ERGONOMICS AND FACILITIES PLANNING FOR THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

UNIT
PRINCIPLE IN FACILITY PLANNING - 3
n
5

LET’S GET STARTED

After studying this unit, you will be able to:

• Understand the importance of equipment maintenance and repair;
• Explain the importance of approximating cost and budgeting, parts
inventory and control and different special projects.

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EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR

The amount of equipment installed in a modern hotel or motel is astounding, in the guest
room there are television, HVAC unit, various electric lamps, ventilation fans, in the bath sanitary
fittings and sundry other items.
Public spaces have HAVC units with fans, chillers, pumps and lighting. Pools have pumps,
filters, water treatment systems and more.
The kitchen and laundry are full of equipment requiring almost continual repair and
adjustment. The repair and maintenance of all the equipment is the responsibility of the
engineering department.
Maintenance means to maintain something or is to keep in an existing state or to
preserve from failure or decline. Unfortunately, with respect to equipment a large fraction of the
time spent in some engineering operations is directed at repair rather than at maintenance.
Repair expenses have a significant effect on the cost of building maintenance.

BUDGETING AND COST CONTROL APPROXIMATELY

11% of the property POM budget is directly expended for accurate to budget and cost
control. Unfortunately, at many establishments the development and control of this budget is
not approached with the same level of care and analysis that is used in other areas.
Security / Safety Maintenance
Security involves physical assets of the property, employees, suppliers and the quest
while safety involves the potential injury to both employee and guest. At smaller establishments,
it is not for building safety and security to be largely the responsibility of the engineering
department. Some specific safety and security concerns with exist within the engineering areas
including key control, lock rotation, control of tools and supplies, emergency response to fires
and other potentially dangerous situations, safe operations of equipment and tools and outside
contractor interactions.

Contractual and Regularity Compliance

The term Contractual and regularity compliance refer to requirements imposed upon the
property which are of a legal nature and are sometimes directly or indirectly the responsibility of
engineering.

PARTS INVENTORY AND CONTROL

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The nature of the work performed in maintenance results in a need for parts and supplied
which are unique in many instances. The uniqueness of these parts or supplies may mean they
require long lead times when they are ordered. However, the ability to operate portions of the
facility safely and comfortably often requires immediate access to parts or supplies in order to
affect repairs.
For this reason an adequate parts and supplies inventory and control over the purchase
and storage of these items are very important.
Renovations, additions and restorations: The need to redecorate and renovate whether
because of wear and tear caused by use, because of changing needs for space or in order to
support a new concept is common feature of all lodging properties.

SPECIAL PROJECTS
With the introduction of new technologies and the needs of lodging customers to special
services, the engineering department is called upon to perform many special projects. For
example: new communication, solar system, water treatment plant, optical fiber lighting etc.
Special events may require the constructions of display stands, protective barriers. Trade
shows may require additional electric services, phone connection and special lightings. These
projects require the input of the engineering department early in the negotiating stages of the
contract for the event to ensure that costs are recovered and that the necessary services are
ready to use for the customers upon their arrival.
Training of Staff
The training activities within the maintenance are may differ somewhat from those in
other areas of the property; many people hired in the maintenance department (electricians,
painters, carpenters) already possess specific skills or abilities.
While some responsibility exists to maintain their skills levels, the primary focus of
training is to inform these employees the standards and specific requirement of the property at
which they are employed. This training may be grouped in the categories of general training,
departmental training and job-specific training.

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UNIT PLANNING AND DESIGNING WORK STATIONS IN

LODGING ESTABLISHMENTS - 1
6

LET’S GET STARTED

After studying this unit, you will be able to:

• Enumerate the different design consideration of building a lodging
facility.

