guidelinesfor predicting

cropwaterrequirements

6zt 7
9oo
(-

by
J. Doorenbos
Watermanagement
speclalist
Division- E A 1 1
LandandWaterDevelopment I F\\,,

and I

W.O.Pruitt
FAO Consuftant '.'...
"r,..
lrrigationEngineer '.rt.
a.
.

Universityof California
in consultation
with AKfrfrtJ
A. Aboukhaled (Lebanon) t,llllX PEBPUSI
J. Darnagnez(France)
N.G.Dastane(lndia)
C. Van DenBerg(Netherlands)
P.E.Rijtema(Netherlands)
O.M.Ashford(WMO)
M. Frere(FAO)
and
FAO FieldStaff
 SUMMARY

This pubtlcation-is intended to p-rovide guid,ance in determining crop u'ater

requirements and, their application in planning, design and operation of irrigation
proJects.

Part 1.1 presents sug,gested methods to d.erive cro'p \vater requirements.

The use of four well-knorrn methods for determining such requirementb'is defined
to obtain reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo)r which denotes the level of .evapo-
rranspiration for diff6rent-climatic conditions. These methods are the Blaney-
Criddie, the Radiation, the Penmanod Pan Evaporation methods, ench requirin_g
a different set of climatic data. To derive the evapotranspiration for a specific
crop, relationships betureen crop eva.potranspiratlo-l (ETcrop) and reference crop
e.rapotranspiration(ETo)are giveninPartl.2 for different croPsr. Stag-es of grorvth,
lenith of gnowing season and prevailing climatic condttions. The effect of local
..rrZitiots-on cro-p vater requiiements is given in Part I.3; this includes locel
variation in climdte, advectibn, soil waterivailabilityand agronomic andirrigation
methods and practices. Calculation procedures are p'resented together with-examples.
Adetaileddiscussiononselection and calibration of the presented methodologies
together rvtth the data sources lg g-iven in Appendi"_ll. A computer Prograrnme on
the different methods ls given in Appendix lll.
"ppf;'ing
tlre appllcatlonof
dlscUsses the
Part ll dlscusses
Part aPPllcAtronoI crop u'at,er
croP u/ater requirernents
requrrements d.ath
cl&ta tn
1n irriga-
lrrrga-
tionproiectplanningrdesign and-operdtlon. Part II.l de-1ts n/ith derivin-g the field
water balance, whiih in turn foims the basis for predtcting seasonal and peak
irrigation supptiei foi geperal planning p_urposei. Attgntion is given to_irrigetion
efficiency and'water
effiJiencv and water ter requirements for cul.tural prectices
lor cultural Prectlces and
practices an(l leaching
leacnlng-or of salts. In ln
Part
Paft II.2-
lL. Z methods
m e t n o ( l s are
A f e presented to
f g arrive
a r n Y e . at
. l L field
l l e t ( r and.
c u I { I schene
| t g l l e r r r c supply
: ' u P P r y schedules
: ' c r r e L r u r E : ' yrith
w r t r r
Pfesenleq
emphasis towards the fietd water balanceandfieldirrigationmanagement. Criteria
are given for operating the canal systemusing d.ifferent m€thods of vater delivery,
and Foi subsequent deslgn paremeters of the system. Suggestions are made in
part 1I.3 on r-efinement-bfiieta andproJectsupply schedules once the project is in.
operation. )
Thepresented. guidelines are based on measured dat-a and-e>ryerie:rce-obtained
covering a *ide range-bf conditions_. Lo-cal practical , technical-, social and econo-
mic conJiderations u'i[, hourever, affectthe planning criteria selected' Therefore
caution and a critical ittitude should still be taken urhen applying the presented
methodology.
?

i H'TfrflNPOL|THNI
M|LIK PEf;PUS
 LIST OF TABLES

P agc

l. Meal daily percentage (p) of annual ilayime hours for different latitudes 6
2, Extra terrestrial radiation (Ra) glpt.ssed in equival.ent evaporation in mm/d.a5r t2
3. Mean daily duration of maximum possible sunshine hour.s (N) for differ.ent
months and latitudes
l3
rt, Values of weighti,ng, factor (W) for the effect of radiation on ETo at d.ifferent
temperatures and altitudes
ir
5. voPotrr pressurc (ea) in mbar as function of mean oir rcmpcraturc
(l 3T-)t 9l n
ra1
o iC5 r n
2l
6a. prcssurc (ed) in nbar from dry ond rrct bulb tcmporaturc data in oC
(f a
ap o iurra t e d
sp psychrometer) 2l
6b. Vapour pressu.re (ed) in mbar from dry and rvet bulb remperature data in oC
(non - ventilated psychrom eter)
22
Values of wind, function f(u) = g. 27 (l +$r r"" wind. run ar 2 m heigtrt in km/day 23
c of^weighting factor (l--w) for the effect of *ind and humidity on ETo at
dY".1".:
illerent temperatures and altitudes 24
9. Values of weighting factor (\\t) for the effect of rad.iation on ETo at diffei.ent .i
temperatures and altitudes a:,,
2!+
10. Extra terrestrial radiaiion (Ra) expressed in eguivalent evaporation in mm/day 25
11. Mean daily duration of maximum possible. srrlshine hours (N) for 4ifferent
months and latitudes 26
12. Conversion factor for extra-terrestrial radiation (Ra) to net solar radiation
(Rns) for a given reflection < of o.25 and, different ratios of actual to maximum
sunshine hours (1- cCXO.25+ O.50 n/N) ?7
13. Effect of temperature f(T) on longwave iadiation (Rnl) 27
14. Effect of vapour prcssure f(ed) on longwave radiation (Rnl) 27
15. Effcct of the ratlo actu-.il ancl qg4xinrumbrlght sunshlne hours f(n/N) on
longurave radiation (Rnl) 27
16. Adjustment factor (c) in presented Penrnan equation 2B
17. Ratios between evaporation from sunken pans mentioned. and..from Colorad.o
sunken pan for different climatic conditions ancl pan enwironments 33
18. Pan coefficien-t (Kp) for Class A pan for d.ifferent groundcover and levels of
mean relative humidity and 24 hour w-ind 34
to Pan coefl'icicnt (Kp) for Coloricto sunken pan for diffcrent grourr4covcr and
levels of mean relative humidity and 24 hour u,ind
34
20, Approximate range of seasonal E1'crop in mm 36
2T, crop coefficient Ckc) fo-r field and vegetable crops for d.ifferent stages of
crop grovth arrd prevailing climatic. Conditions

22. L e n g t h o f g r o w i n g s e o g o n a r r < lc r o g r c l e v e l o p n r c n ts t o g e s o ! ' s c l e c r c c J f i c l < l

crops; some indications /+2
23. k c v a l u e s f o r a l f a l f a , c l o v e r , g r q s i s - l e g t t r n e s a n c lp a s t u r e 45
 I'itg,'

24. kc valtres ltrr: lranrtrr:rs lrb

25. k c v a l u c s f o r . ' i l t - r r s ( t 1 r ' o w r ri n p r c r l t r l t t i t t a r r t t ' l r - l ' a r c a s witlr li.qtrl to

rnodcrate rvind) /+7

26. kt' valtrtts frrr' lirlt l:t'(!wrr <lccirlttotts t't'tti | :rlr,l r.t.l I l'ccrr lt')

?:7. ki ialui3 f6t .gr'rpcs (clc'mr ctltivatr-\l-, infr:r:r1ur:rrtilrigloliclrt, soi t-srtrfa-cr:

dry ruost o[ the tinrc) I{)
'2t\. kc vnlucs for rice 5r
29. l<c volrr es fr)r' slllr,or(:atrc 52
for rvt'e<ls lnr,l t:oc'l'lli<'i('tll € l(rl' (tPerl rviltril'
.../,
:l(). kc valrrcs nrltratic
'l'olcrarri:e
lcyel.s ul'cropS t o h i g l r . r : p ' g t r r r r l * , a 1 , - . rl i r l r l c s n t l a l \ r , / f l t o r l 1 r g 9 1 i r r g (ilr
31.
.)zl. C ri ti cal pc rioti s li:r' sr-,il watcr .sl t'cs ri f1r1' rl i ffert'nt t: rops (i3

3J. Project lrlarrrrinQ $tnlles arrd irrigation srrlt;rlr' 'lilla trt

3/,' r\vqpa6',q ntolttrl.v el'fcctivc rainfall (.i.s re l;rl<'d to flr'(ir-a.ge trrolrllrly l':-f crol'.
a r r t l l r t c a t l t t t o r t t l t l . v r ' ; r ir r f a l l 7-t

:l:;. Iil'fc.ct of irril'.atitin \.rntc.l'rlualily orr :ioil ;:;rfinit.y, Pertttcillrilit.y';rrxl lori.cit.y 7',i

ii(;. Crop salt toicrarrcc levels for diffcrcrrt .,'.rpS itl

:t7. Convcyancc (llc), fi etl corral (Db), rlist.r-ii'rrliort (lid) ancl fielrl ap1>.licatiorr
efficiency (lin) ti( )

Rclation betrvecn -soil rvotcr tcnsiorr irr l,lrs (at,,r,.rsptrcrcs).antt irvoilolrlc' soil
38. -..
-.uatcr in nrnt/rrr $oit dcitll
.. B6

.?,9. G c r r c r a l i z . < : < l t t i r t l 6 r r r . c r o l i r r g { c g r t l i o f l i r l l r r . r ' { t \ i r 'ct }r o p - s r ' f r i l r ' t i o n of ;rvirilltrlc

soil \rr.ttcr (p) arrcl ren<lily av;rilobh: soil *'-alt:t'(p.5.r) [6rp rlil'l'crerrl r;oil lylres
(irr rnrn/rn.soil delttlr) wlrerl L'l'l'crop is li '' (' rrrrrr/tloy ,'.lll

4Lt. Avcragc irrtak,: ratcs of rl/atcn irt rnrrt/lrr t'.rr ttifl'crcrrf soils i . t t r d , t : t r t ' r e s p o t r <ilr r g
strco.ni sizc l/scc/ha !rl

41. 5iz.e of basin.s itrd itrcotn nizrc for rlifft'r'r:rll ::oils :U

42. Lr:ngth of l\rrrorvs oncl streatrt size f6rr diffr:r'clrt soil t1."pc, lan<l slol>c' art<l
t l e p t l r o I x / o t e r ' ; r p p l . ic n l . i o r r

/,3, Siz.c of l>orrlcrs nnd strcotn siz.e frrr rlil'l'cl'c.rrtsoil t.yPc;rrxl l:rnd .';lt'pe (tlcep
rootc(l c'r1rps) i').i

4/'. Opcrotirrg', l'irlrrrr:s.for s o t t t e s l t t - i l r k l . ' 1 ' 1 : ( ' l i r 1 u ; t t ' n; r n l t e r t r ) 9,1

I
|r.t. Florv r-ate per (lril, cllritter (qe) trr l/lrr', c r . r r r l i r t t r o u - ql ' l o r v , l ' c . r c l i l ' l ' c r e n t l i ' l ' c r o p s
a r r c ln u m t r c r o f c n r i l : l " c r s l ) c r h a !)ir 1i

{i(;. l i l o r v r a t c T ) ( - ' r t . r . ( . ' ( . ,( : o 1 t i . r u o l s I'lqw, ft'r-,lit'l'eltnt l . ' i ' l ' c r o p o n r . l. i r c c . s l ) i r c i n ! l l/lt.r' :)'j l!
,'
&'t. Surf.acc lrcn v r . t t c t l ( w ) i r r n r ' ' f . r r " r t i l l ' r : r ' e r r te r n i t t e r i l o v r a n t l s o i l - i n f i l t l a t i o r r
ra tc
 coNvERSt€It t.tcToRS

Le$uth
Ifoot - 3o.48
1 ftor ;-0;305 _:,7 - ----rb$, - o.5r5_ mlscc- *- *
m .
t Inch ' 2-54 1.85 kn/hr
crtt 6ctr,'/sec
Iyord - 9r.44 - o.305 mlsec
.cm
I statutc mtle - l.6l _ 1.o95 km/hr
'l knr ! focq/6in -
US naur. mile - 1.85 o.5l cm/sec
.km . O.l8
I lnt, naut. mile _ r.85 kn
km/hn
! dlc"fmin - 2ffi2 smlaic
- r.6t km/rnin
Areg I a.l,g,gg (24 hr) - 86.1+ 'km/day
I in2 . I fool/scc (24 hr} . 26.3J
- 6.65 kmlday
I atlc/hour (24 hr) -
t tt? . 929.O3 "r2 38.6 kn/day
t.trc (24 hr) -
I va2 - "r2 4.5 km/doy
$
9.835 m2
! acre - 0,405
t, hi Prcgsure
I aq. ctot. mtle - 2.59 hm2 ..
{ I atrnosphcrc '76
: crn Hg
*, ! abl . 1.013
Volume bar
I lnch Hg . O.O334 atrtr
I tn3 - .
16.39 I tnch H2O .- 2.t9 mban
t rt3 - 2 8 3 1 6 . 8 ".3
Fn3 .I mb-ar - o.75 mn Hg
t tt3 . 28.32 lttre O) I tb/rnZ -' '51,72 mrn Hg
t gcllon (US) - 3.79 I
I gitton (hp.) - 4.55 .t'
I acrc foot - 1 2 3 3 . 5 m3
I cal/cm3 '1159 ml|l
I eel/cnZ mln -l mrn/hr
TemseFaq\rrq I rnw/crn2. ' llTo . mrn/hr
oF I mw/crn2 Ctj<n"l . O.31ll
- l.goc+32 nrn/day
I cal/cn? min (24 hr) .24
oc' - (oe_32)tr9 nmlday
I Joule/cmzmtn (24 hr) . 5.73 rnm/dalr
 -ttl-

C LIMATOLOGICA L NOMENCLATUR E

W h e r e c l i r n a t i c d a t a a r e n o t u s e d a s d i r e c t i n p u l , r i l a t ab u r g e n e r a l l e v e l s o f c l i r n a t i c v a r i a b l e s
are rreeded, the following nomenclature is used: .

