1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Technical Manual

ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0)

Softswitch Control Equipment
Technical Manual
ZTE CORPORATION

ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment

Technical Manual
Manual Version 20031020-R1.0

Product Version V2.0
Copyright ©ZTE Corporation
All rights reserved.
No part of this documentation may be excerpted, reproduced, translated, annotated or

duplicated, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of ZTE
Corporation.
ZTE CORPORATION
ZTE Plaza, Keji Road South, Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, P.R.China
Website: http://www.zte.com.cn
Postcode: 518057
Customer Support Center: (+86755) 26771900 800-9830-9830
Fax: (+86755) 26770801
Email: support@zte.com.cn
* * * *
S.N.: sjzl20040211
Preface
About This Manual
This manual intends to enable users to have a systematic and complete understanding
of the ZTE Softswitch core control equipment: ZXSS10 SS1a/1b. It lays a foundation
for using other supporting manuals such as the Operation Manual, Maintenance
Manual, Command Manual and Interface Manual and conducting operation &
maintenance on the equipment.
The Technical Manual is the core of the whole set of attached manuals of the
softswitch product. All other manuals provide further descriptions on the foundation of
the Technical Manual. This technical manual primarily describes the architecture,
operating principle, software structure, performance indices, external interfaces,
service functions and application examples of the softswitch product.
Major modules:
1. Basic knowledge: describes knowledge related to the softswitch system;
2. Architecture: describes the total structure and functions of the Softswitch

product and composition of the system;
3. Technical indices: describes technical indices of the softswitch product;
4. Interfaces and protocols: describes external interfaces and communication

protocols of the softswitch system;
5. Service functions: describes the service provisioning mode and capability of the
softswitch product.
6. Networking and configuration: describes the softswitch networking mode and

application.
This Technical Manual consists of the preface, contents, text and appendix.
How to Use This Manual

This manual includes six chapters. “Chapter 1 Basic Knowledge” describes the basic
conceptions of the data communication network and knowledge about the packet
switching technology; “Chapter 2 Architecture” simply describes the composition of
the softswitch system as well as the location of the softswitch control equipment in the

system and its functions; “Chapter 3 Technical Indices” describes technical indices
related to ZXSS10 SS1a/1b; “Chapter 4 Interfaces and Protocols” describes interfaces
and communication protocols of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b; “Chapter 5 Service Functions”
describe service functions of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b; and “Chapter 6 Networking Mode and
Configuration” describes the networking application, configuration principles and
configuration examples of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b. In addition, the appendix describes
knowledge about the common technical index analysis methods, system protocol stacks,
small-capacity core equipment ZXSS10 SS1c and abbreviations.
This technical manual is intended for deployment engineering technical personnel as

well as daily maintenance personnel and maintenance management personnel of the
equipment room. You can either select relevant chapters according to the title of each
chapter such as “Architecture”, “Interfaces and Protocols”, “Service Functions” and
“Networking Mode and System Configuration” or study the manual systematically.
The technical manual is applicable to ZTE softswitch control equipment ZXSS10 SS1a
/1b (V2.0). In actual applications, if the manual differs from the actual system version,
the contents in the actual version should apply.
Related manuals also include:
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Operation Manual
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Maintenance Manual
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Installation Manual-Hardware
SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Installation Manual-Software
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Hardware Manual

Contents
1 Basic Knowledge ...................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Basic Conceptions of Data Communication .................................................................................. 1-1
1.2 Network Switching Technology..................................................................................................... 1-5
1.3 Packet Switching............................................................................................................................ 1-7
1.4 IP Telephony Technology............................................................................................................... 1-8
1.5 Common IP Voice Coding and Compression Modes ..................................................................... 1-9
1.6 IP Address .................................................................................................................................... 1-10
2 System Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 System Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Background of Softswitch................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.2 ZXSS10 Softswitch Architecture ........................................................................................ 2-2
2.2 Architecture.................................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.1 Hardware Structure ............................................................................................................. 2-4
2.2.2 Software Structure............................................................................................................... 2-4
2.3 Operating Principles of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b System...................................................................... 2-6
2.4 System Functions ........................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.5 System Features ........................................................................................................................... 2-11
2.6 Main Functions and Applicable Scope......................................................................................... 2-14
2.7 Working Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 2-15
3 Technical Indices....................................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Processing Capability..................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.1 BHCA.................................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.1.2 Maximum Subscriber Capacity of System.......................................................................... 3-1
3.1.3 System Expansion ............................................................................................................... 3-2
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3.1.4 Others.................................................................................................................................. 3-2
3.2 Charging Performance ................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.3 Time Monitoring and Load Capacity............................................................................................. 3-2
3.4 Reliability and Availability ............................................................................................................ 3-3
4 Interfaces and Protocols............................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Physical Interface........................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.3 Protocol Interface........................................................................................................................... 4-1
5 Service Functions ..................................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Basic Voice Service ....................................................................................................................... 5-3
5.2.1 Basic PSTN Voice Service and Supplementary Service ..................................................... 5-3
5.2.2 IP Centrex ........................................................................................................................... 5-9
5.2.3 IP Public Phone................................................................................................................. 5-14
5.3 Traditional Intelligent Service ..................................................................................................... 5-17
5.4 IP Value-added Service ................................................................................................................ 5-19
5.5 Multimedia Service...................................................................................................................... 5-20
6 Networking Mode and System Configuration .......................................................................................... 6-1
6.1 Networking Mode.......................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1.1 Networking Mode of Backbone Network........................................................................... 6-1
6.1.2 Networking Mode of Local Network.................................................................................. 6-2
6.2 System Configuration .................................................................................................................... 6-6
AppendixA Analysis of Common Technical Indices .................................................................................. A-1
A.1 Delay Analysis ............................................................................................................................. A-1
A.2 Traffic Analysis............................................................................................................................ A-3
A.2.1 Network Traffic Analysis .................................................................................................. A-3
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A.2.2 Traffic Analysis of Softswitch Control Equipment ........................................................... A-5
AppendixB ZXSS10 SS1a/1b Protocol Stack............................................................................................. B-1
B.1 Megaco/H248 Protocol................................................................................................................. B-1
B.2 MGCP Protocol ............................................................................................................................ B-2
B.3 SCTP Protocol .............................................................................................................................. B-3
B.4 M3UA Protocol ............................................................................................................................ B-4
B.5 SIP Protocol.................................................................................................................................. B-6
B.6 No.7 UP Protocol.......................................................................................................................... B-7
AppendixC Abbreviations........................................................................................................................... C-1
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A List of Figures
Fig. 1.2-1 A Simple Communication Network ......................................................................................... 1-6
Fig. 1.3-1 Packet ....................................................................................................................................... 1-7
Fig. 2.1-1 Next-generation Network Based on the Softswitch Technology.............................................. 2-2
Fig. 2.2-1 System Architecture Connection of Softswitch Control Equipment ........................................ 2-4
Fig. 2.2-2 Software System of Softswitch Control Equipment................................................................. 2-5
Fig. 2.3-1 ZXSS10 SS1a/1b Platform ....................................................................................................... 2-6
Fig. 4.3-1 Typical Application of Protocols .............................................................................................. 4-2
Fig. 5.1-1 Service Provisioning Mode of Softswitch Network ................................................................. 5-2
Fig. 5.2-1 Provisioning Mode of IP Centrex Service .............................................................................. 5-10
Fig. 5.2-2 Simplified IP Public Phone..................................................................................................... 5-15
Fig. 5.2-3 Standard IP Public Phone ....................................................................................................... 5-16
Fig. 6.1-1 Class 4 Solution........................................................................................................................ 6-2
Fig. 6.1-2 Solution Integrating Home Data and Voice .............................................................................. 6-3
Fig. 6.1-3 Pure Voice Solution of the Office (corridor)............................................................................. 6-4
Fig. 6.1-4 Community Solution ................................................................................................................ 6-5
Fig. 6.1-5 Intelligent Terminal Solution.................................................................................................... 6-6
Fig. B.1-1 Relationship between Transactions, Contexts and Commands............................................... B-2
Fig. B.4-1 M3UA Application.................................................................................................................. B-4
Fig. B.5-1 Typical SIP Session/Call Setup Process.................................................................................. B-6
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A list of Tables
Table 5.2-1 Supplementary Services......................................................................................................... 5-3
Table 5.2-2 Centrex Service Functions ................................................................................................... 5-10
Table 5.2-3 Functions of Operator Console ............................................................................................ 5-13
Table 5.3-1 Traditional Intelligent Service.............................................................................................. 5-18
Table 5.4-1 IP Value-added Service ........................................................................................................ 5-19
Table 6.1-1 Various Solutions ................................................................................................................... 6-2
Table 6.2-1 ZXSS10 SS1a Hardware Configuration List 1 ...................................................................... 6-7
Table 6.2-2 ZXSS10 SS1b Hardware Configuration List 2 ...................................................................... 6-8
Table 6.2-3 ZXSS10 SS1a Background Configuration List...................................................................... 6-8
Table 6.2-4 ZXSS10 SS1b Hardware Configuration List 1 ...................................................................... 6-9
Table 6.2-5 ZXSS10 SS1b Hardware Configuration List 2 .................................................................... 6-10
Table 6.2-6 ZXSS10 SS1b Background Configuration List ................................................................... 6-11
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1 Basic Knowledge
Summary
This chapter describes basic knowledge related to the softswitch product, including the
basic conceptions of data communication, network switching technology, packet
switching, IP telephony technology, common IP voice codes and compression modes as
well as definition of and division principles for IP addresses. To understand the above
basic knowledge can help users to better learn the softswitch technology.
1.1 Basic Conceptions of Data Communication

Data communication is a new communication mode combining the computer and
communication, which is the foundation upon which various computer networks can be
set up. The data communication network has been developing for 30 years. In the
course when human beings enter the information society, data communication is
playing a more and more important role.
There are many conceptual terms involved in data communication. We can actually
grasp the essence of data communication only after understanding these terms.
1. Channel
The path where the transmission information is to pass is called “channel”. In

computers, channels are further divided into physical channels and logic
channels. The physical channel refers to the physical path used to transmit
signals or data. The physical path between two termination points in a network
is called a communication link. A physical channel is composed of transmission
media and relevant devices. The logic channel is also a kind of path. However,
there is no physical transmission media between the signal receiving and
transmitting points. In this case, the transmission is made possible via the “edge”
within the termination on the foundation of the physical channel. Generally, a
logic channel is called as “connection”.
2. Code element
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ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Technical Manual
The code element is known as each bit in binary numbers transmitted over a
network, e.g.: 10101010.
3. Data
There are two types of data: analog data and digital data.
For analog data, both the time and amplitude are continuous. Its level varies
continuously with the time. For example: voices are typical analog signals.
Other signals received by analog sensors such temperature, pressure and traffic
are also analog signals. For digital data, the time is discrete while the amplitude
is quantized. It is generally a numeric sequence composed of binary codes of 0
and 1. In the communication system, signals represented with analog data are
called analog signals will those represented with numeric data are called digital
signals. They can be transformed to each other.
4. Modem
The traditional telephone communication channel is a kind of analog channel

that only transmits voice signals, which cannot directly transmit digital signals
of computers. To utilize the existing analog line for digital signal transmission, it
is required to transform digital signals to analog signals. This process is called
modulation. At the other end, the received analog signals need to be restored to
digital signals. This process is called demodulation. Since data transmission is
bi-directional generally, modulation and demodulation are needed at both ends.
The device performing such functions is called MODEM.
5. Data transmission rate
It refers to the speed of information transmission over the communication line.

The data transmission rate is represented in two ways: signal rate and
modulation rate.
Signal rate S: refers to the valid bits of binary bit codes transmitted in the unit
time. Generally, its unit is bits per second, i.e., BPS.
Modulation rate B: is the transmission rate of modulated pulse signals. Its unit is
BAUD. Generally, it is used to represent the signal transmission rate between
modulators.
The relationship between signal rate S and modulation rate B is: S=B×log2N
1-2
Chapter 1 Basic Knowledge
Here, N indicates the valid status of a pulse signal. In the binary system, there
are two types of status for a pulse: 0 or 1, i.e., n=2. More specifically, signal rate
S is consistent with modulation rate B.
6. Bit error ratio
It refers to the error ratio of the information transmission, which is an index for
judging system reliability. It is measured on the proportion of bits in received
information on the total transmission bits. Generally, the bit error ratio should be
under 10-6.
7. Information capacity
It refers to the highest capability of the channel in information transmission.

Generally, it is represented with the maximum number of information bits that
can be transmitted within the unit time. In actual application, the channel
capacity should be more than the transmission rate. Otherwise, it is impossible
to fully utilize the high transmission rate.
8. Baseband transmission
It refers to transmission of original 0 or 1 digital pulse signals generated by

computers or terminals over communication cables. In this way, the baseband of
a signal can be divided from a direct stream to several MHZs. The broader the
frequency band, the larger the influence of the capacitance and inductance of the
transmission line over waveform attenuation of transmission signals. Generally,
the transmission distance does not exceed 2km. If this distance is exceeded, it is
required to add relays to amplify signals, thus prolonging the transmission
distance.
9. Frequency band transmission
In long-distance communication, it is necessary to modulate digital signals to

audio signals before sending and transmitting them. The receiving end will then
demodulate received audio signals to digital signals. Therefore, when frequency
band transmission is adopted, it is required to mount modems at the transmitting
and receiving ends. This method not only solves the problem of digital signal
transmission over telephone lines but also realizes multi-channel multiplexing
and increasing the channel utilization efficiency.
10. Broadband transmission

It refers to information transmission via media with higher bandwidth

(approximately 300-400MHz generally). During system design, this frequency
band is split into several sub-bands. With the “multi-channel multiplexing
technology”, multiple types of information such as sounds, images and data can
be transmitted simultaneously over one channel. In this way, the system is made
multipurpose.
11. Serial transmission
It refers to transmission of data bit by bit. In this case, only one transmission line
is needed between the transmitting and receiving ends. The advantage of this
mode is to save devices and reduce expenses. Its disadvantage is that the
transmission rate is low. The application of this transmission mode is
widespread in the current network.
12. Parallel transmission
In this case, one byte (8 bits) is transmitted each time and eight lines are used
between the transmitting and receiving ends.
At present, parallel transmission is generally used for operations within

computers. When the serial transmission is adopted, the transmitting end will
transform the parallel data stream to serial data stream via the parallel/serial
conversion device; while the receiving end will restore them to 8-bit parallel
data via the serial-parallel device.
13. Data exchange mode
Generally, computers in the network exchange data via the public

communication transmission line to increase the utilization efficiency of the
transmission equipment. The switching mode in LAN includes two categories:
line switching and storage switching. In storage switching, the packet switching
and packet group switching are commonly used.
14. Character coding
The data transmitted over the channel appear in the binary bit form. It deals with
how to combine two code elements: 0 and 1 so that they can represent different
data and information.
15. Error correction
1-4
Errors are inevitable during the process or character code transmission and
receiving. How to detect errors in time and further correct them is also an
important topic of research for the digital communication system. The general
solutions include anti-interference coding or correction coding. At present, the
commonly solutions include adding polarity check codes, block codes, cycle
redundancy codes and so on.
16. Protocol
It refers to network communication rules, which define the mode of

communication between two computers via a network.
17. Synchronous transmission
It is a transmission mode with message and packet as the unit. Since a packet
may contain many characters, it can considerably reduce the amount of
information used in synchronization, this increasing the transmission rate. At
present, this transmission mode is adopted in most computer networks.
18. Asynchronous transmission
In this case, the unit of the data to be transmitted is character. Moreover, the
transmitting interval between characters is asynchronous, i.e., the transmitting
time of the next character is irrelevant to that of the previous character.
In the data communication system, according to the permitted transmission direction,

the following three data communication modes can be provided:
1. Simplex communication: data can be transmitted only along a fixed direction,

i.e., the transmission is unidirectional.
2. Semi-duplex communication: data can be transmitted along two directions.

