This document provides an overview of nodal analysis and mesh analysis techniques for circuit analysis. It discusses:
1) The steps of nodal analysis including selecting a reference node, applying Kirchhoff's Current Law to write nodal equations, and solving the equations to find node voltages.
2) How to handle circuits with voltage sources by setting node voltages equal to source voltages or applying KCL and KVL to supernodes.
3) Mesh analysis involves assigning mesh currents, applying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law to write mesh equations, and solving for unknown mesh currents. It is only applicable to planar circuits that can be redrawn without crossing branches.
This document provides an overview of nodal analysis and mesh analysis techniques for circuit analysis. It discusses:
1) The steps of nodal analysis including selecting a reference node, applying Kirchhoff's Current Law to write nodal equations, and solving the equations to find node voltages.
2) How to handle circuits with voltage sources by setting node voltages equal to source voltages or applying KCL and KVL to supernodes.
3) Mesh analysis involves assigning mesh currents, applying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law to write mesh equations, and solving for unknown mesh currents. It is only applicable to planar circuits that can be redrawn without crossing branches.
This document provides an overview of nodal analysis and mesh analysis techniques for circuit analysis. It discusses:
1) The steps of nodal analysis including selecting a reference node, applying Kirchhoff's Current Law to write nodal equations, and solving the equations to find node voltages.
2) How to handle circuits with voltage sources by setting node voltages equal to source voltages or applying KCL and KVL to supernodes.
3) Mesh analysis involves assigning mesh currents, applying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law to write mesh equations, and solving for unknown mesh currents. It is only applicable to planar circuits that can be redrawn without crossing branches.
This document provides an overview of nodal analysis and mesh analysis techniques for circuit analysis. It discusses:
1) The steps of nodal analysis including selecting a reference node, applying Kirchhoff's Current Law to write nodal equations, and solving the equations to find node voltages.
2) How to handle circuits with voltage sources by setting node voltages equal to source voltages or applying KCL and KVL to supernodes.
3) Mesh analysis involves assigning mesh currents, applying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law to write mesh equations, and solving for unknown mesh currents. It is only applicable to planar circuits that can be redrawn without crossing branches.
Dr. A. Emadi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1 Methods of Analysis • Nodal Analysis • Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources • Mesh Analysis • Mesh Analysis with Current Sources • Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis
Chapter #3 Images and Texts are from the course textbook @ McGraw-Hill and Wiley, Refer to Syllabus Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by C. Alexander and M. Sadiku, 7th Edition Fundamentals of Electric Circuit Analysis by C. R. Paul 2 Introduction Use three laws (Ohm’s, KCL, KVL) to develop two analysis techniques: 1) Nodal analysis • Systematic application of KCL • Write nodal equations • Solve for unknown node voltages 2) Mesh analysis • Systematic application of KVL • Write mesh equations • Solve for unknown mesh/loop currents Obtain a set of simultaneous equations that can be solved to obtain the values of current or voltage. 3 Nodal Analysis • Node – Voltage method • General procedure for analyzing circuits using node voltages: • Use node voltages (referenced to ground or another node) instead of element voltages as it is convenient and reduces the number of simultaneous equations • Interested in finding the node voltages
4 Nodal Analysis – Steps 1) Setup Circuit • Select a node as the reference node • Assign voltages v1,v2,…,vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes • Voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node 2) Setup Equations • Apply KCL to each of the non-reference nodes • Use Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node voltages 3) Solve the resulting simultaneous equations • Solve to obtain the unknown node voltages
5 Nodal Analysis – Step 1 • Select a reference node (e.g. the ground, zero potential, node 0).
• All voltages will be referenced from
this node.
• Few symbols: • a – common ground • b – ground • c – chassis ground
6 Nodal Analysis – Step 2 • Nodes 1 and 2 are assigned voltages v1 and v2 respectively. • Redraw circuit to include only node voltages and currents at these nodes • Apply KCL to each non-reference node. • Add currents through resistors.