TI]MPERATURE Trnax + Tmin

rmean - --T--
General
data clllected from max/min thernronreter or
-l'mearr thermograph records.
hot 'ftnean > 3ooc
cool (f5oC

ItUtvtlDll'Y
Rl{min is lo.vest humidity <lurirrg dn1'tirne and is
P-jlq!15 minimum relalyg- lur!dilv
'Blnney-Criddle (1. .reached usually at 14.OO to 16.OO hrs. Fronr
f . i)' Crop coeff. (1. ?-) hSrgrograph or wet and dry bulb therrnometer.
For rough estimation purposes .vhen read at '
l2.OO hrs subtract 5 to lO for hunrid clinrare-s
lo.r. { 2cr; dry < 2V/" and rrp to.3O for desert clir,rates
mcdiunt 20--g/" humid >7V/"
high >50'',.
RHmean is average of maximum and. rninirnum I
Rlllntia;r. mean relative hrrmidity ;
relative humidity or Rltrnenn = (RHmax + Rllmin)/2,
'Whereas
Radiatiorr rnetho<l(l . 1.2) Pan method:(l . 1.4) for most climates RFlrnin will vary -stron.gly,
RHrnax eqrrals tO to IOO% for humi<l climates,'equals l.l
80 ro IOV/" for semi-arid anct arid climates vrhere
{ toY" Iow l LV/" Tmin is 2O-Z5oq lorver than Tnrax.
-fmin ln arid areas
nred i trm- Io':r 40-55% medium LO.-7O% RHrnax may be 25-6C/' when is l$oq lower than
rncdirrnr-high 55-7V/, higlr >7C/ Tmax.
high ) 70('

WIND
For rough estimation purposes sum of several w.ind-
General speed observations diiided by number of readings in
'm,/3ec
or multiplied by 86.n io give .vincl.run in im/day.
li.s.ht ( 2 m/ sec < 175 km/ddy With 2 m/sec: wind iS felt on face anC leaves start
nrdderate 2:5 m/sec 1 7 5 - 1 t 2 5k m / d a y to rustle
strorle. $-8 m/ sec 425-7OOkm/day -With 5 m/sec: t.yigs move, poper b'lows avray, flags
.rery stron.g ) 8 mf sec > 7OOkm/day fly i,
With B m/sec': d.rist'rises, small branches move
U/ith > B m/sec: smalil, trees st,:rt to move, rraves
forrn on inland 'vatel' etc.

ITADIATION
Ratio betv.een daily actual (n) and 4ail,r r^axinrunr
Blaney-Criddle (1.1. 1) possible (N) sunshine duration.

snrlshine n/N n"lN

/N O. 6 - O.8: some 40% of da5rtime hours lull
(.e cloudiness or partially clouded for
lorv
.6- .8 dayttme hours.
me<lirtm ",
.rY
hig4h i>.8
Mean of several cloud.iness r:bserrrations per da./
on pe!'cetrtage or segments of sk/ .ore"".1 by cl6rrcls.

tendr oktas 4 oktas : 5O%",f the sky cowered all 6a;rtinre

cloudiness
hours by clorrrls r:r hall'of dnytime
lo'v -\ 5 lr.our-s the sky is fully clouded
m e <i ft r m 2-5 I.s-L l. 5 oktas : l e . s s t h a n 2 f . t 7 3o f t h e s k . y c o v e r e d a l l
higlr < 2 <1.5 da5rtime hour-s t,y cloucfs or bach day
t}re sky has a full cloud cover for
some 2 hours
 - l-

P o rf I- C A L C U L A TION
OF CROP W ATER REQUTREMENTS

Predtction methoils for crop vater requirements are used. orving to the difficulty of obtaining
,accurate field measurements. The method.s often need to be applied. undel clir4qrtc and agronomie
conditions very different from those under which they were originally deweloped.. Testing the accur-
acy of the methods under a nerlf set of conditions is laborious, time-consuming and costl.y, and yet
croP r/ater requirement data are frequently needed at short notice for project planning. To meet
this need, guidelines are presented to calculate r,/ater requirernents of crops under different clim,:.tic
and agronomic conditions, based on the recommendgtions formul'ated by the FAO Group r>n Crop
Water Requirements during its meetings held in Lebanon (1971) and Ronre (1972). The guidelines
urere sub.sequcntly refined using the commehts rcceived and experience obtained in applyin.q thent as
prcsented in the 1975 draft version of this pdper. For o'detai'led descriptiorl of the presented
methodology see Appendix ll

Crop water requirements are defined here as "the depth of -*rater needed to meet the vater
loss through evapotranspiration (ETcrop) of a disease-free crop, growing in large fields under non-
restricting soil conditions includ.ing soil water and fertility and achiev:ing full production poterrtiaL
undcr the given growing cnvlronment!'. To calculatc ETcrop a threc-stagc proceclure is recornmerrcle<I:

(1) The effect of climate on crgp water requirements is given by. the refcrence crop evapotrans-
piration (ETo) urhich is defined as "the rate of evapotranspit'ation from an extensive surface
of B to l5 crn tall, green grass cover of uniform height, acr^*ely growing, completely shadinq
the ground and not short of rvater". The foun method.s preseni'ed, the Blaney-Criddle,
Radiation, Penman and. Pan Evaporation method, are mod.ified to calcrrlate ETo using the
mean daily climatic data for 3O- or lO-daypeliods. ETo is expressecl in mnr perday and
represdnts the meon value over that period.a/ Primarily the choice of rnethod must be based
on the type of clinrotic data'ovailable and on the accuracy required in.dcterrnining warer needs.
Climatic data needed for the different methods are:

Method Temperature }lumidity Wind Srrnshine R adiation Evaporation Envi ron .

Blaney-Criddle * 0 o 0
Radiation + o
.*
: o
..*
.f+
(*) 0
Penman * (+) O
" *
Pan evaporation 0 o
* measured data; O esti.nlated data; (*) if available, but not essential
i
Concerning accllracy, only approximate lros$ible elrrors can be giwen si.nce no.base-lilrLt t.ypc
'l"fre
ol cllrrro!c'erl.qt.!r. n r r r r l.ll' i e r l l . t e r r r n o nr r , " 1 f 1 o r w
l o r r l r l o l ' l ' c ' r :l l t c l r c r s l r c . . i r . r l t . w
. ri t l r r r r i u i r r r r r r r r
l ) t l ! r ! r i b l c c r r o r o l ' p l r r s o r . r r t l n u g . l O r p e r c c l r r t l t r . g u r r r n r c r , a n d u 1 >t o 2 ( ) P c r - c c n t u r r d c r l o w < : v r r P -
orative conditions. The.Pan metho<l can be gradc-d next vith pos-sible error of l.$percent,'
depending on the location of the pan. The Radiation method, in extreme condition-s, involves

ETo will , howeverr vgry frorn year to year and a frequency distribution andlysi-s of LlTo for each
_year of climatic record is recommerrded; the selected ETo value for planning is thu-s not based on
overage conditions brrt on the likely range of conditions and o n a n a s s e s g m e n t o f t o l c r a b l e r i s k o f
rrot meeting crop \vater dcmands.
 - 2 -.-

a possible error T h e B l a n e 5 r - C r i d d , l e m e t h o d s h o u l d .o n l y b e
of up to 20?ercent in summer.
applied for periods of one month or longer; in huruid, winily' mid-latitude winter condition'
an over dnd under prediction of up to 2$ percent has been noted (1. l). A compqehensive
computer pro.crrarnmc employing all four methods is given inAppendix llL.

(2) The effect of the crorr characteristics on croo wateq reouiiemenfs is given by the crop-co-
efficient (kc) which presdnts the relation-ship betrveen reference (ETo) and crop.evapotrans-
piration ('ETcroo) or ETcrop - kc. ETo. Values of kc given are shown to vary.vrith the
crop, i t s s t a . o , eo f . g r o w t h , g r o r v i n g season and the prevailing \teather conditions. ETcrop
can be deternrinecl in mrn'pen day as mean over the sarne 30- or lO-d.ay period.s. Since the
sa:ne reference is used, i.e. ETo, the presented. crop coefficients apply to each of the four
methods (l .2).

(3) The effect of local conditions and aaricultural Dractic€s on crop vater reouirements includes
the local effecr of variations in climate over time, distance and altitude, size of fields,
aclvection, soil $,,arer awailability, salinity, method of irrigalion and, cultivation methods and
practices, for *'hich tocal field data are required (1.3).

. BeJ'ore calculating ETcrop, a rewiew should be made of specific studies carrie{ out on crop
\r/ater requirements in the area and availatie measured. climatic data: N4,eteorological and research
stations should.be v-isited and en'rironment, siting, types-of instr:r.rments and obserwation and recording
practices should be appraised to evaluate accuracy of. available data. lf limited data from several
rnete,orological stations are available lor the project area, dn imp5or.ed analysis vill result by prep-
o r - i r r r 2r n n p . . i i n c l r r r l i r r . q i . s o l i n c s o f e q u a l v a t u e s o f n e e c l e d ' c l i . m a t i c vqriables. Data relevant to crop tJape
and crop cleveloprnent sti!gcs, antt agriculturrrl pt'acti('.:s, l l r o t r l r t b c < : o ll r . c t < . r 1 .
I
SALCULATION PROCE J
l. Reference crop evapotranstiration (ETo')

Collect an<t evaluaie awailable climbtic and crop data; . based on meteoroloeical data available
and accuracy required, select prediction method to calculate ETo.
Compute Ef'o fcr each 30- or l0-dayperiod using mean climatic data.
Analyse maqnitrrde and frgqrrency of extrerne values of .ETo for given climate.
2. Crop coeffici*:!!_$_O
Select cropping pat-tern antl determine time of planting or soving, rate of crop develeprn"n,,
Iength of crc.p clevelopnrent .stage.s and .gr-owing period.
Select kc for qivcn cr'op'-and stage of crop development under prevailing climatic conditions
and prepare for each a crop coefficient curve.
.
Cqop S:wapotranslri ration (ETcroo)
Calculate E'['crc,ir for each 3O- or lO-day p"r:iod: ETcrop = kc . e f o.I/
T
Factors affectilur l:
Y
Determine effect of climdte atrd its vaiiability over iiriie and iirea
Evaluate the effect of scil uratir availabtlity togetherfvlith agricrrltural and irrigation_ (i
practices I
rI
Consider relationship between ETcrop and level of cr;op production.
t.'
, t,
t/
!t Step 2 will need to be repeated for alternative cropping p a t t e r n s t o o b t a i n t h e o p t i m u m a s
i n f l u e n c e d b y c l i m a t c , soil , land and vater availability, management criteri6. and production
cri teri a
 -'3 -

l. cALCULATtoN oF REFERENCE cRQ! EVAPoTRANSpIRATION (ETo)

1.1 BLANEY-CRIDDLE METHOD

Thls method tl for oreas rrhere available cllmatic datq cover aix temperetur:ed.ata
"1gg""aed,
or,rly.

. The ortginal Btaney-Crid.d.le equatfon (195O) invetyge the calculotjon of the consumptive use
factor (f) from mean temPerature (T) and Percentage (p) of total annual daylight hours occurring during
the period belng considered. .An emplrically d.etermined consumptive use crop coefficient
CK) is then
applied to establish the consumpttve woter requlrements (CU) or cu - X.f - K(p.T/lo0) rvith T in
oF.
CU rs deftned as 'the amoutrt of urater potentlally required. to meet the evapotranspiration needs
of vegetativ(! areas so that plant production ls not ltrnited. by lack of water'. The effect oJ climate on
crop \vater requlrements t3r however, insufficiently defined by temperature and day length; crop
vater requirements rvill vary rrid.ely between climates haring similar values of T and. p. Consequently
the consumPtive use crop coefflctent (K) will need to vary not only rlrirh the crop but also very much
vith cllmatic condlttons.

For a better d,efinitlon of the effecq of climate on crop \rater requirements , but sti.ll
employ'ng the Blaney-Criddle temperoture and day length rblated f factor, a method is presented to
calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo). llsing measured temperature data as lrell as
general levels of humidity, sunshine and nririd, an improved predicti.on of the effect of climate on
evapotranspiration should be obtainable. The presented crop coefficients given und.er l,2.are
consl3ered to be less dependent on climate ;

R ecommended Relatlonshlps

The relationship recommended., representing mean valueower the giwen month, is expressed.
a3:
Eio - cfe(o. 6r + B)] mm/day

where: ETo ; reference crop evapotra.n-spiration in mm/day'for ihe month considered

T - mean daily temperature in oC over the month considered
P - mean dai.ly percentage of total a$nual daJrtime hours obtained frorn
Table I for a given month and latitude
' * r eIati ve hurniditv,
3$*X'#:";*:i';Xi:1fr? ?*'"1,1'*'J::
Figure.l can be used to estirnate ETo griaphically using calculated values of p(0.46T + B).
The value of p(O.46T + B) is given on the X-axis and the value of llTo can'be read directly lrom the
Y-axis. R e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e p r i e s e n t e d i . n F i g u r e 1 f o r ( l ) t h r e e l e v e l s o f m i . n i m u mh u m i r : l i t y( R l l m i n ) ;
( i i ) t h r e e l b v e l s o f t h e r a t i o o c t u a l t o m a x i r f r r r np o s s l b l e - s u n s h i n e h o u r s ( " / N ) ; a n d ( i i i ) r h r e e
l/
ra.nges of daytlme wtnd conditions at 2 m height (Uaay), Inforrnation on qeneral monthly or

Ll Note that atr humidlty refers here to mininrurn daytime humidity and that win.cl refers io daytime
vind. lf esti.rnates of 24 horir mean v'ind are available, these need to be converted to dajrtirne
urind. Generally Uday/Unight i 2 ond mean24-trr*.ihd data should be multiplied by.l.33-to obtain
mearr daytirne vind. For areas with either predomi.nantly night or dayime win<l , the following
factorcanber-tsed: Uclav/Uliqhlrqlio -t.O J._5__z.a 2.5- 3.o 3.5 4.0_
. c o r r e c t i o nf o n U d a y 1 . O 1 . 2 1 . 3 3 1 . / r 3 1 . 5 l.!i6 1.5
 -L-

sea.5on6l \r/eather,conditions ond approxtuate range of RHmin, n/N and Uday for a glven .site may be
obtained from published weather descriptions, from extrapolation from nearby areas or 'from local
inforrnation. The nomenclaturu o".d to llepict generol levels of humidtty, sunshine and wind is given
under Clirnatological Nomenclature in thc tntroductory paggs of this publication.