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Following are seven major design consideration which must be considered while
designing any Hotel:-
ATTRACTIVE APPEARANCE
All over the appearance of a Hotel is one of the very important considerations for a Hotel. It
should be attractive and should reflect the architecture of that area and should also have a
character of the services being provided in that Hotel.
A building of a hotel must be as impressive as its interiors. Its distinctive features begin from the
designing itself. Our various civilizations over the ages and their influence can be seen in some
modern structures even today. In fact, the principal guiding factor for any hotelier is ensuring
maximum occupancy at minimum maintenance cost.
1. Indian architecture found its earliest expression in brick buildings that were
contemporary to buildings that were constructed of wood. Over the centuries wooden
structures disappeared, but they were succeeded and imitated in stone buildings, which
have survived.
This kind usually includes hemispherical mounds, domes with more concern for sculptural
mass than for enclosed volume. Hotels like Amarvilas, Agra, Udayvilas, Rajvilas etc. are
some examples of typical Hindu architecture.
Hindu style is closely related to the Jain style. It is divided into three general categories
northern, central and southern. In these three types, the style is marked by great
ornamental and the use of pyramidal roofs. Spire-like domes terminate in delicate finials.
Other features include the elaborate, grand-scale gates and the ceremonial halls. Modern
Indian style These include the vaulted structure, topped by a huge, concrete roof umbrella
and the use of concrete grille and bright pastel colours.

2. Greeks put their walls inside to protect the cell and their columns on the outside, where
they could articulate exterior space. Perhaps for the first time, the overriding concern is
for the building seen as a beautiful object externally, while at the same time containing
precious and sacred inner space. Greek architects have been commended for not crushing
the viewer with over monumentality.

3. Romans widely used domes and vaults in their architectural style. Cylindrical and
spherical spaces are the elements of design. The domes that the Romans introduced
proved to be more stable. The second important invention of the Romans was vaults
formed by the intersection of two identical barrel vaults over a square plan.

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4. In early Christian architecture, buildings were of two types- the longitudinal hall or
basilica, and the centralized building, frequently a baptistery or a mausoleum. The
buildings mostly consisted of sloping roofs supported by the wooden framework and a
series of pillars. It was generally made out of bricks.

5. Romanesque Architecture: The structures were often crude and of relatively modest
proportions. The buildings were often composed of elements or decorated with parts,
called spoils, looted from Roman structures. One of the characteristics of this is the
circular and polygonal domed structure. An outstanding achievement of these architects
was the development of stone vaulted buildings. A major reason for the development of
masonry vaulting was the need to replace the highly flammable wooden roofs of the pre-
Romanesque structures.

6. Islamic Architecture: The basic structural elements are arches and domes. The motifs are
geometrical designs, floral arabesques and Arabic calligraphy. The materials are glazed
tiles, wood joinery and parquetry, marble, mosaic, sandstone, stucco carving, gemstones
etc.

7. In early Renaissance period, the elements are combined in rather static compositions.
The buildings mostly consist of files of columns, domes, all assembled in a restrained and
elegant harmony in strong contrast to the spirited elaboration of forms in the medieval
North.

8. Gothic Architecture: The aesthetic qualities depend on a structural development. Early in

the 12th century, masons developed the ribbed vault, which consists of thin arches of
stone, running diagonally, transversely and longitudinally. In this case, the new vault
which was thinner, lighter and more versatile, allowed a number of architectural
developments to take place.

9. Art Nouveau: It had simple shapes of the brick and stone exterior clearly indicating the
division of space within the building, while the large expanses of glass provided a strong
visual connection between the interior spaces and the outside world. The style basically
aimed at the rejection of earlier architectural styles with the view of introducing
something new.

10. Modern architecture introduced the use of concrete, steel and iron and construction of
skyscraper facilitated by the introduction of the electric elevator and the abundance of
steel. A transition was made from the masonry-bearing wall to the steel framed load-
bearing structure. The building’s skeleton could be erected quickly.

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11. Innovative architecture introduced the construction of moulding spaces with utmost
sophistication, great care in the distribution of light, the use of materials- stone, wood
and copper with familiar and sympathetic tactile qualities.

12. International Architecture: The style is geometric and asymmetrical and features such
modern materials as concrete, steel and glass. Functional, logical floor plans and simple
unornamented walls of glass and concrete are emphasized. This method is extremely
efficient for large-scale construction in which the same module could be repeated .

