EEIR ASSIGNMENT-1

ELECTRIC MOTOR VEHICLES

BY: Amishasharon Rajavijai Sahidha
ROLL NO.: 111120011
SECTION: Mechanical, Sec-A
Kia Soul EV

v The Kia Soul EV, also known as

the Kia e-Soul, is an all-electric
subcompact crossover SUV
manufactured by Kia.

vDeliveries of the first generation of the car began in South Korea in

May 2014. European sales began in July 2014. Sales started in the U.S.
in October 2014.
1. Kia Corporation, commonly known as Kia , formerly known as Kia Motors
Corporation, and stylised as ΚΙΛ, is a South Korean multinational automotive
manufacturer headquartered in Seoul. It is South Korea's second-largest
automobile manufacturer after parent company Hyundai Motor Company. The
South Korean government has just unveiled a plan to greatly increase the number
of battery-electric and hydrogen fuel cell car charging and refuelling stations
among other things. This latest push is an attempt to get more people driving zero-
emissions cars.Under the blueprint presented by the Ministry of Trade, Industry
and Energy, the country will increase the number of accumulated sales of electric
cars and hydrogen fuel cell automobiles to 1.13 million and 200,000, respectively,
by 2025.To make electric cars more affordable, the country will also make efforts
to extend tax deductions on the purchase of such automobiles by 2022 and work
closely with private firms to slash the price of major parts. The government will
roll out a pilot run of the “battery-less” project, in which buyers can purchase EVs
without paying for batteries and instead lease them.
2. The Kia Soul EV is equipped with an advanced power pack featuring lithium-ion
polymer battery cells. The battery pack is with class-leading battery cell energy density
of 200 Wh/kg. The pack incorporates state-of-the-art thermal control technology to
maintain individual cells at optimum temperature and structural design to enhance
crash worthiness. Nickel-rich NCM (nickel-cobalt-manganese) cathode material is used
in the mass production of the battery cells for Soul EV. Energy density, which is
dependent on cathode capabilities, is a core performance factor deciding EV driving
range. By exploiting the class-leading cell energy density of its battery, the Soul EV
offers a driving range of around 200 km on a single charge. In addition, a special
safety & secure separator is used in the Kia Soul EV’s battery cells. The separator
determines the safety and the charge/discharge speed of the battery. The electrolyte
additive used in the Soul EV will prevent the degradation of battery performance at
both low and high temperatures. Together, the low electrical resistance battery cell,
proper battery system thermal control and accurate state-of-charge calculation
improve the charging performance, achieving an outstanding ‘fast charge’ time of 25
minutes (100 kW DC). Full recharge time, depending on power source, takes up to
five hours (6.6 kW AC).
3. High efficiency permanent magnet synchronous motor is used in Kia Soul EV. The
motor has excellent electrical performance and overload ability under double torque
or double power. Because the magnets are permanently magnetized, the rotor can
run synchronously to the switching AC current. The slippage necessary in induction
motors is eliminated, improving your heat efficiency. The inherent efficiency of a
permanent magnet motor is higher than an induction motor.
The principle of operation of a synchronous motor is based on the interaction of
the rotating magnetic field of the stator and the constant magnetic field of the rotor.
The concept of the rotating magnetic field of the stator of a synchronous motor is the
same as that of a three-phase induction motor.
The magnetic field of the rotor, interacting with the synchronous
alternating current of the stator windings, according to the Ampere's
Law, creates torque, forcing the rotor to rotate.
Permanent magnets located on the rotor of the PMSM create a
constant magnetic field. At a synchronous speed of rotation of the
rotor with the stator field, the rotor poles interlock with the rotating
magnetic field of the stator.

