Linear Transformation Properties Contraction and Dilation Identity Matrix Theorem

Linear Algebra (MTH-435)
Mr. Muhammad QasimShehzad Email id: qasim@biit.edu.pk, Whatsapp# 03023263494
Week 12 lectures 23
Recall: Linear Independence, Linear Independence of Matrix Columns, Sets of One or Two
Vectors, Theorems, Matrix Equation, Transformation or mapping and theorems.
Objectives: Learning objectives of this lecture are
 Linear Transformation
 Properties
 Contraction and dilation
 Identity matrix
 Theorem
You tube links for week 12
https://youtu.be/i8xgM7H4dVQ
https://youtu.be/nsYQPFtMfCg
https://youtu.be/goq4sDnIwCM
https://youtu.be/apGXGIL0zmg
https://youtu.be/QxrgGX0IvLw
23.1 Linear Transformations
We know that if A is m ×n matrix, then the transformation x→ Ax has the properties
1. A(u +v) =Au +Av
2. A(cu) = c Au for all u, v in 𝑹𝒏 and all scalars c.
These properties for a transformation identify the most important class of transformations
in linear algebra.
Definition
A transformation (or mapping or function) T is linear if:
1. T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v) for all u, v in the domain of T;
2. T(cu) = c T(u) for all u and all scalars c.
Example 23.1
Let L: 𝑅 3 →𝑅 2 be defined by L(x, y, z) = (x, y).
We let u = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )and v = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 )
L(u +v)=L((𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + (𝑥2 , 𝑦2, 𝑧2 ))
=L(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 + 𝑧1 )

=(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
=(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) + (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )=L (u)+L(v)
Also, if k is a real number, then
L (k u) = L (𝑘𝑥1 , 𝑘𝑦1 , 𝑘𝑧1)=(𝑘𝑥1 , 𝑘𝑦1 )=k L(u)
Hence, L is a linear transformation, which is called a projection. The image of the vector (or
point) (3, 5, 7) is the vector (or point) (3, 5) in x y-plane.
Geometrically the image under L of a vector (a, b, c) in 𝑹𝟑 is (a, b) in 𝑹𝟐 can be found by
drawing a line through the end point P(a, b, c) of u and perpendicular to 𝑹𝟐 , the x y-plane.
The intersection Q(a, b)of this line with the x y-plane will
23.2 Properties
If T is a linear transformation, then
1. T(0) = 0
2. T(cu +dv) = cT(u) + dT(v)


3. T(𝑐1 𝒗𝟏 + …+ 𝑐𝑝 𝒗𝒑) = 𝑐1T(𝒗𝒑 ) + … + 𝑐𝑝 T(𝒗𝒑 )
for all vectors u, v in the domain of T and all scalars c, d.
Proof
1. By the definition of Linear Transformation we have T(cu) = cT(u) for all u and all
scalars c. Put c = 0 we’ll get T(0u)= 0T(u) This implies T(0) = 0
2. Just apply the definition of linear transformation. i. e
T(cu + dv) = T(cu) + T(dv) = cT(u) + dT(v)
Property (3) follows from (ii), because T(0) = T (0u) =0T(u) = 0.
Property (4) requires both (i) and (ii):
Observe that if a transformation satisfies property 2 for all u, v and c, d, it must be linear
(Take c = d = 1 for preservation of addition, and take d = 0)
Generalizing Property 2 we’ll get 3
T(𝑐1 𝒗𝟏 + …+ 𝑐𝑝 𝒗𝒑) = 𝑐1T(𝒗𝒑 ) + … + 𝑐𝑝 T(𝒗𝒑 )
Example 23.2
Define a linear transformation T:𝑅 2 →𝑅 2 by
0 −1 𝑥 −𝑦
T(x) =[ ] [𝑦 ] = [ ]
1 0 𝑥

4 3 6
Find the images under T if u = [ ], v = [ ] and u +v = [ ].
1 2 4
Solution
0 −1 4 −1
T (u)= [ ][ ] = [ ]
1 0 1 4
0 −1 3 −3
T (v)= [ ][ ] = [ ]
1 0 2 2
0 −1 6 −4
T (u +v)=[ ] [ ] = [ ].
1 0 4 6
Example 23.3
Let L: 𝑅 3 →𝑅 2 be a linear transformation for which:
L (1, 0, 0) = (2, -1),
L (0, 1, 0) = (3, 1), and


L (0, 0, 1) = (-1, 2).
Then find L (-3, 4, 2).
Solution
Since (-3, 4, 2) = -3i + 4j + 2k,
L ( -3, 4, 2) =L ( -3i +4j+ 2k )
= -3L(i) + 4L(j) + 2L (k )
= -3(2,-1) + 4(3,1) + 2( -1, 2)
= (4,11)
23.3 Contraction and dilation
Given a scalar r, define T:𝑅 2 →𝑅 2 by T (x) = rx.
T is called a contraction when 0 ≤r <1 and a dilation when r ≥1.
Let r = 3 and show that T is a linear transformation.
Solution
Let u, v be in 𝑹𝟐 and let c, d be scalars, then
T (cu + dv) = 3 (cu + dv) Definition of T
= 3cu + 3dv