EFFICIENT PLAN
The plan of the Hotel should be such that it should be functional and also appeal to the eye. All
the services should be so designed that it meets various principles of layout and design.
Modular Construction
This is most recent and promising development in the construction of hotel buildings. The
technique has cut down the construction time and costs by 40% as compared to traditional
construction method. In this method, room units are constructed separately and hoisted into the
place with the help of cranes. Buildings are relatively low cost, time-saving, fire resistant and
sound proof.
Slip forming
This was first used in 1930’s in the buildings and erection of grain silos and other similar
structures. Early slip forming techniques relied on hydraulic jacks and the pouring of concrete
into a formwork made of timber. Today slip forming is used to build everything from silo to
complexes, chimneys, reservoirs, medium to high-rise buildings, office buildings, hotels,
hospitals, bridge support piers, in-ground shafts to dams and power stations. It was used to raise
the exterior walls and some of the interior walls and structures of a 15-storey hotel in Petersburg,
Florida. It enabled the hotel to be ‘topped out’ (constructed till the top storey) in just eight days.
In Norfolk, Virginia, this technique, which was used in the construction of a 14-storey motor-inn,
enabled the builders to cut three months from the normal construction time for a property of
that size.
Arch design

These designs have cent percent useable clear span space and do not have any beams, poles and
trusses. They are easy to construct and most of the buildings are erected in just a few days. These
buildings are well ventilated and have better airflow than other building types. These buildings
are very cost effective and have a very low cost of developing heating, ventilation and air
conditioning system. The maintenance cost of these buildings is also very low and they are fire
resistant. The idea of tri-arch design was introduced by Travelodge
International. Main advantages of arch designing are:

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Each room has a view.

The wedge shape of guest rooms permits each to have an unusually large bath and dressing area.
The control core containing elevators, linen room, utilities and ice cube machines facilitates
economies in construction and operations.
Cylinder-like structure
This design of hotel building has a distinctive appearance as seen in the Radisson property in
Berlin. It has also advantages like:

• The concentration of service and utility equipment at the centre core.

• Lower construction and operating costs.
• All guest rooms on the outer side with the view.
• Ready-made for the popular rooftop revolving restaurant or lounge.
• Minimum resistance to wind.
• Suitable for site where land costs are high and minimum area is available.
• Compatibility with circumferential ramps leading to parking.
Curtain Wall
In this system, the exterior wall of each floor is hung on the iron or steel frame so that the wall
supports only its own weight and not the floors above it. This method of construction reduces
the overall weight of a building, which allows it to built higher and permits the extensive use of
glass on the façade.
Rooms
As guest rooms or bedrooms constitute a major part of hotel construction, the key to economical
design lies largely in layout of the guest room block. Some of the variants in the design layout of
guest rooms are as follows:-

• Double-loaded block- Considered the most economical layout, is capable of development

into courtyard plan. It required two staircases.
• Double-loaded T-shaped blocks- This capable of being developed into cross; also
economical, but required three staircases.
• Single-loaded block- This is capable of being developed into courtyard plan; not an
economical solution but may be desirable.
• Square block- Comprises a central core containing all vertical services such as maids
rooms etc. It is compact and useful for small sites where tower development may be
desirable.
• Y Plan- It has more complicated structure than straight blocks and requires three
staircases. The disadvantage is that the structural system may cause problems in public
areas.

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• Tri-arch Plan- this is similar to ‘Y’ plan, but more space is taken up by circulation; concave
curve results in a bedroom wider at bath room end providing opportunity for larger
bathroom and dressing area.
• Circular Plan- This requires careful handling; avoid outward and inward facing rooms; not
capable of extension.
• Circular with Central Core- This design is similar to square block one. This too requires
careful handling to avoid awkward room.

GOOD LOCATION
The design of the Hotel will be guided by the geographical location of the Hotel e.g. if a Hotel is
situated near the airport or railway station, the reception of the Hotel will be designed in such a
way that it could handle a large number of guests at one time because there is a possibility of
guest checking in large groups and around the clock. Similarly, Hotel situated at hill stations,
beaches and the Hotels located in heart of the cities and metros will be designed differently.

SUITABLE MATERIAL
The Hotel should be designed in such a way that it should be able to use the material local
available which will be cost-effective and efficient.

GOOD WORKMANSHIP
While designing a Hotel one should consider the fact that what kind of workmanship is available
and designer should take advantage of local expertise. This will not only make the hotel efficient
but also will be economical.
This entails the selection of appropriate technology, plant and machinery which ensures efficient
and economical operations. Selection of proper technology as per specific requirements to be
done. According to the size or capacity of the facilities to be created, proper plant and machinery
to be chosen. The decision must be taken after a careful consideration of demand and
fluctuations in the market demand.

