Computer Programming 1

Cour se
Or ient at ion

◉ Course Description: This course is the first

programming subject that will serve as a
foundation for other programming languages.
This course is designed to introduce the
student to logic formulation and C
programming.
◉ Units: 3-unit lec/1-unit lab
◉ Prerequisite: None

Introduction to Programming Concepts Page 1 of 55

 Cour se
Or ient at ion

References:
1. Computer Concepts (5th edition) by Parsons / Oja

2. Turbo C/C++ the Complete Reference 2nd

edition by Schildt

3. Absolute Beginner’s Guide to C by Greg Perry

4. New C Primer Plus by Mitchell Waite and

Stephen Prata

5. IBM Common Programming Interface C reference

6. T he C Programming Language 2nd Edition by Brian

W. Kernighan / Ritchie
Cour se
Or ient at ion

The following are the required periodic grade components for

this course:

Lecture
Class Participation 10%
Quizzes 15%
Group Reports 25%
Major Examinations 50%
100%
Laboratory
Project 50%
Laboratory exercises 50%
100%
Topic
Sequence

◉ Introduction to Programming
Concepts
◉ Flowcharting
◉ Introduction to C programming
◉ Intermediate Programming
Intr oduct ion t
o Pr ogr amming
Concept s

◉ HARDWARE CONCEPTS

◉ SOFTWARE CONCEPTS

◉ SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE

CYCLE(SDLC)
What is a
Comput er
?

◉ An electronic device capable of performing

complex computations in a short time.
◉ A computer is a fast electronic calculating
machine that accepts input information,
processes it according to a list of
internally stored instructions called a
program, and produces the resultant
output information.
Har dwar e
Concept s

Digital representation: conversion of images,

letters and sounds into electrical signals.

Digital electronics: manipulation of “on” and “off”

signals to perform tasks.
Har dwar e
Concept s

A digital device works with discrete-distinct

or separate-data or digits, such as 1 and 0.

An analog device works with continuous data.

As an analogy, a traditional light switch has

two discrete state. A dimmer switch, on the
other hand, has a rotating dial that
controls a continuous range of brightness. It
is, therefore, an analog device.
Digital Data
REpr esent at
ion

The “0” and “1” are also known as bits or binary

digits.

A sequence of “0” and “1” could be written as

10011, this sequence may have significant value,
for instance it may pertain to a certain character
or number.
 Digital Data
REpr esent at
ion

How can a computer represent numbers using bits?

Numeric data like your age, salary, electricity
bill are easily understood by humans. Then, how
is it possible for a computer to show a number
using only binary digits?

The binary number system only has two digits: 0

and 1. There are no 2’s nor 3’s. A series of 0’s
and 1’s will result to a particular number or
character.
Digital Data
REpr esent at
ion

Decimal (Base 10) Binary (Base 2)

This table shows how binary system works.
Decimal (Base 10) Binary (Base 2)
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
9 1001
Digital Data
REpr esent at
ion

A closer look on bits.

How come 5 represents 0101 when converted to

binary? Notice that there are 4 digits, namely, 0
, 1 , 0 and 1. The positions of the 0’s and 1’s
hold a significant value. The illustration will
show the corresponding position and value in the
binary number system.
8 4 2 1

0 1 0 1
Digital Data
REpr esent at
ion

If the box contains 0 , the value is turned “off”.

However, if the box contains 1, value of that box
is turned “on” and will be added to the sum.

8 4 2 1

0 1 0 1

8*0=0 4*1=42*0=0 1*1=

1

Therefore:

0+4+0+1=5
 Digital Data
REpr esent at
ion

How can a computer represent words and letters

using bits?

Much like representing numerical data, bits can

also be used to represent character data. It is
synonymous to using Morse code using the dashes
and dots to represent letters in the alphabet. In this
case, computers makes use of 0 and 1 as a
replacement to dashes and dots. Example: STI has a
corresponding binary value.

0101 0011 0101 0100 0100 1001

 Digital Data
REpr esent at
ion

Types of codes:

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange)
* requires only seven bits for each character.

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange

Code)
* is an alternative 8-bit code used by older IBM
mainframe computers.

UNICODE
* uses 16 bits providing codes for 65000 characters and
becoming popular.
 Digital Data
REpr esent at
ion

Extended ASCII code makes use of a series of 0’s and 1’s

to symbolize the 256 characters (includes letters for
uppercase and lowercase, numbers, and symbols).
Bit s and Byt es

BIT

◉ an abbreviation of binary digit

◉ other abbreviation for bit is the lowercase

BYTE

◉ a collection of bits (8 to be exact)

◉ usually abbreviated as an uppercase
Bit s and Byt es

Decade 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

Storage capacity Thousands Millions Billions Trillions

Prefix Kilo Mega Giga Tera

Abbreviation K M G T
Digit al
El ectr onics

How are bits stored and transferred from one

point to another?

