BIOLOGY

Class 10th (KPK)

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Unit 18

Pharmacology
Exercise
Write short answers to the following questions.

1. What is drug addiction and what are the effects of addiction?

Drug addiction:

It is also called as substance use disorder. It is a disease that affects a person's brain and
behaviour and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medication.
Substances such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are considered drugs.

Effects of drug addiction:

The sad truth is that more deaths, illnesses, and disabilities are caused by substance abuse than
by any other preventable health condition. Prolonged drug dependence interferes with just about
every organ in the human body, and while different drugs have different damaging effects, these
are some of the common conditions substance abuse can cause:
• Damaged immune system, which increases susceptibility to infection
• Cardiovascular conditions, including heart attacks and collapsed veins
• Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
• Liver overexertion or liver failure
• Seizures and strokes
• Widespread brain damage that can interfere with memory, attention, and decision-
making, as well as permanent brain damage
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2. Differentiate between antibiotic and vaccines?

Antibiotics Vaccines

Antibiotics are antimicrobial molecules or Vaccine is an inactive form of a germ (a

compounds which are used to treat small amount of a dead or inactivate germ)
infections caused by bacteria, fungi, used to provide immunity to a specific
protozoa etc. disease.

Antibiotics kill bacteria, mainly used to treat Vaccines kill viruses, mainly used to
bacterial infections. prevent viral infections.

Available in different forms like tablets, Vaccines are given through injection, in
capsules, syrup, drops, ointments some cases given orally or nasally.

Antibodies are given after getting infected. Vaccine is a preventive measure which is
given in advance before the manifestation of
an infection

Its side effects include diarrhoea, nausea Its side effects include swelling, mild fever
and allergy. etc.

Antibiotic can be used against multiple A vaccine provides immunity against a

bacterial infections. particular infection.

It destroys the biochemistry of the bacteria. It improves the natural immunity against
germs

3. Enlist the bad effects of nicotine, caffeine and cocaine. Are these addictive?

Addictive drug: the drug that make a person dependent on them or addicts are called addictive
drugs. Nicotine, caffeine and cocaine comes under the category of addictive drugs.
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a) Nicotine:

Nicotine is a chemical that contains nitrogen, which is made by several types of plants, including
the tobacco plant. It is also produced synthetically.

Effects: Nicotine has a range of effects on the body. Nicotine makes the pancreas to produce
less insulin, causing a slight increase in blood sugar or glucose. It increases the heart rate, heart
muscle oxygen consumption rate, and heart stroke volume. These are known as pharmacologic
effects.

b) Caffeine
• Caffeine increases the amount of acid in our stomach and may cause heartburn or upset
stomach.
• Extra caffeine doesn’t get stored in our body either. It’s processed in the liver and exits
through your urine. This is why a person might have an increase in urination shortly after
having caffeine.
• An overdose of caffeine may cause rapid or irregular heartbeat and breathing trouble.
• Caffeine in large amounts may interfere with absorption and metabolism of calcium. This
can contribute to bone thinning (osteoporosis).
• If we consume too much, caffeine may cause also our muscles to twitch.
• Too much caffeine can also cause slowed fetal growth and increased risk of miscarriage.
a) Cocaine (C17H21NO4):

Cocaine is a powerfully addictive, psychoactive, stimulant drug. On the street it is usually sold
as a fine, white powder.

Effects:Cocaine abuse can lead to acute cardiovascular or cerebrovascular emergencies, such as

an irregular heart rhythm, heart attack or stroke, which may result in sudden death.
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4. What are the responsibilities of society to deal with drug addicts?

Responsibility of society to deal with drug addicts:

• The drug addict can be saved if the society on the whole performs its shares of duties.
• We should give them proper attention and adequate treatment
• The drug addict need our sympathy and affection
• We should try to keep them in gaining confidence. It will take a long time, we should
show patience and forbearance.
• We should not make fun of addicts.
• Different kinds of youthful activities should be provided. These activities will take the
youth away from drugs.
5. How are vaccine prepared?
Vaccines:
A material containing weakened or killed pathogens and is used to produce immunity to a
disease by stimulating the production of antibodies is called a vaccine.