However, at a moment, information can be only transmitted along one direction.
3. Duplex communication: information can be transmitted along two directions

simultaneously. This mode is commonly adopted in computer communication,
which can considerably increase the transmission rate.
1.2 Network Switching Technology

In a wide area, data communication is to transmit data from a source node to the
destination via the intermediate switching node network. Such a switching node does

not care about contents of data. Its objective is to provide switching facilities for
mobile data between nodes. Fig. 1.2-1 shows a simple network. A termination device
for communication can be called a site. A site can be either a computer, terminal,
telephone or another communication device. A switching device providing
communication is called a node. They form a topology after being connected with each
other via transmission links. Each site can be connected with a node. The collection of
all nodes is called a communication network.
C
D
B
2
1 3
E
5
6
F
4
A 5
Termination
Network node
Fig. 1.2-1 A Simple Communication Network
In a switching communication network, the data entering the network from a site via
inter-node switching is sent to the destination after being routed. In Fig. 1.2-1, the data
sent from site A to site F are transmitted to node 4. We can set whether to send them to
the destination via node 5 and 6 or node 7 and 6. From this simple network, we can see
that:
1. Some nodes are only connected to other nodes (e.g.: node 5 and 7). The sole task
of these nodes is to complete internal data exchange. Other nodes are connected
to one or more sites. Except the exchange function, these nodes also receive data
from the connected site and delivers data to the connected site.
2. Generally, the multi-channel multiplexing is adopted for inter-node links. We

can also adopt the frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or time division
1-6
multiplexing (TDM) mode. In addition, the network is not all connected, i.e.,
there is no direct link between each possible node pair. However, it is always
hoped that there are more than one path between each pair of sites to increase
the network reliability.
In the wide area network, two utterly different technologies are adopted: circuit
switching and packet switching. Along the path from the source to destination, there
are distinct differences between the modes of switching information from one line to
another for different nodes. Since the major softswitch bearer network is based on the
packet switching network, we will primarily describe the packet switching mode
below.
1.3 Packet Switching

In the packet switching network, data are transmitted in short packets. The upper limit
for the typical packet length is 1,000 bytes (or octet). If a longer packet is to be sent
from a source site, this packet will be split into a series of shorter packets, as shown in
Fig. 1.3-1. Each packet contains a part of user data (or the whole of a shorter packet)
and some control information. The control information should at least contain routing
information needed by the network for sending packets to the destination. At each node
of a path, packets are received, stored for a short period of time and then transmitted to
the next node. Compared with circuit switching, packet switching has the following
advantages:
User data
Control information
Packet header
Packet
Fig. 1.3-1 Packet

1. High line efficiency: a single inter-node link can be dynamically shared by

multiple packets. In this case, packets are queued and sent out from the relevant
link as soon as possible. However, in circuit switching, the time on the
inter-node link is allocated in advance with synchronous time division
multi-channel multiplexing. In this case, the time slot allocated to a connection
cannot be occupied by other connections even when it is idle.
2. The packet switching network can implement data rate conversion. In this case,
two sites with different data transmission rates can exchange packets with each
other since each site is connected to its communication node at the respective
rate. However, in circuit switching, the two sites connected with a circuit should
transmit and receive data at the same rate.
3. In a circuit switching network, when the traffic is high, some calls will be
blocked, i.e., the network will reject new connection requests before the load on
the network reduces. However, in a packet switching network, such packets will
still be received but the transmission delay is increased.
4. Priorities are used. If there are many packet queues to be transmitted for a node,
it can transmit packets with higher priorities in precedence. These packets will
have lower delay than those with lower priorities.
Generally, packet switching does not mean to send the whole packet of a user. Instead,
one packet is divided into several packets that can be saved in the memory. This
increases the switching speed. This mode is applicable to interactive data transmission.
According to services provided by the communication subnet for the termination
system, packet switching can be further divided into datagram and virtual circuit
switching.
1.4 IP Telephony Technology

The major objective of the IP telephony technology is to combine the IP network with
the telephony network. Moreover, IP telephones can be used by not only computer
users but also ordinary telephone users. The two networks have different characteristics:
the IP network is a kind of network transmitting data information, in which the packet
switching technology is applied; while the telephone network is a kind of network
transmitting analog voice signals, in which the circuit switching technology is applied.
As we know, the characteristic of circuit switching is that a circuit is occupied
1-8
whenever a call is connected. It will be occupied all along as long as no party hangs up
no matter whether the two parties are talking to each other. Generally, a party is
listening while the other party is talking. Therefore, in this case, at least 50% of the
circuit is not utilized and the circuit utilization ratio is very low. The packet
transmission technology is to divide information data to be transmitted into groups
based on a certain length (i.e., cutting them to “packets”), add an address flag to each
“packet”, and then transmit them in the store-forward mode. In this case, each session
packet does not monopolize a circuit. Instead, it is sent only when the circuit is idle. In
this way, multiple sessions can share one channel asynchronously. Thus, the circuit
utilization ratio is considerably increased. Furthermore, the digital compression
technology is adopted in packet transmission. Therefore, the circuit utilization ratio is
many times higher than that of circuit switching. In addition, the charging mode of
packet transmission is irrelevant to the distance. This tremendously reduces the toll IP
cost.
At present, with the application of multiple QoS-ensuring technologies such as the

queue, priority, RSVP, VPN and MPLS, the IP network technology is developing
towards a higher rate and better QoS. Moreover, with the IP telephone technology, the
communication cost can be saved considerably. This determines its tremendous market
potential. With the driving of the market, more and more research institutes,
international standardization organizations, manufacturers etc. are devoting themselves
to the development of IP-related technologies, thus enabling it to reach the degree of
commercialization.
1.5 Common IP Voice Coding and Compression Modes

The transmission of realtime voices via the IP network is different from that of
ordinary data. In the former case, the relevant application devices must meet the
realtimeness of voices. The voice packet transmission requires the network to provide
sufficient bandwidth in time. Therefore, for most of the current IP networks that do not
provide so high rates, the voice compression technology is the key for implementing IP
voice communication. Now, we will present a brief description of the frequently used
voice coding and compression modes at present:
1. PCM

Pulse code modulation (PCM) is the earliest digital voice technology, which
does not include any compression algorithm. It transmits voice signals with the
64kbps bandwidth, i.e., taking 8,000 samples per second and acquiring an
8-digit voice signal per sample. PCM is the standard coding mode adopted in
G.711.
2. CELP
Code excited linear prediction (CELP) is the most advanced voice transmission
technology at present. The CELP algorithm is to compare analog signal samples
with curves in the predefined code book; send codes in the code book closest to
these analog signal samples to the receiving end; and regenerate original signals
after comparison again with the code book at the receiving end. The sampling
interval of original signals is very short. Therefore, the regenerated signals are
very close to the original signals after being filtered. CELP is the basis of
numerous advanced patented voice compression modes. Voices can be
compressed to 5.3kbps, 8kbps or 9kbps.
3. CS-ACELP
Conjugate structure algebra code excited linear prediction (CS-ACELP) or

G.729 is the 8kbps voice compression and coding standards of International
Telecommunications Union (ITU). CS-ACELP is a new algorithm, which is able
to encode 8kbps voice signal bit streams (while the rate of ordinary PCM signals
is 64kbps). The bandwidth efficiency is eight times as that of PCM and four
times as that of 32kbps ADPCM. At present, CS-ACELP is the most welcome
voice encoding/decoding plan.
When actually selecting a voice compression algorithm, it is necessary to take various

factors into consideration. For example: the pursue of higher bit rates guarantees sound
voice quality but requires to occupy more system resources. While lower bit rates will
influence voice quality and increase delay. Therefore, to keep better voice quality in the
precondition of lower bit rates is the principle for compression algorithm selection.
1.6 IP Address
For a node in the network, the Internet protocol address (IP address for short) is a logic
address. It is independent from any network hardware and network configuration. It
has the same format no matter the type of the physical network. An IP address is a
1-10
4-byte number, which is actually composed of two parts: the first part is the IP network
No. while the second part is the host No. Generally, such a 4-byte IP address is
separated with small dots, in which each byte is indicated with a decimal number. For
example: for 130.130.71.1, the network No. is 130.130 and the host No. is 71.1.
IP addresses can be divided into five classes, i.e., Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D
and Class E. Indicates with binary codes, the highest bit of Class A addresses is 0; the
highest two bits of Class B addresses are 10; the highest three bits of Class C addresses
are 110; the highest four bits of Class D addresses are 1110; and the highest five bits of
Class E addresses are 11110. Since Class D addresses are only used in special
definition of the host group and Class E addresses are reserved for future use, only one
type in Class A, B and C addresses can be allocated for a specific network.
The IP addressing mechanism allows three types of possible network configuration. IP

addresses are the basis for inter-node communication that uses the IP protocol. This is
true for either the private TCP/IP network or public Internet.
If a user does not hope to add a network to the public Internet, the user can select IP
addresses by forced stipulation. If this method is adopted, the IP addresses for all nodes
on this network should meet the following stipulations:
1. The network No. part of each IP address is the same;
2. The IP address of each node on the network should be sole.
The highest bit 0 of a Class A address and its subsequent 7 bits belong to the network
No. part; while the remaining 24 bits indicate the intra-net host No. In this case, there
may be 126 Class A networks in an interconnected network (network No. ranging
between 1~126. 0 and 127 are reserved). While in a Class A network, there may be
16,000,000 nodes. Therefore, Class A addresses are only used in very large regional
networks, e.g., MLNET in the U.S. and some large-scale commercial networks.
The highest two bits 10 of a Class B address and the subsequent 14 bits belong to the
network No. part; while the remaining 16 bits indicate the intra-net host No. In this
case, there may be about 16,000 Class B networks. While in a Class B network, there
may be more than 65,000 nodes. Class B addresses are generally used in networks
constructed by large institutions and companies.
The highest three bits 110 of a Class C address and the subsequent 21 bits belong to the
network No. part; while the remaining 8 bits indicate the intra-net host no. In this case,

an interconnected network is allowed to include 2,000,000 Class C networks. In each

Class network, there can be a maximum of 254 nodes. Class C addresses are used in
small-scale institutions and companies.
If you do not like to use the binary system, you can also divide the three types of
networks according to the decimal numbers of the first bytes of IP addresses. Class A
address range between 1~126; Class B addresses range between 128~191; and Class C
addresses range between 192~223.
As in the convention, when the binary codes of the entire network No. part (the first
byte for Class A; the first two bytes of Class B; and the first third bytes for Class C) are
all zeros, the network No. is considered as the local network; when the binary codes of
the host No. part (the last three bytes for Class A; the last two bytes for Class B; and
the last byte of Class C) are all ones, the host No. is considered as the broadcast
address within the local network.
1-12
2 System Overview
Summary
The chapter introduces the overall structure, operating principles, major functions,
characteristics, major purposes and applicable range of the ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch
control equipment system.
2.1 System Introduction
2.1.1 Background of Softswitch
At present, two totally independent networks exist: the PSTN network and data
network, which provide the voice service and basic data service respectively.
Network separation and isolation of operation & maintenance have been keeping the
general network operation & maintenance costs on a high level, and furthermore, a
network cannot provide complicated convergence services, although the network
convergence has been an inevitable trend.
Since a traditional voice network is a closed network with monopolized resources, it

has become a common understanding in the telecom industry that the packet network
(typically, the Internet), with the advantages such as open architecture, low costs and
large scale, will replace the PSTN to become the basic frame of the next generation of
convergence networks and that the construction of the next generation of networks will
be based on current packet networks.
It is necessary for carriers to consider resource utilization and investment protection

during construction of future networks. On one hand, carriers should trace the latest
technologies; and on the other hand, they should try to utilize existing technologies and
resources. Thus, carriers can provide users with large numbers of services
economically and rapidly to make the highest profits, without the need of large-scale
network alteration.
The solution of smooth transition from existing networks to the next generation
networks is the key to the problem. The Softswitch solution based on softswitch
technology is just a mainstream solution to smooth network evolution.
2-1
2.1.2 ZXSS10 Softswitch Architecture
Hierarchical models are adopted for the Softswitch-based next generation network. The
entire network can be divided into four layers: Service Layer, Control Layer, Core
(Transport) Layer and Edge Access Layer, as shown in Fig. 2.1-1.
Service layer
SCP Database
AAA Server Application Server Policy Server
Control layer ZXSS10 SS ZXSS10 SS

Softswitch Softswitch
ˋ
IP Router/ATM Swtich
Core layer Core Packet Network
Edge layer H.323 IP

SG TG AG NAS MSAG IAD WAG
GW PBX
Broadband Access
Wireless
No.7 Network PSTN / ISDN
SG: signalling gateway TG: trunk gateway AG: access gateway
NAS: narrow-band access server IAD: integrated access device WAG: wireless access gateway
H.323GW: H.323 gateway IP PBX: IP-based private branch exchange MSAG: multi-service access gateway
Fig. 2.1-1 Next-generation Network Based on the Softswitch Technology
1. The edge access layer refers to various access gateways and new types of access
terminal devices related to the current network. It implements interworking with
the existing various types of communication networks and provides access of
2-2
Chapter 2 System Overview
various communication terminals (e.g., the analog phone, SIP Phone, PC Phone
visual terminal and intelligent terminal) to the IP core layer.
2. The Core (Transport) Layer refers to a packet switching network composed of

backbone transmission equipment such as IP router or broadband ATM switch,
which is the bearer basis of a softswitch network.
3. The Control Layer refers to Softswitch control units, which completes integrated
control processing functions such as call processing control, access protocol
adaptation, interconnection and interworking and provides an application
support platform for the entire network.
4. The Application Layer provides a network with various applications and

services, client-oriented integrated intelligent services and service
customization.
Where, standard interfaces are used for communication between layers. Under the
control of the core equipment (i.e., the Softswitch control equipment) and based on
division of labor and cooperation of work, the related NE equipment implements
various service functions of the system.
In softswitch architecture, the softswitch control equipment is the core, which is

independent of the bottom-layer bearer protocols and implements functions such as call
control media gateway access control, resource allocation, protocol processing, routing,
authentication and accounting. The softswitch control equipment can provide all basic
call services, supplementary services and point-to-point multimedia services a PSTN
can provide. Furthermore, with the cooperation of the Service Layer equipment (SCP)
and Application Server, the equipment also can provide users with traditional
intelligent services, value-added IP services, diverse third-party value added services
and new intelligent services.
ZXSS10 SS1a is a piece of softswitch control equipment with medium capacity, which
can process hundreds of thousands of calls. ZXSS10 SS1b is a piece of softswitch
control equipment with large capacity, which can process millions of calls.