After deterntining ETo, ETirop can be pfedtcted usingthe appt'opriate crop. co.efficient Gc),
or ETcroP = kc ETo (1.?).

Aclctitionai Considelations

'
Since the enrpiricism involved in any ET prediction meth6d u'sing a single rveather factor is
inevitably high, this method should onlybe use,l when temperatur. d.t. are the only measured
Ir,:ar.her deta available. lt should be used vith scepticism (i) in equatorial regions vhere t.empera-
ar."r .o^.in fairly constant but other veather Parameters vill changb; (ii) for small islands.and
coastal areas.vhere aJr ternperature is affected try the sea temperature hawing littlrr response to sea-
s.cnal.change in r,ed,iation; (iii) at high altitud"t irr" to the fairly lour mean daily temperarures (cold
r.ights) even though d.aytirne radiation levels'are high; and. (iv) in climates. with a wide, ver:iability
ir. sunshine hours during transition months (e.g. monsoon clirnates, mid-latitud.e clima.tes durirrg
spring and auturnrr). The Radiation Method is preferable under the.se conditions even urhen the sun-
shiae or radiation data need to be obtained from regional or global maps in the absence of any actual
nreasured data.

. At high latitudes (55o or more) the days are relatively long but racliation is louler as
cor,pared to lorv and mediunr latitude areas having the same day length values. This results in an.
uncirre weight being giwen to the day length related p factor. Citculated ETo walues should be'
recj.ucecl by.rp to 15 percent for areas'at lati.tu$.es of 55o or more. Concerning altitud,er.in seini-
arid and arid areas ETo valuds can be adjusted do.vnvards sorne..lO.B:_lc-int for each I OOOm attitude
change above sea level.

Calculation of meandaily qra$5il"?"r&tje,ii"d" b#$""foa$$F

for a given rocation climatic .orrattib.":i;;i.qtii.o,r"fltrj'
gt" "t".,er
greatly from year to year,
{i{r
$rylit$fy
than one month. since

ETo should preferably be calcutated. foiieach{talenaar mon'th for ig:ch year of record rather than by
using.mean retnperatures based .".o.u1.;:l , i .j
"" i"""1:,,,1t v"fl:.'
:t: : I' jI - '.ti :'. !! .
The use of crop coefficients CK) .,.rr- e originel'Blaney-Criddle approach
r.r------ is
--
{.
".plCy
rejected because (i) the original ciop loifficier.ts.are heavilyj dependent on clirnate, and the lride
varie.ty of K values reported.in literatuie rna{es the seleqtion of th€ correct value difficult; (ii)'the
relarionship'between p(O.46T + B) values .rrdtETo can tre adequately described for a wide iaqge of
rernper&tures for areas having only minor variation'in RHminr,r./N ana U; .rra iiii) br,ce E'1o hot
b'een,deterrninetl tl're crop coefficients Gc)prt'sented. hereif can be lrped to <letermine ETcrop
"',i."lii
',; l ,' i r " i. 'f """
9r.$pls.-qefcula-3i9ll€. ,'l',. ,,'i
, i;,i,.,,_
i, ij, l .._
The sinrple calculation p"o..,lirte
to.lo'btain ,h: d.aily value of p(O.46T + 8) in mm is
_--i-"f"
illustrated. rsi,rg rneasrr.red rnean daily t€mPerature and. thd-day length factor for one m'onth. Vlith
 -5-

monthly humldtty, rrind and sunshine data (in this case obtalned from published weather
descripti<
the v a l u e of ETo for that month can be obtalned uslng Ftgure l. A format for the necessaFy
calculatton procedures ls olgo given.

EXAMPI.E:
Given:
Cairo, Arab Republic of E g y p t ; latitude 3OoN; altitude 95 m; J.rly.
Calculation:
Go-ninS?ita)
Tmax E Tmax daity values/Jl 3s lc
Tmin E Tmln datly values/Jl 22
f Tmdan lTmax E Tmin.
T daily me6n --3T- -3f- o" --3T-7- + z^ 28.5 0C
p from Table 1 for 3OoN 0.31
i(o.aor * g). O.3r(O. 46 x 28.5 + B) 6.5 mm/day
RHmin from Climateo of Africa, Grifflth ()972> rnedlum
n/N
U2 daJnime t:-:::::::::: htgh to medium
moderate
ETo Flg. I - 6loct< ll and Block V (line 2) B._10 mm/dav

Yearly data (using measured temperature data)

M o
'28.5
I mean "L 1/+ 15 n .5 2r 2 7. 5 28.5 26 24 20 r5.5
D O . 2 / *O . ? 5 O . 2 7O . 2 9O
" 5..35l o . 3 2 o . 3 J O . 3 0 o . 2 8 0 . 2 6 o . 2 4 0 . 2 3
b(o.aor* g) 3.5 3.8 4.4 5,2 6.2 6.7 5.6 6.t+ 5.7 5.o /4.2 3.5
u:ilg generai ilformation and references.on hurnidtty, sunshipe.aniL u,ind (Climates
of Africa, Grlffith, 1972)z

RHmin n/N Line

u daytirne Bl::n, -;r7-
Fiq. I
Oct-March medium medtum light/mod V'
Aprlt-May lolv/med high/med moderate lv, vl, 2
r & lt+,,
June-luly medium high/med moderate u&v1l 2 r,
Aug-Sept medium high/med light/mod tr & v1/ 7-2!t

rrrlng I;lgtrra I r
Nt)
ETomm/day 2.8 3.3 4,1 6.5 B.o 8.2 B.o 7.2 6.2 t,.6 3.5 2.7
'127
mm/month 87 92 I95 248 246 2/+B 223 lB5 )/+2 105 83

l/ ,r,,".polation reqriired; for instance for May betryeen Blocks lV , V , I and lI of

p(O,46T * B) -. 6.2 mrn/day and ETo ' (8.3 + 7.1 * 9.O +7.7)+ 4 - 8.0 mm/day.

b
 -.5 -

Mean Daily Percentage (p) of Annual Daytime Hours

. for Dlfferent Latitudee :

r Apr May June July .Aug

North.| Jan
Latitude ,
Sou tlisr jttly May-. June
6oo .2O .26 .32 - 38 .6r ./+O .36 -29 .22 .r7 .13.
<q .2r .26 . 3 2 ' - 3 7 .t O .39 .34 .28 .23 . l8 .15
)o .2r .26 .32 -36 .39 .38 .33 .28 .2J . lB .16
c,/. .22 .26 .31 -36 .38 .37 .33 .28 .23 . i9 .17
<2 .22 .27 .3r -35 .37 .36 .33 .?B .2t .20 .17
5o .23 .27 .31 -34 .36 .35 .32 .28 .2t+ .20 .18
4B .?3 .27 .31 -34 .35 . 35 .32 .28 .24 .21 :19
46 .23 .27 -30 .34 .35 .34 .32 .28 .2L .2r .20
4/+ .24 .27 .3o -'33 .35 .3/, '31 .28 .25 .22 .20
42 -24 .27 .3O - 33 .3t, .33 .3r .28 .25 .22 :21.
40 .zz .2t .27 .30 -32 .34.' .33 .3r .28 .25 .22 .2r
J5 .23 .25 " - .27 ..29 -31 .32 .32 .3O .28 .25 .23 .22
30 .24 -25 .27 .29 -31 .32 .31* .3O .28 .26 .2/. .23
25 )/. .26 .27 .29 -30 .3i .31 .29 .28 :26 .25 .24
20 -25 .26 .27 .28 -29 .3O .3O .29 .28 .26 .25 .25
l5 .26 .?6 .27 . 2 8 . 2 9 ' ..2299 .29. .28 .2& ,27 .?6 .-25
lc) .26 .27 .27 .28 .?8 .29 .28 .28 ."7 .26 .26
5 .27 .27 .27 .28 .28 .28 .2q .28 .28 .27 .27 .27
0 .27 .27 ..27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27 .27
1l
LI Southenr latitud.es: apply 6 nionth difference as shourn.

l:ormat for Calculation of Blaney-Criddle Me'thod

'T
mean 28.foc

o
latiiude 1o
nrontlr
Jrrl

Rtlrnin

n/N

U, daytitne
rn/ s ec
 -7 -

RlImln lltsh (>50%)

L U dryrtmr. ! . ! n/erc lr 0, !l
l, U tlryttme . I -! n/mc lr t. $
l..U dryttmr. 0 -2 n/[c lrl.O

tzf456 .6
3 I
l. U drttlm.. I - I m-rrcclr tt.3l
2, U dryilbc. I -J m/rcc lr t. jl
to l. U deyttmc. 0-2 n/ccc lrt.0l

l
€7
z
ts6 I
I I
I
ds I
F I
l.l. I
4 I
I
I
3 I
I
2 I
I
IV iv

t2 3 456 7 t.zt 4567 a

r3 t
!. U daStnc. l -t n/src lr6.5l
t2 l. U drytth. ' U -5 n/rcc l. l.9l
l. U rlilyttnr. 0 -? n./rcc {r l.Dl
tl

ro o
o
9 n

?a
'ct
bB
!tr
2 z
E7
/i I
I q,
d6 I
F :.1
Irf 5 ;!
E
ta
cl

4
1l
yl .,,)
2

,,3
3i
'ar
(l

'? EI
T
nl
I
I
I
?34567
3456
f. p(0.46t+B) f-p(0.46t+8) l.p(0.i6tr.8)
Fig. 1 Prediction of ETo from Blaney-Criddle f factor for different cor-rclitions
,. of minimum relative humidity, sunshine cluratirrn anc]dav time wind.
 .8-

1.2 RADIATION METHOD

The Radiation Method. is essentia[y an adaptation of the Malikfnk fonnula (1957).

This
method is suggested for areas urhere available Clirnatlc data include measured air temperature and.
iunshihe, clbudiness or radiationr.buc not measured. wiod-and hugli{!1y. Knowledge of general
levels of humidity and wind is requiredrand these are to be estimatedlusing published ureather
descriptions, extrapolation from nearby areas or from local sources.

j
qiven betveen the presented radiation forniula and reference crop evapo-
. Relationships are
tralrspiratiorr (ETo), taking into account general levels of mean humidtty and daytime wind (Figure 2).

The P.adiation method should be more reliable than the presented Blaney-Criddle approach.
ln iact, in equatorial zones, on -smallislands, or at high altirudes, the R'adiation method may be nrore
reliable even if rneasured sunshine or cloudine.ss data are not availd,bld; ih'thts case'sotarrailiatisn--.
maps prepar.:,-l fo:: rrcst locations in the world.. should prorride the necessary solar.radiation auto.!/

The relationship recomrnend,ed (representing mean value over the given periody is expressecl

ETo * c(w.'Rs). ^-i1""

:
rvhere: E f o = reference crop.evapotran"pi""tion in mm/d.ay fo-r the periods considered
Rs = solar radiation in equivalent evaporation in mrn/aay
w = veigliting factor which depends on temperature and altitude
c - adju-stment factor ryhich depends on mean humidity - and daJrtime 'rind
conditions :'

To calcuJate solar rad.iation (Rs) from d.uration or cloudinels data, to determine the
. ""].nr..
rveighting factor (W) frorn temperatir.e and qltitude data and to select the appropriate adjustment as
given by the relationship betvreen W.Rs and.ET;Ojn figuqe Z.lforraif;gnent r4ean hrimiaity rihd.d.a5rtinre
the follcvringproce{u.;,i3:$"{{F".ih.,if ,..'}1f fi ,fi,-{lfi|
vzinaconditions,.
.| !
: " ,f.: i ' j'i$ [' fl,i'l i
(a) Solar ra<liatiori(Rt) ' ,
l.' i lj ,. i,l.
. The amount of radiation.rgceived at th€ toplof the at:noiphefe (Ra) is dependent on lat,itude
and the time of year only; values are gtven in Table 2. eu",t oinjj" uUro.ued and scattered \yhen
passing throug[ the atmosphere. The remaindep, including gomf that is scattered..but reaqhes the
earth's surface, is identified as solar radiation (Rs). Rs isiae{en{elt on, Ra and the transmission
ttrrough the atmosphere,'r'rhich is largely deperident.on cloqd!.ovu"i iR.diation is exp.ressed in several
u n i t s l . c a n v c r t e d i n t o h e a t i . t c a n b e r e l a t e d . t o j t h e e n e r g y r e f t u i r , . e d , i ge
ov a i o r a t e u / a t e r f r o m a n o p e n
\vater surfacd. The uni.t equi'r'alent evaporatioh in mm/dhy:i-l eilptoyad heif'(reference is made to the
,:i ii': i,, ; iii ti i'.,

r""-*
U/MO; Data on the irlteini Gioph: Y-{ari
laxi}
-Forms r$t*1""*wa,ionsfo*he
El, Ei and'E3.
. J. N. Black (1956). Distiibuiioh of 36tar radiation over the earth,s surface.
lt. E. Landsberg (seveial volumes) .World Survey of Climatolog;r, Elsevier.
 -9-

converslon factors in thc tntroductory pages),

Rs can be meosured dtrectly but ls frequently not avatlqble for the area of investigation, ln
this'case, Rs can also bc obtained from rneasur6d surrshine dunation reeord.s as follows:
- - -trs ;' (o'2
5 i-o;50 n7N)ffi..11
where n/N'ts the ratio betveen actuil measured bright sunshine hourg ond moxrrnr.rm
1 > o s - s i l > lseu n s h i n e
hours. Values of N for dtfferent months and latitrides are given in Table 3. Data fc,r n, for instance
uslng the Carnpbell Stokes sunshtne recorder, should be available locally. Both n and N are expres.sc,
!n mean daily values, in hours. Values of Ra in mrn/day for different months and latitudes are giverr in
I'able 2. Rs is obtained in mean equivalent evaporation in mrn/day for the period considered.
)
EXAMPLE:
Glven 3 ^
eii?6; latltude 30oN ; July; sunshine (n) mean I I . 5 h/day.
Calculation:
Ro from Tablc 2 - 16.8 mm/day
N from Table 3 - 13.9 h/day
Rs (O.25 + O.5On/N)Ra - (O.25 + o.5O x 1r.5/13.9X6.8
- 11..2 mrn/dav