Preparation of vaccine: vaccines are created through a general three-step process:

1. Antigen is generated. Viruses are grown in primary cells (i.e. chicken eggs for the influenza
vaccine), or on continuous cell lines (i.e. human cultured cells for hepatitis b vaccine); bacteria is
grown in bioreactors (i.e. HIV vaccine).

2. Antigen is isolated from the cells used to create it.

3. Vaccine is made by adding adjuvant, stabilizers and preservatives. Adjuvants increase
immune response of the antigen, stabilizers increase the vaccine’s storage life and preservatives
allow for the use of multi-dose vials.

6. Give two examples of drugs, which are extracted from plants.

Drug: any substance that when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal body
functions is known as drug.
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Drugs from plants:

Many important drugs are obtained from plants. These medicines include antibiotics, cardiotonic
and certain analgesics etc.

Examples

• Digitalis

Function: it is a cardiotonic which is used to stimulate the heart.

Source: it is made from the leaves of purple flowered plant, foxglove.

• Morphine

Function: it is a pain reliever.

Source: it is obtained from opium, which comes from the juice of poppy plant.

• Marijuana

It’s an addictive illegal drug obtained from plan Cannabis sativa. It cause anxiety, dizziness, fear,
and increased heart rate, memory loss, less coordination, poor sense of balance.

7. Define drug addiction. What are the three major categories of drugs, which can cause
addiction?

Drug addiction:

It is also called as substance use disorder. It is a disease that affects a person's brain and
behaviour and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medication.
Substances such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are considered drugs.

Categories of addictive drugs:

The following are major categories of addictive drugs:

a) Sedatives
b) Narcotics
c) Hallucinogens
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i. Sedatives:

These drugs induce sedation by reducing irritability or excitement.

Mode of action: These drugs interact with central nervous system to depress its activities.

Effects: sedative drugs induce dizziness, lethargy, slow brain function and depression. Ong term
use of sedative drugs induces suicidal thoughts.

ii. Narcotics:

Narcotics are strong pain killers.

Prescription: These drugs are often prescribed in conjunction with other less potent pain killers
like paracetamol or aspirin

Usage: These are used to relieve pain for patients with chronic diseases like cancer. These are
also used to relieve acute pain after operations. But some people may abuse narcotics for ecstatic
effects.

Examples:

Morphine: it is derived from opium (poppy). It acts directly on central nervous system to relieve
pain. Morphine has a high potential for addiction.

Codeine: it is also derived from opium.

Heroin: it is the most commonly abused narcotic. It is semisynthetic drug from morphine. It
effects on central nervous system and cause drowsiness.

iii. Hallucinogens:

Hallucinogen are the drugs that cause changes in perception, thought, emotions, and
consciousness.

Mode of action: Physiologically, hallucinogens effect on the sympathetic nervous system

causing dilation of pupils, constriction of some arteries and rise in blood pressure.
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Examples:

Mescaline: it is derived from cactus

Psilocin: it is derived from mushroom.

Marijuana (Hashish): it is a hallucinogen, which is smoked.

Sources: it is obtained from the flowers, stem, leaves of marijuana plant cannabis sativa, and
cannabis indica.

Effect: Small doses of marijuana result in a feeling of wellbeing that lasts for two to three hours,
while high doses increase heart rate. It also weakens short term memory.

8. Define analgesic, antibiotics, and sedatives.

• Analgesic:

These are also known as painkiller because it reduce pains like headaches, sore muscles, arthritis
and other aches and pains.

Explanation:

Different analgesics are used having own advantages and risks. Some painkillers act directly on
affected area to relieve pain while others act in brain to stop the sensation of pain. Painkillers are
based on two naturally occurring drugs i.e. aspirin and opiates.

• Antibiotic:

The word antibiotic comes from the Greek Anti (against) and Bios (life). An antibiotic is a drug
that kills the growth of bacteria.

Explanation:

Antibiotics cure disease by killing bacteria or by stopping their growth. The first antibiotic
(penicillium) was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.

• Sedative:

These drugs induce sedation by reducing irritability or excitement.