I1 = I 2 + i1 + i2 at 1 I 2 + i2 = i3 at 2 7 Nodal Analysis – Step 2 • Apply Ohm’s Law to unknown currents: i1, i2 and i3 • Current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential • Choose a direction for current • Label the current • Voltage at the beginning of arrow minus voltage at the end of the arrow divided by R
8 Nodal Analysis – Step 2 • Substituting back to the original nodal equations: v1 v1 - v2 I1 = I 2 + + R1 R2 v1 - v2 v2 I2 + = R2 R3 or I1 = I 2 + v1G1 + (v1 - v2 )G2 I 2 + (v1 - v2 )G2 = v2G3 9 Nodal Analysis – Step 2 • Place equations in matrix form:
éG1 + G2 -G2 ù é v1 ù é I1 - I 2 ù ê -G ú ê ú =ê ú ë 2 G2 + G3 û ëv2 û ë I 2 û from I1 = I 2 + v1G1 + (v1 - v2 )G2 I 2 + (v1 - v2 )G2 = v2G3
10 Nodal Analysis – Step 3 • Use Cramer’s Rule
éa b ù é e ù é g ù êc d ú ê f ú = ê h ú ë ûë û ë û D = ad - cb D1 = gd - hb D 2 = ah - cg D1 D2 e= f = D D • For 2x2 only! 11 Nodal Analysis (a) a general circuit (b) definition of the node voltages (c) labeling of the original circuit with the node voltages.
12 Example #1 – Nodal Analysis Find V2:
13 Example #2 – Nodal Analysis Applying KCL at node 1 gives:
14 Example #2 Cont. – Nodal Analysis Applying KCL at node 2 gives:
15 Example #2 Cont. – Nodal Analysis Calculate v1 and v2.
16 Example #3 – Nodal Analysis Calculate I. Solution: assume d as ref (ground) point.
17 Example #4 – Nodal Analysis Find node voltages.
18 Example #5 – Nodal Analysis Find node voltages.
19 Example #6 – Homework Find node voltages.
20 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources • Consider how voltage sources affect nodal analysis; two possibilities: • A voltage source is connected between the reference node and a non-reference node: • set the voltage at the non-reference node equal to the voltage of the voltage source. • A voltage source (dependent or independent) is connected between two non-reference nodes: • the two non-reference nodes (with the voltage source and any elements connected in parallel with it) form a generalized node or supernode • apply both KCL and KVL to determine the node voltages.
21 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
• First Case: • v1 = 10V • We know the voltage at this particular node.
• Second Case: • A supernode is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent) voltage source connected between two non-reference nodes and any elements connected in parallel with it.
provides a constraint equation needed to solve for the node voltages. • A supernode requires the application of both KCL and KVL.
24 Example #7 – Nodal Analysis Perform nodal analysis at v0
25 Example #8 – Nodal Analysis Perform nodal analysis for v0
26 Example #9 – Nodal Analysis Determine I. b
ref
27 Example #10 – Nodal Analysis Find node voltages.
28 Example #10 – Nodal Analysis Find node voltages.
29 Mesh Analysis • Mesh analysis is another general procedure for analyzing circuits • Uses mesh currents as the circuit variables • Can reduce the number of simultaneous equations
• Loop and Mesh
• A loop is a closed path with no node passed more than once • A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loop within it
• Analysis types (so far):
• Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages • Mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents
30 Mesh Analysis • Concept:
31 Mesh Analysis • Mesh analysis is not as general as nodal analysis. • Only applies to a planar circuit • A circuit that can be drawn in a plane with no branches crossing one another. • Otherwise it is nonplanar. • A circuit may have crossing branches and still be planar if it can be redrawn such that it has no crossing branches. • Circuit on right has two crossing branches, but it can be redrawn so that is planar.