Cloudiness observations can be used to calculate Rs. Several daily visuai observations of
cloud cover are needed for sufficiently long periods. Cloudiness.is expressed in oktas (O to 8) and
sometimes in tenths (O to 10) u'hich must first be conver3ed to the n/N ratio. lt'is preferable to use
locally.derive,l relationshtps betrveen cloudlness and sUnshine slnce scettcr in convcrsion fd.;tors
from location to location has been'noled. An ind.icative conversion.can be obtained frorn the folloVin.g
tablc :

Cloudiness (oktas)

n/N ratio .95 .85*.75 .65 .55.45.35

Cloudiness (tenths) 456
n/N ratio .95 .85 .B .75

8[tr:"'
eii."; latitrrde 30oN I July; cloud.iness, oktas l.
!9.1s_ulq!!gs r
na from Tablo 2 - 15.8 nrm/day
n/N frorn Table gtvcn or
locally determined
conversion factor . O.B5
Rs (O'25 + O'50 n/N)Ra - (O'25 + o'5O x O'85)16'8
_ 1f.3 -grm/dey

For practical purposes values o f O . 2 5 t r n < I 0 . 5 f J c a n b e u . c c d . t : o r s o r n e r c g i o r r s l o c a l v a l u c s l r o v r . '

been determined and these are Iisted in Appendix Vl .
 -lo

(b) W-ciqhtirrg facto-.d!U-

. The veightingrfactor (W) reflects the effect of temperahrre and altihrde o n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p

betrveen Rs and ET.r.a/ Values of W as.related to temperature and alti.tude ard gi.ven in Table 4.
oC
Ternperatrrre reflects the mean air temperature in for the p;riod consid.ered. W h e r e t e r n p e r a t u r e
i-{ givr:n as'l'nrax and Tnrirr; thetenrperature(Tm*x +fmin)/2.should.be used,

EXAIvIPLE:
-Q.!'s-E:
eai"o; altitirde 95 m; Tmean 28.5oC.
ee_tc"_l_e!r_srj
:
W frorn lable4 = O.77

(c) A . di u s l u e n t l a c t o r ( c )

1'he aclj'lsltnerrt lactor (c) is given b;,'the retationship betrveen the radiation term (W.R3)
arr<Ire.ferelrce crop evapotranspiration (ETo) and i.s sho.vn-graphicall-v in Ffgure 2. lt depencls
grcatly on qeneral levels of mean relative humidity:(RHmean) and da;,rime rrind (O7.OO-19.0O hours)
at 2 rn hei.qht above the soil tr'r.f....ay'

EXAIr'IPL E :
Given:
C a i r o j l a _ t i t g < l e3 , O o t t ; 'wind
a l t i t u d . e 9 5 r n ; . J . , l y j . R s = l l . 2 r n m l d , a-nredium.
yi W - O:77;
W . Rs = 6.. 6 mnr/day; da5rtime = moderate; RHmean =
Calculation.
Fronr Fig. 2 RHmean .- medium
Uday = moderate Block ll & lll . line ? -
ETo . (for'w.Rs = 8.6 mm/day). (8'.1 + 8.o)12 * '0.4 mm/dav

Atlditional Considerations

Vr'irh the inclusion of calculated or measured radiation and vrith partial consiclefation of
temperatrrre,.only general levels of dafttme ,rind dnd nierfiri
nl relatiiley e hhur
umidity need to be selected.
i; , i ; l,l l!, i:'i
;J1na {nd ;
i!j,
:
tI
ll r
ti t I.''-r i
.Excepi ior equatorial zones', climatic."rJdr,roi h s l t o " 6 a c h m o nth
; il i i::r ii i
t h or shorter period vary
"j
froni -vear to -vear, an,i cortsequently ETo vari_es. :C.t.rrtaiior19 should. pieferably be macle for each
morrth or period for each year of recorcl
record rather Oi..
thin rr"ir,Jtedr,
usinghu+" raliation and, mean temneratrrre
temperature rtal
data
".iiatio., "na
basecl orr sevcral years of recorcl . A value if efo can theh Ui oUtiined ined to ensure that \rrater
water
requir.ernerrts rvill be met with a reasbnable d,6gree of certalnt|. ;..i
i.. i i i t''
i..i
:i
5eru-ls-Sirlslrliitio;ls i
. :,
Using mean. dail-v terrrperature and sunshine hour .iata'1th€ exarnplepro.d.des the n e c e s s a r y
calculatlons to obtairr ttre mean daily value o f E T o : i n mm for eaclr month. A format for-the n e c e s s a r y
t 'r
''| I
carlculation procedure:; is als,: given. a .
. . I r . n : . . .

i , i ..''
, .:I . f
' r r.-. :' a "
i l;:J .f1' ---.- 'r'!i :
'li:jl
i .'e]:r
!
: a

Li W = A / ( " a + j ) r r h e r e , a i s t h e r a t e o f c h a n g d of .theisatui"ation vapour pressure with temp6rature

. and I is the Psychrometric constant.
?l S e e n o t e l / o n p a g i eJ .
 - ll -

EXAMPLE:
Given:
Cairo; latitude_SO]!t; altitude 95 rn; J,rly. Tmean - 2B.5oC; sunshinc
(n) mean . 11.5 h/day; wind da;rtime U=moderate; RHmean = medium.
C alculation :
Ra from Table 2 - 16.8 mm/day
Rs (0.25 + o.5O n/N)Ra n = ll.-5 h/4af
-frorfr -
Teble 3 N 13.9 h/day
n/N - o.83
Rs Ll.2 . mm/da_r:
w from Table 4 _ o.77
W. Rs = 8, 6 mm/day
ETo frorn F'ig. 2,.Blocks It and
lll, line 2 - B . /* rnnr/.1rrv

Yearly datat Cairo, with solar radiation (Rs) given in mm/day.

1F M M ASON l)
oC r7.5 21 25.5 27.5 28.5 28.5 26 24
Tmean 14 15 20 r5.5
Rs mm/day 5.O 6,L 8.5 9.9 10.9 7r.4 rr.2 10.4 9.1 7 .7 5.5 4.6
RHmean ) Ift lll Itl 1l ll ll av.ll av.ll lll lll av.lll av. lll
) &ut &llt &lv &tv
Wind da3irne ) av. av. av. av. av. av.
z- z^ z av. av. av.
)1&2 le.2 1&21&2 7&2 l&2 7&.2 1&.2 r&2
\F/ o . 5 1 0 . 6 2 o . 6 5 0 . 7 0 o . 7 / +o . 7 6 0 . 7 7 0 . 7 7 o . 7 5 0 . 7 3 0 . 6 8 0 . 6 3
(W. R s) 3.0 4.O 5.5 6.9 B.l 8.7 8.6 B.o 6.8 5.2 3.7 2.9
ETo mm/day 2.5 3.4 4.8 6.7 8.2 B.B 8.4 7.4 6.o 4.5 3.O 2.2
mm/month 78 95 l/+9 2O1 zyt iet 260 22g 1BO 11+O 90 6tl

Forrnat for Calculation of Radiation Method

Country z //. I Flace:. 6rra Latit

DATA eeriod- t tt/" Altitr.rde t/?f-7

latitude 3O Ra mrn/day Table 2

morrth Ju//
n nrcon /.511, 1 n doto
latitude 3o1U
mont\)u/7 N Tabte 3

n/N c alc
(or cloudincs s) or Tal>lt' text

( O . 2 5 +O . 5 O n / N ) c a l c

calc

Tmeon tg.doc W Table 4

altitude
7f

calc

RHmean % e s timste

U daytime, . estr.mate
m/ sec
Fig.2 Block/ tirrc

) " / o " n t c t o s t t r c t .ol r o l r t t t t t t e t l l ' r o r n r c g i o r r n l o r w o r ' l r .wl i < lc r r r u p so l ' s o l n r r - r < l i l l i 6 r r .

I ei)ie -'- Srira T'erlglir14]--&-qi5ilation I&a) expressed irr e'lu'iyi:lcn-L3'"al9'langl-li-qjdi-S."

'iti SoutlteCnjleqi sphelg

orthern llernt su'here .
Dec
jan Feb ir{ar i.i::' iu'rayiune iuly }.ug Sept O c t Nov Jan F e b M a r A p r N t a y l u n e ' i u l , v ' A u g S e p t Q c t N o v
c,s t, isob1 7. 5 1 / + . 7) 0' . 9 7. 0 1.2,I
.i .
3 5 5.5 8 . 9 J ? . 9r 5 . 5 1 9 )
1tl 5 . I g . . Li 2 . 7 t 5 . B 1 7 . 1i 5 . 4 1 4 . 11 0 . 9 7 . 4 j . 5 ' , 1 . 0 6 . 0 9 . 3 1 3 . 21 6 . 5 1 8
/, 1, 11.2 7.8
5 . 6 9 . 8 ] i . 0 1 5 . 9 i 7 . 2 1 6 . 51 4 . . 3 17,614,91i.2
s ,(0 3 ,17, 1 1 8 7.5 1.7
4 . 0 1 . 1 6 . 5 9 . i 1 5 . 41 6 .i 1 8
a
,4C 7 . r i 0 . 2 i 3 . 3 i 5 . 0 1 7 . 21 6 ; 61 4 . 51 1 . 5 o . J < ,t. 1/.F 1 7 . 71 5 . 1 . 1 1 . 51 , 9 5 . 2
1 , . 1 1 . 9 0 . g : 0 .2 1 3 . 71 6 . 7l 8 . J
J.J n.V Itv

. ).J 7 . 6 l o . 6 1 3 . 71 6 . I 1 7 . 2 1 6 , 51 4 . 71 1 , 9 8 . 7 6.0 / r . 7 | t + 4 1 7 . 81 5 . 3J 1 . 9 8 . / + 5 . 7
) . v 8 . l 1 1 . Ci 4 . 0 1 6 . 21 7 . 31 6 . 7t 5 . 0 1 2 , 2 9 . 1 6.5 5 , 2 l t r 2 1 7 . 6r 5 . 5 1 2 . 2 8 . t 6 . I 4 . 9 5 . t L 7 . 4 ) 0 . 5 1 4 . 01 6 . 8l B. J
6 . 4 8 . 6 1 1 . 11 4 . 31 6 . 4t 7 . 3 1 6 . 71 5 , 2) 2 ; 5 9 . 6 7.0 5 , 7 /r0 ) 7 . 9 r ' 5 , 71 2 . 5 9 . 2 5 . 5 5 . 3 5 . 9 ? . 9 l i . o l [ . 2 1 6 . 9 1 8. J
6 . 9 9 . 0 1 1. 8 i 1 . 5 1 5 . 41 7 . 21 6 . 71 5 . 31 2 . 81 0 . 0 ?.5 E . 1 36 1 7 . 91. 5 . 81 2 . 8 9 . 6 7 . r 5 . 8 q : Q 8 . 3 l 1 , / * l ! , , l ' 1 7 . 0 1 8. J)
, . . L 9 , t *l z , ) r 4 . 11 . 6 , 4 1 7t.62, 71 5 . 41 3i. l 0 . q q . 0 6 . 5 35 t i . g t 6 , o1 3 ; 21 0 r. 7, 5 5 . 3 5 . 8 8 . E l ! , 7 l " i , b i 7 . 0 t B
7 . 9 i . g r z . 41 4 . 81 6 . 5 1 7 .116 . 81 5 . 5 1 3 .t 40 . 6 8 . 5. 7 . 2 3L 1 7 8. 1 5 I. 1 3 . 51 0 5. S . 0 6 , 8 7. Z 9 , 2 1 2 . 0l l 4 , 9 1 7 . 1l 8 , 2
e . g r o . 2 1 2 . 81 5 . 01 6 . 51 7 . 01 6 . 81 5 . 61 3 . 61 1 . ? 9 . 0 7 . 8 32 1 7 . 81 52. 1 3 . 8l 0 , g 8 .5 7, 3 7, 7 g . et : . a t i s . 11 7 . 21 8. l
8 . 8 1 0 . 71 3 . 11 5 . 21 6 . 51 7 . 01 6 . 8 * 1 5 .173 . 91 1 . 6 9 . 5 8 . 3 30 r 7 . 8 t 6 . 1 1 4 . 10 1 . 3 8 . 9 7 . 6 8 . 1 l O . r r 2 . 71 1 5 .137 - 3l 8 . l
9 . 3 l 1 . l 1 3 . 41 5 . 31 6 . 51 6 . 81 6 . 71 5 . 71 4 , r r 2 . 0 9 . 9 8 . 8 28 t i . t t 6 . r "1 4 . 3l l . 6 9 . 3 8 . 2 B ' 6 1 0 . 4l 3 . g l i . i l 7 . 2 t 7 . 9
9 . 8 n . 5 1 3 . 7i 5 . 3 1 6 . 41 5 . 71 6 . 5r 5 . 7 1 4 . 31 2 . 31 0 . 3 9 . 3 26 i.1 8.7 e.r r0.sl?.?li?.i17-?17.8
ii-.'6i6.t,ii.Zii.o
r o . 2 1 r . 9 1 3 . 9 1 5 . 41 q . 4r q . 6 l q . 5 1 5 . 81 4 : 5t 2 . 6 1 0 . 7 , 2 . 7 a4 e.I e.sI I .Z11.+
ri.s rs.5 14.6'r2.3.10.2 lll.qlZ.l 17.7
1 0 . 7 1 2 . 3L / + . 21 5 . 5 . 1 5 . 31 6 . 4L 6 . t +1 5 . 81 4 . 51 3 . 01 1 . 1i 0 . 2 22 l i . i t s . s t q . $ . t z . e ' r o9. e. 6 : 1 0 .10i . 6 1 3 . 71 5 . 7t 7 . 01 7 .
L t . 2 ' t ? : T 1 4 . 4 1 5 : 6 1 5 . 31 5 . 41 5 . 3 . . 1 5 . . 9 - 1 4 - 8 -1l &1 3. 6l O . 7 20 1 7 . 31 6 . 51 5 . 01 3 . ol l . o l o . o L o . 4t 2 . O1 3 . 91 5 . q\ 7 . 9 1 7 . t ,
i i : i i 6 . 5i 5 : i t t . z n . / " r 0 . , 4 1 0 i.?8. 91 4 . l l s . Qt 6 . . 8t 7 - . 1
I