SOUND FINANCING
One of the very important factors is finance in designing the Hotel. The availability of ready funds
and management of finance is a crucial factor and it should be considered very carefully in Hotel
Design.
A proper costing of any project is essential for determining its viability and profitability. Any
financial institution entertains an entrepreneur on the basis of the cost estimates of the project.
For any cost over-run, the entrepreneur would find it difficult to arrange for the extra fund for
completion of the project which usually leads to time over-run, fund flow etc. Hence, there is a
need for proper determination of the cost of capital. Following are the essential elements of
project cost:

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• Land and site development

• Building and civil works
• Plant and machinery
• Engineering fees for acquisition of technology
• Miscellaneous fixed assets which include
• Furniture, Office equipment, Cars and trucks, Power equipment, Air conditioning systems,
Firefighting systems, Pollution control systems and other such systems.
• An exhaustive schedule of such fixed assets must be prepared and their prices ascertained
for estimation of the cost.
• Preliminary and capital issue expenses.
• Provision for contingencies.
• Margin money for working capital.

COMPETENT MANAGEMENT
The design of a Hotel will depend upon the quality of management available to operate the
establishment. If we have the quality management and manpower only then Hotel should be
designed for sophisticated equipment and high tech gadgets.

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UNIT PLANNING AND DESIGNING WORK STATIONS IN

LODGING ESTABLISHMENTS - 2
7

LET’S GET STARTED

After studying this unit, you will be able to:

• Discuss the concept of hotel design;
• Reiterate the component of a building;
• Discuss the types of layouts and materials used.

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HOTEL DESIGN
Hotel Design involves the planning, drafting, design, and development of hotels.
The concept of hotel design is rooted in traditions of hospitality to travellers dating back
to ancient times, and the development of many diverse types of hotels has occurred in many
cultures. For example, the advent of rail travel in the early 1900s led to the planning, design and
development of hotels near railroad stations that catered to rail travellers.

COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING

Building is the structure, which provides us living space, shelter and place to rest; it
protects us from intruders, adverse climatic conditions and provides privacy. Hotel is classified as
commercial building, where tourist and travellers take temporary shelter in comfortable
environment of their choice.
Main Components of Building : the main components of the building are listed below with
their functions in short:

• Foundation
• Plinth
• Damp Proof Course
• Floor
• Walls
• Stairs and Staircase
• Doors
• Windows
• Ventilators
• Window Shades
• Parapet
• Subsidiary Components of Building
FOUNDATION
Foundation is the portion of the building structure, which is built under the ground. The
main functions and maintenance are as follows:

• It provides the building a firm hold with the ground and stability to the structure; it
prevents the building from shifting and turning over.
• It distributes the total load of the building structure and its content evenly on the ground
and thus prevents sinking.
• It provides an even level for the upper structures in spite an uneven ground.

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Maintenance: being an underground structure all possible precautions should be taken before
hand during the design and construction.
PLINTH
The visible structural part of the building above the foundation and below the floor level
is known as Plinth. According to local conditions, the plinth is made of specified height above the
ground.

• It raises the height of floor level from the ground level.

• Prevents the entry of the ground water in the house.
• Checks easy access of insects and small animals.
Maintenance: Repairs of plaster as and when required.
DAMP PROOF COURSE
Damp proof course (DPC) is a layer of impervious material, which cuts off the capillary
rise of water in the building floor and walls. It prevents dampness in the building.
FLOOR
Building Floor is smooth clean and hard levelled surface under the walls. Its supports the
occupants, furniture and is used as a convenient movement are in the building.
Components of floor:

• Base: generally of waterproof cement concrete.

• Top: of desired material: mud, brick, sand mortar, stone-slab etc.
Maintenance: The floors do wear or crack due to continuous use. The following actions are taken
to maintain conditions of the floors:

• Daily dry sweeping and wet sweeping to remove dirt and dust. This helps to prevent
scratching and maintain smoothness of the surface.
• Scheduled washing with mild soap solution to remove oil the surface by producing acids
on disintegrations.
• Any crack or chipping of the floor surface should be promptly attended to:

WALLS
Walls are the part of the building structure between the floor and the roof.
It may be fabricated out of:
✓ Mud: clay is used to fabricate mud walls. These walls are easy and cheap in constructions.
These walls are successfully used to construct houses in hamlets. If properly made, these
walls are quite stable and can stand rains.