32 Mesh Analysis
• This circuit is nonplanar as there is no
way to redraw it and avoid the branches crossing. • Nonplanar circuits can be handled using nodal analysis.
33 Mesh Analysis
1) Setup Circuit • Assign mesh currents i1,i2,…,in to the n meshes 2) Setup Equations • Apply KVL to each of the n meshes • Use Ohm’s law to express voltages in terms of mesh currents 3) Solve the resulting simultaneous equations • Solve to obtain the unknown mesh currents
34 Mesh Analysis – Step 1
• Mesh currents i1 and i2 are assigned
to meshes 1 and 2. • The direction of mech current is arbitrary (CW or CCW). Convention to assume current is clockwise. However, the direction does not affect the validity of solution. • Although path “abcdefa” is a loop and not a mesh, KVL still holds. • This is the reason for loosely using the terms loop analysis and mesh analysis to mean the same thing. 35 Mesh Analysis – Step 2
Notice that the branch currents can be different from the mesh currents unless the mesh is isolated. 37 Example #11 – Mesh Analysis How are v1 and v2 related?
38 Example #12 – Mesh Analysis Find v1 and v2?
39 Example #13 – Mesh Analysis Which circuit is planar?
40 Example #14 – Mesh Analysis Which circuit is planar?
41 Example #15 – Mesh Analysis Perform mesh analysis on the left loop.
42 Example #16 – Mesh Analysis Perform mesh analysis on the right loop.
43 Example #17 – Homework Find the currents through all branches.
Hint:
We know: I1+I2+I3=0
44 Example #18 – Mesh Analysis Use mesh analysis to find Io.
45 Example #19 – Homework Use nodal analysis to find Io and validate your answer with Example #18.
Hint: label all nodes use branches current (and NOT mesh currents) Write KCL
46 Example #20 – Homework Use mesh analysis to find Io.
Hint: write 3 KVL in 3 meshes and 1 KCL at
Node A. Answer: i1=2.25A i2=0.75A i3=1.5A Io=1.5A
47 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources
• Applying mesh analysis to circuits
containing current sources is actually much easier than previous methods. • The current sources reduce the number of equations.
• Example 21, First case:
• Current source is in only one i2 = -5A mesh. -10 + 4i1 + 6 ( i1 - i2 ) = 0 i1 = -2A 48 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources • Second Case: • A current source exists between two meshes • Create a supermesh by excluding the current source and any elements connected in series with it. • Example 22, KVL at the supermesh: -20 + 6i1 + 10i2 + 4i2 = 0 6i1 + 14i2 = 20 • KCL to a node in the branch where the two meshes interconnect, and solve:
i2 = i1 + 6 i1 = -3.2A i2 = 2.8A 49 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources
• The current source in the supermesh provides
the constraint equation necessary to solve for the mesh currents. • A supermesh requires the application of both KVL and KCL.
50 Example #23 – Mesh Analysis What is the equation for the supermesh?
51 Example #24 – Mesh Analysis What is the constraining equation?
52 Example #23 & 24 – Mesh Analysis Find currents of all elements.
53 Example #23 & 24 – Mesh Analysis Find voltages of all elements.
54 Example #25 – Mesh Analysis Find I0.
55 Example #26 – Mesh Analysis Find v.
56 Example #27 – Mesh Analysis Find V.
57 Example #28 – Mesh Analysis Find V.
58 Example #29 – Homework Use mesh analysis to find i1, i2, and i3.
59 Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis Mesh Analysis
• Parallel-connected elements, • Series-connected elements, current sources, or supernodes voltage sources, or supermeshes • Fewer nodes than meshes • Fewer meshes than nodes • Node voltages are required • Branch or mesh currents are • Non-planar network required • Computer solution • Transistor circuits
60 Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis
• Select the method that results in the smaller number of
equations.
• One method can be used to check the results from the other method, if possible.
• Since each method has its limitations, only one method may be suitable for a particular problem.