2.2 Architecture
2.2.1 Hardware Structure
Compared with a traditional switch, the hardware structure of the softswitch control
equipment is relatively simple, which mainly includes the foreground realtime
processing part, the background (OSS and Database Server) and System Switching
Network (SSN) card interconnection all internal modules. The connection is shown
in Fig. 2.2-1.
IP
Database
Server
Real-time
processing part
Operation & maintenance terminal
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b
Fig. 2.2-1 System Architecture Connection of Softswitch Control Equipment
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b uses a dedicated hardware platform based on multi-processor cards.

Compared to PC platforms or commercial workstation platforms, ZXSS10 SS1a/1b is
characterized by advantages of large capacity, high density, high reliability and high
cost-performance ratio.
2.2.2 Software Structure
Designed in the distributed mode, the software system of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b has the
hierarchical and modular features. The software system is independent of the specific
2-4
hardware platform, so the upgrading is very convenient. The schematic diagram is

shown in Fig. 2.2-2.
Appl. Server
Softswitch ZTE
Service Data DataBase

Manager Manager
Resource Call BICC/ Softswitch

Manager Server SIP-T
New H.323 SIP H.248 No.7

Device Device Device Device Device SG
Adapter Adapter Adapter Adapter Adapter
New H.323 SIP Access

MG
Device GW Phone Server
SG: signalling gateway MG: media gateway H.323GW: H.323 gateway
Fig. 2.2-2 Software System of Softswitch Control Equipment
Where, the Device (Protocol) Adaptation Layer is responsible for accessing various
external standard protocols such as H.248, MGCP, H.323 and No.7, converting them to
unified internal messages and sending them to the Call Server for proper processing.
For future protocols, we can implement the upgrading of the system smoothly just by
adding the corresponding software adaptation module to this layer.
As the control core of the system, the Call Server provides unified call control. The
Resource Manager is responsible for allocating various call-related media resources,

for example, controlling the media server to play service tones. The BICC/SIP-T
module supports interworking between peer entities (softswitch control equipment).
The Service Manager is responsible for providing interaction between the softswitch
control equipment and the upper-level SCP and Application Server. The Data Manager
provides a unified access interface to the internal database.
2.3 Operating Principles of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b System

The ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment uses a dedicated hardware
platform based on the multi-processor card structure and taking high-speed serial data
bus as the core and the Ethernet structure as the foundation. It takes a set of switch
Ethernet bus as the communication and data bus within the system, as shown in Fig.
2.3-1.
System main
control
Protocol
processor card
Network interface
Protocol
processor card Core switching IP network
network
Network interface
Protocol
processor card
Fig. 2.3-1 ZXSS10 SS1a/1b Platform
As the system core, a processor module mainly implements core functions such as
network control and service generation. Processor modules are connected via a fast
Ethernet to form a parallel multi-processor system in the "loose coupling" mode. The
main control processor card at the system slot controls each processor card and
allocates different tasks. Multiple processor cards implement mutual communication
and message data forwarding via the Ethernet.
The network interface module provides external interfaces with various gateway
devices via an IP network and internal interfaces with various application servers,
2-6
database, AAA server, management maintenance terminal and intelligent network SCP.
In consideration of security, the two types of interfaces are physically independent. For
the convenience of networking, the external interfaces can provide the routing function
and configure some static routes so as to guarantee flexible and convenient access to
the IP core network.
2.4 System Functions

ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment mainly completes the following
functions:
1. Call processing control
The equipment is responsible for completing the basic and enhanced call
processing.
The equipment controls setup, hold call release of basic calls, including call
processing, connection control, intelligent call triggering detection and resource
control. It supports the receiving of monitoring requests from the service
switching function and the processing of the call-related events. ZXSS10
SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment receives the information related to call
control from the service switching function and supports call setup and
monitoring.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment supports basic two-party call

control and multi-party call control. The support of multi-party control functions
includes the control of special logical relationship between multi-party calls,
join/exit/isolation/audit of call members and mixing process. The equipment
also identifies events such as hook-off, dialing and hook-on reported by the
media gateway, controls the media gateway to send various signaling tones
(such as dialing tone, ringing tone, ring-back tone, etc.) to subscribers and
provides dial-up plan meeting the carriers’ requirements.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment can cooperate with a signalling

gateway to complete the setup and release of a complete call. It uses the No.7/IP
protocol and mainly uses the bearer protocol of SCTP. Furthermore, the
equipment can control the media gateway to send IVR so as to implement
various services such as secondary dialing.

ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment can be directly connected to

H.248 terminals, MGCP terminals and SIP Client to provide the corresponding
services.
If a ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment is located on a local

PSTN/ISDN network, it has the call processing function of local telephone
switching equipment. If the softswitch control equipment is located on a
PSTN/ISDN toll network, it has the call processing function of toll telephone
switching equipment.
2. Adaptation of access protocols
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment is responsible for adaptation

processing of various access protocols (signaling).
The ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment is an open and

multi-protocol entity, which communicates with various media gateways,
terminals and networks via standard protocols. These protocols include: H.248,
SCTP, ISUP/IP, TUP/IP, INAP/IP, H.323, RADIUS, SNMP, SIP, M3UA, MGCP
and SIP-T.
3. Service provisioning/interfacing
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment can provide services a

PSTN/ISDN switch can provide, including basic services and supplementary
services. The equipment can cooperate with the SCP on an existing intelligent
network to provide services the existing intelligent network can provide; and
also it can cooperate with the Application Server to provide various value-added
services.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b provides standard INAP interface with an intelligent network

and provides interfaces with an interface with the Application Server for the
convenience of service development of the third-party service provider.
4. Interconnection and interworking
As an external interface of the softswitch system, ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch

control equipment is responsible for completing the interconnection and
interworking with other peers.
2-8
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment supports the application of a

signalling gateway to implement the interworking between an existing packet
network and an existing SS7 network.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment implements interworking with

an existing intelligent network via a media gateway and can provide users with
various intelligent services. The Media Server and media gateway under the
control of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment implement functions
such as IVR necessary for intelligent services.
By means of an interworking module and the H.323 protocol, ZXSS10 SS1a/1b

softswitch control equipment implements interworking with an IP telephone
network with the H.323 architecture.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment implements interworking with

future SIP network architecture by means of the SIP protocol.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment implements interworking and

interconnection with softswitch control equipment by means of the SIP-T
protocol.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment supports the interworking

between H.248 terminals, SIP terminals and MGCP terminals in an IP network.
5. Application support
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b supports applications such as accounting, authentication,

operation and maintenance, etc.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment does not provide a billing

system itself, which is only responsible for generating Call Detail Records
(CDRs). If a call ends, the equipment can output the corresponding charging
data immediately. For a call with long duration, the charging data can also be
output during the call.
By means of standard protocols, ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment

can be connected to the Billing Center to transfer the charging data, i.e., CDRs.
Where, for ordinary services, the Billing Center can use the FTP protocol to
collect the charging data provided by the softswitch equipment periodically (the
minimum periodic data connection period is 5 minutes). For accounting card or
prepaid service, the softswitch control equipment uses the Radius protocol to

transfer the charging data to the Billing center in real time, with the realtime
disconnection function.
ZXSS10SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment and the accounting system can

transfer subscriber information such as account opening and cancellation via a
standard XML interface.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment supports access authentication of

users and gateway equipment so as to prevent access of unauthorized users and
equipment.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment provides perfect operation &

maintenance and supports local maintenance management. Furthermore,
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment supports SNMP-based network
management mechanism and centralized remote network management, which
can be included into the unified management of the network management center
with other NE equipment in the system.
6. Address resolution
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment is responsible for the translation

from E.164 addresses into IP addresses and supports the address resolution
function.
7. Voice processing
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment can control whether a media

gateway should use voice compression and can provide the optional voice
compression algorithms, such as G.711, G.723 and G.729.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment can control whether a media

gateway should use the echo cancellation technology.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment also can provide the media
gateway with the size of the voice packet buffer so as to reduce the influence of
jitter on voice quality.
8. Resource control
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment provides resource management

so as to perform centralized management over various system resources, such as
allocation, release and control of resources.
2-10
2.5 System Features

In the respect of design, the ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment uses the
most advanced design method: distributed system design, which not only effectively
reduces the risk in running of the entire system but also increases the processing
capability and efficiency of the system. A dedicated communication equipment
platform serves as the hardware platform of the system and a realtime multi-task
operating system serves as the software platform, which completely guarantees the
requirements of carrier-class operation equipment for large capacity and high reliability.
Therefore, the products have very high cost-performance ratio.
As the core equipment of the next generation of networks, ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch
control equipment is characterized by the following performances:
1. Powerful networking capability
1) With different combinations of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment

and gateway equipment, for example, SS + TG + SG, SS + AG and SS + IAD,
different toll networks and local networks can be organized to provide toll
solutions, local solution and integrated toll and local solutions.
2) The system depends upon widely distributed data networks as bearer networks
and supports various network topologies such as start, tree, ring, start + ring, etc.
3) The system has powerful penetration capability and supports various network
scales. Therefore, the system not only can provide services for a large number of
centralized users, but also can expand all services to scattered users on edges of
tones.
4) The system inherits the advantages from existing networks perfectly and
supports the complete interworking with PSTN/ISDN networks, No.7 signaling
networks and mobile communication networks.
5) ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment provides perfect integrated

Network Management System (NMS) and standard network interfaces so that it
can be connected to the local network management center flexibly and
conveniently. ZXSS10 SS1a/1b provides detailed CDRs and sends the CDRs to
the Billing Center via a standard interface so as to implement centralized
settlement in the Billing Center.
2. Perfect integrated equipment access capability

1) ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment supports direct access of various

types of gateway equipment, including trunk gateway, access gateway,
signalling gateway, media gateway, wireless access gateway, integrated access
device, etc.
2) The system supports the direct access of media server.
3) The system supports the direct access of various digital terminal devices such as
PC, Softphone and IP Phone.
4) The system supports policy-based device control, dynamic addition new devices
and dynamic domain adjustment.
5) The system supports the direct access of existing H.323 network devices such as
H.323 gateways and H.323 terminals.
3. Powerful network interworking capability
1) By means of gateway equipment, the system supports the complete interworking

with various existing networks such as PSTN/ISDN networks, No.7 signaling
networks, INs and PLMNs.
2) With the application of standard protocols, the system supports the interworking
between the same or heterogeneous networks among different manufacturers
and carriers.
4. Perfect scalability
1) The system is of a layered (hierarchical) architecture. The layers are mutually

independent and can develop independently.
2) The distributed mode is used in system design so that the system can implement
smooth capacity expansion conveniently.
3) With the plane structure, the system supports the networking mode with
multi-domain expansion so that the user can plan the network construction scale
according to the specific requirements.
5. Powerful service capability
1) With the hierarchical (layered) architecture, the services provided by the system
are independent of the network and media. Once a service is generated, it can be
shared by the entire network.
2-12
2) As a unified service proxy and service bearer platform, the softswitch control
equipment masks the complexity of the bottom-layer network for the Service
Layer, for the convenience of the generation of complicated integrated services.
3) There are three service provisioning modes: The softswitch control equipment
provides services itself; the equipment cooperates with the traditional SCP to
provide services; and the equipment cooperates with the Application Server to
provide services. Such service provisioning modes completely guarantee that the
system has perfect flexibility in utilizing existing resources and developing
future services and that the user can select and expand services flexibly and
conveniently according to the specific requirements.
6. Perfect manageability and operability
1) The equipment provides an integrated NMS, supports three interface modes

(GUI, CLI and WEB) and can implement network management functions such
as centralized maintenance, network management, fault management and static
configuration management.
2) The system provides complete operation & maintenance functions for itself,
including Element Management System (EMS) functions such as CLI, authority
management, log, traffic statistics, signaling tracing, SNMP, data configuration,
alarm and diagnosis test. The system has the features of good openness, perfect
performance, high security and rich functions, and furthermore, it can provide
detailed CDRs to that the Billing Center can perform centralized charging. The
system uses a large network database as its data platform and provides multiple
charging data backup modes, so as to guarantee the security of charging data and
fully meet the actual requirements of telecom operation.
7. High reliability
1) With respect to hardware design, the equipment provides hot backup for all
important components and all cards support hot swap with full fault tolerance
consideration, so as to guarantee that no single-point fault will occur during the
running.
2) The redundant active/standby mode or distributed cluster mode (even the remote
fault tolerance mode) is used in equipment networking. The components in each
key system are also redundant and host swappable.

3) As for software, the equipment provides hot backup for all important data. If the
active system fails, the standby system will take over all calls under
conversation and ringing, complete the calls and save the call records.
4) The system the requirement for 99.99% reliability of carrier-class equipment.
8. Security
1) Network security
The system supports setting of different levels of administrator authority, thus

preventing users from conducting excessive operations on the equipment. For
users attempting to enter the system illegally, the background maintenance
terminal provides realtime LOG information records. For requests that have
hidden threats to the equipment, such as repeated authentication failures,
dangerous IP address connections and concurrent large traffic, graphic alarm
prompts will be given. In addition, ZXSS10 SS1a/1b provides some built-in
self-test security tools, thus automatically rejecting doubtful invasions and
reporting them to the system.
2) User security
The ZTE softswitch system provides an equipment authentication code for each
valid device whose access is permitted. It judges whether to access a subscriber
via an authentication code.
2.6 Main Functions and Applicable Scope

A network based on softswitch technology has the basic features of a Next Generation
Network (NGN), which can provide integrated multimedia services such as data, voice
and video in a centralized manner. The current versions of softswitch systems provide
voice-related services and IP value-added services, including:
1. Local service on Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
2. Network and service interworking with existing PSTN and IN.
3. Toll service on backbone data networks
4. WEB-based IP value-added service.
Furthermore, these systems also can provide point-to-point multimedia communication

services.
2-14
In the above various applications, ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment, as

the control core of the system, is responsible for processing basic functions such as call
control, protocol adaptation and resource management. And furthermore, as the
charging collection point of the system, the equipment provides CDRs of all calls
serving as the basis of the Billing System.
2.7 Working Conditions

Packet switching (packets) networks are the bearer basis of Softswitch networks, which
are responsible for forwarding and routing of all information. Same as routers and
ATM switches, ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment and other related
devices such as media gateway, signalling gateway, Application Server, media Server
are nodes on packet networks and are connected via widely distributed packet
networks.
ZTE softswitch system ZXSS10 provides IP-based solutions. All packet networks
bearing IP services and the related technologies can serve as the bearer basis of
Softswitch networks, such as IP over ATM, IP over FR, IP over SDH and IP over
DWDM.
To construct an integrated service network based on ZXSS10 series equipment, first

build perfect packet networks supporting IP services. In actual construction, the
construction of a packet switching network can be synchronized with that of a
Softswitch integrated service network.

