hills District PART IIA Tripura Tribal Areas District PART III
1. The Chakma District
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2. The Mara District
3. The Lai District
20A. Dissolution of the Mizo District Council

(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Schedule, the District Council of the Mizo District
existing immediately before the prescribed date (hereinafter referred to as the Mizo District
Council) shall stand dissolved and cease to exist
(2) The Administrator of the Union territory of Mizoram may, by one or more orders, provide
for all or any of the following matters, namely:
(a) the transfer, in whole or in part, of the assets, rights and liabilities of the Mizo District
Council (including the rights and liabilities under any contract made by it) to the Union or to
any other authority;
(b) the substitution of the Union or any other authority for the Mizo District Council, or the
addition of the Union or any other authority, as a party to any legal proceedings to which the
Mizo District Council is a party;
(c) the transfer or re employment of any employees of the Mizo District Council to or by the
Union or any other authority, the terms and conditions of service applicable to such
employees after such transfer or re employment;
(d) the continuance of any laws, made by the Mizo District Council and in force immediately
before its dissolution, subject to such adaptations and modifications, whether by way of
repeal or amendment, as the Administrator may make in this behalf, until such laws are
altered, repealed or amended by a competent Legislature or other competent authority;
(e) such incidental, consequential and supplementary matters as the Administrator
considers necessary Explanation In this paragraph and in paragraph 20B of this Schedule,
the expression prescribed date means the date on which the Legislative Assembly of the
Union territory of Mizoram is duly constituted under and in accordance with the provisions
of the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963
20B. Autonomous regions in the Union territory of Mizoram to be autonomous districts and
transitory provisions consequent thereto
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Schedule,
(a) every autonomous region existing immediately before the prescribed date in the Union
territory of Mizoram shall, on and from that date, be an autonomous district in that Union
territory (hereafter referred to as the corresponding new district) and the Administrator
thereof may, by one or more orders, direct that such consequential amendments as are
necessary to give effect to the provisions of this clause shall be made in paragraph 20 of this
Schedule (including Part III of the table appended to that paragraph) and thereupon the
said paragraph and the said Part III shall be deemed to have been amended accordingly;
(b) every Regional Council of an autonomous region in the Union territory of Mizoram
existing immediately before the prescribed date (hereafter referred to as the existing
Regional Council) shall, on and from that date and until a District Council is duly constituted
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for the corresponding new district, be deemed to be the District Council of that district
(hereafter referred to as the corresponding new District Council)
(2) Every member whether elected or nominated of an existing Regional Council shall be
deemed to have been elected or, as the case may be, nominated to the corresponding new
District Council and shall hold office until a District Council is duly constituted for the
corresponding new district under this Schedule
(3) Until rules are made under sub paragraph ( 7 ) of paragraph 2 and sub paragraph ( 4 ) of
paragraph 4 of this Schedule by the corresponding new District Council, the rules made
under the said provisions by the existing Regional Council and in force immediately before
the prescribed date shall have effect in relation to the corresponding new District Council
subject to such adaptations and modifications as may be made therein by the Administrator
of the Union territory of Mizoram
(4) The Administrator of the Union territory of Mizoram may, by one or more orders, provide
for all or any of the following matters, namely:
(a) the transfer in whole or in part of the assets, rights and liabilities of the existing Regional
Council (including the rights and liabilities under any contract made by it) to the
corresponding new District Council;
(b) the substitution of the corresponding new District Council for the existing Regional
Council as a party to the legal proceedings to which the existing Regional Council is a party;
(c) the transfer or re employment of any employees of the existing Regional Council to or by
the corresponding new District Council, the terms and conditions of service applicable to
such employees after such transfer or re employment;
(d) the continuance of any laws made by the existing Regional Council and in force
immediately before the prescribed date, subject to such adaptations and modifications,
whether by way of repeal or amendment, as the Administrator may make in this behalf until
such laws are altered, repealed or amended by a competent Legislature or other competent
authority;
(e) such incidental, consequential and supplementary matters as the Administrator
considers necessary
20C. Interpretation Subject to any provision made in this behalf, the provisions of this
Schedule shall, in their application to the Union territory of Mizoram, have effect
(1) as if references to the Governor and Government of the State were references to the
Administrator of the Union territory appointed under article 239, references to State (except
in the expression Government of the State) were references to the Union territory of Mizoram
and references to the State Legislature were references to the Legislative Assembly of the
Union territory of Mizoram;
(2) as if
(a) in sub paragraph ( 5 ) of paragraph 4, the provision for consultation with the
Government of the State concerned had been omitted;
(b) in sub paragraph ( 2 ) of paragraph 6, for the words to which the executive power of the
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State extends, the words with respect to which the Legislative Assembly of the Union
territory of Mizoram has power to make laws had been substituted;
(c) in paragraph 13, the words and figures under article 202 had been omitted
21. Amendment of the Schedule

(1) Parliament may from time to time by law amend by way of addition, variation or repeal
any of the provisions of this Schedule and, when the Schedule is so amended, any reference
to this Schedule in this Constitution shall be construed as a reference to such Schedule as so
amended
(2) No such law as is mentioned in sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph shall be deemed to
be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 SEVENTH SCHEDULE
Article 246 List IUnion List
1. Defence of India and every part thereof including preparation for defence and all such acts
as may be conducive in times of war to its prosecution and after its termination of effective
demobilisation
2. Naval, military and air forces; any other armed forces of the Union
2A. Deployment of any armed force of the Union or any other force subject to the control of the
Union or any contingent or unit thereof in any State in aid of the civil power; powers,
jurisdiction, privileges and liabilities of the members of such forces while on such deployment
3. Delimitation of cantonment areas, local self government in such areas, the constitution and
powers within such areas of cantonment authorities and the regulation of house
accommodation (including the control of rents) in such areas
4. Naval, military and air force works
5. Arms, firearms, ammunition and explosives
6. Atomic energy and mineral resources necessary for its production
7. Industries declared by Parliament by law to be necessary for the purpose of defence or for
the prosecution of war
8. Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation
9. Preventive detention for reasons connected with Defence, Foreign Affairs, or the security of
India; persons subjected to such detention
10. Foreign affairs; all matters which bring the Union into relation with any foreign country
11. Diplomatic, consular and trade representation
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12. United Nations Organisation
13. Participation in international conferences, associations and other bodies and implementing
of decisions made thereat
14. Entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and implementing of treaties,
agreements and conventions with foreign countries
15. War and peace
16. Foreign jurisdiction
17. Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens
18. Extradition
19. Admission into, and emigration and expulsion from, India; passports and visas
20. Pilgrimages to places outside India
21. Piracies and crimes committed on the high seas or in the air; offences against the law of
nations committed on land or the high seas or in the air
22. Railways
23. Highways declared by or under law made by Parliament to be national highways
24. Shipping and navigation on inland waterways, declared by Parliament by law to be national
waterways, as regards mechanically propelled vessels; the rule of the road on such waterways
25. Maritime shipping and navigation, including shipping and navigation on tidal waters;
provision of education and training for the mercantile marine and regulation of such education
and training provided by States and other agencies
26. Lighthouses, including lightships, beacons and other provisions for the safety of shipping
and aircraft
27. Ports declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be major ports,
including their delimitation and the constitution and powers of port authorities therein
28. Port quarantine, including hospitals connected therewith; seamens and marine hospitals
29. Airways; aircraft and air navigation; provision of aerodromes; regulation and organisation
of air traffic and of aerodromes; provision for aeronautical education and training and
regulation of such education and training provided by States and other agencies
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30. Carriage of passengers and goods by railway, sea or air, or by national waterways in
mechanically propelled vessels
31. Posts and telegraphs; telephones, wireless, broadcasting and other like forms of
communication
32. Property of the Union and the revenue therefrom, but as regards property situated in a
State subject to legislation by the State, save in so far as Parliament by law otherwise provides
34. Courts of wards for the estates of Rulers of Indian States
35. Public debt of the Union
36. Currency, coinage and legal tender; foreign exchange
37. Foreign loans
38. Reserve Bank of India
39. Post Office Savings Bank
40. Lotteries organised by the Government of India or the Government of a State
41. Trade and commerce with foreign countries; import and export across customs frontiers;
definition of customs frontiers
42. Inter State trade and commerce
43. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of trading corporations, including banking,