4. The maximum speed of the electric car is 103.8 mph / 167 km/h,
and the acceleration time from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) is 7.3
seconds.
Tesla Model Y
v The Tesla Model S is an all-electric
five-door liftback sedan produced by
Tesla, Inc., and was introduced in 2012.
vModel S cars built from October 2014 have a feature called Autopilot, an
advanced driver assistance system that allows the car to operate without
assistance from the driver. However, the driver must supervise continuously
and take control if there is an issue. Autopilot 2.0, introduced in October
2016, also includes “Enhanced Summon”, which allows the car to navigate
through a parking lot to its owner without anyone in the driver's seat. Sentry
mode, available on cars built after August 2017, senses and records
suspicious activity around the car.
1. Tesla, Inc. is an American electric vehicle and clean energy company based in Palo
Alto, California. Tesla is ranked as the world's best-selling plug-in and battery
electric passenger car manufacturer, with a market share of 16% of the plug-in
segment and 23% of the battery electric segment 2020 sales. The global auto
manufacturing industry is undergoing a rapid transition from reliance on internal
combustion engines (ICEs) to battery electric vehicles (EVs). This shift is essential
for cutting greenhouse gas emissions in order to avoid the most catastrophic
impacts of climate change and presents a major opportunity for the U.S. auto
manufacturing industry. However, U.S. public and private sector investment in EVs
lags behind that of other countries, especially China, threatening both the United
States’ ability to reach climate goals and the long-term competitiveness of the
domestic auto industry, which has long been a source of high-quality, unionized
jobs that support a strong middle class. If done right, federal policy can help
mitigate the climate crisis, deliver a win for American workers, and ensure national
competitiveness in key areas of economic growth, decarbonization, and
technological innovation.
2. Model S is equipped with a floor-mounted 400 volt lithium-ion high voltage battery.
Tesla has made inroads into battery lifespan over time. The 2012-launched Tesla
Model S was faster, sleeker, and less ambivalence-inducing in general. Tesla is
patenting a new chemical additive to improve lithium ion battery technology. The
company's solution— electrolytes with additives dissolved inside—works with nickel
manganese cobalt compound (NMC) lithium ion batteries and other kinds. It is
desirable to develop lithium-ion cell chemistries that offer longer lifetimes at high
temperatures and high cell voltages, without significantly increasing cost. Tesla is
experimenting with combinations of two known additives in dozens of combinations
of percentages in order to find high-performance two-additive formulae. The patent
focuses on dioxazolones and nitrile sulfites but little is understood about how these
and other additives work together and in specific kinds of lithium ion batteries.
Existing additives include vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene
sulfate, and lithium difluorophosphate. By studying many combinations, Tesla hopes
to improve the lithium ion battery not just for regular performance but for what Elon
Musk has stated is his goal: a million-plus mile battery with a long-lasting vehicle body
and powertrain to match.
3. Tesla uses AC induction motors in the Model S but uses permanent-magnet
DC motors in its Model 3. Generally, induction motors are somewhat less
efficient than permanent-magnet motors at full load. Permanent-magnet
motors are also often smaller and lighter than their induction counterparts.
The AC induction motor has two main parts, the stator and the rotor. A three phase
power input is given to the stator, the three phase alternating current in a coil produces a
rotating magnetic field. This rotating magnetic field then induces current on the rotor
part to make it turn. In an Induction motor rotor always lies behind the RMF speed.
Induction motor has neither brushes not a permanent magnet . The induction motor’s
speed depends on the frequency of an A.C. power supply. Just by varying the frequency
of power supply, the tri-wheel speed can be altered. Many components of IC engine are
removed here which results in a superior performance. The motor receives power from
the battery pack which produces DC power. Hence, before supply to the motor it has to
be converted into AC for which purpose, an inverter is used. The power convertion
device also controls the frequency.

4. The Model S , a dual-motor all-wheel-drive vehicle has a governed top speed of 155
mph (249 km/h) and it accelerates from 0 to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.2 seconds,
under "Insane Mode", with 1g of acceleration.
5. The invention of the automobile has been nothing less than a revolutionary change.
This invention has shown a lot of positive as well as negative drawbacks than any
other invention could possibly show throughout the history of the transportation
industry. Automobile industry has affected all aspects of society. From work to
family, from economy to environment. Over the generations, automobiles have
highly influenced the lives of people and instead of getting away with it, it has
become a crucial part of every individual’s life. As we have always heard, ‘Growth
is the only evidence of life’. There is always some scope of doing better than
before. The automobile industry’s quest to limit its impact on the environment and
transform the landscape into a sustainable mode of transportation is at high
density despite the recent economic crisis.
If Electric vehicles rules the automobile industry in the near future, then it will help
the environment in a lot of ways like improving the quality of the air, lesser use of
carbon in transport, motoring cost and also reduce global warming. The electric
vehicle market has seen some significant development owing to require for resolving
future energy resources. it is rising and becoming an integral part of the automobile
industry.
If electric vehicles comes into existence, it will require far less periodic maintenance and
will as well require far less parts and services. However, the amount will not be zero and
there still would be non-drivetrain components of the vehicle that will still require
service. So, the servicing part of the industry will not go away entirely but there will be
some downsizing in the auto repair industry. Electric vehicles can produce much less
emissions than burning fuel in engines of the vehicle but it totally depends on how the
electricity has been generated. Having said electric vehicles have zero emissions, the
quality of the air will improve dramatically in cities where wind, solar, waves, tides or
nuclear power is used to charge batteries.
Tesla uses solar panels on their electric cars due to which there are no sun-roofs
coming in the new models of electric cars. According to a recent study, there are
approximately 253 million gas guzzling cars and trucks on the streets of US. Pairing
electric vehicles with home based rooftop solar installation can help put us one step
closer to becoming more self-sufficient and disconnected from the traditional power
grid, which is often supported by dirty fuel sources.
 It is possible to power an electric car using nothing but solar-generated electricity.
Using solar panels on electric cars is one of the most efficient ways of charging EV’s
and is certainly reigning in the industry right now. For example; the US government of
energy has recently launched a $46.7 million program to get 367 hybrid trucks of the
midsize on the roads. Each hybrid truck will save around 17 tons of carbon dioxide a
year. Electric infusion in vehicles will continue to grow. The US government is providing
funding to increase the number of charging stations and there is work going on outside
the US by Toyota, Honda, Audi, BMW and Mercedes.
The process will take some time but it will come into existence and the transition will
be magnificent. So, in my opinion, the future of the motor industry is centered on
electric vehicles.
6. (a) Mahindra Electric :- Mahindra is the pioneer for EV in the Indian space.
Being the first major EV manufacturer it launched Mahindra Reva, its first EV as
early as 2001. The Mahindra Reva was India’s first electric car. Over the years
Mahindra has gone ahead to set up a dedicated R&D center in Bengaluru. Some of
its other EV variants include the Mahindra E20 and eVerito. Mahindra also focuses
on battery packs and has partnered with various institutions in order to boost EV
charging.
(b)Tata Motors :- Tata is Indias biggest automobile manufacturer. But when it
comes to the EV segment Tata is a new entrant when compared to Mahindra. Tata
Motors in collaboration with its subsidiary, the UK based Tata Motors European
Technical Centre, are looking to have a major play in the EVs market in India.
(b) Hyundai :- Hyundai burst into the Indian EV segment with its launch of
the Hyundai Kona EV in India. The South Korean global giant in the world of
automobiles has stated that Kona was specifically designed to suit Indian
operating conditions. One of the USP’s of the vehicle is its 452km range in one
charge.
 (d) Ashok Leyland :- Ashok Leyland, the Hinduja Group’s flagship company,
is the 4th largest bus manufacturer in the world and a market leader for trucks
in India. Ashok Leyland designs electric variants specifically for Indian
conditions and has also introduced battery swapping in electric buses to address
e-mobility needs in the country. It has launched multiple electric bus variants
like the Circuit, HYBUS, Electric Euro 6 Truck, and announced the iBUS.