3 Technical Indices
Summary
This chapter introduces such technical indices as the processing capability, charging
performance, time monitoring, loading capability, reliability and availability.
3.1 Processing Capability
3.1.1 BHCA
A single frame of ZXSS10 SS1a softswitch control equipment with medium capacity
supports 500K BHCAs.
A single frame of ZXSS10 SS1a softswitch control equipment with large capacity
supports 2000K BHCAs, and the cascading of three frames can support a maximum of
6000K BHCAs.
3.1.2 Maximum Subscriber Capacity of System
If the processing capability is given, the maximum number of digital trunks depends
upon the specific traffic model.
When the average traffic on busy per trunk is 0.7Erl and the average traffic on busy per
subscriber is 0.1Erl:
ZXSS10 SS1b is a kind of large-capacity softswitch control equipment. According to

the above traffic model, it can be estimated that the system provides the processing
capability of a maximum of 200,000 trunks or 2,000,000 subscribers.
ZXSS10 SS1a is a kind of softswitch control equipment with media capacity launched
for medium/small-capacity networks or enterprise/industry users in the current market.
Under the same traffic model, the equipment provides the processing capability of
30,000 trunks or 300,000 subscribers, thus sufficiently meeting the network
construction demands of telecom carriers.
3-1
3.1.3 System Expansion
ZXSS10 SS1a is a kind of medium capacity softswitch control equipment and ZXSS10
SS1b is a kind of large capacity softswitch control equipment. If SS1a cannot meet the
capacity requirements, it is recommended that ZXSS10 SS1b be used directly. By
configuration of different numbers of cards (SPCs), SS1b can provide a processing
capacity ranging from hundreds of thousands of subscribers to several million
subscribers. In full configuration, SS1b can process two million subscribers. If
necessary, frame expansion can be used to further improve its processing capability.
ZXSS10 SS1b supports cascading of three frames.
3.1.4 Others
The equipment supports 60 parties to attend the same conference at maximum.
3.2 Charging Performance

The major charging performance indices are as follows:
1. Charging error ratio: <10-4;
2. Charging precision: 10ms;
3. Correctness ratio: charging correctness ratio ƒ99.96%;
4. CDR processing capability: ƒ10 million CDRs/month;
5. Charging data storage capability ƒ10 million CDRS (If the charging database
ƒ15G and the file storage space ƒ6G);
6. Charging data buffer capability ƒ1 million CDRs.
3.3 Time Monitoring and Load Capacity

The indices of the time monitoring and load capacity are as follows:
1. No dialing after hook-off time supervision: 10 seconds
2. Digit interval no dialing time supervision: 20 seconds (adjustable)
3. Long time no reply time supervision of local calls: 60 seconds
4. Long time no reply time supervision of toll calls: 90 seconds
5. Long time no reply time supervision of international toll calls: 120 seconds
3-2
Chapter 3 Technical Indices
6. Howler tone time supervision: 40 seconds
7. The time for listening the busy tone is 40s (adjustable).
3.4 Reliability and Availability

ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment is a carrier-class product. All major
hardware boards support active/standby hot backup and power-on hot
plugging/unplugging. It meets the 99.999% reliability requirements of carrier-class
equipment and the maximum fault time per year is less than 5.3 minutes.
The complete boot time of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment includes
version load time and data load time. Where, the data load time is closely related to the
specific data volume (please do not treat all data load times as the same). Normally, the
version load time is less than two minutes.

4 Interfaces and Protocols
Summary
This chapter introduces the connection of the product with the entire network, the
provided internal/external interfaces and used signalling/protocols. It enables users to
have a full understanding of the connection modes of the equipment and other
products.
4.1 Overview
The ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment is the control core in the softswitch
system, which also serves as the external interface of the entire system. SS1a supports
multiple signaling protocols, which can provide interactions with other networks such
as PSTN, H.323 and SIP.
In addition, as an NE in the packet network, the SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment

also provides the Ethernet interface for connection with the data network.
4.2 Physical Interface

The 100Base-T Ethernet (RJ 45) interface serves as the interface between the ZXSS10
SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment and data network.
It complies with the Ethernet standards of IEEE802.3 and IEEE 802.3u.
4.3 Protocol Interface

The ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment is a multi-protocol entity, which
interacts and coordinates with other NEs in the softswitch network via various standard
protocols (interfaces) to perform functions needed in the system together.
The ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment supports the following protocols:
1. Call processing protocol
ISUP, TUP over IP, SIP-T and H.323
2. Transmission control protocol

4-1
TCP, UDP, SCTP and TCAP/SCCP/M3UA
3. Media control protocol
H.248, SIP and MGCP
4. Service application protocol
INAP (CS2), LDAP and RADIUS
5. Maintenance management protocol
SNMP
The typical application of various protocols is shown is shown in Fig. 4.3-1.
Control and signalling stream NMS
Media and control stream SNMP SNMP

App Server AAA Server
SNMP SNMP
API/SIP Radius
SCP SIP-T
IP Core Network
INAP/TCAP ISUP/IP
INAP/TCAP/IP
H.323
H.248/MGCP H.248
SIP H.323
SG MG MG GW
ISUP/MTP TDM IAD

TDM
1 2 3
PSTN/ISDN 4 5
7 8
* 8
6
9
#
Telephone
SIP Phone
Computer Telephone Computer
No.7 Network
Telephone Computer
SG: signaling gateway MG: media gateway IAD: integrated access device
H.323GW: H.323 gateway AAA: AAA server
Fig. 4.3-1 Typical Application of Protocols
4-2
5 Service Functions
Summary
This chapter introduces various functions implemented by the product. It presents a
detailed description of various functions and their implementation so that users can
understand service functions provided by the system.
5.1 Overview
The ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment has powerful service capability.
The system is designed with the hierarchical network framework (as shown in Fig.
5.1-1). The service provisioning is independent from the network and media. Once the
service is generated, it will be shared by the entire network. The flexible service logic
creation environment enables carriers to avoid dear hardware upgrade costs and
relevant technology and transportation costs when launching new services. Services
can be provided flexibly by developers, carriers or soft corporations authorized by
carriers and the third party. Compared with the traditional method, carriers are able to
launch new services more quickly without lower costs.
5-1
App Server
Third Party Server
Parlay/Corba
Parlay/Corba
App Server
Parlay GW
API/SIP
SCP
SIP-T
IP Core Network
ISUP/IP
INAP/TCAP/IP H.248 H.248 H.248
H.248/M GCP
INAP/TCAP
SG MG MG
IAD
ISUP/M TP TDM
TDM
PSTN/ISDN
No.7 Network T elephone Computer
Computer
T elephone
T elephone
T elephone Signalling stream
Computer
M edia stream
SG: signalling gateway MG: media gateway Parlay GW: Parlay gateway IAD: integrated access device
Fig. 5.1-1 Service Provisioning Mode of Softswitch Network
The ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment supports three service provisioning
modes:
1. The ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment directly provides the basic
PSTN service, supplementary service and point-to-point service video service;
2. The equipment acts as the virtual SSP via interworking with existing SCP to
provide the traditional intelligent service.
The softswitch control equipment provides two modes for interworking with
SCP:
1) Interworking with SCP via SG in the standard No.7 mode;
2) Direct interworking with SCP via the extended INAP protocol on the basis of the
TCP/IP connection.
5-2
Chapter 5 Service Functions
3. The equipment provides the IP value-added service, intelligent service and

future multimedia service by means of supporting the application server.
The WEB Server is added into the network, which acts as the service registration and
selection platform for IP subscribers and the service subscriber window. In the specific
application, the standard service API interface of the application server can be provided
for a third party developer, who can incessantly develop various new services for
subscribers. The application server can also be leased to enterprise group users, who
can provide customized services for subscribers. Moreover, the application server can
be provided for network carriers as the value-added service platform.
5.2 Basic Voice Service

The basic voice service refers to the service of which the major purpose is to ensure
normal conversation between subscribers. It is a service collection instead of a specific
service. It includes the basic call service, basic PSTN voice service and such voice
services as the supplementary service and traditional intelligent service.
Here, the basic call service refers to the local, domestic and international automatic
incoming call and outgoing call services of various terminals. The terminal type
includes the ordinary phone accessed via IAD, Soft Phone and various IP Phones based
on H.248, MGCP, SIP and H.323. The basic call service is provided by the softswitch
control equipment independently.
5.2.1 Basic PSTN Voice Service and Supplementary Service
The ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment can provide all basic PSTN voice
services and supplementary services specified in YDN 065-1997 Overall Technical
Specifications for Telephone Switching Equipment of MPT and its supplementary
specifications. The supplementary services are shown in Table 5.2-1.
Table 5.2-1 Supplementary Services
Service Name Service Description
Automatically forward calls to this phone to the temporarily specified

phone set. According to actual needs of subscribers, four services can
Call forwarding
be provided: call forwarding on busy, call forwarding on no reply,
call forwarding unconditional (forwarding of all calls) and call


forwarding on subscriber offline.
After registering call forwarding, a subscriber can use this service so

Toll prohibited in call
that calls are not forwarded to toll numbers. This service needs to be
forwarding
used together with call forwarding.
After registering call forwarding, a subscriber can use this service so

Forwarding of incoming that incoming calls other than tolls are forwarded while incoming
toll prohibited tolls are intercepted. This service needs to be used together with call
forwarding.
When a subscriber calls another subscriber but the called party is

busy, the call can be recorded. Within 20 minutes, if the subscriber
Call registering on busy wants to call that subscriber again, the subscriber just needs to pick
up the phone and wait for 5 seconds without dialing any number to
call that subscriber automatically.
When the called party is busy, the caller can hang up and wait
Callback on busy without dialing any number. Once the phone of the called party is
idle, automatic callback will be available.
It is permitted that a subscriber in conversation is notified of an

incoming call. The subscriber can select to accept or ignore this
waiting call. After accepting it, the subscriber can switch
CW conversation between these two callers. In this case, one caller will be
held (hearing the waiting music). In addition, the subscriber can also
interrupt the conversation with a caller and only converse with the
other caller.
When there is an incoming call but the subscriber is out, the office
Absent subscriber service can provide a voice service to reply the call for the subscriber so as to
avoid repeated dialing of the caller.
When the subscriber does not hope to reply any call, the office can
Do not disturb reply all incoming calls for the subscriber. Moreover, outgoing calls
of the subscriber will not be affected.
With this service, the subscriber can be exempt from interference of

"Do not disturb" in
outside calls within 12 hours (adjustable for the equipment buyer).
limited time
Moreover, outgoing calls of the subscriber will not be restricted.
When being annoyed by an unknown malicious call, a subscriber can

Malicious call tracing query the number of the malicious call from the office simply by key
pressing.
It is a supplementary for the service of look for malicious calls. With

Instant malicious call this service, all incoming calls will be recorded in alarms of the
equipment buyer.
Multi-subscriber number The analog subscriber is provided with the MSN function. In
5-4

addition, there are different rings for different numbers.
When a subscriber is in conversation with the called party, the called

Transfer service party can be held and another subscriber can be dialed so that the
latter two subscribers can converse with each other.
When two subscribers are in conversation, another subscriber can be

dialed without interrupting the conversation between these two
Three-party conversation
subscribers. Thus, the three-party conversation or conversation with
two subscribers respectively is available.
The softswitch control equipment provides the service of

simultaneous conversation of more than three parties. When the
Telephone conference telephone conference service is used, the chair subscriber can dial
multiple subscribers (60 at most) continuously so that they can
participate in the conference by pressing the hook.
In the data of the softswitch control equipment, virtual conference

access codes can be set, including the password, maximum access
number, start and end time. When such conference is used, subscriber
A dials the virtual conference number and inputs the password after
hearing the password input prompt to create a virtual conference
room. Then, this subscriber can hear the notification voice of "Your
are the first to enter the conference room", subscriber B picks up the
Virtual conference
phone, dials the virtual conference number after hearing the dial tone,
and input the password after hearing the password input prompt for
access to the conference room. Then, the subscriber can hear the
notification voice of "You have entered the conference room". Then,
subscriber A and subscriber B can converse with each other. In this
case, other subscribers can dial the virtual conference number to enter
the conference room and participate in the conference.
IP Centrex Please refer to 5.2.2 for details.
It is a service that uses 1~2 user-defined codes to substitute for the

telephone number with many digits. This service can be applied to
Abbreviated dialing
dial either the domestic (local) number or direct
domestic/international toll number.
Calling Line
When there is an incoming call, the LCD of the phone of the called
Identification
party can automatically display and store the incoming number.
Presentation
It is prohibited to display the phone number of the subscriber for the

Calling Line
called party. The priority of this service is higher than the calling
Identification Restriction
number display service.
A subscriber can set the phone number used most frequently as the
Immediate hotline
hotline (only one hotline is permitted). After application of this


service, the subscriber will be automatically connected to a fixed
number immediately after hook-off.
A subscriber can set the phone number used most frequently as the
hotline (only one hotline is permitted). With this service, the
Delayed hotline subscriber will be automatically connected to the phone number set
as "hotline" if not dialing any number within t he specified time (5
seconds) after hook-off.
After this service is applied, if the called party has registered the "do
Call override not disturb”, absent subscriber or call forwarding service, normal
ringing is available too.
This function permits the call restricted phone set to dial emergency
Emergency call override calls. This service is valid for all subscribers and needs no special
application.
After subscriber A activates this service, call incoming calls to

subscriber A will be first connected to another specified subscriber B.
After being filtered via subscriber B, the calls can be forwarded to
subscriber A again with the call forwarding function or processed by
Secretary service
subscriber B directly. One subscriber B can correspond to multiple
subscriber As. Subscriber B provides the override function for the
secretary service of subscriber A, i.e.: calls from B to A will be
directly connected to A.
Alarm clock service The phone set can ring automatically according to the preset time.
If a subscriber has registered the missing number service, when there

is any missing call for the subscriber, the subscriber will hear "You
Missing number
have XX missing calls. Please dial #*99 to query them." after
hook-off.
After the subscriber registers the forced disconnection service, the