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✓ Stone-blocks: walls are made of unfinished or finished blocks of stone layers one over
other and joined with suitable bonding materials by filling the gaps. Such walls are very
strong and can last centuries. Important buildings, forts and monuments are made of
stone blocks.
✓ Dried mud blocks (Bricks): dried mud blocks both sun baked and fire baked are used to
construct walls. The blocks are made of standard size and shape. Bricks are layered one
over other and bonded with suitable mortar to make strong walls.
✓ Reinforced brick walls: these walls are made out of fire-baked bricks and reinforced with
steel bars. Such walls are very strong.

Type of walls: the walls of the building can be divided in the following two main categories:
▪ Outer walls: are those walls, which are exposed to the outside atmosphere. These walls
are also known as “Load Bearing Walls.” These walls protect the inmates of the building
from adverse outer climatic conditions, danger and intruders.
▪ Inner walls or Partition walls: these walls are made in the interior of the building and are
not exposed to the outer atmosphere, these walls divide the inside of the building in
proper cells for convenient use and privacy.
STAIR AND STAIRCASE STAIRS
Stair and Staircase Stairs are stepped inclined plane, which provide the facility to move
between the different floors of the building. The cell or room, which encloses the stairs, is
staircase.
DOORS
Doors are opening in the walls flushed with the floor level for the entry and exit in the
building or different rooms of the building. The height and width of the doors are designed for
convenient use. With suitable shutters, doors are usually used as barriers for entry and exit.
WINDOWS
Windows are suitable size openings in the walls at a suitable height from the floor. Their
functions is to maintain air ventilation to keep the interior atmosphere of the building fresh.
VENTILATORS
Ventilators are small openings or windows placed higher up in the wall near the roof level,
they help to expel the hot stale air of the room to outside.
WINDOW SHADES
Window Shades are slab projections at side and top of the windows to restrict entry of
rain and direct sunlight in the building.

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PARAPET
Parapet is the low protecting wall along the edge of the roof pf the building.

SUBSIDARY COMPONENTS OF BUILDING

Subsidiary components of a building are as follows:
✓ Wall and ceiling plaster or facing and waterproofing.
✓ Floor plaster or facing and waterproofing.
✓ Drains and sewers.
✓ Water supply arrangement and electric wiring.
✓ Doors and windows frames and leaves.
✓ Open land and garden.
✓ Boundary walls and maintain entrance gates.

TYPES OF LAYOUTS AND MATERIALS USED

Facility layout and design is an important component of a business’s overall operations,
both in terms of maximizing the effectiveness of the production process and meeting the needs
of employee.
The basic objective of layout is to ensure a smooth flow of work, material and information
through a system. The basic meaning of facility is the space in which a business’s activities take
place. The layout and design of the space impact greatly how the work is done – the flow of work,
materials and information through the system.
The key to good facility layout and design is the integration of the needs of people
(personnel and customers), materials, (raw, finishes and in process), machinery in such a way
that they create a single, well – functioning system.

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UNIT PLANNING AND DESIGNING WORK STATIONS IN

LODGING ESTABLISHMENTS - 3
8

LET’S GET STARTED

After studying this unit, you will be able to:

• Discuss the architectural features and plans;
• Enumerate the materials generally used for building construction.

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ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AND PLANS

For a sector that thrives on showcasing virtually anything under the sun to its visitors, a
building of a hotel must be as impressive as its interiors.
Over the years some building designs and constructions plans have withstood the test of time
and become so popular that they are emulated by many players in the industry.
Some of the popular types of modern hotel plans are as follows:

• Modular construction
• Slip forming
• Arch design
• Cylinder – like structure

1. Modular Construction
This is the most recent and promising development in the construction of hotel
buildings. The technique has cut down the construction time and costs by as much as 40%
as compared to traditional construction methods.
In this method, room units are constructed separately and hoisted into place with
the help of cranes. The procedure entails putting in place all the necessary electrical and
plumbing conduits with reinforcing steels, and then pouring concrete to form the room
module.
2. Slip Forming
Slip forming construction was first used in the 1930s in the building and erection
of grain storage silos and other similar structures. Early slip forming techniques relied on
hydraulic jacks and the pouring of concrete intro a form work made of timber.
Slip forming was also used to eventually build lighthouse towers. Today, slip
forming is used to build everything from silo complexes, chimneys, reservoirs, medium –
to high-rise housing developments, to office buildings, hotels, hospital, bridge support
piers, in-ground shafts to dams and power stations.