1 1 . 6t 3 . o l z . : . 61 5 . 61 6 . ' 11 6 . l 1 5 . 1 . 1 5 . p , . t 4 . 9 : i132. 5. 0l l . l 1 8
1 2 . 0 . 1 3 - 3 " 1 4 - . 7 . 1 5 - 6 .1. r5..69.105 . 9 1 5 . 71 . 5 , . 0 . , 1 13 2. 9. 41 1 . 6 1 5 i G : i i 6 : i i 5 : t i j . s t i , z r o . 8r ' r . 2 - \ 2 .164 . 31 5 . ql q - Z1 9 . 8 N

1 2 . 4 " t 3 . . 6 1 4..1- 95 . 71 5 . 81 5 . 71 5 . 71 5 . 7r s : i i 4 . l 1 2 . 81 2 . 0 ll+ i6..i16..i. 14.5

i5.5is.i ti.i n.2 u.5 12.e 11.q
lq.t lq.! I

12. 8 I 3,..-9.L5;.l 1it.t15.-7 15.5 I 5. 5 .15:;6i.1 i,?l*. 4 13.3 J2. 5 t 2 16.s

i 6 : 6i 6 : 3t s . Zt Z . a 1 r . , 1 i .rsi . o 1 3 . -t24 . 7l 5 ' sr 5 . 4
13.2 r4.-.2*r5. 3. I 5.-Z.15.,.5. i.5....3 15,3 I 5. 5 I 5.3 14.7 13,6 12.9 li0 1 6 . / 1+6 . 3r 5 . 51 4 . 21 2 . 8t 2 . O1 2 . 4 1 3 . 5 t 4 . 8 r 5 . 9r^y . 2 r y - . 2
1 3 . 6 1 4 . 5 ' r 1 5 .135 : ' 6 1 5 . ; 3 1 5 .105 .r 1 5 . a ' 1 . 5 ; 3 ' , t t r . 8 . 1133..93 . 8 1 5 . r1 6 . l 1 5 . 5t 4 . t +L 3 . t r 2 . 4t 2 . 7 1 3 - 71 4 . 9 1 5 . 8 lq.qlq.o
13.9 l(.8.'15tC15.4 15,1 14..71'4..9 15.2.1.5..3.,.J,5-0 J4.2 13.7 5 r 5 . ei g . o i 5 . 6 t a . 7 1 3 . tl+z . 8 1 3 .I 1 4 . ol 5 : 0 I 5 . 7 r s . q r y . l
1 4 ' . 31 5 . 0i 5 : , 5t ' 5 . 51 4 . 9 . r 4 . /1+4 . 61 5 . 1 " 1 5 . 0 : 4 1154..151 4 . l {+ i 5 . s r s . e1 5 . 61 4 . 9t 3 . g t 3 . 21 3 . 4t t . 3 1 5 . l [ 5 . 6 1 5 . 51 1 . 4
1 4 . 71 5 . 3 1 5 , : 6i 5 . 3 1 4 . 6t 4 . 2 1 4 . 3 1 4 . 91 5 . 3 - 1 ' 5 :\ 3 t + . 81 4 . / + 2 15.i
r 5 . g1 5 . 7r 5 . 71 5 . l i 4 : t 1 3 . 5t 3 . 7 1 t + . 5 . 1 5i l. s2. 5 1 5 . 3
i 5 . 0 1 5 . S 1 5 . 71 5 . 31 4 . 41 3 . 9 1 4 . r1 4 . 81 5 : 3 " 1 5 .145 . l 1 4 . 8 0 i 5 . o 1 5 . sr 5 . z t s a v . a n . 9 v , . 1 1 4 . 81 5 . 3i 5 . 4 l 5 . l -1 4 . 9
Table 3 Mean Dailv Durati.on of Maxir-numPossible Sunshine Hours Q.l) for Different N{gnths and l-atit}rdes

Northera
Lats Jan Feb Mar APr May June Julv Au.g Sept Oct rNov Dec

E
Southern
Lats Jnl-v 4tg Sept Oct Nov Dec Jun Feb Mar APr Juse

50 8.5 1 0 .1 11.8 13.8 15.4 16.3 15.9 l/+.5 12.7 10.8 19.1 8.1
48 8.8 10.2 11.8 13.5 15.2 16.0 15.6 14,3 72,6 10.9 19.3 8..3
46 g.l to.4 11.9 13.5 14,9 15.7 15.4 ll+.2 12,6 10.9 ig.5 6,7
44 9.3 10.5 i 1.9 13.4 14,7 15.4 15.2 74.0 12,6 11.0 \9.7 8.9
t+2 9'/* ' 7100..76 11.9 13.4 14.6 t5.2 14.9 13.9 t2,6 11.1 19.8 B.:l
40 9.6 11.9 13.3 14.4 15.0- t4.7 13.7 12.5 11.2 r 0.0 9.3
Jf 1 0 .1 1 1 .O 11.9 i3.1 L4.0 LL.5 lt+,3 1 35
. L2./+ ir.r 10.3 9'g
30 10./* 11.1 t2.0. t2.9 13.6 71,.0 13.9* 13.2 72.4 1 1 .5 lp.6 LO.2
25 10.7 11.3 -12.0 12.7 13.3 tJ. I 13.5 i3.0 T2.3 11.6 r0.9 10.6
20 11.0 1i.5 t2.o t2.6 13.1 13.3 13.2 12.8 72.3 1r.7 tt.2 10.9
l5 II.J i1.6 72.0
'r2.0
12.5 72.8 13.0 12,9 t2.6 12.2 1r.8 ll-/+ tl..2
10 11.5 1 1 .B t2.3 LZ. O t2.7 12,6 12,4 1 2 .I 11.8 11.6 11.5
5 1 1. 8 11.9 12.0 L2.2 12.3 12.4 12.3, 12.3 12.1 t2.o 11.9 11..8
'r2.7
0 t2, I t2.t t2.t t2.l t2.l t2.1 12.1 1 2 .t LZ. L 72.t u.1 t

OJ

Table,6

oC
Temperaiure 2 /+ 5 8 10 12.14 16 18 20 Zz 2t+ 26 28 30 32 31 36 38 !+o

W at altirude m i

0 0.43 .L6 .L9 .52.55 .58 .51 .6t,.56 .58 .71 .73 .75 .77*.78 .SO .82.83 .8A.85
500 .45 .48 .51 .y .57 .50 .62 .55 .67 .70 :72 .74 .76,18 .79 .Bi .82 .U .85 .86
I 000 .16 ./.9 .52 .55 .58 .51 .A. .66 .69 .7t .73 .75 .77 .79 .Bo .E2 .83 .85 .86 .87
2 000 .19 .52 .55 ,58 .61 .6/. .55 .69 .71 .73 .75 .77 .79 .8i .82 .84 .85 .86 .87 .BB
3 000 .52 .55 .5S .61 .64 .66 .69 .7t .73 .75 .7? .79 .81 .82 .84 .65 .86 .Sp .88 .89
i 000 .55 .58 .51 .61 .55 .69 .71 .73 .76 .78 .79 .81 ,8 3 . 8 / , . 8 5 .86 .B B .S 9 .90 .90
 - 14.

RIImean Medium - lltgh (55,- ?0'rl Rllmcrn HlSh (>.?0%)

L U d.nt6.. >06/rc
t. U drnl6.. t-l E/rG
l. Ud.ttlm..t-th/.c
t. U firtld..0-l h/..c

RHmean Low (< 4t)%)

l. U Ailm..>tnlr.€
t. U tnri.. t-a h/t.c
l. U qyrrnc. l-S m/dc
'
l. U &yttno. O -r m/rtc

46AlO 2a6a
lV. Rs, mm/day W. Rr. mm/dey

Flg.2 Predlctlon of ETo from W. RS lor dllferent condltlona of mean

relatlve huntdlty and day tlme wlnd.
 - 15-

1.3 PENMAN METHOD

For areas rrhere measured data on temperature, humldlty, lrind and sunshine duration or
radtatlon are. avatlable, an adaptatlon of the Penman method (1948) tc auggectcdS cornpared. to the
other methods presented it ls likely to provtde the most sati,sforctgqy1es.ul-19.

TI,re original Penman (1948) equatlon predtcted evaporation losses frorn ari op.r, -o,1"
surface (Eo). Experimentally determined'crop coefficlents rangirrg from O.6 in.ryinter months to O.B
in sumrner months related. Eo to grass evapotranspiration for the climate in Englarrd.. The penman
equatlon consisted of two terms ! the energy (radiation) term and the aerod;rnamic (rvind and humidity)
term. The relative lmportance of each terrn varleg wtth cll.matic conditions. Under calm ureather
conditions the aerodynamic term ts usually less important than the energy term. ln such conditions
the original Penman Eo equation using a crop coefficient of O.8 has been shown to pnedict ETo closely,
not only in cool , humtd regtons.'as tn England but also ln very hot, and semi-arid regions. tt i" under
rvtndy condrtlons and. parttcutarty tn the more arld regtons- that the aerod;mamlc term becomes
relatlvely more lmportant and thus errors can regult in predicting ETo when using O.g Eo.

A slightly modtfted Penman equatlon ls suggested here to determine ETo, involving a

rewised urind funCtion terzn. The method uses meandaily climatic data; since day and night time
weather condltionc conslderably affect the level bf evapotransptratlon, an ad.justmcnt for thls ts
included

Theprocedures to calculate ETr.r-i\ay seem rather complicated. This is d.ue to the fact that
the formula contains components vhigh need tb be derived from measured related climatic data vhen
no direct measurements of needed variables are available. For instance, for places where no direct
measurements of net radiatlon are available, these can'be obtained. from measured solar radiation,
sunshine duratlon or cloudlness observattons, togettrer urith measured huriidity qnd temperature.
Computation techniques and. tables are givenhere to facilitate the necessary calculations. A format
for ialculotton tt alao glven.

R ecornrnend ed R el ationshio s

The form of the equation used, in this method is:

ETo - Rn + (l -w). f(u). (ea-ed)]

" [*,
radiatlon aerod5rnarnic
term term
u'here: ETo refererrce crop evapotranspiration in mm/day
w tempero.ture-related welghting factor
Rn net radiation in equivalent evaporation in mm/day
f(u) lrind-related function
(ea - ed) difference between the saturati.on vapour pressure at m e a n
qlr temperoture and the mean actual vapour pressure o f t h e a i r ,
both ln mbor
adJustment factor to compensate for the effect of day and night
\reather condltlons

HffNP6Lllnitt
Rl(
pEPPUsI
nf,lLl[
 - 16

Additional Constderations
:
. of the variables'Composing the equation, the correct
Due to the interdependence use of
units in which variablcs need to be expressed is important.. Use of the correct units is shourn in the

The sug,gested vrind functiort applies to conditions found during sumrner, urith moderate rrinds,
Rllmax of aboui 70 percent anciday-night wind ratios of 1.5 toZ.Oi no adjustment is reQuired for
t}cse conditions. l{o.vevcr, if 21r-hour w'ind iotttt are used, there vrill be an und'er-pr€d,iction of E'fo
by l! to 3O percent in areas ryhere claytime windl, greatly exceeds night time wind, .vhere RHmax
a p p r o a c h e s I O Op e r c e r r t , a n c l w h e r i e r a d i a t i o r r i s h i g h . C o n v e r s e l y , f o r a r e a s e x p e r i e n c i n g m o d e r i t e
to strong w-ind, where night time htunidity (RHmax) is low, and urhere. radiation i.s low, the equation
will over-predict this over-prediction
ETo; increases vith decreasing ratios of Uday/Unight. Under
thesd conditions an adjustment faator (c) should be applied.

Description of Variables and their Method of Calculatiori

(a) Vaoour'pressure (ea-ed)

'Humidity
Air hurnid.ity affects ETo. is erpressed here as saturation vapourpressure
deficit (ea-ecl): the difference beween the mean.saturation \rater vapour pressure (ea) and the mean

actual \rater vaPour Pressure (ed). "

Air humidity d.ata ori roporaed'aJ relative humidity (RHmax and RHhin in percentage), as
psychrometric readings (ToC oi a.y and rlret bulb) from either ventilated'or non-ventilated wet and
(Tder?oirit oC).
dry buib thermometers, or as dewpoint temperalure Time of measurement is
impo.rtant bu.t is often not given. Fortunately actual vapour pr-essure is a fairly constant element and
cven one nreasurement ler day may suffice for the type of application enrrisaged.. Depending on the
available humid.ity d.ata, case l, ll or llt \rill .pply. Vapour.pressule nrust be expressed in mbar;
if ed is given in mrn H.g, multiply by 1.33 to'find mbar. Tables 5 and 6 are given to abtain values of
ea and ed from awailable climatic data. .{

EXAMPLES: For all cases altitude is O rn. i

I Given:
Trnaf gSoc; Tmin 22oC; RHmax BO%; RHmin 3O%.
C ation :
'f alcrrl 0C
mean 29.5
RHmean -55 %
ea'at 28.5o9 Table 5 - 38.9 mbar
ed = e a x Rllmean/l0o - i 21.4 mbar
(ea- ed) = 17.5 mbar
11 Given:
I max Jl L; I mln zz L; Tdrybulb zt*oC; Twetbulb ZO"C.l/
9alculation:
Tmean - zg'5 9c
ea at 28.5"C Table 5 - 38.9 mbar
j '
ed at Tdrybulb 24oC Table 6a '
.