Forced disconnection
phone set of the subscriber will have the forced disconnection
service
function.
This service should be used together with the outgoing call

restriction. After applying for the outgoing call restriction, to dial a
Automatic locking in restricted number, a user just needs to dial *#66* S1S2S3S4*
outgoing call restriction (call-out number #). It is unnecessary to dial #54*KS1S2S3S4#
to cancel the call-out restriction. The restricted number will still be
valid after hook-on.
This service is used to restrict some outgoing calls of this phone. It

enables the subscriber to restrict some specific outgoing call
Call-out restriction
functions of the phone set with some simple operations when leaving
the phone set so as to avoid unauthorized use of the phone.
Restriction to specified Incoming calls of subscribers for whom the function of restriction to
5-6

called destination number specified called destination number has been activated will not be
restricted. A maximum of ten destination numbers can be defined in
the restriction list of each subscriber. The destination number can be
the prefix, country code, toll area code, office code, special service
number or subscriber number (with the maximum length of 40
digits). In addition, emergency calls of subscribers for whom the
function of restriction to specified called destination number has been
activated will not be restricted too. The proportion of such
subscribers is 10%.
This service allows a subscriber to only call specified called

destination numbers and incoming calls of this subscriber will not be
restricted. The incoming call of this subscriber will not be affected.
Up to 10 destination codes may be defined in the list of designated
destination code connections. The destination codes may be prefix,
Connection of specified country code, trunk area code, office code, special service number or
called destination number subscriber number (with the maximum length of 40 digits). The
emergency call of the subscriber for which designated destination
code connection service is activated is not restricted. The percentage
of the subscribers with the authority for designated destination code
connection service is 10%.
This service allows a subscriber to restrict incoming calls from

specified calling destination numbers but outgoing calls of this
subscriber will not restricted. The incoming call of this subscriber
will not be affected. Up to 10 destination codes may be defined in the
list of designated destination code connections. The destination codes
Restriction to specified
may be prefix, country code, trunk area code, office code, special
called destination number
service number or subscriber number (with the maximum length of
40 digits). The emergency call of the subscriber for which designated
destination code connection service is activated is not restricted. The
percentage of the subscribers with the authority for designated
destination code connection service is 10%.
This service allows a subscriber to only connect specified calling

destination numbers and outgoing calls of this subscriber will not be
restricted. The incoming call of this subscriber will not be affected.
Up to 10 destination codes may be defined in the list of designated
Connection of specified destination code connections. The destination codes may be prefix,
called destination number country code, trunk area code, office code, special service number or
subscriber number (with the maximum length of 40 digits). The
emergency call of the subscriber for which designated destination
code connection service is activated is not restricted. The percentage
of the subscribers with the authority for designated destination code


connection service is 10%.
Subscribers can apply for this performance in advance from the

exchange when needing it. For this service, a service reservation flag
Overriding subscriber
is set in the background database. It performs the functions of number
display and malicious call tracing.
Subscribers can apply for this performance in advance from the

Voice announcement for exchange when needing it. For this service, a service reservation flag
failed calls is set in the background database. When a call fails, the
corresponding failure voice can be sent to the subscriber.
A service reservation flag is set in the background database. Any

Not in service
subscriber dialing this number will hear a voice prompt.
A service reservation flag is set in the background database of the

Number reservation after exchange. Any subscriber dialing this number will hear the voice
temporary clear prompt of "Sorry, the service of number reservation after temporary
clear has been registered for this phone!"
This service is to prohibit/permit calls from some callers or incoming

calls from a certain incoming trunk to some destination codes
Call filter with
according to the calling numbers or incoming trunk IDs. A destination
black/white list
code can be a prefix, country code, toll area code, office code, special
service code or phone number. Its maximum length is 20 digits.
After a subscriber applies for "set as computer console", the

subscriber can be activated only after the telecom office assign the
Set as computer console
subscriber with the corresponding authority. Separate use of this
service is meaningless.
1. One of its purposes is to authenticate calls of subscribers under a

carrier. The authentication content includes authorities in using the
network and various services.
2. Another purpose is to authenticate calls from networks of other
Authentication function
carriers so as to judge whether such subscribers have to right to use
services of this network, including the domestic full automatic
service and international full automatic service or other services of
this network.
1. For local subscribers, its purpose is to intercept prohibited calls and

send the corresponding recorded announcements according to
subscriber attributes and numbers dialed by subscribers;
2. Another purpose is to intercept inter-network calls after check of
Interception function
the black/white list;
3. Another purpose is to intercept calls after authentication;
4. The other purpose of this function is to intercept incoming calls
with incomplete calling numbers or without calling numbers.
5-8
Its purpose is to notify the gateway and IAD and provide the
Polarity reversal function corresponding polarity reversal pulse so as to facilitate the public
phone charging.
This service is to automatically intercept calls in case of

vacant/changed numbers, temporary blocking of a route or improper
Interception service use by users. Then, such calls will be forwarded to a record pick-up
device for reply, thus reducing false connections. This service is
free of charge and needs no special application.
## Automatic number
report
117 time inquiry service
The subscriber has the

For preset subscribers, the softswitch control equipment provides the
right to preset or select a
capability of free selection or prohibition of free selection.
carrier based on calls.
5.2.2 IP Centrex
ZTE softswitch control equipment ZXSS10 SS1a/1b can provide the IP Centrex service.
Besides all service functions of the traditional CENTREX, it can also provide
extension subscribers with new services specific to the softswitch system so as to meet
requirements for data communication. In terms of networking, it can provide some
functions unavailable in the traditional switching system. It supports CENTREX
application modes crossing offices, regions, equipment of other manufacturers and
multiple types of terminals.
The IP Centrex service is a high-quality service provided by the softswitch control

equipment, which is applicable to enterprise users at various scales. It can replace the
traditional PBX or be used to enhance the traditional telephone service of the existing
PBX. Besides the traditional "*#" plus numeral service application mode, ZTE
softswitch control equipment can also provide the WEB-based service and self-help
management mode. Subscribers can subscribe for or cancel services via the WEB page,
which is very convenient.
The provisioning mode of the IP Centrex service is shown in Fig. 5.2-1.

PSTN
D: 1102
IAD
C: 1101
No.7 Softswitch
TG PRI /TRK
PBX B: 1002
IP network IAD
SG
Centrex 3 A: 1001
TG
IAD
AG IAD IP Phone
Switch
A: 101 B:102 C:103
A: 2001 B: 2002 C: 3001 D: 3002 Centrex 2
F: 5001 G: 5002
City A City B City C
Centrex 1
Fig. 5.2-1 Provisioning Mode of IP Centrex Service
The IP Centrex of ZTE softswitch control equipment can provide all functions
available in the traditional Centrex, as shown in Table 5.2-2:
Table 5.2-2 Centrex Service Functions
Service Name Service Functions
Subscribers within the same group can directly dial the extension
Intra-group call
numbers. The called extensions can be set with special ringing tones.
1. Out-group subscribers can directly call extension subscribers within

the group. The called extensions provide ordinary ringing. Moreover,
extensions can be set with external call restriction.
Operators can transfer external calls. 2. With the incoming call
Out-group incoming call transfer function, calls can be transferred from any extension to
another extension. If the transfer fails, the original calls should be
transferred back.
External calls can be automatically transferred via the computer
console.
Extensions can be connected to out-group numbers after the external

Intra-group outgoing call
access code is dialed without transfer by operators. Extensions can be
5-10
Intra-group call
set with restriction to out-group call origination. Subscribers can
either dial number continuously after dialing the external indicating
number or perform dual-stage dialing (dial the subsequent number
after hearing the dial tone). The specific mode can be set according to
actual needs.
Call origination or Every extension can be set with call acceptance or origination
acceptance prohibition prohibition.
Phone set locking
For intra-group or out-group calls, subscribers can transfer incoming

Incoming call transfer
calls by means of pressing hook.
Extensions within a subscriber group can pick up incoming calls to

Co-group pick-up
any other extensions in the same group.
When an extension A in a group is ringing, extension B within the

Designated pick-up
same group can pick up incoming calls to extension A.
Secretary boards can be designated to pick up calls to bosses and call

Secretary service
back.
Generally, heads of institutions do not want to hear all calls. After this
service is registered, all calls to them will be first transferred to
Secretary board service
secretary phones and then secretaries will ask heads for instructions of
whether to hear these calls (in this case, callers will hear music).
Centrex subscriber groups can be set with operators. Out-group

subscribers can call the indicating number of a Centrex subscriber
Operator
group for connection to the operator of this group. Intra-group
subscribers can dial a specified number to call the operator.
Attendant Login
Operator cancellation
It can provide subscribers with voice prompts during automatic call

handling, and then instruct subscribers to perform various service
Computer voice console
functions based on subscribers’ operations according to the voice
prompts.
Operators are provided with the emergency override function. After

this function is started, the following services of intra-group
Emergency override extensions can be overridden and the extension subscribers can be
dialed directly: call transfer, absent subscriber service, do not disturb
and incoming call restriction.
Query of missing calls After this service is registered, the system will give the number of

Intra-group call
missing calls in voice announcements when subscribers pick up
phones. Subscribers can query the time of missing calls and calling
numbers according to voice navigation.
Closed-user group Only intra-group dialing instead of call-out is allowed.
Abbreviated dialing Please refer to 5.2.1.
Calling Line Identification

Its function is to display incoming call numbers on LCD of phones.
Presentation
Hotline phone It provides the immediate hotline and delayed hotline function.
A level is added into the user authorities: out-group call-out

Call-out restriction
restriction.
"Do not disturb" service Please refer to 5.2.1.
Alarm clock service Please refer to 5.2.1.
When a subscriber calls a vacant number, the called number has

changed, a route is blocked temporarily or the subscriber uses the
Interception service
service inappropriately, such calls will be intercepted automatically
and forwarded to the voice pick-up device for reply.
CW Please refer to 5.2.1.
1. The calling number can be traced within 30 seconds after the caller
hangs up;
Malicious call tracing 2. If the caller does not hang up, the called part can continue to talk to
the caller after tracing the calling number;
3. The calling number can be either intra-group or out-group.
Call forwarding
Please refer to 5.2.1.
unconditional
Call forwarding on busy Please refer to 5.2.1.
Call forwarding on no
Please refer to 5.2.1.
reply
Callback on busy Please refer to 5.2.1.
Three-party conversation Please refer to 5.2.1.
Call registration on busy Please refer to 5.2.1.
Absent subscriber service Please refer to 5.2.1.
Telephone conference Please refer to 5.2.1.
5-12
ZTE softswitch control equipment ZXSS10 SS1a/1b can also provide standard and
simple operator console functions.
Here, the simple operator console is not equipped with any special device. One or some
computers can be specified to act as operators of a Centrex subscriber group. Such
operators can use the incoming call transfer function to perform simple operator
functions, who can forward out-group incoming calls to intra-group extensions or assist
intra-group extensions to call out-group subscribers (including toll agent).
The standard operator console is equipped with special devices, including ACD and the
agent group. ACD is responsible for queuing of specific calls, which can distribute
calls to various agents. The agent includes the ordinary operator agent and monitor’s
agent. The monitor’s agent provides the management function.
The standard operator console can provide functions shown in Table 5.2-3:
Table 5.2-3 Functions of Operator Console
Automatic queuing and Its purpose is to automatically arrange incoming calls in queues and
call distribution distribute them to various operator consoles.
Incoming call
identification (which
The interface of the operator console can distinguish and display
should be able to identify
intra-group/out-group incoming calls.
intra-group/out-group
incoming calls)
The operator console can forward incoming calls to a specified phone

Operator night service
before exit.
Operators can monitor conversations of intra-group subscribers;

Operator
Operators can chime in conversations of intra-group subscribers by force;
monitor/chime-in/forced
Operators can clear a subscriber being in conversation by force and talk
clear
to the other party of the conversation.
The operator console can transfer intra-group or out-group calls while

Operator console transfer
generate CDRs at the same time.
For subscribers just coming into conversation with operators, operators

Ring-back/re-ringing
can call them again via ring-back and re-ringing after hook-on.
Multi-group call
It is independent from the work handling function and integrates the

Telephone conference
conference member edition and telephone conference control.

Alarm setting and call Operators can set alarm time for intra-group subscribers and observe call
status indication status of them.
Called number edition Operators can edit phone lists according to their respective habits.
Keypad and abbreviated Operators can dial via keypads of PCs and use abbreviated numbers
dialing defined by themselves.
Number retrieval Operators can query a certain number in phone number lists.
New service registration Operator consoles can register or cancel new services in place of
for subscribers intra-group subscribers.
Computer operator Out-group subscribers can dial the indicating line to log in to computer
(automatic operator operator consoles, hear voice announcements and dial extension numbers
service) so as to realize automatic forwarding.
The operator console can generate CDRs containing the following

Bill processing statistics information: calling number, called number, conversation duration, date
of operator console and time, charging unit and charging area. In addition, it provides various
types of statistical processing.
Operator console It provides such functions as adding/modifying an operator as well as the

authority management operator login, log and work shift management.
5.2.3 IP Public Phone
ZTE softswitch control equipmentZXSS10 SS1a/1b can provide the IP public phone
service. As the charging mode varies, we can divide the IP public phone service into
two implementation types: compact and standard.
The compact IP public phone service uses the traditional meter in charging. The
corresponding user ports of IAD or AG are connected with the meter. When a
conversation ends, the softswitch control equipment will tell IAD or AG to generate a
polarity reversal pulse, which will provided for the connected meter for charging. This
mode needs no configuration of extra equipment at the network side. Being simple and
quick in implementation, it is applicable to self-employed business operators. However,
the compact IP public phone is only applicable to ordinary phones supporting IAD/AG
access and cannot be applied in intelligent terminals and visual terminals. In addition,
its charging algorithm management is difficult and the charging duration is incorrect.
Therefore, it is not recommended to apply this charging mode in large-scale IP phones.
5-14
Softswitch
IP network
Charging
met er
IAD
IA
Cha rging
m et er
D
Cha rging
m et er
Fig. 5.2-2 Simplified IP Public Phone
Substantially, the standard IP public phone service belongs to the prepaid service of the
softswitch control equipment, whose subscribers are calling prepaid subscribers.
During operation, it is necessary to configure the corresponding equipment at the
network and subscriber sides. Its structure is shown in Fig. 5.2-3.
The network side or the public phone management center includes three parts: the
management server, database and management agent. Generally, the database and
management server share the same PC server (hardware) platform; while management
agents are ordinary PCs installed with management software.