insurance and financial corporations but not including co operative societies
44. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporations, whether trading or not, with
objects not confined to one State, but not including universities
45. Banking
46. Bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes and other like instruments
47. Insurance
48. Stock exchanges and futures markets
49. Patents, inventions and designs; copyright; trade marks and merchandise marks
50. Establishment of standards of weight and measure
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51. Establishment of standards of quality for goods to be exported out of India or transported
from one State to another
52. Industries, the control of which by the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be
expedient in the public interest
53. Regulation and development of oil fields and mineral oil resources; petroleum and
petroleum products; other liquids and substances declared by Parliament by law to be
dangerously inflammable
54. Regulation of mines and mineral development to the extent to which such regulation and
development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient
in the public interest
55. Regulation of labour and safety in mines and oilfields
56. Regulation and development of inter State rivers and river valleys to the extent to which
such regulation and development under the control of the Union is declared by Parliament by
law to be expedient in the public interest
57. Fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters
58. Manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by Union agencies, regulation and control of
manufacture, supply and distribution of salt by other agencies
59. Cultivation, manufacture, and sale for export, of opium
60. Sanctioning of cinematograph films for exhibition
61. Industrial disputes concerning Union employees
62. The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the National Library,
the Indian Museum, the Imperial War Museum, the Victoria Memorial and the Indian War
Memorial, and any other like institution financed by the Government of India wholly or in part
and declared by Parliament by law to be an institution of national importance
63. The institutions known at the commencement of this Constitution as the Banaras Hindu
University, the Aligarh Muslim University and the Delhi University; the University established
in pursuance of article 371E; any other institution declared by Parliament by law to be an
institution of national importance
64. Institutions for scientific or technical education financed by the Government of India wholly
or in part and declared by Parliament by law to be institutions of national importance
65. Union agencies and institutions for

(a) professional, vocational or technical training, including the training of police officers; or
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(b) the promotion of special studies or research; or

(c) scientific or technical assistance in the investigation or detection of crime
66. Co ordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher education or

research and scientific and technical institutions
67. Ancient and historical monuments and records, and archaeological sites and remains,
declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance
68. The Survey of India, the Geological, Botanical, Zoological and Anthropological Surveys of
India; Meteorological organisations
69. Census
70. Union Public Services; All India Services; Union Public Service Commission
71. Union pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the Government of India or out of the
Consolidated Fund of India
72. Elections to Parliament, to the Legislatures of States and to the offices of President and Vice
President; the Election Commission
73. Salaries and allowances of members of Parliament, the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of
the Council of States and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People
74. Powers, privileges and immunities of each House of Parliament and of the members and
the Committees of each House; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or
producing documents before committees of Parliament or commissions appointed by
Parliament
75. Emoluments, allowances, privileges, and rights in respect of leave of absence, of the
President and Governors; salaries and allowances of the Ministers for the Union; the salaries,
allowances, and rights in respect of leave of absence and other conditions of service of the
Comptroller and Auditor General
76. Audit of the accounts of the Union and of the States
77. Constitution, organisation, jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court (including
contempt of such Court), and the fees taken therein; persons entitled to practise before the
Supreme Court
78. Constitution and Organisation (including vacations) of the High Courts except provisions as
to officers and servants of High Courts; persons entitled to practise before the High Courts
79. Extension of the jurisdiction of a High Court to, and exclusion of the jurisdiction of a High
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Court from, any Union territory
80. Extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members of a police force belonging to any
State to any area outside that State, but not so as to enable the police of one State to exercise
powers and jurisdiction in any area outside that State without the consent of the Government
of the State in which such area is situated; extension of the powers and jurisdiction of members
of a police force belonging to any State to railway areas outside that State
81. Inter State migration; inter State quarantine
82. Taxes on income other than agricultural income
83. Duties of customs including export duties
84. Duties of excise on tobacco and other goods manufactured or produced in India except
(a) alcoholic liquors for human consumption
(b) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics, but including medicinal and
toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in sub paragraph (b) of this
entry
85. Corporation tax
86. Taxes on the capital value of the assets, exclusive of agricultural land, of individuals and
companies; taxes on the capital of companies
87. Estate duty in respect of property other than agricultural land
88. Duties in respect of succession to property other than agricultural land
89. Terminal taxes on goods or passengers, carried by railway, sea or air; taxes on railway fares
and freights
90. Taxes other than stamp duties on transactions in stock exchanges and futures markets
91. Rates of stamp duty in respect of bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of
lading, letters of credit, policies of insurance, transfer of shares, debentures, proxies and
receipts
92. Taxes on the sale or purchase of newspapers and on advertisements published therein
92A. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, where such sale or
purchase takes place in the course of inter State trade or commerce
92B. Taxes on the consignment of goods (whether the consignment is to the person making it
or to any other person), where such consignment takes place in the course of inter State trade
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or commerce
93. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List
94. Inquiries, surveys and statistics for the purpose of any of the matters in this List
95. Jurisdiction and powers of all courts, except the Supreme Court, with respect to any of the
matters in this List; admiralty jurisdiction
96. Fees in respect of any of the matters in this List, but not including fees taken in any court
97. Any other matter not enumerated in List II or List III including any tax not mentioned in
either of those Lists List IIState List
1. Public order (but not including the use of any naval, military or Air force or any other armed
force of the Union or of any other force subject to the control of the Union or of any contingent
or unit thereof in aid of the civil power)
2. Police (including railway and village police) subject to the provisions of entry 2A of List I
3. Officers and servants of the High Court; procedure in rent and revenue courts; fees taken in
all courts except the Supreme Court
4. Prisons, reformatories, Borstal institutions and other institutions of a like nature, and
persons detained therein; arrangements with other States for the use of prisons and other
institutions
5. Local government, that is to say, the constitution and powers of municipal corporations,
improvement trusts, district boards, mining settlement authorities and other local authorities
for the purpose of local self government or village administration
6. Public health and sanitation; hospitals and dispensaries
7. Pilgrimages, other than pilgrimages to places outside India
8. Intoxicating liquors, that is to say, the production, manufacture, possession, transport,

