Fluid Mechanics (2) : Dr. Ali Mahmoud Ali Attia ME 413

FLUID MECHANICS
(2)
Dr. Ali Mahmoud ali Attia
ME 413
SURFACE RESISTANCE
BOUNDARY-LAYER THICKNESS
AND SHEAR-STRESS
CORRELATIONS
Third Lecture (Chapter 9)
T.B.L. Thickness and Shear-Stress Correlations
■ The turbulent boundary layer thickness has no analytical solution. However using empirical
equations for local shear stress and the 1/7 power velocity profile an approximate equations
0.16𝑥
may be obtained; as the following Equation: 𝛿 = 1/7 with 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = 𝑈𝑜 𝑥Τ𝜈 where x is the
𝑅𝑒𝑥
distance from leading edge of the plate.
■ One of the simplest equations to determine the local shear stress distribution through the
𝜏 0.027 0.032
T.B.L. valid up to Rex=107: 𝑐𝑓 = 2𝑜 = 1/7 with average shear stress coefficient: 𝐶𝑓 = 1/7
𝜌𝑈𝑜 /2 𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝐿
0.455
■ For Rex=1010 another relation is proposed where 𝑐𝑓 = and the corresponding
ln2 (0.06𝑅𝑒𝑥 )
0.523
average shear stress coefficient: 𝐶𝑓 = .
ln2 (0.06𝑅𝑒𝐿 )
■ The boundary layer on a flat plate is composed of both a laminar and turbulent part with
transition occurring at with 𝑅𝑒𝑇𝑟 = 5 ∗ 105 , thus the overall shear stress force considering
these parts is: 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑠,𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏 𝐿 − 𝐹𝑠,𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏 𝐿 𝑇𝑟 + 𝐹𝑠,𝐿𝑎𝑚 (𝐿 𝑇𝑟 ) consider flat plate with width B
and the corresponding relations for shear force:
0.523 0.523 1.33 𝜌𝑈𝑜2
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐵𝐿 − 𝐵𝐿𝑡𝑟 + 1/2 𝐵𝐿𝑡𝑟
ln2(0.06𝑅𝑒𝐿 ) ln2(0.06𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑟 ) 𝑅𝑒𝑇𝑟 2
■ where Retr is the Reynolds number at the transition, ReL is the Reynolds number at the end of
the plate, and Ltr is the distance from the leading edge of the plate to the transition zone.
University of Bisha Faculty of Engineering 3
T.B.L. Thickness and Shear-Stress Correlations
𝐹𝑠 0.523 𝐿𝑡𝑟 1.33 0.523
■ For average shear stress coefficient: 𝐶𝑓 = or 𝐶𝑓 = + −
𝐵𝐿𝜌𝑈𝑜2 /2 ln2(0.06𝑅𝑒𝐿 ) 𝐿 1/2
𝑅𝑒𝑇𝑟 ln2 (0.06𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑟 )
𝐿𝑡𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑟 0.523 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑟 1.33 0.523
■ It is noticed that force: = , therefore 𝐶𝑓 = + 1/2 −
𝐿 𝑅𝑒𝐿 ln2(0.06𝑅𝑒𝐿 ) 𝑅𝑒𝐿 𝑅𝑒𝑇𝑟 ln2 (0.06𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑟 )
■ As Retr has fixed value of 500,000, the equation of average shear stress can be simplified:
0.523 1520
𝐶𝑓 = 2 −
ln (0.06𝑅𝑒𝐿 ) 𝑅𝑒𝐿
■ The variation of Cf with ReL is shown in the Figure
■ Correlation for each BL is shown in Table:

Example
■ Assume that air 20°C and normal atmospheric pressure flows over a smooth, flat plate with a
velocity of 30 m/s. The initial boundary layer is laminar and then becomes turbulent at a
transitional Reynolds number of 5.105. The plate is 3 m long and 1 m wide. What will be the
average resistance coefficient Cf for the plate? Also, what is the total shearing resistance of
one side of the plate, and what will be the resistance due to the turbulent part and the laminar
part of the boundary layer?
■ Situation: Air flows past a flat plate parallel to the flow with a velocity of 30 m/s
■ Find:
– Average shear-stress coefficient, Cf, for the plate.
– Total shear force (in newtons) on one side of plate.
– Shear force (in newtons) due to laminar part.
– Shear force (in newtons) due to turbulent part.
■ Assumption: The leading edge of the plate is sharp, and the boundary is not tripped on the
leading edge.
■ Properties: From A3 𝜌 = 1.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 & 𝜈 = 1.51 ∗ 10−5 𝑚2 /s

Solution 30∗3
■ Calculate Reynolds number based on plate length 𝑅𝑒𝐿 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐿Τ𝜈 = = 5.96 ∗ 106
1.51∗10−5
0.523 1520 0.523 1520
■ The average shear stress: 𝐶𝑓 = − = − = 0.00294
ln2(0.06𝑅𝑒𝐿 ) 𝑅𝑒𝐿 ln2 0.06∗5.96∗106 5.96∗106
𝐶𝑓 𝐵𝐿𝜌𝑈𝑜2
■ The total shear force on one side:𝐹𝑠 = = 0.5 ∗ 0.00294 ∗ 1 ∗ 3 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 900 = 4.77 𝑁
2
■ Location of transition occurs at Re=500000, then 𝑅𝑒𝑇𝑟 = 5 ∗ 105 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐿𝑡𝑟 Τ𝜈 or 𝐿𝑡𝑟 = 0.252 𝑚
1.33 1.33
■ Laminar average shear stress coefficient: 𝐶𝑓𝐿 = 1/2 = = 0.00188
𝑅𝑒𝑇𝑟 500000
𝐶𝑓𝐿 𝐵𝐿𝜌𝑈𝑜2
■ The laminar shear force: 𝐹𝑠𝐿 = = 0.5 ∗ 0.00188 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 0.252 ∗ 900 = 0.256 𝑁
2
■ Thus the turbulent shear force: 𝐹𝑠𝑇 = 𝐹𝑆 − 𝐹𝑠𝐿 = 4.77 − 0.256 = 4.514 𝑁
■ As Re is of order 107 , the power law may be valid:
0.032 0.032
– The average shear stress: 𝐶𝑓 = 1/7 = 6 1/7
= 0.00344
𝑅𝑒 5.96∗10
𝐶𝑓 𝐵𝐿𝜌𝑈𝑜2
– shear force on one side:𝐹𝑠 = = 0.5 ∗ 0.00344 ∗ 1 ∗ 3 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 900 = 5.582 𝑁
2
0.16𝐿 0.16∗3
– Turbulent Boundary layer thickness: 𝛿𝑇 = 1/7 = 1/7 = 0.052 𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑥 5.96∗106
5𝐿𝑡𝑟 5∗0.252
– Laminar Boundary Layer thickness:𝛿𝐿 = 1/2 = 1/2 = 0.0018 𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑥 5∗105
– Ratio 𝛿𝐿 to 𝛿𝑇 is nearly 0.034
THANK YOU
Now Your Questions, please.

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FLUID MECHANICS

University of Bisha Faculty of Engineering 4

University of Bisha Faculty of Engineering 5

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