Softswitch
IP network Public phone

management center
M anagement M anagement
server agent
Business agent IAD

IA
D
IP Phone
Videophone
Business hall
Fig. 5.2-3 Standard IP Public Phone
At first, the management server can be taken as an AAA sever, which interacts with the
softswitch control equipment via the Radius interface. When subscribers use the IP
public phone service, their calls will be sent to the management server of the public
phone management center from the softswitch control equipment via the Radius
interface for authentication and accounting. In addition, such management functions as
realtime disconnection will be implemented on these calls according to the charge.
The management server also provides the data storage function. It can save the data
configuration information, charging configuration information and generated charging
information of the public phone bar; realize centralized management of operation
agents of various business halls; complete information distribution (such as realtime
CDR transmission) to various operation agents; and give responses to operations of
operation agents (e.g.: prepaid deposit setting and charging query statistics etc.).
5-16
The management agent provides such centralized management functions as data

configuration, charging setting and operation statistics of public phone bars. More
specifically:
1. It supports login of super administrators;
2. It supports management and setting of various public phone bars and superior
equipment;
3. It supports statistics and query of operation information of all public phone bars
and provides reports for settlement;
4. It supports uniform setting of the charge rate and charging algorithm or setting
of different charge rates and algorithms for different public phone bars;
5. It provides realtime monitoring of operation of various public phone bars.
At the subscriber side, it is necessary to configure operation agents and the

corresponding terminals. The operation agents interact with the management server at
the center, which perform some Client management functions (e.g.: prepaid deposit
setting and instant charging etc.). On the other hand, they control IAD at business halls
via the standard SNMP interface and perform such functions as phone unlocking and
phone status display.
The standard IP public phone is applicable to terminals of any types, including ordinary
phones supporting IAD/AG access, intelligent terminals and visual terminals, thus
facilitating implementation of uniform management. Therefore, it can be applied
widely in business halls providing integrated telecom services.
One IP public phone management center of the basic configuration can management 64
IP public phone bars simultaneously.
5.3 Traditional Intelligent Service

ZTE softswitch control equipmentZXSS10 SS1a/1b can interwork with ZTE intelligent
network equipment ZXIN10 SCP to provide all traditional intelligent services, as
shown in Table 5.3-1:

Table 5.3-1 Traditional Intelligent Service
It allows subscribers to make calls at any phone without paying cash. In

Credit card service
this case, the charge is recorded in the specified account.
Prepaid Charging
It is a credit card service with the calling number as the card number.
Service
Generally, one manufacturer applies for an AD telephone number and

then plays ADs to phones calling this AD number. After dialing this AD
number and hearing ADs of this manufacturer, ordinary subscribers can
Telephone ad service dial the phone number they want to according to the voice prompt. In
this case, the call is free of charge or the subscriber pays a part of the
charge while the remaining charge of the charge is borne by the
manufacturer.
Concentrated payment A service subscriber can provide a free phone number for callers. Then,
service for called the charge of all calls to this service subscriber will be borne by the
subscribers service subscribers.
The "Connected all" service includes the caller authentication

single-stage dialing IP telephone service, dual-stage dialing IP
"Connected all" service
telephone service, direct single-stage dialing toll service, dual-stage
dialing toll telephone service and credit card network access service etc.
It allows a subscriber to remain the phone number as it is when the

Number portability
geographic location changes or the carrier providing telecom services
service
changes.
In this case, a subscriber can use a sole personal telecommunication

Universal personal
number (PTN) to get access to any network and cross multiple networks
communication
to originate or receive any types of calls.
Telephone payment It refers to such commercial payment acts as paying the electricity
service charge, water charge or call charge via the telephone.
Televoting It is the service of polling via telephone networks.
It allows service subscribers to set up their own private networks via the
VPN service public network. These personal networks can have their respective
codes and override regions or countries.
Subscribers can conduct such operations as trading and querying

Telephone securities
securities or modifying passwords via any dual tone telephone.
The receiving end network access service means that when a subscriber
of a telecom network (i.e.: a fixed phone subscriber) makes a toll to a
Receiving end network
subscriber of another telecom network (e.g.: a mobile subscriber), the
access service
current originating end network access is changed to receiving network
access.
5-18
Number change The number change notification service provides subscribers with
notification service number change prompts.
The tool busy grooming service means that: when there is a toll to a
local subscriber but this subscriber is in conversation is in conversation
Toll busy grooming with another local subscriber, a prompt voice is inserted into the
service conversation, reminding the former subscriber that there is a toll. The
called subscriber can select to continue making (hearing) the call or to
receive the toll in precedence.
Telephone payment The telephone payment service enables subscribers to perform call
service charge query and payment via the telephone.
It allows subscribers to make calls at any phone without paying cash. In

Banking card telephone this case, the charge is recorded in the specified account but the source
of the call charge is the banking card.
5.4 IP Value-added Service

ZTE softswitch control equipmentZXSS10 SS1a/1b can interwork with ZTE
application server ZXUP10 to provide the IP value-added service shown in Table 5.4-1:
Table 5.4-1 IP Value-added Service
Clicking dialing Subscribers can originate calls by clicking phone numbers on the WEB page.
It is a kind of WEB-based called payment service. In this case, calls are

originated from PCs while the information input and selection are via the WEB
WEB 800
page. Service subscribers manage their own information via the WEB page
while administrators manage service subscribers via the WEB page.
It is a WEB-based conference telephone service. The conference information is

displayed on the WEB page. The conference chairperson makes a reservation
for the conference via the WEB page and conduct realtime management on the
WEB conference
conference. There are two modes for conference members to participate in the
conference: convergence and divergence. In addition, conference requests are
submitted to the chairperson via the WEB page.
It allows subscribers to make calls at any phone without paying cash. In this
Accounting card
case, the call charge is recorded in the specified account.
It means to digitalize the voice information, electronic information (e.g.:

e-mails) and text information (e.g.: fax) and save them in the same format. The
Uniform message
information can be sent with any one in the following tools: e-mail, fax, voice
mail, MS and telephone. After being transformed and transmitted, the


information will be saved in the central mailbox of the system uniformly.
While receivers can connect to the system server with any tool at any moment
and place convenient to them and acquire needed information.
Visitors can leave messages for system subscribers and the latter can hear these
messages. In addition, this service allows subscribers to manage their personal
Voice mailbox bulletins and let any visitor to hear their voices. In addition, subscribers are
allowed to conduct personal setting, including setting the login password and
welcome words.
ZXUP10 includes two parts: PARLAY gateway and application server. Here, the
PARLAY gateway interacts with the softswitch control equipment via SIP and allocates
appropriate protocols to calls from the softswitch control equipment. It can also
directly control the media server, provide calls with various media resources needed in
the services and charge the relevant services. In addition, the PARLAY gateway can
provide the API interface for the application server (it can be the application server of a
third party).
The application server is responsible for the logic execution and management of
various value-added services and intelligent services. It interacts with the PARLAY
gateway via PARLAY/CORBA.
ZTE softswitch control equipmentZXSS10 SS1a/1b can also interact with the service
equipment of a third party via SIP to provide the IP value-added service of the third
party. The application server of the third party can use API provided by ZXUP10 for
service development. It can also interact with the PARLAY gateway directly via
PARLAY/CORBA and then interact with the softswitch control equipment via the
PARLAY gateway. Moreover, it can support independent service development and
interact with the softswitch control equipment directly via SIP, as shown in Fig. 5.1-1.
5.5 Multimedia Service

ZTE softswitch control equipmentZXSS10 SS1a/1b can directly provide the
point-to-point video service, i.e.: videophone.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b can interwork with ZTE videoconferencing system to provide the
multimedia conference function.
5-20
6 Networking Mode and System
Configuration
Summary
This chapter introduces the connection, networking mode and specific configuration of
the product to users in the form of solutions/examples so that users have an
understanding of the networking capability, service provisioning capability and
environment adaptation capability of the product.
6.1 Networking Mode

ZX SS10SS SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment supports various networking modes,
which is characteristic of sound expansibility, powerful system processing capability
and complete product series. It can provide multiple networking modes according to
deferent demands and network environment. Therefore, it can meet requirements for
not only large-scale networking in telecom operation but also networking of
medium/small enterprises or event residential communities.
In summary, the softswitch control equipment can provide two networking modes:
backbone network (Class 4) and local network (Class 5).
6.1.1 Networking Mode of Backbone Network
Application situation: the user has a toll backbone data network and local call network.
Equipment configuration: ZXSS10 SS1a/1b+ZXSS10 M100+ZXSS10 S100
The networking example is shown in Fig. 6.1-1. We can provide the toll telecom
service on the backbone data network for interworking with the PSTN and IN networks
and services. Here, the Softswitch equipment serves as the control equipment, which is
responsible for performing such functions as call control, resources allocation, charging
management and signaling protocol control. If SS7 is adopted in the PSTN network,
the trunk gateway (TG) will be responsible for the SS7 trunk access and the signalling
gateway will be responsible for the SS7 adaptation, converting circuit bearing to IP
bearing.
6-1
If the PRI signaling system is adopted in the PSTN network, MG (TG) will process the
voice media and signaling uniformly. In this case, SG can be omitted. Equipment
configuration: ZXSS10 SS1a/1b+ZXSS10 I704.
OSS ZXSS10 1a/1b

Client
Backbone network
LAN
Switch
ZXSS10 S100 ZXSS10 M 100
M AN
ZXSS10 M 100 ZXSS10 S100
PSTN/ISDN
No.7
Network PSTN/ISDN
No.7
Network
City 1 Telephone
Telephone Computer
Telephone
City 2
M edia stream Telephone Computer
Signalling stream
Fig. 6.1-1 Class 4 Solution
6.1.2 Networking Mode of Local Network
Application situation: the user has a local data network, i.e., MAN.
Equipment configuration: ZXSS10 SS1a/1b+ZXSS10 M100+ZXSS10 S100+AG

or such access devices as IAD and the intelligent terminal.
As the network resources and environment vary, the following solutions can be
provided respectively: SoHo solution, community solution and intelligent terminal
solution, as shown in Table 6.1-1.
Table 6.1-1 Various Solutions
Commercial
Solution Home/SOHO Desktop Corridor Community School
Building
SOHO solution 9 9 9 9 9
Community solution 9 9 9
Intelligent terminal
9 9 9 9
solution
6-2
Chapter 6 Networking Mode and System Configuration
6.1.2.1 SOHO Solution
The mode of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b+ZXSS10 M100+ZXSS10 S100+ZXSS10

I500/600 is adopted in this solution. The environment is that users only have Class 5
cable instead of twisted pair resources. It is mainly applied in homes/SOHO, corridors,
schools and commercial buildings. The advantages of this solution are: the mode is
simple, current network resources can be fully utilized and subscriber access is fast.
Users can select ZXSS10 I500 series or ZXSS10 I600 series so as to provide the pure
voice or voice/data-integrated service according to actual needs. Moreover, users can
select different types for use in residences, corridors or offices. In the networking
example shown in Fig. 6.1-2, the home voice/data-integrated solution provided by
ZXSS10 I601 is adopted. In addition, multi-port IAD600 series products can be used in
corridors or offices.
OSS Client ZXSS10 1a/1b
LAN Switch
ZXSS10 S100 ZXSS10 M100 Central equipment room
MAN
PSTN/ISDN
No.7 Network
Media stream
Signalling stream
Telephone
Telephone Computer
ZXSS10
I601
Telephone
Telephone
Computer
Fig. 6.1-2 Solution Integrating Home Data and Voice

To utilize the multi-port IAD500 product, a networking example for the pure voice
solution used at corridors or offices is provided, as shown in Fig. 6.1-3:
LAN Switch
ZXSS10 S100 Central equipment room

ZXSS10 M 100
M AN
PSTN/ISDN
No.7 Network
Corridor LAN switch
Telephone
Telephone Computer
ZXSS10 I503
M edia stream
Signalling stream
Computer
Computer
Fig. 6.1-3 Pure Voice Solution of the Office (corridor)
6.1.2.2 Community Solution
The mode of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b+ZXSS10 M100+ZXSS10 S100 is adopted in this

solution. It is mainly applied in communities, group corporations and commercial
buildings. The advantages of this solution lie in its low cost. Via MG, it can provide
access of several hundreds to several thousands of ordinary telephone subscribers. The
networking example is shown in Fig. 6.1-4. Here, M100 provides trunk and subscriber
access at the same time.
6-4
LAN Switch
ZXSS10 S100 ZXSS10 M100 Central equipment room
MAN
PSTN/ISDN
No.7 Network
Telephone
Telephone Computer ZXSS10 M 100 AG)
Media stream
Community
Signalling stream
Computer
Computer
Fig. 6.1-4 Community Solution
6.1.2.3 Intelligent Terminal Solution
The mode of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b+ZXSS10 M100+ZXSS10 S100+IP phone set mode

is adopted in this solution. Its environment is that users only have Class 5 cables. It is
mainly oriented to users using resources directly. The advantages of this solution are
that the mode is simple and users can better value-added and intelligent services
provided by networks.
This is a brand-new access mode, which directly uses such intelligent terminals as IP
Phone, PC and IP Fax to provide local services. It is applicable to the situation in which
users have widely distributed Class 5 cable resources. This solution can be adopted in
advanced commercial buildings and houses. The networking example is shown in Fig.
6.1-5:

LAN Switch
ZXSS10 S100 ZXSS10 M 100 Central equipment room
M AN
PSTN/ISDN
No.7 Network
LAN Switch
Telephone
Telephone Computer
M edia stream
Signalling stream
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
Computer IP Fax
Fig. 6.1-5 Intelligent Terminal Solution
For the above local networking solutions, if the conversation is only between
Softswitch network subscribers, PSTN interworking is unnecessary. In this case, TG
and SG can be omitted.
6.2 System Configuration

ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment is a carrier class product. In the respect
of hardware design, all major components of the equipment provide hot backup and all
boards support the hot-swapping function so as to meet the high reliability
requirements of the system.
In consideration of reliability of carrier-class equipment, the basic configuration

principles are: the 1:1 backup mechanism is adopted for major boards, power modules,
the system control card (SC), and network interface card (NIC); and the quantity of
system protocol processing card (SPC) depends on the network capacity, which is in
the 1+1 backup mode.
6-6
ZXSS10 SS1a is a kind of medium-capacity softswitch control equipment, which can

be configured with 2~3 SPCs. In consideration of requirements for load sharing and
redundancy backup, it is recommended that ZXSS10 SS1a process 200 thousand or 20
trunks.
ZXSS10 SS1a can be configured with 2 NICs.
The configuration examples are as follows:
Table 6.2-1 ZXSS10 SS1a Hardware Configuration List 1
ZXSS10 SS1a Hardware Configuration List
No. Name Code Unit Quantity Remarks
1 4U plug-in box Piece 1
The 6U cabinet can be