purchase and sale of intoxicating liquors
9. Relief of the disabled and unemployable
10. Burials and burial grounds; cremations and cremation grounds
12. Libraries, museums and other similar institutions controlled or financed by the State;
ancient and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under law made
by Parliament to be of national importance
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13. Communications, that is to say, roads, bridges, ferries, and other means of communication
not specified in List I; municipal tramways; ropeways; inland waterways and traffic thereon
subject to the provisions of List I and List III with regard to such waterways; vehicles other
than mechanically propelled vehicles
14. Agriculture, including agricultural education and research, protection against pests and
prevention of plant diseases
15. Preservation, protection and improvement of stock and prevention of animal diseases;
veterinary training and practice
16. Pounds and the prevention of cattle trespass
17. Water, that is to say, water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments,
water storage and water power subject to the provisions of entry 56 of List I
18. Land, that is to say, right in or over land, land tenures including the relation of landlord and
tenant, and the collection of rents; transfer and alienation of agricultural land; land
improvement and agricultural loans; colonization
21. Fisheries
22. Courts of wards subject to the provisions of entry 34 of List I; encumbered and attached
estates
23. Regulation of mines and mineral development subject to the provisions of List I with
respect to regulation and development under the control of the Union
24. Industries subject to the provisions of entries 7 and 52 of List I
25. Gas and gas works
26. Trade and commerce within the State subject to the provisions of entry 33 of List III
27. Production, supply and distribution of goods subject to the provisions of entry 33 of List III
28. Markets and fairs
30. Money lending and money lenders; relief of agricultural indebtedness
31. Inns and inn keepers
32. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of corporation, other than those specified in List
I, and universities; unincorporated trading, literacy, scientific, religious and other societies and
associations; co operative societies
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33. Theaters and dramatic performances; cinemas subject to the provisions of entry 60 of List
1; sports, entertainments and amusements
34. Betting and gambling
35. Works, lands and buildings vested in or in the possession of the State
37. Elections to the Legislature of the State subject to the provisions of any law made by
Parliament
38. Salaries and allowances of members of the Legislature of the State, of the Speaker and
Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and, if there is a Legislative Council, of the
Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof
39. Powers, privileges and immunities of the Legislative Assembly and of the members and the
committees thereof, and, if there is a Legislative Council, of that Council and of the members
and the committees thereof; enforcement of attendance of persons for giving evidence or
producing documents before committees of the Legislature of the State
40. Salaries and allowances of Ministers for the State
41. State public services; State Public Service Commission
42. State pensions, that is to say, pensions payable by the State or out of the Consolidated
Fund of the State
43. Public debt of the State
44. Treasure trove
45. Land revenue, including the assessment and collection of revenue, the maintenance of land
records, survey for revenue purposes and records of rights, and alienation of revenues
46. Taxes on agricultural income
47. Duties in respect of succession to agricultural land
48. Estate duty in respect of agricultural land
49. Taxes on lands and buildings
50. Taxes on mineral rights subject to any limitations imposed by Parliament by law relating to
mineral development
51. Duties of excise on the following goods manufactured or produced in the State and
countervailing duties at the same or lower rates on similar goods manufactured or produced
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elsewhere in India:
(a) alcoholic liquors for human consumption;
(b) opium, Indian hemp and other narcotic drugs and narcotics; but not including medicinal
and toilet preparations containing alcohol or any substance included in sub paragraph (b) of
this entry
52. Taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale therein
53. Taxes on the consumption or sale of electricity
54. Taxes on the sale or purchase of goods other than newspapers, subject to the provisions of
entry 92A of List I
55. Taxes on advertisements other than advertisements published in the newspapers and
advertisements broadcast by radio or television
56. Taxes on goods and passengers carried by road or on inland waterways
57. Taxes on vehicles, whether mechanically propelled or not, suitable for use on roads,
including tramcars subject to the provisions of entry 35 of List III
58. Taxes on animals and boats
59. Tolls
60. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments
61. Captivation taxes
62. Taxes on luxuries, including taxes on entertainments, amusements, betting and gambling
63. Rates of stamp duty in respect of documents other than those specified in the provisions of
List I with regard to rates of stamp duty
64. Offences against laws with respect to any of the matters in this List
matters in this List
List IIIConcurrent List
1. Criminal law, including all matters included in the Indian Penal Code at the commencement
of this Constitution but excluding offences against laws with respect to any of the matters
specified in List I or List II and excluding the use of naval, military or air forces or any other
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armed forces of the Union in aid of the civil power
2. Criminal procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Criminal Procedure at the
commencement of this Constitution
3. Preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of a State, the maintenance of
public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community; persons
subjected to such detention
4. Removal from one State to another State of prisoners, accused persons and persons
subjected to preventive detention for reasons specified in entry 3 of this List
5. Marriage and divorce; infants and minors; adoption; wills, intestacy and succession; joint
family and partition; all matters in respect of which parties in judicial proceedings were
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution subject to their personal law
6. Transfer of property other than agricultural land; registration of deeds and documents
7. Contracts, including partnership, agency, contracts of carriage, and other special forms of
contracts, but not including contracts relating to agricultural land
8. Actionable wrongs
9. Bankruptcy and insolvency
10. Trust and Trustees
11. Administrators general and official trustees
11A. Administration of justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme
Court and the High Courts
12. Evidence and oaths; recognition of laws, public acts and records, and judicial proceedings
13. Civil procedure, including all matters included in the Code of Civil Procedure at the
commencement of this Constitution, limitation and arbitration
14. Contempt of court, but not including contempt of the Supreme Court
15. Vagrancy; nomadic and migratory tribes
16. Lunacy and mental deficiency, including places for the reception or treatment of lunatics
