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    Complex Numbers 03

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    Adrian Prince Lopez
    1. The document discusses complex numbers, including their modulus, argument, and various forms (rectangular, polar, trigonometric, exponential). 2. It provides examples of finding the modulus and argument of complex numbers and converting between forms. 3. Key operations on complex numbers are outlined, such as addition/subtraction in rectangular form and multiplication/division in polar form. Power and roots using De Moivre's theorem are also covered.

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    Complex Numbers 03

    Uploaded by

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    77 views5 pages
    1. The document discusses complex numbers, including their modulus, argument, and various forms (rectangular, polar, trigonometric, exponential). 2. It provides examples of finding the modulus and argument of complex numbers and converting between forms. 3. Key operations on complex numbers are outlined, such as addition/subtraction in rectangular form and multiplication/division in polar form. Power and roots using De Moivre's theorem are also covered.

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    1. The document discusses complex numbers, including their modulus, argument, and various forms (rectangular, polar, trigonometric, exponential). 2. It provides examples of finding the modulus and argument of complex numbers and converting between forms. 3. Key operations on complex numbers are outlined, such as addition/subtraction in rectangular form and multiplication/division in polar form. Power and roots using De Moivre's theorem are also covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    77 views5 pages

    Complex Numbers 03

    Uploaded by

    Adrian Prince Lopez
    1. The document discusses complex numbers, including their modulus, argument, and various forms (rectangular, polar, trigonometric, exponential). 2. It provides examples of finding the modulus and argument of complex numbers and converting between forms. 3. Key operations on complex numbers are outlined, such as addition/subtraction in rectangular form and multiplication/division in polar form. Power and roots using De Moivre's theorem are also covered.

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    You are on page 1of 5

    1 AdEMath – Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ECE

    COMPLEX NUMBERS

    MODULUS AND ARGUMENT OF COMPLEX NUMBERS


    Let 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 be a complex number where x and y are real quantities. The modulus of Z is
    denoted as |𝑍| due to the Weirstrass notation. It also means the magnitude of the vector
    quantity or sometimes called the absolute value of the complex number.

    |𝑍| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 = 𝑟

    The argument of Z, arg Z, means the angle of the vector quantity. The angle is measured with
    reference to the positive x-axis and in counterclockwise direction.
    𝑦
    arg 𝑍 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 =𝜃
    𝑥
    It is necessary to illustrate the modulus and argument of a complex number in an Argand
    diagram and to use it when evaluating these quantities.

    Example 1.
    Find the modulus and argument of the complex number:
    𝑍 = 3 + 𝑗4

    |𝑍| = 𝑟 = √(3)2 + (4)2 = 5


    4
    arg 𝑍 = 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 53.130°
    3

    FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS


    A. Rectangular form (𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦)

    B. Polar form or Steinmetz form (𝑟  )

    where: r = modulus, magnitude or amplitude


     = argument, angle or phase difference in degrees, 𝜃 °
    C. Trigonometric form { 𝑟(cos  + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛)} = 𝑟𝑐𝑗𝑠 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠

    D. Exponential form (𝑟𝑒j)


    where:  = in radians

    r = magnitude/modulus

    Engr. Vanessa Marie Gabon Page 1|5


    2 AdEMath – Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ECE
    COMPLEX NUMBERS

    CONVERSION OF FORMS
    Express the complex number in different forms: 𝑍 = 3 + 𝑗4

    a. Rectangular form: (𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦)


    𝒁 = 𝟑 + 𝒋𝟒

    b. Polar form: (𝑟  )
    𝑍 = 3 + 𝑗4

    |𝑍| = 𝑟 = √(3)2 + (4)2 = 5


    4
    arg 𝑍 = 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 53.130°
    3
    𝒁 = 𝟓  𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟎°
    ∗∗ 𝒙 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜃 = 5 cos 53.130 = 3
    ∗∗ 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜃 = 5 sin 53.130 = 4

    c. Trigonometric form: { 𝑟(cos  + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛)} = 𝑟𝑐𝑗𝑠 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠


    𝑍 = 3 + 𝑗4

    𝑟 = √(3)2 + (4)2 = 5
    4
    𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 53.130°
    3
    𝒁 = 𝟓(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟎° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟎° ) = 𝟓 𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟎°

    d. Exponential form: (𝑟𝑒j)


    𝑍 = 3 + 𝑗4
    𝑟 = √(3)2 + (4)2 = 5
    4
    𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 53.130°
    3
    𝑟 °
    𝜋
    𝜃 = 53.130 𝑥 = 0.927
    180°

    𝒁 = 𝟓 𝒆𝒋𝟎.𝟗𝟐𝟕

    Engr. Vanessa Marie Gabon Page 2|5


    3 AdEMath – Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ECE
    COMPLEX NUMBERS

    Example 2.
    Find the modulus and argument of the complex number: 𝑍 = (5 306.87° )
    𝑟=5
    𝜃 = 306.87°

    Express the complex number in different forms: 𝑍 = (5 306.87° )

    a. Rectangular form: (𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦)

    𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 5 cos 306.87 = 3


    𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 5 sin 306.87 = −4

    𝒁 = 𝟑 − 𝒋𝟒

    b. Polar form: (𝑟  )
    𝑍 = 3 − 𝑗4

    𝑟 = √(3)2 + (−4)2 = 5
    −4
    𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = −53.130°
    3
    *The angle is measured with reference to the positive x-axis and in counterclockwise direction.
    4
    𝜃 = 360° − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3 = 306.87° Disregard the signs (±).