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Explanation:

Sedative drugs slows down the brain function. It block the brain chemical that conduct nerve
impulse between brain cells, so it reduce anxiety and induce sleep i.e. Diazepam

9. Differentiate between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics.

Bactericidal Bacteriostatic

Substance that can kills bacteria Substance that inhibit the growth of
bacterial cell

Disrupt cell wall structure and formation Inhibit any further growth, DNA replication
or other metabolic fu

Minimum bactericidal concentration needs Minimum inhibitory concentration needed

to kill bacteria to retard bacterial cell growth

Cause bacterial cell to die therefore decrease Number of bacterial cell remains same until
natural or immune response related death of
cells

Immune system either unaffected or results Stimulate immune system to deal with
in inflammatory response due to release of infection
toxins from bacterial cell content

Low doses may have bacteriostatic effects Low doses ineffective, very high doses may
be bactericidal

Irreversible cell death Reversible action

Examples: derivatives of penicillin, Examples: tetracycline, sulphonamides etc.

vancomycin etc.
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10. Define narcotics and give examples.

Narcotics:

A drug that is small doses dulls the senses, relieve pain and bring on sleep. Narcotics are strong
pain killers.

Prescription: These drugs are often prescribed in conjunction with other less potent pain killers
like paracetamol or aspirin.

Usage: These are used to relieve pain for patients with chronic disease like cancer. These are
also used to relieve acute pain after operations.

Examples:

Morphine: it is derived from opium (poppy). It acts directly on central nervous system to relieve
pain. It has a high potential for addiction.

Codeine: it is also derived from opium. It is used in cough syrups. Inside body it changes into
morphine and has same effect like other narcotics.

Heroin: it is the most commonly abused narcotic. It is semi-synthetic drug from morphine. It
effects on central nervous system and causes drowsiness. It is taken in injection and through
smoking. It gives a feeling of wellbeing, relaxation and sedation. Its use lead to respiratory
depression and ultimately death.

C. Write detailed answers to the following questions:

1. What roles do drugs play in our life?

Role of drugs:

• It can cause lowering of blood pressure

• Cure infections like Respiratory tract, Urinary tract, Intestine, Middle ear and skin
infections
• Used as pain killers like sedative medicines.
• Used to treat bacterial and viral infections like vaccines and antibiotics.
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• An antibiotic is a drug that kills or retard the growth of bacteria. These are the chemicals
produced or derived from microorganisms like bacteria and fungi i.e. Penicillin
• A material containing weakened or killed pathogens and is used to produce immunity to a
disease by stimulating the production of antibodies is called as vaccine i.e. Polio vaccine
2. Differentiate between narcotics and drugs. What are the different symptoms of
drug addiction?

Drugs Narcotics

Any substance that, when absorbed into the Any substance, illegal or legal that relieves
body of a living organism, alters normal pain but also dulls the senses in large doses
body functions is known as a drug. cause lack of responsiveness or
consciousness.

Symptoms of drug addiction:

Different drugs have different physical effects, the symptoms of addiction are similar. Addiction
in terms of physical, behavioural and psychological signs are followings:

a) Physical signs of drug abuse:

• Addicts have bloodshot eyes, pupils larger or smaller than usual.
• Change in appetite or sleep patterns.
• Sudden weight loss or weight gain
• Deterioration of physical appearance
• Unusual smells on breath, body or clothing
• Tremors, slurred speech, or impaired coordination
b) Behavioural signs of drug abuse:
• Drop in attendance and performance at work or school
• Unexplained need for money or financial problems. May borrow or steal to get it.
• Engaging in secretive or suspicious behaviours.
• Sudden change in friends and hobbies
• Frequently getting into troubles (fights, accidents, illegal activities)
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c) Psychological warning signs of drug abuse:

• Unexplained change in personality or attitude
• Sudden mood swings, irritability, or angry outbursts
• Periods of unusual hyperactivity
• Lack of motivation
• Appears fearful, anxious with no reason.
3. What are hallucinogens? Give examples with their sources.
• Hallucinogens:

These are the drugs that cause hallucination.