and mental deficients
17. Prevention of cruelty to animals
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17A. Forests
17B. Protection of wild animals and birds
18. Adulteration of foodstuffs and other goods
19. Drugs and poisons, subject to the provisions of entry 59 of List I with respect to opium
20. Economic and social planning
20A. Population control and family planning
21. Commercial and industrial monopolies, combines and trusts
22. Trade unions; industrial and labour disputes
23. Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment
24. Welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds, employers liability,
workmens compensation, invalidity and old age pensions and maternity benefits
25. Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject to the
provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour
26. Legal, medical and other professions
27. Relief and rehabilitation of persons displaced from their original place of residence by
reason of the setting up of the Dominions of India and Pakistan
28. Charities and charitable institutions, charitable and religious endowments and religious
institutions
29. Prevention of the extension from one State to another of infectious or contagious diseases
or pests affecting men, animals or plants
30. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths
31. Ports other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament or existing law to be
major ports
32. Shipping and navigation on inland waterways as regards mechanically propelled vessels,
and the rule of the road on such waterways, and the carriage of passengers and goods on
inland waterways subject to the provisions of List I with respect to national waterways
33. Trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of,
(a) the products of any industry where the control of such industry by the Union is declared
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by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest, and imported goods of the same
kind as such products;
(b) foodstuffs, including edible oilseeds and oils;
(c) cattle fodder, including oilcakes and other concentrates;
(d) raw cotton, whether ginned or unginned, and cotton seed; and
(e) raw jute
33A. Weights and measures except establishment of standards
34. Price control
35. Mechanically propelled vehicles including the principles on which taxes on such vehicles are
to be levied
36. Factories
37. Boilers
38. Electricity
39. Newspapers, books and printing presses
40. Archaeological sites and remains other than those declared by or under law made by
Parliament to be of national importance
41. Custody, management and disposal of property (including agricultural land) declared by
law to be evacuee property
42. Acquisition and requisitioning of property
43. Recovery in a State of claims in respect of taxes and other public demands, including
arrears of land revenue and sums recoverable as such arrears, arising outside that State
44. Stamp duties other than duties or fees collected by means of judicial stamps, but not
including rates of stamp duty
45. Inquiries and statistics for the purposes of any of the matters specified in List II or List III
matters in this List
EIGHTH SCHEDULE Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 Languages
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1. Assamese
2. Bengali
3. Gujarati
4. Hindi
5. Kannada
6. Kashmiri
7. Konkani
8. Malayalam
9. Manipuri
10. Marathi
11. Nepali
12. Oriya
13. Punjabi
14. Sanskrit
15. Sindhi
16. Tamil
17. Telugu
18. Urdu NINTH SCHEDULE Article 31B
1. The Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 (Bihar Act XXX of 1950 )
2. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 (Bombay Act LXVII of 1948 )
3. The Bombay Maleki Tenure Abolition Act, 1949 (Bombay Act LXI of 1949 )
4. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition Act, 1949 (Bombay Act LXII of 1949 )
5. The Panch Mahals, Mehwassi Tenure Abolition Act, 1949 (Bombay Act LXIII of 1949 )
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6. The Bombay Khoti Abolition Act, 1950 (Bombay Act VI of 1950 )
7. The Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watan Abolition Act, 1950 (Bombay Act LX of 1950 )
8. The Madhya Pradesh Abolition of Proprietary Rights (Estates, Mahals, Alienated Lands) Act,
1950 (Madhya Pradesh Act 1 of 1951 )
9. The Madras Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1948 (Madras Act XXVI
of 1948 )
10. The Madras Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Amendment Act, 1950
(Madras Act 1 of 1950 )
11. The Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950 (Uttar Pradesh Act 1 of
1951 )
12. The Hyderabad (Abolition of Jagirs) Regulation, 1358F C (No LXIX of 1358, Fasli)
13. The Hyderabad Jagirs (Commutation) Regulation, 1359F C (No XXV of 1359, Fasli)
14. The Bihar Displaced Persons Rehabilitation (Acquisition of Land) Act, 1950 (Bihar Act
XXXVIII of 1950 )
15. The United Provinces Land Acquisition (Rehabilitation of Refugees) Act, 1948 (U P Act
XXVI of 1948 )
16. The Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act, 1948 (Act LX of 1948 )
17. Sections 52A to 52G of the Insurance Act, 1938 (Act IV of 1938 ), as inserted by section 42
of the Insurance (Amendment) Act, 1950 (Act XLVII of 1950 )
18. The Railway Companies (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1951 (Act LI of 1951 )
19. Chapter IIIA of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 (Act LXV of 1951 ),
as inserted by section 13 of the Industries (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act,
1953 (Act XXVI of 1953 )
20. The West Bengal Land Development and Planning Act, 1948 (West Bengal Act XXI of 1948
), as amended by West Bengal Act XXIX of 1951
21. The Andhra Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act X of
1961 )
22. The Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Validation) Act,
1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act XXI of 1961 )
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23. The Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Ijara and Kowli Land Cancellation of Irregular
Pattas and Abolition of Concessional Assessment Act, 1961 (Andhra Pradesh Act XXXVI of 1961
)
24. The Assam State Acquisition of Lands belonging to Religious or Charitable Institution of
Public Nature Act, 1959 (Assam Act IX of 1961 )
25. The Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1953 (Bihar Act XX of 1954 )
26. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land) Act,
1961 (Bihar Act XII of 1962 ), (except section 28 of this Act)
27. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1954 (Bombay Act 1 of 1955 )
28. The Bombay Taluqdari Tenure Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1957 (Bombay Act XVIII of
1958 )
29. The Bombay Inams (Kutch Area) Abolition Act, 1958 (Bombay Act XCVIII of 1958 )
30. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1960 (Gujarat Act
XVI of 1960 )
31. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling Act, 1960 (Gujarat Act XXVI of 1961 )
32. The Sagbara and Meshwassi Estates (Proprietary Rights Abolition, etc) Regulation, 1962
(Gujarat Regulation 1 of 1962 )
33. The Gujarat Surviving Alienations Abolition Act, 1963 (Gujarat Act XXXIII of 1963 ), except
in so far as this Act relates to an alienation referred to in sub clause (d) of clause ( 3 ) of section
2 thereof
34. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) Act, 1961 (Maharashtra Act
XXVII of 1961 )
35. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Re enactment, Validation and Further
Amendment) Act, 1961 (Maharashtra Act XLV of 1961 )
36. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950 (Hyderabad Act XXI of 1950 )
37. The Jenmikaram Payment (Abolition) Act, 1960 (Kerala Act III of 1961 )
38. The Kerala Land Tax Act, 1961 (Kerala Act XIII of 1961 )
39. The Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 (Kerala Act 1 of 1964 )
40. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code, 1959 (Madhya Pradesh Act XX of 1959 )
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41. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1960 (Madhya Pradesh Act XX
of 1960 )
42. The Madras Cultivating Tenants Protection Act, 1955 (Madras Act XXV of 1955 )
43. The Madras Cultivating Tenants (Payment of Fair Rent) Act, 1956 (Madras Act XXIV of
1956 )
44. The Madras Occupants of Kudiyiruppu (Protection from Eviction) Act, 1961 (Madras Act
XXXVIII of 1961 )
45. The Madras Public Trust (Regulation of Administration of Agricultural Lands) Act, 1961
(Madras Act LVII of 1961 )
46. The Madras Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1961 (Madras Act LVIII of
1961 )
47. The Mysore Tenancy Act, 1952 (Mysore Act XIII of 1952 )
48. The Coorg Tenants Act, 1957 (Mysore Act XIV of 1957 )
49. The Mysore Village Offices Abolition Act, 1961 (Mysore Act XIV of 1961 )
50. The Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Validation) Act, 1961 (Mysore Act XXXVI
of 1961 )
51. The Mysore Land Reforms Act, 1961 (Mysore Act X of 1962 )
52. The Orissa Land Reforms Act, 1960 (Orissa Act XVI of 1960 )
53. The Orissa Merged Territories (Village Offices Abolition) Act, 1963 (Orissa Act X of 1963 )
54. The Punjab Security of Land Tenures Act, 1953 (Punjab Act X of 1953 )
55. The Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 (Rajasthan Act III of 1955 )
56. The Rajasthan Zamindari and Biswedari Abolition Act, 1959 (Rajasthan Act VIII of 1959 )
57. The Kumaun and Uttarakhand Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1960 (Uttar
Pradesh Act XVII of 1960 )
58. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1960 (Uttar Pradesh Act I
of 1961 )
59. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition Act, 1953 (West Bengal Act 1 of 1954 )
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60. The West Bengal Land Reforms Act, 1955 (West Bengal Act X of 1956 )
61. The Delhi Land Reforms Act, 1954 (Delhi Act VIII of 1954 )
62. The Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Act, 1960 (Central Act 24 of 1960 )
63. The Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960 (Central Act 33 of 1960 )
64. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act, 1960 (Central Act 43 of 1960 )
65. The Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 35 of 1969 )
67. The Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings) Act, 1973 (Andhra
Pradesh Act I of 1973 )
68. The Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land)
(Amendment) Act, 1972 (Bihar Act I of 1973 )
(Amendment) Act, 1973 (Bihar Act IX of 1973 )
70. The Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Bihar Act V of 1972 )
71. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Gujarat Act 2 of 1974 )
72. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1972 (Haryana Act 26 of 1972 )
73. The Himachal Pradesh Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1972 (Himachal Pradesh Act 19 of
1973 )
75. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Madhya
Pradesh Act 12 of 1974 )
76. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Second Amendment) Act, 1972
(Madhya Pradesh Act 13 of 1974 )
77. The Mysore Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1973 (Karnataka Act I of 1974 )
78. The Punjab Land Reforms Act, 1972 (Punjab Act 10 of 1973 )
79. The Rajasthan Imposition of Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings Act, 1973 (Rajasthan Act II of
1973 )
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80. The Gudalur Janmam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1969 (Tamil
Nadu Act 24 of 1969 )
81. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1972 (West Bengal Act XXII of 1972 )
82. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1964 (West Bengal Act XXII of
1964 )
83. The West Bengal Estates Acquisition (Second Amendment) Act, 1973 (West Bengal Act
XXXIII of 1973 )
84. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1972 (Gujarat Act
5 of 1973 )
85. The Orissa Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1974 (Orissa Act 9 of 1974 )
86. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1974 (Tripura
Act 7 of 1974 )
88. The Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 (Central Act 65 of 1951 )
89. The Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act, 1952 (Central Act 30 of
1952 )
90. The Mines and Minerals (Regulations and Development) Act, 1957 (Central Act 67 of 1957 )
91. The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (Central Act 54 of 1969 )
93. The Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1971 (Central Act 64 of 1971 )
94. The Coking Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (Central Act 36 of 1972 )
95. The General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (Central Act 57 of 1972 )
96. The Indian Copper Corporation (Acquisition of Undertaking) Act, 1972 (Central Act 58 of
1972 )
97. The Sick Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1972 (Central Act 72 of
1972 )
98. The Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973 (Central Act 15 of 1973 )
99. The Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973 (Central Act 26 of 1973 )
100. The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (Central Act 46 of 1973 )
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101. The Alcock Ashdown Company Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act, 1973 (Central
Act 56 of 1973 )
102. The Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Act, 1974 (Central Act 28 of 1974 )
103. The Additional Emoluments (Compulsory Deposit) Act, 1974 (Central Act 37 of 1974 )
104. The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974
(Central Act 52 of 1974 )
105. The Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act, 1974 (Central Act 57 of 1974 )
106. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Amendment) Act, 1964
(Maharashtra Act XVI of 1965 )
(Maharashtra Act XXXII of 1965 )
(Maharashtra Act XVI of 1968 )
109. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Second Amendment) Act,
1968 (Maharashtra Act XXXIII of 1968 )
110. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) Amendment Act, 1969
(Maharashtra Act XXXVII of 1969 )
111. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Ceiling on Holdings) (Second Amendment) Act, 1969
(Maharashtra Act XXXVIII of 1969 )
(Maharashtra Act XXVII of 1970 )
(Maharashtra Act XIII of 1972 )
(Maharashtra Act L of 1973 )
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120. The Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1972 (Uttar
122. The Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms (Third Amendment) Act, 1975 (Tripura Act
3 of 1975 )
123. The Dadra and Nagar Haveli Land Reforms Regulation, 1971 ( 3 of 1971 )
124. The Dadra and Nagar Haveli Land Reforms (Amendment) Regulation, 1973 ( 5 of 1973 )
125. Section 66A and Chapter IVA of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (Central Act 4 of 1939 )
126. The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (Central Act 10 of 1955 )
127. The Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act, 1976
(Central Act 13 of 1976 )
128. The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 (Central Act 19 of 1976 )
129. The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities

(Amendment) Act, 1976 (Central Act 20 of 1976 )
131. The Levy Sugar Price Equalisation Fund Act, 1976 (Central Act 31 of 1976 )
132. The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 (Central Act 33 of 1976 )
133. The Departmentalisation of Union Accounts (Transfer of Personnel) Act, 1976 (Central Act
59 of 1976 )
134. The Assam Fixation of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1956 (Assam Act 1 of 1957 )
135. The Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands (Vidarbha Region) Act, 1958 (Bombay Act
XCIX of 1958 )
136. The Gujarat Private Forests (Acquisition) Act, 1972 (Gujarat Act 14 of 1973 )
137. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Haryana Act 17 of 1976 )
138. The Himachal Pradesh Tenancy and Land Reforms Act, 1972 (Himachal Pradesh Act 8 of
1974 )
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139. The Himachal Pradesh Village Common Lands Vesting and Utilization Act, 1974 (Himachal
140. The Karnataka Land Reforms (Second Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act,
1974 (Karnataka Act 31 of 1974 )
141. The Karnataka Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1976 (Karnataka Act 27 of 1976 )
142. The Kerala Prevention of Eviction Act, 1966 (Kerala Act 12 of 1966 )
143. The Thiruppuvaram Payment (Abolition) Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 19 of 1969 )
144. The Sreepadam Lands Enfranchisement Act, 1969 (Kerala Act 20 of 1969 )
145. The Sree Pandaravaka Lands (Vesting and Enfranchisement) Act, 1971 (Kerala Act 20 of
1971 )
146. The Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assignment) Act, 1971 (Kerala Act 26 of 1971 )
147. The Kerala Agricultural Workers Act, 1974 (Kerala Act 18 of 1974 )
148. The Kerala Cashew Factories (Acquisition) Act, 1974 (Kerala Act 29 of 1974 )
149. The Kerala Chitties Act, 1975 (Kerala Act 23 of 1975 )
150. The Kerala Scheduled Tribes (Restriction on Transfer of Lands and Restoration of
Alienated Lands) Act, 1975 (Kerala Act 31 of 1975 )
152. The Kanam Tenancy Abolition Act, 1976 (Kerala Act 16 of 1976 )
155. The West Khandesh Meshwari Estates (Proprietary Rights Abolition, etc) Regulation, 1961
(Maharashtra Regulation 1 of 1962 )
156. The Maharashtra Restoration of Lands to Scheduled Tribes Act, 1974 (Maharashtra Act
XIV of 1975 )
157. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Lowering of Ceiling on Holdings) and (Amendment)
Act, 1972 (Maharashtra Act XXI of 1975 )
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158. The Maharashtra Private Forests (Acquisition) Act, 1975 (Maharashtra Act XXIX of 1975 )
159. The Maharashtra Agricultural Lands (Lowering of Ceiling on Holdings) and (Amendment)
Act, 1975 (Maharashtra Act XLVII of 1975 )
(Maharashtra Act II of 1976 )
161. The Orissa Estates Abolition Act, 1951 (Orissa Act I of 1952 )
162. The Rajasthan Colonisation Act, 1954 (Rajasthan Act XXVII of 1954 )
163. The Rajasthan Land Reforms and Acquisition of Landowners Estates Act, 1963 (Rajasthan
Act 11 of 1964 )
164. The Rajasthan Imposition of Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1976
(Rajasthan Act 8 of 1976 )
165. The Rajasthan Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Rajasthan Act 12 of 1976 )
166. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Reduction of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1970 (Tamil Nadu Act
17 of 1970 )
167. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Amendment Act, 1971 (Tamil
169. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment Act,
1972 (Tamil Nadu Act 20 of 1972 )
170. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Third Amendment Act, 1972
(Tamil Nadu Act 37 of 1972 )
171. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Fourth Amendment Act, 1972
172. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Sixth Amendment Act, 1972 ,
173. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Fifth Amendment Act, 1972
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175. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Third Amendment Act, 1974
176. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment Act, 1974
178. The Tamil Nadu Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Second Amendment Act, 1975
179. Amendments made to the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950
(Uttar Pradesh Act I of 1951 ) by the Uttar Pradesh Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1971 (Uttar
Pradesh Act 21 of 1971 ) and the Uttar Pradesh Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1974 (Uttar
181. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1972 (West Bengal Act XXVIII
of 1972 )
182. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land Act, 1973 (West Bengal Act XXIII of 1973 )
183. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1974 (West Bengal Act XXXIII of 1974
)
184. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1975 (West Bengal Act XXIII of 1975 )
185. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1976 (West Bengal Act XII of 1976 )
186. The Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Amendment Act, 1976 (Central Act 15 of 1976 )
187. The Goa, Daman and Diu Mundkars (Protection from Eviction) Act, 1975 (Goa, Daman and
Diu Act I of 1976 )
188. The Pondicherry Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling on Land) Act, 1973 (Pondicherry Act 9
of 1974 )
189. The Assam (Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy Act, 1971 (Assam Act XXIII of 1971 )
190. The Assam (Temporarily Settled Areas) Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1974 (Assam Act
XVIII of 1974 )
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(Amendment) Amending Act, 1974 (Bihar Act 31 of 1975 )
(Amendment) Act, 1976 (Bihar Act 22 of 1976 )
(Amendment) Act, 1978 (Bihar Act VII of 1978 )
194. The Land Acquisition (Bihar Amendment) Act, 1979 (Bihar Act 2 of 1980 )
195. The Haryana Ceiling on Land Holdings (Amendment) Act, 1977 (Haryana Act 14 of 1977 )
198. The Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition Laws (Amendment) Act, 1978 (Uttar Pradesh Act
15 of 1978 )
199. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land (Amendment) Act, 1978 (West Bengal Act
XXIV of 1978 )
200. The West Bengal Restoration of Alienated Land (Amendment) Act, 1980 (West Bengal Act
LVI of 1980 )
201. The Goa, Daman and Diu Agricultural Tenancy Act, 1964 (Goa, Daman and Diu Act 7 of
1964 )
202. The Goa, Daman and Diu Agricultural Tenancy (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1976 (Goa,
Daman and Diu Act 17 of 1976 )
203. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation, 1959 (Andhra Pradesh
Regulation I of 1959 )
204. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Laws (Extension and Amendment) Regulation,
1963 (Andhra Pradesh Regulation 2 of 1963 )
205. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer (Amendment) Regulation, 1970
(Andhra Pradesh Regulation 1 of 1970 )
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208. The Bihar Tenancy Act, 1885 (Bihar Act 8 of 1885 )
209. The Chhota Nagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 (Bengal Act 6 of 1908 ) (Chapter VIIIsections 46,
47, 48, 48A and 49; Chapter Xsections 71, 71A and 71B; and Chapter XVIIIsections 240, 241
and 242)
210. The Santhal Parganas Tenancy (Supplementary Provisions) Act, 1949 (Bihar Act 14 of
1949 ) except section 53
211. The Bihar Scheduled Areas Regulation, 1969 (Bihar Regulation 1 of 1969 )
213. The Gujarat Devasthan Inams Abolition Act, 1969 (Gujarat Act 16 of 1969 )
214. The Gujarat Tenancy Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Gujarat Act 37 of 1976 )
215. The Gujarat Agricultural Lands Ceiling (Amendment) Act, 1976 (Presidents Act 43 of 1976
)
216. The Gujarat Devasthan Inams Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1977 (Gujarat Act 27 of 1977 )
217. The Gujarat Tenancy Laws (Amendment) Act, 1977 (Gujarat Act 30 of 1977 )
218. The Bombay Land Revenue (Gujarat Second Amendment) Act, 1980 (Gujarat Act 37 of
1980 )
219. The Bombay Land Revenue Code and Land Tenure Abolition Laws (Gujarat Amendment)
Act, 1982 (Gujarat Act 8 of 1982 )
220. The Himachal Pradesh Transfer of Land (Regulation) Act, 1968 (Himachal Pradesh Act 15
of 1969 )
221. The Himachal Pradesh Transfer of Land (Regulation) (Amendment) Act, 1986 (Himachal
222. The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of certain
Lands) Act, 1978 (Karnataka Act 2 of 1979 )
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225. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Third Amendment) Act, 1976 (Madhya
226. The Madhya Pradesh Land Revenue Code (Amendment) Act, 1980 (Madhya Pradesh Act
15 of 1980 )
227. The Madhya Pradesh Akrishik Jot Uchachatam Seema Adhiniyam, 1981 (Madhya Pradesh
Act 11 of 1981 )
228. The Madhya Pradesh Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Second Amendment) Act, 1976
(Madhya Pradesh Act I of 1984 )
231. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 (Maharashtra Act 41 of 1966 ), sections 36,
36A and 36B
232. The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code and the Maharashtra Restoration of Lands to
Scheduled Tribes (Second Amendment) Act, 1976 (Maharashtra Act 30 of 1977 )
233. The Maharashtra Abolition of Subsisting Proprietary Rights to Mines and Minerals in
certain Lands Act, 1985 (Maharashtra Act 16 of 1985 )
234. The Orissa Scheduled Areas Transfer of Immovable Property (By Scheduled Tribes)
Regulation, 1956 (Orissa Regulation 2 of 1956 )
235. The Orissa Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1975 (Orissa Act 29 of 1976 )
237. The Orissa Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1976 (Orissa Act 44 of 1976 )
238. The Rajasthan Colonisation (Amendment) Act, 1984 (Rajasthan Act 12 of 1984 )
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245. The Uttar Pradesh Land Laws (Amendment) Act, 1982 (Uttar Pradesh Act 20 of 1982 )
246. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1965 (West Bengal Act 18 of 1965 )
248. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1969 (West Bengal Act 23 of
1969 )
249. The West Bengal Estate Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1977 (West Bengal Act 36 of 1977 )
250. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue Act, 1979 (West Bengal Act 44 of 1979 )
252. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue (Amendment) Act, 1981 (West Bengal Act 33 of
1981 )
253. The Calcutta Thikka Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) Act, 1981 (West Bengal Act 37
of 1981 )
254. The West Bengal Land Holding Revenue (Amendment) Act, 1982 (West Bengal Act 23 of
1982 )
255. The Calcutta Thikka Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) (Amendment) Act, 1984 (West
Bengal Act 41 of 1984 )
256. The Mahe Land Reforms Act, 1968 (Pondicherry Act 1 of 1968 )
257. The Mahe Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1980 (Pondicherry Act 1 of 1981 )
257A. The Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
(Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutions and of appointments or posts in the Services
under the State) Act 1993 (Tamil Nadu Act 45 of 1994 )
258. The Bihar Privileged persons Homestead Tenancy Act, 1947 (Bihar Act 4 of 1948 )
259. The Bihar Consolidation of Holdings and Prevention of Fragmentation Act, 1956 (Bihar
197 of 204 01/25/2011 09:23 PM