Tvretbulb depr. 4'C Table 6a - 2O.'7 mbar

(eo - ed) - 18.2 mbar

l/ Conversion of readirrgs to humidity data ffom dry and u'et'bulb thermometers chan.ges wheri they are
force-ventilated (As snrann type) or n o n - v e n t i l a t e d ; T a b l e s 5 a a n d . 6 b t o b e u s e d r e s p e c t i v e l y .
 _17_

lll Given:
T m a x 3 5 " C ; T m i n 22oc i Td,errpoint l8oC.
C alculatlon :
Tmean ^ - .29.5 0C
ea at 28.5"C Table 5 - 38.t.mbar
ed at Tdewpoint
Cea--ed) labre5 : ?g***:l
ln many regions RH during the niglrt ir near 10O%. Here Tmin : Twetbulb ;
Tdeurpoint and ed can theri r-'edeterrnlned from ea at Tmin. The more arid
thc cllmatc, thc less likcly ts Tdcwpolnt : Tmtn.

DO NOT USE:
lV Given:
Tt 35oc; Tmin 22oC; RHmax BO%; RHmin 3tr/".
C a l c"r.
ulation:
ea g!_LEx Table 5a = 56.2 mbar
ed at Tmax ea x RHmin = 16.9 mbar
(ea-ed) at Tmax ' 39.3 rnbar
ea at Imin Table 5a - 26.4 mbar
ed at Tmln eo x RHmin - 2l ,l mbar
(ea-ed) at Tmin ' 5.3 mbar
(ea-ed) mean * 22.3 mbar
Not recommended because the urind function f(u) used here uras derived using
(eir-ed) as obtained in cases I, Il and lll and does not correspond to example in
case lV. Much greater divergence may occur in mean (ea-ed) betureen the first
cases and the fourth for situations other than evident here and serious errors
could result if cese lV is used (average of ea at Tmax and Tmin f ea at Tmean).

(b) Wtnd tunction ffu)

The effect of rvind on ETo has been studied for different climates (see Appendix lI) resulting
in a rerrised rvind. functtonz/ and defined in thts publication as:
I
f(u) - o.27Q.#)

where U is24-hr wind.run in km/day at 2 m height. Thii expression is valid when (ea-ed) is

expressed in mbar and is calculated according to the methods shourn in cases l, ll or lll. Table

7 can be used for values of f(u) for v.rind run gt 2 nr height.

Where wind. d.ata are not collected at 2 m height, the appropriate coirections forurind

meosuretn(:nts token at different hei.ghts are g,i.ren l>elow:

Measrrrement height m o.5 1.O 1.5 2.Q 3.O 4.O 5.0 6.0

Correction factor 1.35 1.r5 r.06 1.oo o.g3' o.BB 0.85 0. 83

EXAMPLE:
Given:
Wind s.peed at 3 m h e i g h t i s 2 5 O k m / d a y .
Calqrl_ellen:
U above conversion - 232 km/day
f(u) Table 7 ' -q.94

(c)
ry
(1-W)is a ureighting factor for the effect of wind anii humidity on ETe.l/ Values of (1-W)

Llw=a / ( a * Y) w h b r e A i s t h e r a t e o f c . h a r r . g oe f t h e s a t u r a t i o n v a p o u r p r e s s u r e w i t h t e r n p e r a t u r c
ancl is the psychrometric constant,
t
2l T h e s l m t l a r l t . y o f t h e r e v l s e d w i n d f r r n c t i o n w i t h I ) c n r n a n ' s o r i . q i n a l f u n c t i o r r l ' ( u ) - 0. 26(1 + t.t/ l(XJ)
in urhich U is in miles/day is purely coitrcidental .
 -lB-

as related to temPerature arrd altitude are given in Tabl,e B. For.temperature u s e ( T m a x + T r n i n ) / 2 .

. EXAMPLE:
Give!: '
Altitude 95 m; Trnax 35oc; Tinin 22oC.
C alcul ation :
:--
I mean ' -- z8;S 9c,
(1_w) f.frf" B o.23

(d) Ils],Ju!-e3-lallol-(}U)
'Values
V/ is rhe wcighting factor for t h e effect ol railiation on ETo. of W as related. to
temperature and altitude are grven in Table 9. For ternperature use (Tmax + Tmin)/2.

EXI\MPLE: .
Given:
^.ititude 95 rn; Tmax 35oc; Tmin 22oC.
Calculation:
- 28.5 oC
Table 9 O.V7

(e) Net radiation (Rn)

Net radiation (Rn) is the difference betureer all incoming and outgoing radtatlcin. It can be
meqsured, but such d.ata are seld.om available. Rn can be calculated fror4 solar rad.iation or sun-
s[i1e hours (or degree of cloud cowsp), ternperature ald hurnidity data.

ln Figure 3 different'portions gl.the radiatioh balance are shovrn..The amount of rad,iation

received at the lop of the atrnosphere (Ra) is iepend.ent on latitud,e and the time of the year only;
values are given in Table 10. Part of Ra is iUSbrbed and scattered whenpassing through the atmos-
phere. The remainddr, including sonre that is S.gattered but,reaches the earthts surface, is
identified as solar radiation.(Rs). Rs is depend.ent
on Ra and the trahrimission through the atmosphere,
which is lalgely depend.ent on cloud..cover.. Part of
Rs is reflgcted backrdi.rectly by the soil and crop and
is lost to the aimosphere. Reflbction (o<)depends on
/- the nature of the surfaci cover and is approxlrnately
longtvovo 5 to 7 percent for water'and around 15 to 25 irercent
for most qrops. This fraction varies ryith degree of
crop cover and wetness of the exposed soil surface.
That which remains is net short.nave solar rad,iation
(Rns).
llol ron9r::t
lh9rlwovc

Add.ttional loss at the earth's surface occurs

N r t r o d i o l i o nB n : n r t r o l o t r o d l o t i o n R n t - n a t l o t r q r t o v lr o d i o t i o n f l n l since th,e.earth radiates part of its absorbed energy
: (l-c{) ne- nnl
back tfirouit the aunospheie as longwave rad.iatton.
This is normally greater than the downcoming long-
wave atmogpheric radiati.on. The difference betwee4
Irig. 3 lllustration of the radiation
balance outgoing and incoming longwave radiationl" c.alled*-
 -19-

net longrvave radlltlon (Rnl). Since outSoing ls greater than iacoming, RnI represents net energJ,'
loss..

''\ Total net radiation (Rn) ts equatr to the d.ifference between Rns and Rrrl , or Rn - Rns i Rnlr
Radtatlon can be cxpressed ln diffenent untts; converted into heat tt can tje related to the energJ.
required to evaporate y9!er 1fe!! gA gpelr- gurface-and-is-gi-ven her-e-es'equitotent evap-(rration in ind/
d.t;-tt Rn the dtfferent eteps-tnvolved
'f) are:
|
"of."f"t"
(i) If measured golar radtatlon (nslis not available, select Ra'value in mm/day from Table tO.
for gtven month and latttude.\-/ >
(ir) To obtatn solar radiatton (Rs),, correct Ra value. foi iatio of actual (nj to mrximum posstble
(N) sunshlne hoursi Rs - (O.25 + O.5O n/N)Ra.I/ Values for N for a given month Lnd
latltude are gtven in Table ll. Bothn and N are expressed in hours as mean daily valu€s
for the perlod consldered.
When only vtsual cloud observattona are available, they can be used to calculate Rs.
Severat dally vtsual observatlons of cloudiness over a sufficiently long period'are neededr
Cloudtnegs ls expressed ln oktas (O to B) and sometilnes ln tenths-(O to-1b) rvhtch qrust first
be convoe;:ted into equivalent values of n/N. The follo.uring toble can be used as a rough
guide: 4/

n/N ratio
Cloudtnesstenths I O I 2 3 5 6 7 8 q lO
4

(iri) To obtaln net short'\yave radiation (Rns), the solar radiation (Rs) must be corpected for
reflectiveness of the crgp surface, or Rns - (t -d)Rs. For most cropso( - O.25. To
simplify steps (if) and (iii), Table 12 canbe used to colculate Rns from the ratio n/N and
o< - O.25,

(iv; Net longurave radlation (Rnl) can be det."-irr"it.from available tempera.ture (T), vapour
pressure (ed) and ratto n/N data. Values for the function f(T), f(ed) and f(n/N) are givert
in Tables 13, 14 and l5 respectively;

(v) To obtoin totol net radlatlon (Rn), the clgebraic sr:m of net shorturave radiation (Rns) and
net longwave radlation (Rnl) ls calculated. Rnl always constitutes a net loss so
Rn - Rns-Rnl.

EXAMPLE:
Given:
eiG;. latitude 3 O o N ; a l t i t u d e 9 5 r n ; J . r l y . T m - e a n2 8 . 5 o C ; RHmean 55%;
sunshine n mean 11.$hr/day
Colcrrlirtlon:
Ra Table lO - l6.B mm/day
Rs ( 0 . z 5 + O . 5 On / N ) R a n - l1.5hr
Table l1 N - 13.9 hr
n/N - o.83 = 11.2 mm/day
Rns (l -d )Rs Table 12 - 8.4 mn/day
Rnt f(T). f(ed). f(n/N ) Table 13 f(T ) - t6.4 tt
Tabte 14 f(ed) - O.l3g'
Table 15 f(n/N) - o.85 = t.B mm/day
Rn - Rns-Rnl = 6.E.-rs!seq

ll' For practlcal purposes 0.25 and O.5O can be used. For some regions local valuds have been
determined and are listed in Appendix Vl .
2l Variations in conversion factors from location to location have been noted when using cloudinesC
d6t6 to obtain the ratio n/N. Where available locally derived conversion factors should be usedr
Sometimes sky observations are made rvhich-are expressed in only four classes; here converalon
isaplroxinratily:clearday-lokta;partialcloud-3oktas;cloud=5oktasiovercast*Boktasl
3l From vepour pressure calculation under (a) cose 1, ll or lll.
 -2A

(f) Adiustment factor (c)

T h e P e n m a n e q u a t r o n { r v € r d s s u m e s t h e m o s t c o r r l m o nc o n d i t i o n s w h e r e radiation is medium
wind about double the
to high, maximurn relative humidrty is medium to high.and moderate daytime
niglit tinre.wtncl . Hov.rever, th.ese conditions are not always met. For instance, coastal areas urith
pionotrn--erd.s:eabr.eezes an4-caLnnights,g,en-el.qlly!ra19 day/night \rind ratios of 3 to 5; Parts of the
Micl<Ile East have dry winds drrr.inlr the day and calm.wi"a.""Jiiions auil"g ilie ni!-Ftvith'm-aximum

relative humiclity approaching lCC percent. For such c o n d i t i o n s c o r r ection to the Penman equation
i-s required. T a b l e 1 . 6p r e s e n t . s t h e v a l u e s o f c f o r d i f f e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s o f R h m a x , R s , U d a y a n d
udav/unigrrt'
Fi*tJBiT?1" rl";l].iu.r,'r;aav3 rny'sec; 3: c = t.?9 (raPlel9)
udav/Unight
RH;;;'6cit"i i" = (Table'16)
6 n r m / < t a i ;u a " y 3 m / s e c ; U c t a y / U n i g h2t : c o.9l
The infor.rr.atio.n for using Table. l6 may be difficult to obtain from available climatic records but.it

can usually be Cerived for lhe differenr i"usots from ptrblished.veather descriptions or from local

sources. The conclitions invohing very low c values may seldom occur and may persist only for a

fe,v <lays in most climates. Tabte i6 does reweal a rather common need for c valrres smaller than

l.O for low radiation, non-surr.mer cond.itions (similar factors no doubt caused the use of winter crop

coefficients of O.6 as conrpared to O.S for rnid-summer in the original 1948 Penman method).

EXAMPLE: t

Given:
C a i r o ; J u I y . R s l l . ' t r 1 1 m / d a y ;R H m a x B O % ; U d a y 3 . 2 m l s e c ; Unight 2.1 mlsec;
Uday/Unight l . _ 5 .
Calculation:
c value Table 16 = l.05 (by interp6lation)

Samole Calculations I

Reference crop evapotranspirationjETo) can be calculated using:

E T o = . L w.R;' ; ( 1- w) .f( u) .( .a- ea) ]l

,EXAMPLiJ:
Given:
- - o . 2 3 ; f ( u ) ' O - 9 O ;( e a - e d )- 1 7 . 5 ; c = r - O 1 .
eii;6; July. vt = O.77; Rn - 6.6; (r-w) ''
Calculation: t ,
ETo = T-o:. (o.77 x 5-6 + o'23 x o'90 x lf '$) ,= B'8 mm/dav
Using mean daiiy d,ata for each month calculationof ETo in mm/day for each month:
Cairo; latitude 3OoN; altitude 95 m

M.AM
I mean v\- 7L l5 r7.5 21 25.5 27.5 28.5 28.5 26 24 20 r5.5
RHmean 65 65 63 50 45 50 55 57 60 6/, 68 58
n hours 7.1 B.O B.g 9.7 lO.B r1.4 11.5 11.1 70.L 9.6 8..6 7.5
u x*/a*y 173 t'r 2O1 2O7 232 257 232 r8r 16/. r9O 164 155'
E s m i ay
RHnrax% (Gst) est) 95 ' 2 .95
5 95 70 65 70 75 80 Bo 90 95 95 r t
U d a ym / - . e c ( e s t ) 2 . 5 3.O 3.O 3 3 3.5 3.3 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.3'I
c
E T O mm/day 5 . 0 7 . o ' 8 . 9 ',: 9 . 4 B'.8 7.6 6.1 4. 3.2 2.3
mm/month B,/* lo5 1</. 2to 276 282 273 236 183 1/'9 96 71

Ll R a s e d o n . g e n e r a l c l i m a t i c d e s c r i p t i o n s f o r C a i r o ; day/night ,vind ratio isi sbme i.5 produced by

calm norning and nrid-day conditicnsrw-ith breezes- in late aft€rnoon; an exception would be the
April and May 'Khamsin' urtnds which blow day and night but somewhat stronger during da5rtime.
 .gng

Table 5 Saruration Vapour Pressure (ea) in mbar as Function of lvlean Air Ternoeratu:e CT) in oC 1r'