2 19’’ server rack ZX209.01J-2 Piece 1
selected too.
3 Backplate BSSA Piece 1
4 Network interface card NIC Piece 2~3
5 System control card SC Piece 2
System protocol processing

6 SPC Piece 3
card
7 System switching network card SSN Piece 1
System switching network card

8 SSNI Piece 1
interface
9 Transport interface card TIC Piece 1
9 System control interface card SCI Piece 2
Data maintenance management

10 Piece 1 Sun Netra T1
server
Mixed use of the right

11 Right power box SPWAR Piece 1 and left powers is not
allowed.
12 Left power box SPWAL Piece 1
13 Feed box SPWAP Piece 1
14 Fan box SPWAF Piece 1

Table 6.2-2 ZXSS10 SS1b Hardware Configuration List 2
ZXSS10 SS1a Hardware Configuration List
The 6U cabinet can be

selected too.
3 Backplate BSSA2 Piece 1
4 Network interface card NIC Piece 2~3
5 System control card SSC Piece 2
System protocol
6 SPC Piece 3
processing card
System switching network

7 SSN Piece 1
card
System switching network

8 SSNI Piece 1
card interface
Data maintenance
10 Piece 1 Sun Netra T1
management server
Mixed use of the right

11 Right power box SPWAR Piece 1 and left powers is not
allowed.
12 Left power box SPWAL Piece 1
13 Feed box SPWAP Piece 1
14 Fan box SPWAF Piece 1
Table 6.2-3 ZXSS10 SS1a Background Configuration List
ZXSS10 SS1a Background Configuration List
No. Name Unit Quantity Remarks
1GHz master frequency/512MB memory/20GB hard

1 PC Piece 1 disk/10/100M network card×2/17 inch CRT,
Win2000 operating system pre-installed
ZXSS10 SS1b is a kind of large-capacity softswitch control equipment. According to

subscriber capacity, it can be configured with 3~13 SPCs, which provides the
processing capacity of 2 million subscribers or 200 thousand trunks at most.
6-8
The general configuration principles for SPC are: each card supports 170 thousand
subscribers or 17 thousand trunks. This is an appropriate calculation. In actual
engineering, the configuration quantity of SPCs should be ultimately determined
according to the actual traffic model and in consideration of such factors as network
security and load sharing.
The ZXSS10 SS1b softswitch control equipment can be configured with 2~6 NICs.
Since NIC supports the 1:1 backup mode, there are three configuration modes for the
card: 2 such cards, 4 such cards and 6 such cards. The configuration principles are:
1. According to capacity
In case of subscriber capacity<660 thousand or trunk capacity <66 thousand, 2

NICs should be configured;
In case of 660 thousand<subscriber capacity<1,320 thousand or 66

thousand<trunk capacity<132 thousand, 4 NICs should be configured;
In case of 1,320 thousand <subscriber capacity<2 million or 132 thousand<trunk

capacity <200 thousand, 6 NICs should be configured.
2. According to user requirements
For the service data traffic, 2 NICs are needed;
For communication between remote Softswitches, 2 NICs are needed;
For NMS traffic, 2 NICs are needed.
The configuration examples are as follows:
ZXSS10 SS1b Hardware Configuration List
3 Backplate BSSB Piece 1
4 Network interface card NIC Piece 2~6 To be configured in pairs
5 System control card SC Piece 2
6 System protocol processing card SPC Piece 3~13

7 System switching network card SSN Piece 2
System switching network card

8 SSNI Piece 1
interface
10 System control interface card SCI Piece 2
Sun Netra t1400/1405

Data maintenance management /2*400MCPU/ 8M Cache/ 2G
11 Piece 1
server memory/36G*4 hard disk/Dual
network cards/CDROM/AC200
12 Power box SPOWB Piece 2
13 Power distribution box SPOWP Piece 1
14 Fan box SPWBF Piece 1
3 Backplate BSSB2 Piece 1
4 Network interface card NIC Piece 2~6 To be configured in pairs
5 System control card SSC Piece 2
System protocol
6 SPC Piece 3~13
processing card
System switching
7 SSN Piece 2
network card
System switching
8 SSNI Piece 1
network card interface
Sun Netra t1400/1405

/2*400MCPU/ 8M Cache/ 2G
Data maintenance
10 Piece 1 memory/36G*4 hard
management server
disk/Dual network
cards/CDROM/AC200
11 Power box SPOWB Piece 2
6-10
12 Power distribution box SPOWP Piece 1
13 Fan box SPWBF Piece 1
Table 6.2-6 ZXSS10 SS1b Background Configuration List
ZXSS10 SS1a Background Configuration List
No. Name Unit Quantity Remarks
1GHz master frequency/512MB memory/20GB hard

1 PC Piece 1 disk/10/100M network card×2/17 inch CRT, Win2000
operating system pre-installed

AppendixA Analysis of Common Technical
Indices
A.1 Delay Analysis
For such un-realtime services as data, the influence of jitter and delay should be taken
into full consideration when such realtime services as voice and video are provided on
the IP network so as to provide high quality services. According to ITU-T G.114
recommendations, when the unidirectional delay is more than 150ms, you may feel that
the conversation continuity is affected. The maximum tolerable delay is 400ms~500ms.
Only half duplex communication is available if the actual delay is beyond this value. If
echo is involved, the unidirectional delay is not allowed to exceed 25ms. Otherwise,
the echo suppression function is necessary.
In the normal network environment, the ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch system can
provide high quality voice services. The detailed analysis and calculation method are as
follows:
The so-called delay is the time of message forwarding of the softswitch system. During
the process in which a voice packet reaches B from A via the IP network, there will be
corresponding time overhead at each link: transmitting, transmission and receiving.
Some overhead is fixed for the system while the other depends on the network
environment.
The time overhead generated during the voice signaling processing process is
composed of four parts: algorithm delay, calculation delay, assembly delay and
transmission delay, which belong to fixed overhead of the system. Their sum is called
unidirectional system delay. The algorithm delay fully depends on the algorithm, which
is irrelevant to specific implementation. For low rate codes, its typical value is 15ms.
The calculation delay refers to the encoder analysis time and decoder reconstruction
time. Its value depends on the hardware speed. Generally, it can be considered that the
calculation is equal to or a bit less than the frame length, so as to ensure that after the
next frame of data arrives completely, the current frame processing has ended. The
assembly delay refers to the multiplex delay. Before transmitting of the encoder and
A-1
decoding action of the decoder, it is necessary to assemble all bits of the entire data
block.
Strictly speaking, the transmission delay should include overhead generated from the
upstream/downstream links and backbone network transmission. The delay caused by
backbone network transmission is more affected by the network environment.
Therefore, when considering fixed overhead of the system, we generally refer to the
delay caused by the upstream/downstream links. For a shared channel, it is generally
supposed that the sum of the transmission delay and assembly delay is equal to the
length of a frame.
In appropriate estimation, the unidirectional system delay is at least 3 frames’ length,

which is fixed overhead of the system. In consideration that such network
environments as the network load and jitter buffer setting may distinctly affect the total
delay, the delay caused by end-to-end communication should generally be more than
the unidirectional system delay.
Now, let us take the G.729 coding algorithm with the best performance as example to
describe the delay allocation and calculation in end-to-end communication.
The G.729 algorithm delay is appropriately 15ms, its frame length is 10ms, and its
unidirectional codec delay is appropriately 25ms. In consideration that the backbone
network transmission is greatly affected by the network environment, we might as well
suppose that the total transmission delay is approximately 50ms. The buffer set at the
receiving end to remove packet jitter will directly affect the network delay. In
consideration of the balance between the delay and jitter, we might as well suppose that
the delay caused by the jitter buffer strategy is approximately 50ms. In this way, when
the G.729 algorithm is adopted, in consideration of such factors as the network
environment, the average delay of the system as a result of end-to-end communication
is approximately 25+50+50=125ms. According to ITU-T G.114 recommendations,
when the unidirectional delay is more than 150ms, it can be felt t hat the conversation
continuity is affected. The maximum tolerable delay can be 400ms~500ms. Therefore,
when the G.729 algorithm is adopted for the system, higher voice quality can be
guaranteed if the network is normal. For the 64kbit/s G.711 algorithm, since its
system delay is very low, even when the network is busy and the environment is
adverse, the conversation requirements can be ensured.
A-2
AppendixA Analysis of Common Technical Indices
When the G.723.1 algorithm is adopted, its algorithm delay is 37.5ms and frame length
is 30ms. Since its system delay is higher, the performance is lower and its requirements
for the network environment is higher.
ZXSS10 SS1a/1b supports ITU-T G.711, G.723, and G.729 recommendations.
A.2 Traffic Analysis
A.2.1 Network Traffic Analysis
The network traffic of the ZXSS10 softswitch system generally includes contents of the
following aspects:
1. Voice traffic (such as RTP stream).
2. Signaling traffic, including H.248, MGCP, SIP, H.323, ISUP and TCAP etc.
3. CDR charging traffic.
4. NMS traffic etc.
In the following analysis process, for conveniences of the calculation, we take ZXSS10
SS1b carrying 2 million subscribers as example. In this case, BHCA is 2M and CAPS
is 602 appropriately.
1. Voice traffic
The voice traffic occupies the biggest proportion in the network traffic of the
softswitch system. We will take the G.711 algorithm that occupies most
bandwidth as example.
When the G.711 codec mode is adopted, the voice rate will be fixed at 64kbps.
In this case, the typical values of voice frame length in each IP packet will be
5ms (40B), 10ms (80B), 15ms (120B) and 20ms (160B); and the overheads of
RTP are: MAC frame (18B), IP (20B), UDP (8B) and RTP (12B) (58byte
altogether). In addition, the RTCP data stream occupies about 5% of the load
bandwidth. Therefore, the calculation of the unidirectional voice bandwidths is
as follows:
602 % (1000/5) % (40+58) (1+5%)% 8=99113280bps=99.1Mbps
602 % (1000/10) % (80+58) (1+5%)% 8 =69783840bps=69.8Mbps
602 % (1000/15) % (120+58) % (1+5%)% 8=60007355bps=60.0Mbps
$
602 % (1000/20) % (160+58) (1+5%)% 8=55119120bps=55.1Mbps
2. Signaling traffic
In various call situations, the call between two IAD subscribers via the H.248
protocol occupies the most network bandwidth. When the protocol is in the
standard text format (bytes needed in this mode are the highest), the signaling
traffic for a call will be 63.36kb/s approximately. We will take this as a model to
calculate the signaling traffic needed in a single frame of ZXSS10 SS1b under
full configuration.
The calculation basis is that the processing capability is 2 million subscribers

and the calls of all subscribers are via H.248 (worst case).
When the CPU occupation ratio of the system is 55%, the processed calls per
second (CAPS) for a single-frame system under full configuration is:
46.3%13≈602
And the required signaling traffic is:
602%63.36=38136.38Kbps≈38Mbps
3. CDR traffic
No matter whether the call is successful, ZXSS10 SS1a/1b will generate CDR
files for calls it receives. Generally, the transmission of each CDR will cause a
bandwidth consumption of 559 bytes.
The bandwidth required for CDR transmission is:
602%559=336518Bps≈2.7Mbps
4. NMS traffic
The NMS works in the centralized management mode, i.e.: NMS performs
multi-NE oriented management, collects performance data and receives such
information as alarms. Therefore, the bandwidth bottleneck lies in the network
bandwidth allocation at the NMS side. In addition, there is no direct
correspondence between the NMS traffic and network traffic. However, it is
directly related to the polling frequency and alarm density. Therefore, when
analyzing the NMS traffic, we need to take the processing capability of ZXSS10
NMS as example in calculation.
A-4
AppendixA Analysis of Common Technical Indices
The packet processing capability indices of ZXSS10 NMS are as follows:
1) The processing capability of trap packets reaches 100 pieces/s.
2) The Mib variable retrieval capability is 100 pieces/s (polling).
Therefore, in extreme situations, i.e. when the system reaches the above
processing requirements (dense alarms, simultaneous polling) at the same
moment, the calculation of required bandwidth is as follows:
1) If the average length of each trap packet is 300byte, we can get:

100×300=30000 (byte/s)=234kbps.
2) The polling is in the bi-directional (request/response) access mode. If the

average length of each polling (MIB variable) data packet is 250byte, we can get:
100×250×2=50000 (byte/s)=390kbps.
Therefore, in extreme cases, the bandwidth at the NMS side is required to be:
234+390=624kbps.
When the system is running normally, the probability of dense alarms and large
batches of data polling is lower. Therefore, generally, a 40%~60% weight is
multiplied and the bandwidth at the NMS side is required to be 250k
bps~380kbps. For the bandwidth requirement at the managed NE side, the
average algorithm is generally adopted, which is L/N. here, L indicates the
bandwidth at the NMS side; while N indicates the number of managed NEs.
Compared with the voice traffic and signaling traffic, the NMS traffic can be
ignored.
In summary, when the software switching system carries 2 million subscribers,

the total bandwidth needed in extreme cases is only at 100M. In consideration of
the fast bandwidth increase of the current data network, the backbone network,
MAN and subscriber desktop can provide the gigabit, 100M and 10M bandwidth
respectively, which can fully meet the bandwidth requirements of the softswitch
network in providing integrated services.
A.2.2 Traffic Analysis of Softswitch Control Equipment
For the softswitch control equipment, the traffic includes signaling traffic, CDR
charging traffic and NMS traffic. According to the above analysis, we can determine
$
that when SS1b carries 2 million subscribers, the maximum signaling traffic is 35Mbps
and the maximum CDR traffic is 2.5Mbps.
The NMS traffic at the side of the softswitch control equipment that is less than
380kbps can be ignored.
Obviously, for the bandwidth, only several dozens of megabits are needed when the
softswitch control equipment processes 2 million subscribers. Therefore, a 100M
Ethernet interface can fully meet the bandwidth requirements.
A-6
AppendixB ZXSS10 SS1a/1b Protocol
Stack
The ZXSS10 SS1a/1b softswitch control equipment is a protocol entity. The system
supports interworking among various networks relying on various protocols. This
implementation mode ensures sound adaptability of the system to future technologies.
Once a new technology emerges, it is only necessary to upgrade the software version
and provide the corresponding interface at the gateway equipment of the edge layer
without large-scale renovation of the hardware.
As a whole, ZXSS10 SS1a/1b supports YDC 003-2001 Overall Technical