Act 22 of 1956 )
260. The Bihar Consolidation of Holdings and Prevention of Fragmentation (Amendment) Act,
1970 (Bihar Act 7 of 1970 )
261. The Bihar Privileged Persons Homestead Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1970 (Bihar Act 9 of
1970 )
1973 (Bihar Act 27 of 1975 )
1981 (Bihar Act 35 of 1982 )
265. The Bihar Privileged Persons Homestead Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1989 (Bihar Act 11
of 1989 )
266. The Bihar Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1989 (Bihar Act 11 of 1990 )
267. The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of Certain
Lands) (Amendment) Act, 1984 (Karnataka Act 3 of 1984 )
268. The Kerala land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1989 (Kerala Act 16 of 1989 )
269. The Kerala land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1989 (Kerala Act 2 of 1990 )
270. The Orissa Land Reforms Amendment Act, 1989 (Orissa Act 9 of 1990 )
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280. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 1986 (West Bengal Act 19 of
1986 )
281. The West Bengal Land Reforms (Third Amendment) Act, 1981 (West Bengal Act 35 of
1986 )
284. The West Bengal Land Reforms Tribunal Act, 1991 (West Bengal Act 12 of 1991 )
Explanation Any acquisition made under the Rajasthan Tenancy Act, 1955 (Rajasthan Act III of
1955 ), in contravention of the second proviso to clause ( 1 ) of article 31 A shall, to the extent of
the contravention, be void TENTH SCHEDULE Articles 102 ( 2 ) and 191 ( 2 ) Provisions as to
disqualification on ground of defection
1. Interpretation In this Schedule, unless the context otherwise requires,