#:-d o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 9 l0 ll tz t3 t/+ 15 to t7 ire'19

r emDer-
;;;:;a 20 21 22 23 u 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 J2 i3 3t, 35 35 J7 I ge 39
Also ac-tualvapour pressure (ed) can be obtained from this table using available Tde*point data.
(Example: Tdeurpoint is 18oC; ed is 20.5 nbar)

o^
Vapour Pressure (ed) in obar. from Dry and Wet BuIb Temperature Data in
a
I AOle Oa
(A soi rated P svchrorneter)

Depression v'et brrlb ToC altltude 0-1 000 m drybull ToC altitude I O00-2 0@ n
Depressionu.erbul,.b
0246B10t2t416182022 Toc 02t,6810t2t416192022 I

N
7 3 . 86 4 , . 95 6 . 8L 9 . 2/ + 2 . 23 5 . 82 9 . 8U . 3 ) 9 . 2 ! 4 . 4 1 0 . 7 6 . 0 607 3 . 86 5 . 25 7 . 14 9 . 6$ . C '4 i . 8 3 1 . 02 5 . 62 u . 7I 5 + 2 1 2 . 8 0. 1
6 6 . 35 8 . 1 5 0 . 5L 3 . 6 3 7 . 13 1 . i 2 5 . 5 2 0 , 51 5 . 81 1 . 4 7 . 3 385 6 . 35 8 . 29 . 9 U . l 3 7 . 93 6 . 72 6 , 82 1 . 8 1 7 , 3t 3 l 2 9 , 2 5 , 7
I

5 9 . 45 7 - . 9U . 9 3 8 . 43 2 . 52 6 . 92 1 . 8 1 7 . 11 2 . 7 8 . 6 ! . 9 365 9 . L5 2 , 14 3 . 23 9 . C3 3 . . 3 2 .r 2 3 . 0 1 8 . , {1 1 , 3 1 0 i , 4 6 . 8 3 . 5
5 3 . 2 4 6 . 2 3 9 . 83 3 . 82 8 . 3 2 3 . 21 8 . 41 4 . 01 0 . 0 6 . 2 J4, 3 . 2/ . 6 . 44 0 . ) 3 4 , L 2 9 . r 2 t . I 1 9 . 51 5 . 4r 1 . 5 8 f o L , 6 1 . 5
t 7 . 5 ! , J . 13 5 .t 2 9 . A 2 4 . 51 9 . 8r 5 . 4 1 1 . 3 7 . 5 4 . 0 a 7 . 5 t 1 . 33 5 . 53 0 . 22 5 . . : 2 0 . 7t 6 . 5 1 2 . 6 9 . 1 5 1 8 2 . 6
L 2 . 4 3 6 . 5 3 0 . 92 5 . 8 2 1 . 1 1 6 . 71 2 . 6 8 . 8 5 . 3 .?n '.2.L36.3 7 1 . 32 6 . L 2 i . 9 1 7 . 71 3 j . 61 0 . 2 6 . 9
3.6 0.9
3 7 . 8 3 2 . 32 7 , 22 2 . 4 1 8 . 01 4 . 01 0 . 2 6 . 7 3 . 1 28 ) 7 . 63 2 . 52 7 . 52 3 . 0r 8 . 9 1 4 . 91 1 . 4 8 . 0 1 . 9 2 . ) 1
3 3 . 6 2 8 . 52 3 . 8 1 9 . 41 5 . 31 1 . 5 8 . 0 4 . i 1 . 6 zo ) 3 . 6 2 8 . 72 4 . 12 0 . 0t 6 . i t 2 . 5 9 . 2 6 . 0 3 . 2 0 . 1 5
2 9 . 8 2 5 . , 12 0 . 7 + i 6 . i62 . 8 9 . 3 6 . 0 2 , 9 24. 2 9 . 82 5 . 3? 1 . 11 7 . 21 3 . g1 0 . 3 7 . 2 4 . 3 1 . 6
2 5 . 4 2 2 . 01 8 , 01 1 , . 21 0 r . 67 . 4 4 . 3 t . 4 zt ) - 5 . 1 2 2 .138 . 31 , 1 . t r 1 . : E . 3 5 . 5 2 . i vn ,' zn
23.1i9.3 i5.5 t2.O 8,.7 5.6 2.7 zv 3 . 4 1 9 . 51 5 . 91 2 . 6 9 . : 6 . 6 3 . 9 l . J
2 0 . 6 1 6 . 81 3 . 3i 0 . 0 6.9 4.1 r.4 0 . 6 1 7 .i 1 3 . 7r 0 . 6 7 .S 0.I ,
] t . 2 t 4 . 6 : 1 .1. 1 6 . 3 3.1 2,7 .to 6.2 r1.911.7 tl.9 6.: 3 . 6 r . 3
1 6 . 01 2 . 7 9 . 5 5 . 7 4..0 i,5 1/, 6 . 0 i 2 . 9 r o . 0 7 . - i "L . s ' r / . n 1
]i,010.9 8.i j.3 2,6 1a
tz 1.0)r.2 B.L 5.9 3,i t.L
12.3 .9.4 6.7 4.1 i.7 10 2.3 9.6 7. 0 4 . i 2 .c 0 . 4
1 0 .7 8.0 5,5 3. I 0.8 R a.7 8.2 5.8 3.7 i.i
v.J 6.8 L.L 2.1 6 9.3 7,0 4.8 2.; 0.:
8.1 5.7 3.1 1.5 L 8.1 5.0 3.8 1.s
7.1 1-.8 2,8 0.8 z 7.t 5.0 2,9 1.0
L.A 2.0 0 5 .r L.t 2.1
 oC
Data in
Tabie 6b V a p o u : .P r e s s u r e ( e d ) i n m - b a rf r o m D r - V a n d W e t B u l b T e m p e r a t u r e
JNou - V e n t i l a t e d P s v c h r P m e t e r )

oc 2.000m
'ToC drybulb D e'p r e s s i o n v e t b u l b T altitude l
- te' p r e s s i o n w e t b u l b
D ' 1 0 a lpt i t u d e O - 1 0 0 0 r n '0 I 10 12 14 16 92022
6 I r/+ 16 18 20 22 Toc 2 4 6
o 4
/'?.035.62 9 . 63 4 .l ' 1 8 . 9 .1 9.8 5.
7 3 . 86 1 r . 75 6 . 24 8 . 44 r . 23 / + . 4 ? 8 .1?8?.?61 ' q t 2 ' 0 7 ' 4 3 ' . 0 .40. 73.864,956.7/* 9'.J
1. 'i1
. q2 . q1 ' q0 ' 6 38 6 5 . 3 4 3 . t ' 3 6 .3 q 20.3 15.5
9 1 _ .25./+ ,1 7.0 3.
6 6 : is 7 : 6f i . 0 i z . d i 5 : oi g . a - z / - . o 1 3 5S.o 5 0 . 5
2 6 . 82 1 . 21 6 . 9 1 2 . 5 .3 4.6 1.
a;,Zai.G i ' / , . 23 ? . 6s l . L2 t , 9 2 q .i7s . 2 0 . 66 ' ? 2 ' 2 35 s s . 45 r . 8U , 8 3 8 . 33 ? . 3
/ ' 5 . 1 3 3 . 7 2 6 I
' 2 3 ' qt 8 .2 J3.9 9.7 .9 2.4
$ . , i Z s . ss 9 . 2$ . o 1 7 . 21 2 1 , 8 1 5 t. 28 . 2 7' 8 3 ' q 1/. Sg,Z
tr t.o
3 9 .
I
7
29. 24.3 19.6 1 5 . 21 1 . 1 7 . 3 .'1o,/+
f r . 4 i 5 . 65t Z . e z 6 . sz s - t 8 . 41 3 . 8e . 4 s . 4 I ' 6 Jr- t- 1.s 35. 5

/ . 2 . L . 3 6 . 23 0 . / . 2 5 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 5 . 4 l l . 0 7.0 3.2 30 / t 2 . L 3 6 . 13 +0 . 9? 5 . 72 0 . 9r 6 . 6 ) 2 . 4
. ? . 2 7 . 12 2 , 3 1 7 . 9l 3 . B r 0 . 0 3.1
s t . a 1 z . o2 6 . 62 1 . 61 7 . 01 2 . 6 6 . 6 t , . B 1 . 2 zo 3 7 . 83 2
1 9 . 3l 5 . r 1 1 . 4. 7 . 8 1:L
5 i . e i 4 . 2 2 3 . 2r 9 . 6 1 4 . 2r c . z 6 . 4 2 . 6 zo 33.628,123,7 rq
2 9 . 8 2 L . 8 2 0 . 2 { 1 5 . 81 1 . 8 8 . 0 4 . 4 l . i
)/. 29.8 2 5 . 02 0 . 7 1 6 . 5 1 2 . 79 . 2 5 . 8
2 6 . t , z t . B 1 7. 4 1 3 . 1 9 . 6 b . o 2 . 7. 22' 2 6 . L2 7 . 01 7 , 9) 4 . 1 1 0 '5 i . 2 L , )

2 3 . / + 1 9 . O1 5 . 0 1 1 . 2 7.6 4.3 1.1 20 23.t+ ) 9 . 2 1 5 .j I 1. 9 B .5 5 .5 2 . 5

20.6 16.6 12.8 9.2 5.9 2.7 r8 2 0 . 5t C . B1 3 . 3 9 . 9 6 , 8 3.9 1.1
t B . 2 1 4 ,t + 1 0 . B 7 . 5 /+.3 | .4 15 1 8 . 2) 4 . 6 1 1 . 3 8 , 2 . ' s . 2 2.5
t6.o t2./+ 9.1 5.9 3.0 0.l la+ 1 6 . o1 2 . 6 9 . 6 5 . 6 3 . 8 1.3
14.010.7 7.5 4.6 1.7 1t 1 4 . 0l o . 9 8 . 0 5 . 2 2 . 6 0.3
I

t,.0 1.5 N'

1 2 . 3 g .r 6 .t 3.3 0.7 10 t2.3 9.3 6,7 N
1 O . 77 . 7 4.9 2.3 I )0.7 7.9 5.t, 3 .O 0 .5
9.3 6.5 3.9 1.5 o 9.3 6.7 4.4 2.0
B .r 5 . 5 2.9 0.9 L
dr
o. t >.1 3.4 l.l
2 7. 1 / . . 7 2 . 5 0.3
7-! !-2
b..t J.l
?.)
l.)- 0 6.1 3.8 t. t
 U
' *
Tsble 7 Yalues of llind Function f(u) O'27tf ff )
for rllind Run at 2 rnbeieht in.knlctaY

WiDd o 10 20 30 40' 50 60 70 80 90
ks/dEy
'.35 .38 ,41 .13 ,l*6 .49 .51
.30 .32
.100 .; .37 .59 .62 .65 .67 .?o .?3 .76 .78
2@ .81 .u .85 .89* .92 .y .97 l.oo .Q3 1.05
1.08 1.11 1,13 1.16 1.'19 l.2l L.U 1.27 .30 r.32
900
400 l;35 1.38 r.40 1.43 r . 46 t.4g r.51 l.Y1 .57 r.59'
500 . 1,62 1.65 t,67 t,70 1.73 t,76 t.78 1.81 .u r.90.
600 1.89 r .92 t.E4 l.97 2,w 2,02 2.05 z.og .11 2.15
7@ 2,16 2.19. ?.21 2.U 2,27 2.29 2.32 2,3tr .38 2.40
800 2.43 2.45 2.49 2.5t 2:y, 2.56 2.59 2.62 .6{. 2.65
900 2:70
I
N
q,
I
I aDte (.! V . i l u e s o l \ t ' e i g h t i n g F e c i o r ( l - $ , ' ) l o i t h e E f i e c t o f w i r , r i . r n , l l { u r n i i i t t . yo n E ' i o a t D ! f i e ! ' { j p . t
Temneratirrs-s ii',d,riti,il:r: e s
l
i

I ei:lperalure
c ^r - 10 r.l .lo 1t't 28 30 32 .34 +6 38 Lo I
( i - W ) e t s l i . i t u d er , ' r
.L' n
0.57 ? l.;i .20 ia
tt .16 .15
,r-R 'r !.{ ic rq 15. .15 1!
500 ,L!