    𝒁 = 𝟓  𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟖𝟕°

    c. Trigonometric form: { 𝑟(cos  + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛)} = 𝑟𝑐𝑗𝑠 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠


    𝑍 = 3 − 𝑗4

    𝑟 = √(3)2 + (−4)2 = 5
    4
    𝜃 = 360° − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 306.87°
    3
    𝒁 = 𝟓(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟖𝟕° + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟖𝟕° ) = 𝟓 𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟖𝟕°

    d. Exponential form: (𝑟𝑒j)


    𝑍 = 3 − 𝑗4

    𝑟 = √(3)2 + (−4)2 = 5
    4
    𝜃 = 360° − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 306.87°
    3
    𝜋
    𝜃 𝑟 = 306.87° 𝑥 = 5.356
    180°

    𝒁 = 𝟓 𝒆𝒋𝟓.𝟑𝟓𝟔

    Engr. Vanessa Marie Gabon Page 3|5


    4 AdEMath – Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ECE
    COMPLEX NUMBERS

    OPERATIONS AND THEOREMS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS

    A. Equality – two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real and imaginary
    numbers are equal respectively.
    𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 = 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2
    𝑥1 = 𝑥2 ; 𝑦1 = 𝑦2
    B. Conjugate – can be obtained by negating the imaginary part of the complex number.
    𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 = 𝑥 – 𝑗𝑦
    C. Reciprocal
    1
    𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 =
    𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦

    D. Addition & Subtraction – complex numbers can only be added/subtracted in


    rectangular form.
    (𝑥1 ± 𝑗𝑦1 ) ± (𝑥2 ± 𝑗𝑦2 ) = (𝑥1 ± 𝑥2 ) ± (𝑦1 ± 𝑦2 )

    E. Multiplication & Division – you can only multiply/divide directly if it is in polar form.
    F. Power/Roots – to solve for roots or power, use the De Moivre’s Theorem.
    𝑍 = 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒j
    Power (𝑟)𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∙ 𝑒jn

    Power (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃.


    1 1
     +𝑘(360)
    Roots (𝑟)𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛  𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑛 − 1
    𝑛
    1 1  +𝑘(360)
    (𝑟)𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∙ 𝑒
    𝑗( )
    Roots 𝑛 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑛 − 1

    G. Exponential & Trigonometric Functions


    𝑒 𝑗𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
    sin 𝜃 =
    𝑗2

    𝑒 𝑗𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃
    cos 𝜃 =
    2
    𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃
    𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑗 sin 𝜃

    H. Logarithmic Functions
    It is more convenient to solve for the logarithms of complex number if it is expressed in
    exponential form.
    ln 𝑍 = ln 𝑟𝑒 j = ln 𝑟 + ln 𝑒 𝑗𝜃
    ln 𝑟𝑒 j = ln 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜃 ln 𝑒 ∗∗ ln 𝑒 = 1
    ln 𝑟𝑒 j = ln 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜃

    Engr. Vanessa Marie Gabon Page 4|5


    5 AdEMath – Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ECE
    COMPLEX NUMBERS

    End of Chapter Practice Problems.

    Express in rectangular form the following complex numbers.


    1. 3−30°
    𝜋
    2. 5 − 2
    3.  − 180
    Find the moduli and arguments of the following complex numbers; Express each in polar
    form.
    3−𝑗4
    1. 𝑍1 = 5+𝑗12
    1−𝑗3
    2. 𝑍2 = 2+𝑗5
    3−𝑗4
    3. 𝑍3 = −3−𝑗4
    4. 𝑍4 = 5 𝑒 𝑗𝜋
    −11𝜋
    5. 𝑍5 = −3 𝑒 𝑗 6

    Multiply and divide the complex numbers.


    𝑍1 = 335° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍2 = 5−45°
    𝜋
    A complex number Z has a modulus √2 and an argument of . Write down this complex
    3
    number in:

    1. Rectangular form
    2. Polar form
    3. Trigonometric form
    4. Exponential form
    2𝑍−𝑗
    If Z = cos 𝜃 + 𝑗(1 + sin 𝜃), show that the magnitude of −1+𝑗𝑍 is 1.

    Find the power of the complex number using different theorems.


    1. (1 − 𝑗2)6

    Find all the roots of the complex numbers using different theorems.
    1
    1. (−5 + 𝑗12)5

    Engr. Vanessa Marie Gabon Page 5|5

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