(a) House means either House of Parliament or the Legislative Assembly or, as the case may
be, either House of the Legislature of a State;
(b) legislature party, in relation to a member of a House belonging to any political party in
accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 or paragraph 3 or, as the case may be,
paragraph 4, means the group consisting of all the members of that House for the time being
belonging to that political party in accordance with the said provisions;
(c) original political party, in relation to a member of a House, means the political party to
which he belongs for the purposes of sub paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 2;
(d) paragraph means a paragraph of this Schedule
2. Disqualification on ground of defection

(1) Subject to the provisions of paragraphs 3, 4 and 5, a member of a House belonging to any
political party shall be disqualified for being a member of the House
(a) if he has voluntarily gives up his membership of such political party; or
(b) if he votes or abstains from voting in such House contrary to any direction issued by the
political party to which he belongs or by any person or authority authorised by it in this
behalf, without obtaining, in either case, the prior permission of such political party, person
or authority and such voting or abstention has not been condoned by such political party,
person or authority within fifteen days from the date of such voting or abstention
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Explanation For the purposes of this sub paragraph,

(a) an elected member of a House shall be deemed to belong to the political party, if any, by
which he was set up as a candidate for election as such member;
(b) a nominated member of a House shall,
(i) where he is a member of any political party on the date of his nomination as such
member, be deemed to belong to such political party;
(ii) in any other case, be deemed to belong to the political party of which he becomes, or, as
the case may be, first becomes a member before the expiry of six months from the date on
which he takes his seat after complying with the requirements of article 99 or, as the case
may be, article 188
(2) An elected member of a House who has been elected as such otherwise than as a
candidate set up by any political party shall be disqualified for being a member of the House
if he joins any political party after such election
(3) A nominated member of a House shall be disqualified for being a member of the House if
he joins any political party after the expiry of six months from the date on which he takes his
seat after complying with the requirements of article 99 or, as the case may be, article 188
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this paragraph, a
person who, on the commencement of the Constitution (Fifty second Amendment) Act, 1985 ,
is a member of a House (whether elected or nominated as such) shall,
(i) where he was a member of political party immediately before such commencement, be
deemed, for the purposes of sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph, to have been elected as a
member of such House as a candidate set up by such political party;
542503 ii in any other case, be deemed to be an elected member of the House who has been
elected as such otherwise than as a candidate set up by any political party for the purposes of
sub paragraph ( 2 ) of this paragraph or, as the case may be, deemed to be a nominated
member of the House for the purposes of sub paragraph ( 3 ) of this paragraph
3. Disqualification on ground of defection not to apply in case of split Where a member of a

House makes a claim that he and any other members of his legislature party constitute the
group representing a faction which has arisen as a result of a split in his original political party
and such group consists of not less than one third of the members of such legislature party,
(a) he shall not be disqualified under sub paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 2 on the ground
(i) that he has voluntarily given up his membership of his original political party; or
(ii) that he has voted or abstained from voting in such House contrary to any direction
issued by such party or by any person or authority authorised by it in that behalf without
obtaining the prior permission of such party, person or authority and such voting or
abstention has not been condoned by such party, person or authority within fifteen days
from the date of such voting or abstention; and
(b) from the time of such split, such faction shall be deemed to be the political party to which
he belongs for the purposes of sub paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 2 and to be his original
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political party for the purposes of this paragraph
4. Disqualification on ground of defection not to apply in case of merger ( 1 ) A member of a

House shall not be disqualified under sub paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 2 where his original
political party merges with another political party and he claims that he and any other
members of his original political party
(a) have become members of such other political party or, as the case may be, of a new
political party formed by such merger; or
(b) have not accepted the merger and opted to function as a separate group, and from the
time of such merger, such other political party or new political party or group, as the case may
be, shall be deemed to be the political party to which he belongs for the purposes of sub
paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 2 and to be his original political party for the purposes of this
sub paragraph
5. Exemption Notwithstanding anything contained in this Schedule, a person who has been
elected to the office of the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People or the
Deputy Chairman of the Council of States or the Chairman or the Deputy Chairman of the
Legislative Council of a State or the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
of a State, shall not be disqualified under this Schedule,
(a) if he, by reason of his election to such office, voluntarily gives up the membership of the
political party to which he belonged immediately before such election and does not, so long as
he continues to hold such office thereafter, rejoin that political party or become a member of
another political party; or
(b) if he, having given up by reason of his election to such office his membership of the
political party to which he belonged immediately before such election, rejoins such political
party after he ceases to hold such office
6. Decision on questions as to disqualification on ground of defection ( 1 ) If any question arises

as to whether a member of a House has become subject to disqualification under this Schedule,
the question shall be referred for the decision of the Chairman or, as the case may be, the
Speaker of such House and his decision shall be final: Provided that where the question which
has arisen is as to whether the Chairman or the Speaker of a House has become subject to such
disqualification, the question shall be referred for the decision of such member of the House as
the House may elect in this behalf and his decision shall be final
(2) All proceedings under sub paragraph ( 1 ) of this paragraph in relation to any question as
to disqualification of a member of a House under this Schedule shall be deemed to be
proceedings in Parliament within the meaning of article 122 or, as the case may be,
proceedings in the Legislature of a State within the meaning of article 212
7. Bar of jurisdiction of courts Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, no court shall

have any jurisdiction in respect of any matter connected with the disqualification of a member
of a House under this Schedule
8. Rules ( 1 ) Subject to the provisions of sub paragraph ( 2 ) of this paragraph, the Chairman
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or the Speaker of a House may make rules for giving effect to the provisions of this Schedule,
and in particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, such rules may
provide for
(a) the maintenance of registers or other records as to the political parties if any, to which
different members of the House belong;
(b) the report which the leader of a legislature party in relation to a member of a House shall
furnish with regard to any condonation of the nature referred to in clause (b) of sub
paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 2 in respect of such member, the time within which and the
authority to whom such report shall be furnished;
(c) the reports which a political party shall furnish with regard to admission to such political
party of any members of the House and the officer of the House to whom such reports shall
be furnished; and
(d) the procedure for deciding any question referred to in sub paragraph ( 1 ) of paragraph 6
including the procedure for any inquiry which may be made for the purpose of deciding such
question
1. Agriculture, including agricultural extension
2. Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation and soil conservation
3. Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development
4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry
5. Fisheries
6. Social forestry and farm forestry
7. Minor forest produce
8. Small scale industries, including food processing industries
9. Khadi, village and cottage industries
10. Rural housing
11. Drinking water
12. Fuel and fodder
13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways and other means of communication
14. Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity
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15. Non conventional energy sources
16. Poverty alleviation programme
17. Education, including primary and secondary schools
18. Technical training and vocational education
19. Adult and non formal education
20. Libraries
21. Cultural activities
22. Markets and fairs
23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centres and dispensaries
24. Family welfare
25. Women and child development
26. Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded
27. Welfare of the weaker sections, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes
28. Public distribution system
29. Maintenance of community assets TWELFTH SCHEDULE Article 243W
1. Urban planning including town planning
2. Regulation of land use and construction of buildings
3. Planning for economic and social development
4. Roads and bridges
5. Water supply for domestic, industrial and, commercial purposes
6. Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management
7. Fire services
8. Urban forestry protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects
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9. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and
mentally retarded
10. Slum improvement and upgradation
11. Urban poverty alleviation
12. Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, play grounds
13. Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects
14. Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums
15. Cattle ponds; prevention of cruelty to animals
16. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths
17. Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences
18. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries
204 of 204 01/25/2011 09:23 PM

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The Constitution Of India 1949

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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA 1949

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all

THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

1. Name and territory of the Union

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other territories as may be acquired

5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution At the commencement of this

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preceding such commencement, shall be a citizen of India

7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan Notwithstanding anything in Articles 5

8. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of India origin residing outside India

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law that may be made by Parliament, continue to be such citizen

13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights

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16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech etc

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20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences

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22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases

23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour

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28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational

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29. Protection of interests of minorities

30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions

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32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part

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(a) promote international peace and security;

52. The President of India There shall be a President of India

53. Executive power of the Union

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55. Manner of election of President

56. Term of office of President

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58. Qualifications for election as President

59. Conditions of Presidents office

61. Procedure for impeachment of the President

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President resumes his duties

66. Election of Vice President

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shall be completed before the expiration of the term

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73. Extent of executive power of the Union

74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President

75. Other provisions as to Ministers

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76. Attorney General for India