◉ bits are in a form of electrical pulses (0 and

1) traveling on the circuits

◉ components of the circuits such as chips,

resistors, registers, etc. are created to handle
bits
Digit al
El ectr onics
The basic components of a computer system
 Digit al
El ectr onics
• Motherboard - the main circuit board of a microcomputer;
also known as the main board or system board.
• CPU - the central electronic chip that determines the
processing power of the computer.
• Memory - the part of the computer that temporarily stores
applications, documents, and stem operating information.
• Bus - an electronic line that allows 1s and 0s to move from
one place to another.
• Expansion Slots - appear on the motherboard; they are
sockets into which adapters are connected.
• Ports and Connectors - a connector located on the
motherboard or on a separate adapter.
• Bays - a space inside the computer case where a hard
drive, floppy drive or CD-ROM drive sits.
• Power Supply - changes normal household electricity into
electricity that a computer can use.
• Sound Components - lets a computer play and record high
quality sound.
Digit al
El ectr onics

What is a chip?

A minute slice of a semiconducting material,

such as silicon or germanium, doped and
otherwise processed to have specified
electrical characteristics, especially before it is
developed into an electronic component or
integrated circuit. Also called microchip.

An integrated circuit.

source: www.dictionary.com
Digit al
El ectr onics

Chips (IC) are used for microprocessors,

memory, and support circuitry. These are
housed in within a ceramic container.

Types of
chips:
DIP
DIMM
PGA
SEC
Digit al
El ectr onics

DIP
Acronym for dual in-line package, a type of chip
housed in a rectangular casing with two rows of
connecting pins on either side. (source:
www.webopedia.com)
Digit al
El ectr onics

DIMM
◉ dual in-line memory module
◉ a small circuit board that holds memory

SIMM
◉ single in-line memory module (SIMM) has a 32-bit
path to the memory chips whereas a DIMM has
64- bit path
Digit al
El ectr onics

PGA
◉ Pin Grid Array, a type of chip package in which
the connecting pins are located on the bottom in
concentric squares

◉ PGA chips are particularly good for chips that have

many pins, such as modern microprocessors.
(source: www.webopedia.com)
Digit al
El ectr onics

SEC
It is a cartridge type of chip and a popular
package for microprocessors.
Digit al
El ectr onics

How do all this connect?

Microchips are connected via a mother board (a.k.a
main board).
The main board houses all pertinent chips providing
means of connectivity to each chip and bridging the
circuitry between them.
Some are soldered permanently in place, others have
a special socket allowing it to be removed for
further upgrades.
Sof t war e
Concept s

What is a software?

◉ computer instructions or data

◉ anything that can be stored electronically

◉ computer programs, modules (support and data)

working together providing computers with
instructions and data for certain task (e.g. word
processing, internet browsing)
Types of
Licenses

Before using a certain software, do you

always read the licenses agreement that
comes with it?

It is not enough just for users to “use” the

software purchased. Each users must be
responsible enough to what legal extent he/
she can do with the purchased software.
There are certain questions in this topic that
will help us understand the legality with
regards to software.
Types of
Licenses

◉ copyright is a form legal protection that enables

the owner exclusive right to the product (e.g.
reproduction, distribution, and modification of the
program)
◉ even if you have purchased a software package,
you are bound to follow the agreement stipulated
in the license.

◉ the term “purchase” only entitles the buyer to use

the software at some extent
Types of
Licenses

More on copyright

There are some circumstances that copying software

is legal. These exceptions are:

1. The purchaser has the right to copy software

from a distribution disk or web site to a
computer’s hard disk in order to install it.
2. The purchaser can make an extra, or back up,
copy of the software in case the original copy
becomes erased or damaged (usually the copy
is commonly used and the original is stored for
safe keeping).
3. The purchaser is allowed to copy and
distribute sections of a software program for
use in critical reviews and teaching.
Types of
Licenses

What is a software license?

A.K.A “license agreement”, it is a legal

contract that defines the ways in which
you may use a computer program.

Note that there are many kinds of license

involving software packages.
Types of
Licenses

◉ A software license is a legal contract that

defines the ways in which you may use a
computer program

◉ Software licenses are categorized to the following:

– Shrink–Wrap
– Commercial software
– Shareware
– Freeware
– Open source software
– Public Domain Software
Types of
Licenses

Shrink–Wrap
This is a type of license were the software
package is enclosed or sealed in an envelope,
plastic box, or shrink wrapping. The
agreement will take into effect once the user
opens up the container.
Types of
Licenses

Commercial software
Licenses of this type are commonly sold at computer
stores and websites.

1.) Single-user license - were the use of the

software is allowed to one user only at a time.
2.) Multiple-user license - were the use of the
software allows two or more persons at any
given time.
3.) Concurrent-use license - were it allows copies
of the software to be used simultaneously
(example: license for word processor or spread
sheet).
4.) Site license - were it allows the use of software
to any computer at a specific location
(example: license for a company or
universities).
Types of
Licenses

Shareware
Software distributed on the basis of an honor system.