7. Tata Ziptron : 3 Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with peak output
of 129 PS and torque of 245 Nm.
GM's Chevrolet Bolt : A permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
motor is used to design the propulsion system
8. The automobile industry is one of the most important drivers of economic growth
of India and one with high participation in global value chains. The growth of this
sector has been on the back of strong government support which has helped it
carve a unique path among the manufacturing sectors of India. The automobile
industry has in many ways been shaped by the Indian Government’s policy and
nurtured in microeconomic environment it helped to create. Apart from the direct
impact through fiscal policy instruments, the industry policy even influenced firm-
level learning processes and shaped technological capability accumulation. A
growing working population and an expanding middle-class have been the key
demand drivers for automobiles in India.
9. In the Indian context, automobile manufacturers have announced electric four-
wheelers such as Hyundai Kona Electric, Mahindra e-Verito, Mahindra e2o,
Porsche Taycan, Tata Tigor EV 2019, MG ZS. But many more will be needed if
India is to take meaningful steps towards becoming an EV-first nation. With
enthusiasm rising around the chances of Elon Musk’s Tesla launching in India in
2020, many local and global auto manufacturers have started testing the waters in
the Indian market for electric cars.
 Industry leaders consider electric cars to be a promising option for Indian audience
for many reasons. Akhil Aryan, CEO and cofounder ION Energy believes that timely
adoption coupled with the electrification of the existing vehicles and growth of
charging infrastructure will create a shift, the impact of which will be felt in
metropolitan cities especially given that pollution has reached catastrophic levels.
Further, Zoomcar founder Greg Moran added that with the median age of Indians
being 27 years, the younger generation is driven for innovation, sustainability and
environmental conservation. At the same time, by manufacturing vehicles, components
and batteries together, various established conglomerates and startups are ensuring
indigenous availability of products. The Indian government is gunning for its goal of
making 30% of Indian vehicles electric by 2030.With the market being so volatile and
lacking a sustainable demand, it is imperative to assess the time period India will take in
switching to electric cars. But industry leaders are optimistic and believe that the shift
will happen very soon owing to reasons such as the number of industry incumbents
and startups making rapid and significant advancements in the EV segment, the
growing demand and user interest and institutional interest.
CONCLUSION
At a fundamental level, electric cars offer a dramatically lower operating
cost compared to conventional internal combustion engines. On average,
electric vehicles cheaper from fuel and maintenance perspective, which is
an important consideration for many consumers who have high usage.
This reality holds true across form factors because it’s materially cheaper
to charge a battery compared to refuelling a conventional liquid fuel
tank.Moreover, EVs have fewer moving components and this ultimately
translates to a much lower maintenance bill. Over and above the robust
operating cost angle, EVs also possess an inherent advantage when it
comes to performance and driveability.
Hence we must all colectively, as mechanical engineers, contribute
somehow to this inherent rise in the automobile industry of India.