Hallucination

Hallucination is change in person perception of reality, thought, emotions and consciousness.

Mode of action: Physiologically, hallucinogens effect on sympathetic nervous system causing

• Dilation of pupils,
• constriction in some arteries,
• Rise in blood pressure.
• Under the influence of hallucinogens, people see images, hear sounds and feel sensation
that seem real but actually do not exist. It disrupt the interaction of nerve cell and
chemical messenger in the brain

Examples: many types of substances are classified as hallucinogens and are illegal to use. Some
example are followings:

Marijuana (hashish): it is a hallucinogen which is smoked.

Sources: it is obtained from the flowers, stem and leaves of marijuana plant

Cannabis sativa, cannabis indica.

Loss dosage: small doses of marijuana results in a feeling of wellbeing that lasts for two or three
hours. Taken through smoke or orally it produce feelings like excitement, relaxation, laughter
and perception of slowing down of time etc.
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High dosages: high doses increase heart rate.

Adverse effect: It also effects the production of sperm and also weakens the short term memory,
produce anxiety, dizziness, fear dry mouth, less coordination, poor sense of balance and slower
reaction time,.

Usage: Marijuana is one of the most commonly used drugs in world, followed by caffeine,
nicotine and alcoholic beverages in popularity.

Mescaline: it is derived from cactus plant and is taken orally

Psilocybin: it is extracted from a mushroom and is taken orally.

Dextromethorphan: It resemble to morphine in chemical structure and is synthesized in

laboratories. It isused in cough syrups.

4. Describe the mechanism of action of three groups of antibiotics. Also mention the
disease for which each of these groups is used.

Antibiotics: An antibiotic is a drug that kills or retard the growth of bacteria. These are the
chemicals produced or derived from microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.

Groups of antibiotics: There are three major groups of antibiotics on the basis of chemical
structure:a) Cephalosporin, b) Tetracycline. c) Sulpha drugs-sulfonamides.

i. Cephalosporin:

Category: Cephalosporin are bactericidal.

Source: derived from a specie of bacteria cephalosporin.

Mode of action: Cephalosporin interfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell wall.

Indication: These are used to treat

• Pneumonia
• Sore throat
• Tonsillitis
• Bronchitis
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• Various infections like skin infection, gonorrhoea and urinary tract infection.
ii. Tetracycline:

Category: these are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics.

Source: these are derived from a specie of Streptomyces bacteria.

Mode of action: Tetracycline inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.

Indications: These are used in the treatment of infections of:

• Respiratory tract
• Urinary tract
• Intestine, Middle ear and skin infections

Contradictions: Tetracycline are not used in children under the age of 8 and especially during
periods of tooth development.

iii. Sulpha drugs-sulfonamides

Composition: These are synthetic antibiotics that contain sulfonamide group.

Category: these are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics.

Mode of action: they inhibit the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria that is usually required to
make new DNA. So bacteria stop dividing.

Indication: sulfonamides are used to treat:

• Pneumonia
• Urinary tract infection.
5. What are vaccines? Describe the different ways of producing vaccines.

Vaccine: A material containing weakened or killed pathogens and is used to produce immunity
to a disease by stimulating the production of antibodies is called as vaccine.

Explanation: Vaccines protect kids against severe and life-threatening disease. Vaccines are
made using the disease-causing virus or bacteria, but in a form that will not harm your child.
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Instead, the weakened, killed, or partial virus or bacteria prompts your baby’s immune system to
develop antibodies, or defenders, against the disease.

Ways of producing vaccines:

There are four different ways that viruses and bacteria are weakened to make vaccines:

• Change the virus blueprint (or genes) so that the virus replicate poorly. This is how
measles and mumps vaccines are made. The virus blueprint is changes by technique
called cell culture adaptation (adapting a virus to grow in a specialized cell grown n lab
instead of cells it normally grows in). Because viruses can still, to some extent, make
copies of themselves after cell culture adaptation, they are often referred to as live,
attenuated (or weakened) viruses.

• Destroy the virus blueprint (or genes) so that virus can’t replicate. This is how the killed
polio vaccine is made.