Most shareware is delivered free of charge, but

the author usually requests that you pay a small
fee if you like the program and use it regularly.

By sending the small fee, you become registered

with the producer so that you can receive service
assistance and updates.

You can copy shareware and pass it along to

friends and colleagues, but they too are expected
to pay a fee if they use the product.
Types of
Licenses

Freeware
Copyrighted software given away for free by the author.

Although it is available for free, the author retains

the copyright, which means that you cannot do
anything with it that is not expressly allowed by the
author.

Usually, the author allows people to use the software,

but not sell it.
Types of
Licenses

Open source software

An example of this type of license is the Linux
operating system. In this case, the software may
be sold, modified, or distributed “free of
charge.”
Types of
Licenses

Public Domain Software

An example of a public domain software are
those software that has been abandoned by
the author including all of the rights to it.

Software in this category are available

without any restrictions, meaning, it can
be sold, distributed or even modified.
Sof t war e
Basics

Terminologies

1. Computer program (or “program”) - An

organized list of instructions that, when
executed, causes the computer to behave in a
predetermined manner.

2. Support module – is an auxiliary set of

instructions used in conjunction with the main
software program (example: DLL files).

3. Data module – contains data (not supplied by the

user) necessary for the execution of certain task.
(e.g. spell checker of Microsoft word and HLP
files).
Sof t war e
Basics

Support Modules are usually

In .dll format

Program files are usually

In .exe format

Data Modules comes in

Many forms (.hlp/.dat/.txt)
Sof t war e
Basics

Data vs. Software

Before, the term “software” is always

associated to all non-hardware components of a
computer.

However, modern definitions made it clear that

all documents, spreadsheets and even
downloaded materials from the net are now
classified as data.
Sof t war e
Basics

Application Software vs. System Software

◉ Application software provides instructions to the

computer depending on the use (application). The
purpose of application software is to help
automate common task (example: typing,
accounting task, etc).
◉ System software helps the computer carry out its
basic operating functions. Under this type of
software includes device drivers, operating
systems, and other utilities.
Sof t war e
Basics
 Sof t war e
Devel
opment
Lif e Cycl e
What is SDLC?

◉ also known as Systems Development Life Cycle

◉ a common methodology for systems development

in many organizations, featuring several phases
that mark the progress of the system analysis and
design effort. (source: Modern Systems Analysis &
Design 2nd ed. By Hoffer/George/Valacich)

◉ an outline of a process that helps develop successful

information systems (source: Computer Concepts 5th ed by
Parson/Oja)

◉ is the process of developing information systems

through investigation, analysis, design,
implementation and maintenance
◉ also known as information systems development or
application development. (source: www.webopedia.com)
Sof t war e
Devel
opment
Lif e Cycl e

What is the importance of SDLC?

In order to create systems that are good in design
we must take into consideration that it must
involve several phases. You can’t just create it in
just one big attempt.

Furthermore , it would be very favorable for

companies to have certain set of standardized
steps that would serve as a guide in systems
development.
Sof t war e
Devel
opment
Lif e Cycl e

What are the 5 phases of SDLC?

1. Planning
2. Analysis
3. Design
4. Implementation
5. Maintenance
Sof t war e
Devel
opment
Lif e Cycl e

Planning phase

◉ also known as project identification and selection

◉ involves identification for the need or

enhancement(s) of the current system being used

“In the first phase of the SDLC, the organization’s

total information system needs are identified,
analyzed, priotized, and arranged.”
Sof t war e
Devel opment
Lif e Cycl e

Analysis Phase

◉ requires the analyst to thoroughly study the current

procedures or system used to execute tasks in an
organization
◉ the main goal in this phase is to identify the
requirements for a new system or simply change
several aspects in the current working system

“This phase studies the current system and

produces proposed alternatives or replacements.”
Sof t war e
Devel opment
Lif e Cycl e

Design Phase

◉ during this phase, the developer of the system

translates the result of the previous phase into
actual design or specifications of the system
◉ development of the system involves covering the
input and output screens to reports, databases,
and computer process
Sof t war e
Devel opment
Lif e Cycl e

Implementation Phase

1) coding – creation of the actual program

2) testing – both programmer and analyst
submits the system to various “quality testing”
to discover if there are any bugs within the
system
3) installation – after coding and testing is
done, the actual system must be installed
and slowly or completely replaces the old
system
Sof t war e
Devel opment
Lif e Cycl e

Maintenance Phase

◉ used to make necessary patches to remove

found errors

◉ where the system is systematically repaired

and improved based on errors or possible
new requirements found
Sof t war e
Devel opment
Lif e Cycl e
Waterfall SDLC
The waterfall SDLC suggest that prior to
proceeding to next phase, the current phase
should be finished first. But applying this strategy
in the real world would be unfeasible since it
would be impossible to modularize system
development.

Planning

Analysis

Design

Implementation
mplementatio

Maintenance
Sof t war e
Devel opment
Lif e Cycl e

Modified waterfall and iterative SDLC