This technique is another recent variant involving reinforced concrete extension

in the hotel construction. It was used to raise the exterior walls and some of the interior
structures of a 15 – storey hotel in Petersburg, Florida.

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3. Arch Design
Arch building designs have hundred percent useable clear span space and do not
have any beams, poles and trusses.
They are easy to construct and most of the buildings are erected in just a few days.
These buildings are well ventilated and have better air flow than other building types.
These building are very cost effective and have very low cost in developing
heating, ventilation and air – conditioning system. The maintenance cost of these
buildings is also very low and they are first resistant.

The main advantages of this type of designing are as follows:

• Each room has view.

• The wedge shape of guest room permits each to have an unusually large bath and dressing
area.
• The control core containing elevators, linen room, utilities and ice cube machines,
facilities economies in construction and operations.

4. Cylinder – like Structure

The cylinder-like design of a hotel building has a distinctive appearance and has
the following advantages.

• Concentration of service and utility equipment at the center core.

• Lower construction and operating costs.
• All guest rooms on the outer-side with view.
• Ready-made for the popular roof top revolving restaurant or lounge.
• Minimum resistance to wind.
• Suitable for site where land cost are high and minimum area is available.
• Compatibility with circumferential ramps leading to parking.
CURTAIN WALL
In this system, the exterior wall pf each floor is hung on the iron or steel frame so that the
wall supports only its own weight and not the floors above it. This method of construction
reduces the overall weight of a building, which allow it to be built higher, and permits the
extensive use of glass on the facade.

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MATERIALS GENERALLY USED FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION:

Availability of raw materials and other inputs is essential for successful implementation
of the project. The requirement of various inputs like raw material and labour must be estimated
on the basis of estimated of turnover.
The availability of inputs of the right quantity and the right quality on a regular and
continuous basis is essential for continuity of operations.
Wherever necessary, the enterprise must enter into supply contracts to ensure
availability of essential inputs. The enterprises may also create their own of sources of supply.
The various building materials that are commonly used in modern construction are as follows:
1. Brick – a brick may be defined as a block of clay or other ceramic used for construction
and decorative facing. These cost relatively little, resist dampness and heat, and can
last longer than stone.

2. Concrete – it is the most widely used construction material in the world. Concrete is
the only major building material that can be delivered to the job site in a plstive state.
This unique quality make concrete desirable as a building material because it can be
molded to virtually any form or shape. Qualities of concrete as a building material are
its strength, economy and durability.

3. Polymer concrete - another composite material used in architectural elements is

polymer concrete, a formulation of thermos set resins and aggregate that simulates
stone.

4. Steel – introduction of steel for construction purposes was done by the Americans.
Steel not only acts as a frame but also provides tensile strength to the building. It
doesn’t rot and can be easily molded.

5. Glass – it is a widely used for construction purpose nowadays. Frames that can be of
wood or steel support them. It is common to see buildings which are made entirely of
glass from all sides. This has become possible due to production of more durable
glasses.

6. Fiberglass – for specialty occasions, fiberglass decorative architectural elements are

fast becoming the first choice among building owners and architects.

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LET’S SUM UP!

• The amount of equipment installed in a modern hotel or motel is astounding, in the guest
room there are television, HVAC unit, various electric lamps, ventilation fans, in the bath
sanitary fittings and sundry other items.
• Security involves physical assets of the property, employees, suppliers and the quest
while safety involves the potential injury to both employee and guest.
• The term Contractual and regularity compliance refer to requirements imposed upon the
property which are of a legal nature and are sometimes directly or indirectly the
responsibility of engineering.
• All over the appearance of a Hotel is one of the very important considerations for a
Hotel. It should be attractive and should reflect the architecture of that area and should
also have a character of the services being provided in that Hotel.
• The plan of the Hotel should be such that it should be functional and also appeal to the
eye. All the services should be so designed that it meets various principles of layout and
design.
• For a sector that thrives on showcasing virtually anything under the sun to its visitors, a
building of a hotel must be as impressive as its interiors.
• Over the years some building designs and constructions plans have withstood the test of
time and become so popular that they are emulated by many players in the industry.

PHILIPPINE WOMEN’S UNIVERSITY CDCEC Page 20