Requirements for Softswitch Equipment of MII. The specific protocols involved include:
MGCP, MEGACO/H.248 protocol, SIP, ISUP/TUP, SNMP, M3UA protocol, SCTP,
H.323 protocol, SCCP, TCAP, INAP, PRA signaling protocol and R2 signaling protocol
etc.
B.1 Megaco/H248 Protocol
The Megaco/H.248 protocol is used between the softswitch control equipment and
various gateway gateways. In this protocol, two abstract conceptions are defined:
Termination and Context.
A termination sends and/or receives one or more data streams. In a multimedia

conference, one termination can support multiple media and send or receive multiple
media streams. At the termination, the media stream, modem and bearing capability
parameters are encapsulated.
The context indicates the connection relationship between some terminations. There is
special context, i.e. null context, which refers to the collection of all terminations that
has no contact with any other terminations. For example: in a divided access gateway,
all idle circuits can be represented with a termination in the null context.
In H.248, eight commands are defined, which are Add, Modify, Subtract, Move,
AuditValue, AuditCapability, Notify and ServiceChange respectively.
A group of commands between the media gateway and softswitch control equipment
compose a transaction interaction. One transaction interaction can be identified with a
B-1
TansactionID. It is composed of one or more actions. An action is composed of a series

of commands used in a context. Therefore, an action can be identified with a ContextID.
Fig. B.1-1 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between transactions,
actions and commands.
Transaction
Context Command 1 Command 2

1
Command 3 Command 4
Context Command 1
2
Context Command 1 Command 2

3
Command 3
Fig. B.1-1 Relationship between Transactions, Contexts and Commands
Transaction interactions ensure command processing in order. That is to say,

commands in a transaction interaction is sequentially executed. However, orderly
processing between different transaction interactions is not ensured, i.e., transaction
interactions can be processed in any sequence or simultaneously.
If the execution of a command fails during a transaction interaction process, the

execution of all the other commands in this transaction will be stopped.
For each transaction, an application layer timer should be set. If the timer expires, the
request information will be retransmitted. If a reply is received, the timer will be
cancelled. If "Pending" is received, the timer will be restarted.
B.2 MGCP Protocol
MGCP is a protocol used between the softswitch control equipment and MGCP
terminal. The MGCP connection model is based on two components: endpoint and
connection. The endpoint sends or receives data streams, which can be either physical
B-2
AppendixB ZXSS10 SS1a/1b Protocol Stack
or virtual. The terminal controlled by the softswitch control equipment is responsible

for setting up connections between call-related endpoints, which can be either
point-to-point or point-to-multipoint connections. Connections are divided according to
different calls. Multiple connections can be set up at one endpoint and connections of
different calls can be terminated at one endpoint.
The MGCP command includes types of commands: connection processing commands

and endpoint processing commands. There are altogether 9 commands, which are
EndpointConfiguration, NotificationRequest, Notify, CreateConnection,
ModifyConnection, DeleteConnecation, AuditEndpoint and RestartInProgress
respectively.
All MGCP commands need acknowledgement of the receiver. The acknowledgement

message contains Return Code, which indicates the command execution status and is
an integer.
Reason Codes
"Reason Codes" can be used in the DeleteConnection command originated from the
terminal to notify the softswitch control equipment of the reason for connection
deletion. It can also be used in the RestartInProgress command to notify the
softswitch control equipment of the reason for restart. Reason code is an integer.
B.3 SCTP Protocol
The major purpose of SCTP used in stream transmission is to transmit the PSTN
signaling message over the connectionless network. This protocol can be used in the IP
network to provide the reliable data transmission protocol. More specifically, SCTP is
used to transmit subscriber data without any error and repeat in the acknowledgement
mode. It provides subscriber data segmentation according to MTU restriction at the
channel and ensures sequential submission of subscriber messages over multiple
streams. It can multiplex messages of multiple subscribers to the SCTP data block and
use the SCTP coupling mechanism to provide network-level fault guarantee. Moreover,
SCTP can avoid congestion as well as broadcast and anonymous attacks.
At present, SCTP runs in the IP network in most cases. SCTP can provide the reliable
message transmission service between two SCTP subscribers. This service is made
possible via coupling between two SCTP termination points.
%
B.4 M3UA Protocol
M3UA is an MTP3 adaptation protocol. M3UA uses SCTP as the reliable lower-layer
signaling transmission protocol. Fig. B.4-1 shows the applied protocol stack in M3UA.
SEP/STP SG ASP
(NIF)
ISUP etc. ISUP etc.
MTP3 MTP3 M3UA M3UA
MTP2 MTP2 SCTP SCTP
L1 L1 IP IP
Fig. B.4-1 M3UA Application
In SG, the MTP-TRANSFER indication primitive received from the MTP3 upper layer
interface is transmitted to the local M3UA to translate and map the network address
and then routed to the final IP destination. The MTP-TRANSFER primitive received
by the function of local M3UA network address translation and mapping serves as the
MTP-TRANSFER Request primitive, and is transmitted to the MTP3 upper layer
interface, and further routed to SEP in SCN.
M3UA provides the following services:
1. Support the transmission of MTP3 user message
M3UA sends an MTP-TRANSFER primitive via SCTP coupling, which is then

coded to the MTP3 message with the MTP3 routing flag.
2. Local management function
M3UA provides the management over lower SCTP transmission protocol,

ensuring that SG-ASP transmission is available for MTP3 user signaling
application.
M3UA provides the capability of relevant error indication for the received
M3UA message and appropriate notification to the local management and/or
remote M3UA.
B-4
3. Interconnection with the MTP3 NM function
M3UA should provide interworking with the MTP3 NM function, so as to

ensure that the following operations can be conducted in the No.7 and IP
domains on subscriber signaling messages:
1) Provide ASP MTP3 subscribers with the indication of remote destination in the
No.7 network unreachable.
2) Provide ASP MTP3 subscribers with the indication of remote destination in the
No.7 network reachable.
3) Provide ASP MTP3 subscribers with indication when message transmission at

the remote peer MTP3 subscriber layer in the No.7 network is congested.
4) Provide ASP MTP3 subscribers with the indication of "Remote peer MTP3
subscribers in the No.7 network unavailable".
4. Support for management of SCTP coupling between the far end and ASP
The remote M3UA layer maintains the availability status of all configured
remote ASPs. Similarly, to manage the SCTP coupling and service between the
far end and ASP, the activated/inactivated status of ASP is maintained by the far
end too. Activated ASPs are those receiving services from the far end.
In the local management, the remote or ASP M3UA layer can be ordered to set
up the SCTP coupling to the peer M3UA node. They can use the M-SCTP
ESTABLISH request, indication and acknowledgement primitive to set up the
SCTP coupling to the peer M3UA node.
The M3UA layer can also use the M-SCTP STATUS request and indication
primitive to notify the local management layer of the status of the lower-layer
SCTP coupling. For example: M3UA can notify the local management of the
cause leading to SCTP coupling release, thus determining whether it is released
by the local M3UA layer or SCTP.
In addition, the M3UA layer can notify the local management of changes to the
ASP availability status, which can change and indicate the ASP status by using
the M-ASP STATUS primitive.
%
B.5 SIP Protocol
The softswitch control equipment interworks with the SIP system via SIP (session
initiation protocol, IETF RFC2543). SIP is a kind of application layer control protocol
put forward by IETF for multimedia communication over the IP network, which can be
used to set up, modify and terminate multimedia sessions and calls. SIP is independent
from the lower layer protocol TCP or UDP, which ensures reliable message
transmission via its application layer. In addition, the Client-Server mode based on the
text format is adopted in SIP, which indicates the message syntax, semantics and code
in the text form. In this case, the Client originates requests and the Server gives
responses.
A typical SIP session/call setup process is shown in Fig. B.5-1:
1. INVITE 2. INVITE
UAC 4. Response PROXY 3. Response UAS
6. ACK 5. ACK
Fig. B.5-1 Typical SIP Session/Call Setup Process
SIP is a Client/Server protocol. The are two types of protocol messages: request and
response. The request message is sent from the Client to the Sever; while the
response message is sent from the Server to the Client. Its purpose is to set up or
terminate sessions, which can be the Internet multimedia session, Internet telephone
call or multimedia information stream allocation.
An SIP call is identified with a globally unique Call-ID. SIP mainly supports functions
in the following five respects:
1. Subscriber location: determine the end system location used in the

communication.
2. Subscriber capability switching: determine the used media type and media
parameters.
B-6
3. Subscriber availability judgment: determine whether the called party is idle and
willing to join the communication.
4. Call setup: invite and remind the called party and transmit call parameters
between the calling and calling parties.
5. Call processing: include call termination and call transfer etc.
B.6 No.7 UP Protocol
For the subscriber part of the No.7 system, please refer to relevant recommendations of
ITU-T and China MII.
%
AppendixC Abbreviations
Abbreviation Full Name
AAA Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
AG Access Gateway
AH Authentication head
API Application Program Interface
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
AS Application Server
ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASP Application Server Process
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AU Adaptation Unit
AU Access Unit
BHCA Busy Hour Call Attempts
BICC Bearer Independent Call Control
BUSI Bus Interface
CCITT International Consultative Committee For Telephone and Telegraph
CDR Call Detail Record
CIC Circuit Identification Code
CLI Command Line Interface
C0MM Communication board
COPS Common Open Policy Service
DDN Digital Data Network
DPC Destination Point Code
DT Digital Trunk
DTMF Dual Tone Multi-Frequency
DWDM Dense WDM
FR Frame Relay
GK Gatekeeper
GTT Global Table Translation
GUI Graphic User Interface

C-1
GW GateWay
H.248 ITU-T Rec. H.248 Gateway Control Protocol
H.323 ITU-T Rec. Packet-based Multimedia Communications Systems
HDLC High-level Data Link Control
HW High Wag
IAD Integrated Access Device
IAM IP Access Module
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
IN Intelligent
INAP Intelligent Network Application Procedure
IP Internet Protocol
ISDN Integrated Service Digital Line
I/O Input/ Output
ISUP ISDN User Part ISDN
ITU-T International Telecom Union-Telecommunication standardization
M2PA MTP2-User Peer-to-Peer Adaptation Layer Protocol
M3UA MTP3 User Adaptor
MFC Multi-Frequency Control
MG Media Gateway
MGC Media Gateway Controller
MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol
MONI MONitoring
MOS Mean Opinion Score,
MP Module Processor
MPMP Module Processor to Module Processor
MPPP Main Processor to Peripheral Processor
MSAG Media Service Access Gateway
MTP Massage Transfer Protocol
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit
MTUP MTP Test User Part MTP
C-2
AppendixC Abbreviations
NAS Network Access Server
NGN Next Generation Network
NIC Network Interface Card
OAM Operation, Administration & Maintenance
OAN Optical Access Network
OMM Operation Maintenance Module
OPC Originating point code
OSS Operation Support System
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
PEPD Peripheral Environment Parameter Detection
PPP Point-To-Point protocol
PRA Primary Rate Access
PRI Primary Rate Interface
PSM Peripheral switching Module
PSTN Public Switch Telephone Network
QoS Quality of Service
RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
RTCP Realtime TraSPort Control Protocol
RTP Realtime Transport Protocol
SCN Switched Circuit Network
SC System Control (Card)
SCI System Control Interface
SCP Service Control Point
SCTP Stream control transmission protocol
SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part
SG Signal Gateway
SIGTRAN Signaling Transport
SIP Session Initiated Protocol
SIP-T SIP for Telephones
SEP Signaling end point
SNMP Simple Network Management protocol
&
SOHO Small office home office
SPC System Protocol Control (Card)
STB Signal Terminal Board
STP Signaling Transfer Point
SS SOFTSWITCH
SS7 Signalling System No. 7
SSC Softswitch System Control (Card)
SSN System Switching Network (Card)
SSNI System Switching Network Interface (Card)
SSP Service Switch Point
STP Signalling Transfer Point
SUA SCCP-User Adaptation Layer Protocol
TCAP Tc Application Part
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TG Trunk Gateway
TIC Transport Interface Card
TUP Telephone User Part
UDP User Datagram Protocol
VOIP Voice Over IP
WAG Wireless Access Gateway
WAN Wide Area Network
C-4

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ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0)

ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment

Manual Version 20031020-R1.0

Copyright ©ZTE Corporation

All rights reserved.

No part of this documentation may be excerpted, reproduced, translated, annotated or

Customer Support Center: (+86755) 26771900 800-9830-9830

Fax: (+86755) 26770801

1. Basic knowledge: describes knowledge related to the softswitch system;

2. Architecture: describes the total structure and functions of the Softswitch

3. Technical indices: describes technical indices of the softswitch product;

4. Interfaces and protocols: describes external interfaces and communication

6. Networking and configuration: describes the softswitch networking mode and

How to Use This Manual

This technical manual is intended for deployment engineering technical personnel as

Related manuals also include:

ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Operation Manual

ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Maintenance Manual

ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Installation Manual-Hardware

SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Installation Manual-Software

ZXSS10 SS1a/1b (V2.0) Softswitch Control Equipment Hardware Manual

1.1 Basic Conceptions of Data Communication .................................................................................. 1-1

1.2 Network Switching Technology..................................................................................................... 1-5

1.3 Packet Switching............................................................................................................................ 1-7

1.4 IP Telephony Technology............................................................................................................... 1-8

1.5 Common IP Voice Coding and Compression Modes ..................................................................... 1-9

1.6 IP Address .................................................................................................................................... 1-10

2 System Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 System Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.1 Background of Softswitch................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.2 ZXSS10 Softswitch Architecture ........................................................................................ 2-2

2.2 Architecture.................................................................................................................................... 2-4

2.2.1 Hardware Structure ............................................................................................................. 2-4

2.2.2 Software Structure............................................................................................................... 2-4

2.3 Operating Principles of ZXSS10 SS1a/1b System...................................................................... 2-6

2.4 System Functions ........................................................................................................................... 2-7

2.5 System Features ........................................................................................................................... 2-11

2.6 Main Functions and Applicable Scope......................................................................................... 2-14

2.7 Working Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 2-15

3 Technical Indices....................................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Processing Capability..................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1.1 BHCA.................................................................................................................................. 3-1

3.1.2 Maximum Subscriber Capacity of System.......................................................................... 3-1

3.1.3 System Expansion ............................................................................................................... 3-2

3.1.4 Others.................................................................................................................................. 3-2

3.2 Charging Performance ................................................................................................................... 3-2

3.3 Time Monitoring and Load Capacity............................................................................................. 3-2

3.4 Reliability and Availability ............................................................................................................ 3-3

4 Interfaces and Protocols............................................................................................................................ 4-1

4.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 Physical Interface........................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.3 Protocol Interface........................................................................................................................... 4-1

5 Service Functions ..................................................................................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 5-1

5.2 Basic Voice Service ....................................................................................................................... 5-3

5.2.2 IP Centrex ........................................................................................................................... 5-9

5.2.3 IP Public Phone................................................................................................................. 5-14

5.3 Traditional Intelligent Service ..................................................................................................... 5-17

5.4 IP Value-added Service ................................................................................................................ 5-19

5.5 Multimedia Service...................................................................................................................... 5-20