Module 1

MODULE 1
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
MODULE OUTLINE
1. Wastewater and Wastewater Management
2. Characterization of wastewater
3. Methods of wastewater treatment
4. Industrial wastewater treatment

WHAT IS WASTEWATER?
A water whose physical, chemical

or biological properties have
been changed as a result of
the introduction of certain
substances which render it
unsafe for some purposes such as
drinking.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
 the process and technology

that is used to remove most
of the contaminants that are
found in wastewater to ensure
a sound environment and
good public health
WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
 handling wastewater to
protect the environment to
ensure public health,
economic, social and political
soundness
OBJECTIVES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
1. Reduction of biodegradable organic substances in the environment:

organic substances such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur in organic matter needs to be broken down by
oxidation into gases which is either released or remains in solution.
2. Reduction of nutrient concentration in the environment:

nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous from wastewater in the environment enrich water bodies or render it
eutrophic leading to the growth of algae and other aquatic plants. These plants deplete oxygen in water bodies and this
hampers aquatic life.
OBJECTIVES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
3. Elimination of pathogens:
organisms that cause disease in plants, animals and humans are called pathogens. They are also known as
micro-organisms because they are very small to be seen with the naked eye.
4. Recycling and Reuse of water:

Water is a scarce and finite resource which is often taken for granted.
TYPES OF WASTEWATER
SOME TERMINOLOGIES
SOME TERMINOLOGIES
SOME TERMINOLOGIES
SOME TERMINOLOGIES
CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER
CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER
Water Treatment Terms
• Coagulation
•- used to remove turbidity, color and bacteria from drinking
waters.
•- the goal is to change the surface charge on the particles
so they can stick together to form larger particles that will
settle by gravity.
•- larger particles and dissolved ions are removed by gravity
settling or precipitation.
•- removal of particulate matter
Coagulant
-a chemical that is added to the water to cause the particles to
coagulate
-Three key properties of coagulant:
1.Trivalent cation – e.g. sodium and calcium
2.Nontoxic
3.Insoluble in the neutral pH range – to neutralize acid, use lime or sodium
carbonate
-Most commonly used coagulants are aluminum and ferric ion.
-Two important factors in coagulant addition is pH & dose
Mixing or Rapid Mixing
-the process whereby the chemicals are
quickly and uniformly dispersed in the
water.
Flocculation
- contacting process in which
precipitates must be brought into
contact with one another so they can
form flocs.
Hardness - used to characterize a water that does not lather well,
causes a scum in the bath tub and leaves hard, white, crusty deposits
(scale) on coffee pots, tea kettles and hot water heaters. The failure
to lather well and the formation of scum on bath tubs is the result of
the reactions of calcium and magnesium with the soap.
Ion Exchange Softening

- defined as the reversible exchange of an ion on a solid phase
with an ion of like charge in an aqueous phase.
Sedimentation
- required process prior to subsequent treatment when surface
water contains high turbidity.
Sedimentation basins
- also called clarifiers or settling tanks.
- usually rectangular or circular with either a radial or upward
water flow pattern.
- sludge that is withdrawn from the bottom of sedimentation
basins may in some cases be discharged back to the river.
Filtration
- As the water flows over the weirs and exits the
sedimentation tank, it still contains particles that were too small
to settle or somehow escaped escape removal due to fluid
patterns.
- process by which water flows slowly through a bed of
granular media, usually sand, anthracite coal or garnet.
Disinfection
- used in water treatment to kill pathogens present I
water that would cause mild to fatal illness if ingested.
- not the same as sterilization as this implies to
destruction of all living organisms.
- Four categories of human enteric pathogens:
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Protozoa
4. Amebic cysts
Sludge
-semi-solid slurry and can be produced as sewage sludge from
wastewater treatment processes or as a settled suspension
obtained from conventional drinking water treatment and other
industrial processes.
-Generic term for solids separated from suspension in a liquid.
Processes:
1.Thickening – separating as much water as possible by gravity or
flotation.
2.Stabilization – converting the organic solids to more refractory (inert)
forms so that they can be handle or used as soil conditioners without
causing a nuisance or health hazard through processes referred to as
digestion.
3.Conditioning – treating the sludge with chemicals or heat so that the
water can be readily separated.
4.Dewatering – separating water by subjecting the sludge to vacuum,
pressure or drying.
5.Reduction – convening the solids to a stable form by wet oxidation or
incineration. These are chemical oxidation processes which decrease the
volume of sludge, hence the term is reduction.
Sludge Disposal
1.Ultimate Disposal
2.Land Spreading
3.Landfilling
4.Dedicated Land Disposal (DLD)
5.Utilization
6.Sludge Disposal Regulations
Water Treatment Systems
1. Limited Plants
-have a high quality water source and employ very
specific like disinfection, corrosion control,
fluoridation, iron/manganese removal and softening.
-used only for the treatment of groundwater as a raw
water source.
2. Coagulation Plants
-used to treat surface water.
-rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration
and disinfection are employed to remove color,
turbidity, taste and odors and bacteria.
3. Softening Plants
-used to treat
waters having a
high hardness level
(calcium and
magnesium),
typically
groundwater.
PROCESS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Physical Chemical Biological

• Screening • Chemical precipitation • Activated sludge process
• Comminution • Adsorption • Aerated lagoon
• Flow equalization • Disinfection • Trickling filters
• Sedimentation • Dechlorination • Rotating biological

contactors
• Flotation
• Pond stabilization
• Granular-medium filtration
• Anaerobic digestion
LEVELS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
 Research on the following Methods of Waste water treatment
 Prepare a 5-10 slides powerpoint presentation and be ready to present it in class
 Conventional Methods  Non-Conventional Methods
 Activated Sludge  Waste stabilization ponds
 Trickling Filter  Constructed wetlands
 Rotating biological contactors  Oxidation ditches
 Membrane Bioreactors  Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)
 Soil aquifer treatment
 Faecal sludge treatment and disposal

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1. Wastewater and Wastewater Management

3. Methods of wastewater treatment

4. Industrial wastewater treatment

A water whose physical, chemical

 the process and technology

1. Reduction of biodegradable organic substances in the environment:

2. Reduction of nutrient concentration in the environment:

4. Recycling and Reuse of water:

Ion Exchange Softening

Physical Chemical Biological

• Comminution • Adsorption • Aerated lagoon

• Flow equalization • Disinfection • Trickling filters

• Sedimentation • Dechlorination • Rotating biological

 Prepare a 5-10 slides powerpoint presentation and be ready to present it in class

 Conventional Methods  Non-Conventional Methods

 Activated Sludge  Waste stabilization ponds

 Trickling Filter  Constructed wetlands

 Rotating biological contactors  Oxidation ditches

 Membrane Bioreactors  Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)

 Soil aquifer treatment

 Faecal sludge treatment and disposal

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