• Use only a part of virus or bacteria. This is how hepatitis B vaccines are made. Because
viral or bacterial genes are not present in the vaccine, the viruses or bacteria can’t
replicate.

• Take the toxin that is released from the bacteria, purify it, and kill it so it can’t do any
harm. Some bacteria cause disease not by replicating but by manufacturing harmful
proteins called toxins. For example bacteria like diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
(whooping cough) all cause disease by producing toxins. To make vaccines against these
bacteria, toxins are purified and killed with chemicals (such as formaldehyde). Again as
bacterial genes are not part of the vaccine bacteria can’t replicate

6. What are the different classes of antibiotics and what is resistance to antibiotics?

Antibiotics: an antibiotic is a drug that kills or retard the growth of bacteria. These are the
chemicals produced or derived from microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.
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Classes/types of antibiotics: there are two main types of antibiotics.

Bactericidal antibiotics: the antibiotics that kill the bacteria are called bactericidal antibiotics.

Bacteriostatic antibiotic: the antibiotics that work by stopping the bacterial growth are called
bacteriostatic antibiotics.

The main classes of antibiotics on the basis of chemical structure are:

• Beta-Lactams (bactericidal in action ,examples are penicillin and cephalosporin)

• Macrolides (macrocyclic lactone ring,)
• Fluoroquinolones (synthetic compound, bactericidal)
• Tetracycline (contain hexagonal rings, Bacteriostatic)
• Aminoglycosides (bactericidal)

Antibiotic resistance:

Antibiotics are extremely important in medicine, but unfortunately bacteria are capable of
developing resistance to them. Such bacteria are not affected by commonly used antibiotics.

Definition: the ability of bacteria not to be affected by the particular antibiotic is called
antibiotic resistance

Reason: when bacteria are exposed to the same antibiotic over and over, they can change and are
no longer affected by the drug.

Ways of developing resistance: Bacteria have numbers of ways of developing resistance.

• Stoppage by internal mechanism: Sometime their internal mechanism stops the

working of antibiotic.
• Transfer of genes: Bacteria can also transfer the genes responsible for antibiotic
resistance between them. So such resistance bacteria make it possible for other bacteria to
acquire resistance.
• Unethical usage: Another reason for increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria is their
use in disease in which they have no efficiency e.g. antibiotics are not effective against
infection caused by viruses.
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A growing problem: resistance to antibiotics possess a serious and growing problem, because
some infectious diseases are becoming more difficult to treat. Some of the resistant bacteria can
be treated with more powerful antibiotics, but there are some infections that do not eliminate
even with new antibiotics.
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Topic wise Question Answers:

1. What is pharmacology?

Pharmacology:

The study of drug composition, properties, medical applications and sources of drugs is called as
pharmacology.

2. What is a pharmaceutical drugs?

Pharmaceutical drugs: any chemical substance that is used in the diagnosis, cure, treatment and
prevention of a disease is called as pharmaceutical or medicinal drug.

3. What is the method of administering drug?

We take drugs through two routes i.e. orally or through injection

1st route: oral drugs are absorbed from our digestive tract into the blood. The blood carries the
drug to the liver, where its metabolism occurs. From the liver the metabolic products of drug
enter the blood again and move to its target tissue. When a drug enters a target tissue it performs
its action. The by-products of the action of drugs are carried from the tissue to kidneys, which
excrete them out.

2nd route: the second route of drug administration is through injections. Drugs are injected n the
muscles (intra-muscular) or directly in veins (intra-venous). Such drugs bypass the route to the
liver. In this case, the entire drug is distributed to tissues and its action is faster.

4. What is the contribution of Sir Alexander Fleming?

Contribution of Sir Alexander Fleming

Period: 188-1955

Place: He was a Scottish biologist.

Contribution: He discovered the antibiotics penicillin from the fungus Penicilliumnotatum.

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He was working on a culture of bacteria, when he noticed a fungus (penicillium) in one culture.
He observed that the fungus released a chemical which killed the bacteria. The chemical was
extracted and was named as penicillin.

Noble Prize: He was awarded Noble prize in 1945.