= c (3u) + d(3v) Vector arithmetic
= cT(u) + dT(v)
Thus T is a linear transformation
23.4 Identity matrix:
1 0
The column of matrix 𝐼2 = [ ]
0 1
1 0
are 𝑒1 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒2 = [ ]
0 1
Suppose T is linear transformation from 𝑅 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑅 3 such that
5 −3
𝑇(𝑒1 ) = [−7] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇(𝑒2 ) = [ 8 ]
2 0
With no additional information find a formula for the image of an arbitrary x in 𝑅 2
Solution

𝑥1
Let 𝑥 = [𝑥 ]
2
Then we can write
𝑥1 1 0
[𝑥 ] = 𝑥1 [ ] + 𝑥2 [ ]
2 0 1
Since T is linear transformation then we can write
𝑥1 1 0
𝑇([𝑥 ]) = 𝑥1 (𝑇 [ ]) + 𝑥2 (𝑇 [ ])
2 0 1
And thus
𝑥1 5 −3
𝑇 ([𝑥 ]) = 𝑥1 [−7] + [ 8 ]
2
2 0
5 −3 𝑥
1
=[−7 8 ] [𝑥 ]
2
2 0
Consequently we say that
𝐴 = [𝑇(𝑒1 ) 𝑇(𝑒2 )]
23.5 Theorem

Let 𝑇: 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 be a linear transformation then there exist a unique matrix A such that
𝑇(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑅 𝑛
in fact A is the from 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix whose jth column is the vector from 𝑇(𝑒𝑗 ) where 𝑒𝑗 is the
jth column of identity matrix in 𝑅 𝑛
𝐴 = [𝑇(𝑒1 ) 𝑇(𝑒2 ) … 𝑇(𝑒𝑛 ) ]
Remark
The matrix 𝑇(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 is called the matrix of transformation 𝑇
Week 12 Lecture 24
Objectives: Learning objectives of this lecture are
 Transformation and Standard Matrix or
 Finding the matrix of transformation of a linear transformation defined
geometrically
 Examples
 One to one and onto transformation
 Applications
24.1 finding the matrix of transformation of a linear transformation defined geometrically
Reflection about a line:
You have to understand reflection about a line.
The 𝑰𝟐 columns and rectangle
Reflection through the 𝒙𝟏 -axis
For that we have standard matrix or matrix of transformation


1 0
𝑆. 𝑀 = [ ]
0 −1
Reflection through the 𝒙𝟐 -axis
−1 0
𝑆. 𝑀 = [ ]
0 1
Reflection through the the line 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟏:


0 1
𝑆. 𝑀 = [ ]
1 0
Reflection through the origin:
−1 0
𝑆. 𝑀 = [ ]
0 −1
Horizontal contraction and expansion:


𝑘 0
𝑆. 𝑀 = [ ]
0 1
When 𝒌 > 1 then image expand horizontally
When 𝟎 < 𝑘 < 1 then image contract horizontally
Vertical contraction and expansion:
1 0
𝑆. 𝑀 = [ ]
0 𝑘
When 𝒌 > 1 then image expand vertically
When 𝟎 < 𝑘 < 1 then image contract vertically
Horizontal Shears transformation:

1 𝑘
𝑆. 𝑀 = [ ]
0 1
When 𝒌 > 0 then image Horizontal Shears transformation is left to right
When 𝒌 < 𝟎 then image Horizontal Shears transformation is right to left
Vertical Shears transformation:
1 0
𝑆. 𝑀 = [ ]
𝑘 1

When 𝒌 > 0 then image vertical Shears transformation is upside
When 𝒌 < 𝟎 then image vertical Shears transformation is downside
Projections:
Projection onto 𝒙𝟏 -axis
1 0
𝑆. 𝑀 = [ ]
0 0
Projection onto 𝒙𝟐 -axis

0 0
𝑆. 𝑀 = [ ]
0 1
Rotation:
Let 𝑇: 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 2 be the transformation that rotates each point in 𝑅 2 about the origin
through an angle ∅ with counter clockwise rotation for a positive angle

𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ −𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅
𝑆. 𝑀 = [ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅
Example
𝒖 = (𝟐, 𝟓)
1. Find reflection through y-axis.
2. Find shared transformation
3. Find the solution when matrix is horizontally expanded.
4. Find reflection through origin.
5. Find rotational transformation
6. Find the solution when matrix is vertically contracted.
Using the matrix of transformation
One to one mapping:


A mapping 𝑇: 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 is said to be one to one if each b is the image of at most one 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑅 𝑛
Onto mapping:
A mapping 𝑇: 𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 is said to be one to one if each b is the image of at least one 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑅 𝑛
Applications
In engineering and physics, property 3 is referred to as a superposition principle. Think of
𝒗𝟏 , … , 𝒗𝒑 as signals that go into a system or process and T(𝒗𝟏 ), … , T(𝒗𝒑 ) as the responses of
that system to the signals. The system satisfies the superposition principle if an input is
expressed as a linear combination of such signals; the system’s response is the same linear

combination of the responses to the individual signals. A specific application of linear maps
is for geometric transformations, such as those performed in computer graphics, where the
translation, rotation and scaling of 2D or 3D objects is performed by the use of
a transformation matrix. Linear mappings also are used as a mechanism for describing
change: for example in calculus correspond to derivatives; or in relativity, used as a device
to keep track of the local transformations of reference frames.
Note: You can take help from book which I have recommended you by David C Lay. The
topics are linear transformation and reflections through matrix of transformation.

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Linear Algebra (MTH-435)

Mr. Muhammad QasimShehzad Email id: qasim@biit.edu.pk, Whatsapp# 03023263494

Vectors, Theorems, Matrix Equation, Transformation or mapping and theorems.

Objectives: Learning objectives of this lecture are

 Contraction and dilation

You tube links for week 12

Mr. Muhammad QasimShehzad Email id: qasim@biit.edu.pk, Whatsapp# 03023263494

23.1 Linear Transformations

We know that if A is m ×n matrix, then the transformation x→ Ax has the properties

1. A(u +v) =Au +Av

2. A(cu) = c Au for all u, v in 𝑹𝒏 and all scalars c.

A transformation (or mapping or function) T is linear if:

1. T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v) for all u, v in the domain of T;

2. T(cu) = c T(u) for all u and all scalars c.

Let L: 𝑅 3 →𝑅 2 be defined by L(x, y, z) = (x, y).

We let u = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )and v = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 )

L(u +v)=L((𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) + (𝑥2 , 𝑦2, 𝑧2 ))

Mr. Muhammad QasimShehzad Email id: qasim@biit.edu.pk, Whatsapp# 03023263494

=(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) + (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )=L (u)+L(v)

Also, if k is a real number, then

L (k u) = L (𝑘𝑥1 , 𝑘𝑦1 , 𝑘𝑧1)=(𝑘𝑥1 , 𝑘𝑦1 )=k L(u)

point) (3, 5, 7) is the vector (or point) (3, 5) in x y-plane.

Geometrically the image under L of a vector (a, b, c) in 𝑹𝟑 is (a, b) in 𝑹𝟐 can be found by

If T is a linear transformation, then

2. T(cu +dv) = cT(u) + dT(v)

Mr. Muhammad QasimShehzad Email id: qasim@biit.edu.pk, Whatsapp# 03023263494

for all vectors u, v in the domain of T and all scalars c, d.

scalars c. Put c = 0 we’ll get T(0u)= 0T(u) This implies T(0) = 0

2. Just apply the definition of linear transformation. i. e

T(cu + dv) = T(cu) + T(dv) = cT(u) + dT(v)

Property (3) follows from (ii), because T(0) = T (0u) =0T(u) = 0.

Property (4) requires both (i) and (ii):

(Take c = d = 1 for preservation of addition, and take d = 0)

Generalizing Property 2 we’ll get 3

T(𝑐1 𝒗𝟏 + …+ 𝑐𝑝 𝒗𝒑) = 𝑐1T(𝒗𝒑 ) + … + 𝑐𝑝 T(𝒗𝒑 )

Define a linear transformation T:𝑅 2 →𝑅 2 by

Mr. Muhammad QasimShehzad Email id: qasim@biit.edu.pk, Whatsapp# 03023263494

Let L: 𝑅 3 →𝑅 2 be a linear transformation for which:

L (1, 0, 0) = (2, -1),

L (0, 1, 0) = (3, 1), and

Mr. Muhammad QasimShehzad Email id: qasim@biit.edu.pk, Whatsapp# 03023263494

Then find L (-3, 4, 2).

Since (-3, 4, 2) = -3i + 4j + 2k,

L ( -3, 4, 2) =L ( -3i +4j+ 2k )

= -3(2,-1) + 4(3,1) + 2( -1, 2)

23.3 Contraction and dilation

Given a scalar r, define T:𝑅 2 →𝑅 2 by T (x) = rx.

T is called a contraction when 0 ≤r <1 and a dilation when r ≥1.

Let r = 3 and show that T is a linear transformation.

Let u, v be in 𝑹𝟐 and let c, d be scalars, then

T (cu + dv) = 3 (cu + dv) Definition of T

Mr. Muhammad QasimShehzad Email id: qasim@biit.edu.pk, Whatsapp# 03023263494

Thus T is a linear transformation

23.4 Identity matrix:

Suppose T is linear transformation from 𝑅 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑅 3 such that

With no additional information find a formula for the image of an arbitrary x in 𝑅 2

Mr. Muhammad QasimShehzad Email id: qasim@biit.edu.pk, Whatsapp# 03023263494

Then we can write

Since T is linear transformation then we can write