5. What is the contribution of Joseph Lister?

Contribution of Joseph Lister

Period: 1827-1912

Place: He was an English surgeon.

Contribution: he promoted the idea of sterile surgery for the first time. He introduces carbolic
acid to sterilize surgical instrument and to clean wounds.

6. What is the most common method of administering vaccine?

The most common method of administering vaccine is by injection, but some vaccines are given
by mouth or nasal spray.

7. What is the difference between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics?

Broad spectrum antibiotics Narrow spectrum antibiotics

The antibiotics that can be used to treat a The antibiotics that are only effective against
wide range of infections are known as broad a few type of bacteria are known as narrow
spectrum antibiotics. spectrum antibiotics.

8. What are medicinal drugs? Explain the sources of medicinal drugs.

Definition:

The chemical substances that are used in the diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention of a disease
are called medicinal drugs.

Advantages: various diseases have been made easier to treat in recent years by the production of
medicinal drugs.

Sources of drugs: drugs are obtained from the following sources:

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• Synthetic drugs
• Drugs from plants
• Drugs from fungi
• Drugs from animals
• Drugs from minerals
• drugs from bacteria

1) Synthetic Drug

Such drugs do not occur naturally but are synthesized in laboratory. Pharmaceutical companies
produce these drugs.

Example: Aspirin

2) Drugs From Plants

Many important drugs are obtained from plants. These medicines include:

• antibiotics
• cardiotonic
• certain analgesics

Examples:

• Digitalis

Function: it is a cardiotonic which is used to stimulate the heart.

Source: it is made from the leaves of purple flowered plant, foxglove.

• Morphine

Function: it is a pain reliever.

Source: it is obtained from opium, which comes from the juice of poppy plant.
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• Marijuana

It’s an addictive illegal drug obtained from plan Cannabissativa. It cause anxiety, dizziness, fear,
and increased heart rate, memory loss, less coordination, poor sense of balance.

Drugs from fungi:

Some medicines are obtained from fungi.

Example: the antibiotics is obtained from a fungus Penicilliumnotatum

1) Drugs from animals:

Drugs obtained from animals are usually their glandular products.

Example: The following are obtained from animal sources

➢ Fish liver oil

➢ Musk
➢ Bee’s wax
➢ Certain hormones
➢ Antitoxins
2) Drugs from Minerals:

Several drugs are produced from minerals:

Example:

• Iodine:

The mineral iodine is used in making tincture of iodine.

Function: It is a liquid that helps to prevent infection when applied to cuts

• Silver nitrate:

The powder form of silver nitrate is applied on wounds to stop bleeding and prevent infections.

3) Drug from bacteria:

Many antibiotics are obtained from bacteria:

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Example: Streptomycin

9. Explain mode of action of vaccine.

Vaccine: A material containing weakened or killed pathogens and is used to produce immunity
to a disease by stimulating the production of antibodies is called as vaccine.

Work of Edward Jenner:

In 1796, a British physician, Edward Jenner, infected a young boy with cowpox, by injecting pus
cells. After the boy had recovered from cowpox, Jenner injected the pus cells from a smallpox
patient into him. The boy did not get smallpox

Reason so it became clear that intentional infection with cowpox protected people from
smallpox. Vaccination:

This method was named ‘vaccination’ and the substance used to vaccinate was called as vaccine.

Mode of action of Vaccine:

Antigens: pathogens contain special proteins called antigens.

Antibodies: when pathogens enter the body (blood) of host, these proteins stimulate the immune
response in host i.e. synthesis of antibodies. Antibodies bind to pathogens and destroy them.

Production of memory cells: In addition memory cells are produced which remain in blood and
provide protection against future infections with the same pathogens.

Stimulation of White blood cells: when a vaccine i.e. weakened or dead pathogens is
introduced into bloodstream, the white blood cells are stimulated.

Recognition by B-lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes recognize the weakened or dead pathogens as

enemies and start producing antibodies against them.

Protection against pathogens: The antibodies remain in blood and provide protection against
pathogens. If real pathogens enter blood, the already present antibodies kill the pathogens.

THE END
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