- 1000 /.) .t t
,!t ..iL1 ..r! .t4 11

1a
2 000 .r,9, . -t4
lrJ .l|J , t-{ . tL

3 Occ 1k l€, "1I fi r!:

.i!
t,)
. 11.
'!?
i nn,1
+ L'VV , L)U 1) L1 ,lt) .r4 . Jl, -i0

Table 9 Values of Weighting Factor (W) for the Effect of Radiation on ETo at Different Temperatures
and Alti. N

oC
Temperature 2 4 6 I l0 12 v. 16 l8 2a 2? 24 26 28 30 32 34
W at altitud.e m.
o 0 . 4 3 . t * 6 . 4 9 , 5 2 , 5 5 . 5 & ' , 6 1 . U . 5 5 . 5 g . 7 t . 1 3 . 7 5 , 7 7 *. 7 9 . g o , 8 2 1 , 8 3 , 8 4 , p 5
- 500 . u .48 .5r .y .57 .c0 ,82 .6s .67 .70 .i? .7A .76 .79 .79 .81 ,32 l.sa .85 .86
, 1000 .46 .4s .52 ..55 .58 .61 .64 .66 .69 .7r .73 .75 .77 ,7g .80 .82 . S ' 3i . 8 5 .86 .87
2 000 . 4 9 .52 .55 .58 .61 .6/, .65 .69 .7r .'13 ,75 .77 ,79 ,81 .82 ,84 .85 J.56 .87 .88
3 000 . 5 2 .55 .58 .61 .64 .66 .69 .71 :73 .75 .77 ,79 .8i .92 .91, .85 .85.i.87 .88 .99
',.y
4 000 .58. .61 .64 .66 .69 .7, .73 .is .77 .79 .8r .82 .81 .65 .86 .87].39 .q) .90
Tabie 10

North.ern Hemisphere Soulbern HemisPhetg

Aug SePt Oct Nov Dec Lat Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Juty Au Oct No, Deq
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June JuiY
/ -4 . 1 1 0 . 97 . L 4 . 5 3 . ? 500 1 7 . 51 4 . 71 0 , 9 7 r 0 t + , 2 3 . 1 3 . 5 5 . 5 I l2.g t6.5 18.
3 . 8 6 . 1 e . 4 t 2 . ?1 5 . g1 7 . 11 . 5 . 1 1 7 " 61 4 . 91 1 . 2 X . ? 3 . 5 4 . 0 5 . 0 9 J 3 . 2' 6 . 6 1 8 .
4 . 3 6 . 6 6 " dt r , o ) ' r . 91 7 . 21 6 . 5) 1 , 3 1 . 1 ; 27 . 8 5 . 0 3 . 7 L6 1 7 . 7r . 5J. l l . 5
48 7 . 5
{ . . 9 7 . 1 1 6 . 21 3 . 3t 5 . o 1 7 . 2) 6 . 6 1 6 . 5J 1 . 5 8 . 3 5 . 5 4 . 3 7 . 9 5 . 2 / r . 0 4 . / . 6 . 5 9 1 3 . 41 6 . 71 8 . 3
//. . . 1 1 . 9 5 . 9 l o l 3 ' . 71 5 . 7r 8 . 3
5 . 3 7 , 6 1 0 . 61 3 , 71 6 . 11 7 : 21 6 . 61 4 , 7t l . 9 . 8 . 7 6 - ' . O4 . 7 lr2 11 77 .. 88r155..35I112. 9. 2 88 .. 8/ - 55 .. 17 t/ + . 9 5 . t , 7 , t , t 0 r 4 . o 1 5 . 9r 8 . 3
5 . 9 B .l r i . o r e ' 0 . 1 6 , 1
2 7 . 31 6 . 7 $ . A n . 2 9 . 1 . 6 . 5 5 . 2
6 . 4 8 . 5 t i . / , 1 1 . 31 6 . 11 7 . 31 6 . 7 1 5 . 21 2 . 5 9 . 6 7 . 0 1 , 7 /+0 1 7 . 91 5 . 71 2 . 5. 9 . 2 6 . 6 5 . 3 5 . 9 7 . 9 1 1 t . 0 r 1 " . 2t 6 . 9 1 8 . 3
G:9 i.o rr.g i4.s16.417.2 1 6 . 7 1 5 . 3 1 2 . B1 0 . . 0 7.5 6 . 1 3B 1 7 . 9l 5 ; B 1 2 , 8 9 . 6 7 . t 5 . 8 6 . 3 8 . 3 L . t +1 4 , . f1+7 . O18"3,
' 5 . 3 5 . 8 . 8 . 8 l r - V 1 L - 6 1 7 . 018.2
i.i c.Z tz.i vr.7 16.t+ 1 7 . 2 1 6 . 71 5 . 41 3 . 11 0 . 6 . 8 . 0 6 . 6 3 . J 7 . gr 5 . 0 1 3 . 21 0. 1 7 . 5
i . g g . a n . t 1 4 . 81 5 . 5: 1 7 . 11 6 . q1 5 . 51 3 . 41 0 . 8 8 . 5 7 . 2 u 17..8 1 6 . 11 3 . 51 0. 5 8 ; o 6 , B 7 . . 2 9 , 2 1 2 , Q1 4 .g U . I 18;2
6 . 5 r c r . 2i 2 . B 1 5 . 01 5 . 5 1 7 . 01 6 . 81 5 . 51 3 . 6i 1 . 2 9 . 0 7 . 8 32 1 7 . 81 6 . 21 3 . F1 O. 9 8 . 5 7 . 3 7 . 7 9 . 6 t Z . r nr 5 . 7 t 7 . 2 1 8 . 1
8 . 8 1 0 . 71 3 . 11 5 . 21 6 . 5 1 7 . 1 06.8115.713.911 9.6 5 q . a 30 t7.B t6.4 )t,.0 11 . 3 B . 9 7 . 8 8 . r 1 0 . 1 1 2 . : rt 5 . 3 1 7 . 31 8 , 1
9.3 r r . i r g . a 1 5 . 31 6 . 51 E . B
1 Q . 7 r 5 . r
7 4 . t r 2 . 0 9 . 9 8 . 8 2B 1 7 . 7I 6 . t +1 4 . 3 r 1 . 6 9 . 3 8 . 2 6 . 5 ) 0 . 4 1 3 - Q1 5 . L1 7. 2 t 7 . g
i - g r i . 5 1 3 . 7t 5 . r t e. a $ , . 7 1 6 - . 16 5 . 71 / + .l32 . q 1 0 . 3 9 . 3 t o 1 7 . 6) 6 , L 1 : t , . 412 . 0 9 . 7 8 . 7 9 . J 1 0 . 91 3 , 21 5 . 5 1 7 . 21 7 . 8
1 6 . e1 l . t 1 3 . 91 5 . 41 6 . 41 6 . 61 5 . 5 1 5 . 1
9 4 . 5 1 2 . 6 1 0 . 7
9 . 7 2L 1 7 . 5J 6 . 51 4 . 6r 2 . 3 t 0 . 2 9 : I 9 . 5 1 1 , 21 3 , 4 1 5 . 51 7 . 11 7 , 7
r o . 7 1 2 . 3 1 4 . 2 1 5 . 5 1 6 . 3 i 5 . 4 1 6 . 4 1 5 . 8 1 1 . 6 1 3 . 0l 1 . i 1 0 1 2 22r 7. L 1 6 . 51 4 B . r 2 . 6 1 0 . 6 9 . 6 1 0 . 01 1 . 61 3 . 71 5 . 71 7 . O) 7 . 5
1 r . 2 r 2 . 7 r / . . 1 1 5 . 5 1 6 . 31 6 . L1 6 . 31 5 . 9l L . B i 3 . 3 l 1 . 6 1 0 . 7 20,1 7 . 31 6 . 5J 5 . 0J3 . 0 l l . 0 l o . o t o . 4 1 2 . 01 3 .d r s . a l z . o 1 7 . 4
'l
1 1 . 51 3 . 01 4 . 61 5 . 5i 6 . l 1 6 . 11 6 . 11 5 . B1 . i . 91 3 . 61 2 " 01 1 . 1 r 8 1 7 .r 1 6 . 51 5 .I 3 . 2 1 1 , Lr o . 4 l o . 8 1 2 . 31 4 . 11 5 . 81 6 . 87 7 . J
I

12.0 1 3 . 3 1 4 . 71 5 . 61 6 . 01 5 . 91 5 . 9 t 5 . 7 1 5 . 01 3 . 9 1 2 . 1
4 1 . 6 1 6 1 6 . g1 6 . 1r,5 . 2 l 3 . 5 1 1 . 7 1 0 . 8I t . 2 1 2 . 61 4 . 31 5 . 81 6 . 71 6 . 8 N
ul
t 2 . L 1 3 . 61 4 . 9i 5 . 7 1 5 . 8 1 5 . 71 5 . 7t 5 . 7 1 5 . l 1 4 . 11 2 . 81 2 ' 0 Itl 1 6 . 71 6 , 4r 5 , 3 J3 , 7 1 2 . 11 1 . 2l L , 6 ) 2 . 9 1 4 . 5r 5 . 8 1 5 . 5J 5 . 6 I

1 2 . 81 3 . 91 5 . 11 5 . 71 5 . 71 5 . 51 5 . 51 5 . 61 5 . 2J / . . 4 1 3 . 31 2 . 5 1 2 1 6 . 6r 5 . 3 r 5 . 6 r6 , 0 1 2 . 5J t . 6 1 2 . 01 3 . 2v + . 71 5 . 81 6 . 41 6 . 5
1 3 . 2) 4 , . 21 5 . 31 5 . 71 5 . 5 1 5 . 31 5 . 31 5 . 51 5 . 3t 4 . 7 1 3 . 51 2 . 9 l 0 1 5 . 41 6 . 31 5 . 5 lL , 2 t 2 . 8 t 2 . o 1 2 . t 1 3 . 5 1 4 . 9 : S . gr e . Z 16.2
1 3 . 51 4 . 5 1 5 . 31 5 . 51 5 . 31 5 . 01 5 . ' l1 5 . 41 5 . 31 4 . 8 . 1 3 . 9 1 3 . 3B 1 6 .I 1 6 .J 1 5 . 5J4 . 1 1 3 .I 1 2 . L7 2 . 71 3 . 7t / . . 9 r 5 . 8 t 6 . O 1 6 . 0
1 3 . 91 4 . 8t s , L 1 5 . L1 5 . 11 4 . 7t 1 . 9 1 5 . 21 5 . 31 5 . . 0 ) / , . 2 1 3 . 7 5 1 5 . 8 1 6 . 0r 5 . 5 1L . 7 t 3 . L r 2 . 8 ) 3 . l 1 4 . 01 5 . 0r15 . 7 1 5 . 81 5 . 7
1 4 . 3r 5 . 0 1 5 . 51 5 . 51 1 . . 9r 1 . L 1 4 . 51 5 . 11 5 . 31 5 . l L t , . 5 1 t , . ) L 1 5 . 51 5 " 81 5 . 5I 4 . 9 1 3 . 8 1 3 . 21 3 . t . . ) 4 . i35 . 1 11 5 . 51 5 . 5) 5 . 4
i L . 7 r 5 . 3 1 5 . 61 5 . 3l Z . 6 r L . 2 1 1 . 3l L . 9 1 5 . 31 5 . 3 \ L . 8 1 4 . 4 1 5 . 3r 5 . 7 r 5 . 7 | 5 . r 1 1 ,I. 1 3 . 51 3. ' 11 4 . 51 5 . 21i 5 . 51 5 . 31 5 .1
i 5 . 0 1 5 . 51 5 . 71 5 . 31 4 . L1 3 . 91 L . 11 4 . 81 5 " 31 5 . 41 5 . 11 4 . 8 0 1 5 . 0j 5 . 5 r 5 . 7 I 5 . 3 ) 1 . 1 1 3 . 9i 4 . 1 1 4 . 8 . 1 5 . 13 51 . 4r 5 . l L4.B
 Table 11 an Deilv

r\ug Sept

Ijeb Mar Apr

1 1B
. 13.8 15.4 r5.3 15,9 14.5 12:7 10.8 .r 8.1
500 r?.5 l 0 .g .3 8.3
4B 1 1B
. i3.5 15;2 ' r5.0 t5.5 14.3
t1.g 13.5 14.9 13.7 15.4 l1+,2 12,6 10.9 .5 8.7
46 11.0 .7 8.9
t
..4 /./. lr.g i3.4 14,7 r5.t, r5.2 r4.O t2:6
I!l Il.g 13.4 1t+.6 r 5 . 2 l/..9 13.':) 12.6 ll.1 .8 9.1
tt0 Il.g 13,3 '1.!, I 5 . 0 !1.7 J3 .7 l?.-.t tr ? .0 9.3

35 1 0 .I 1 1. 0 13.l 14.0 It.5 1 43. 1 3 5. 11 /.

' I1.3 .3
a
9.8
a^ a
1n 10.4 I l. I 12.9 13.6 14.0 13.g* 13.? t2.t 11.5 .o tu,z
25 10.7 I 1,3 t2.i 13.3 1 3 .7 ,13.
5 13.r ) 1?.3 I1.5 .9 lo.5
20 11.0 ll.5 12..6 13.1 13.3 13.2 r2.$ 12.3 l1'.7 I .2 10.9
15 11.3- 11.6 12.5 1 2 . 8, 13.0 12.9 12.6 t2.2 lt.8 l .4 ll.2
l0 11.6 1 1. 8 r2.3 1 2 . 5; 12.7 l?.6 1 2" t 4 12.l' il.8 I ,5 ll.5
5 11.8 11.9 t2.2 12.3 t2,L 12.3 12.3 t ? .r 12.0 l .g 11.8

l2.o t2,o t2,0, 12.o 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.Ci l .o r2.0 I

tv
01
I
Table 12 Conversion Factor for Extra-Terrestrial Radiation (Rs) to Net 5olor Radiation (Rns).for o Gilfen
R e f l e c t i o n d o f 0 . 2 5 a n d D i f f e r e n t R a t i o s o f A c t r . l a lt o M a x i m u m S u n s h i n e H o u r s ( l - a ' \ ( 0 . Z s l A J g -.8)
_i /

n/N
( 1 - o ( ) ( 0 . 2 5+ 0 . 5 0 n / N )

Table 13 Effect of Ternperaluref(T) on Lonsvove Radiation(Rnl)

Toc 6810
f(T) = 6 Tk4 1 1 . 0 1 1 . 4 i 1 . 7 12.0 r2.4 t2.7 1 4 . 2 1 4 . 6 1 5 . 0 1 5 . 4 l 5 . g 1 6 . 3 i 1 6 . 7 1 7, 2 1 7 . 7 1 8 .I

Table 14 Effect olVqpour Pr,es,pufe f(ed) on Lonevave Radiatton (Rnl\

'18
ed mbar 1o 12 14 16 20 22 24 . 26 28 30 32 I

f(ed)=0.34 - e eaa[f
N
0,23 .22 .20 {
I

Table 1! Effect of the Ratio Actual and Maximum Bricht Sunshine l{ours f(r'!/N) on Lonq*a,n" Ruiiatior, (Rnl)
 28-

Table 16

Rllnrex = 30% Rl'lmax.- W. Rl{max " 9o%

Its lrrn,/day 3 69T2
!.kla_v Ln/.sec Uday/Urright = t.O

85 . .go .r.oo l. oo ..96. -98 1.05 l.q5 t.o2 l.06 l. 10 l. l0

79 .8.r, .92 .97 .92 r.o0.l.1l r.19 .99 1.10 r.27 I .32
6 68 .17 .87 .93 .r15 .96 l.ll l.rg .9/' r. lo 1.26..1.33
9 55 .65 .78 ..9o .76. .88 r.o2 t.r4 .BB 1.01 l. 16 | .27.

Uday/Unight - 3.O

.t) .56 .:r0 l.oo t.oo 96 .98 l.O5 l.05 r.o2 l.06 1.10. l.lcj
.76 .til .BB .9L 87 .96 l.06 t. t2 .9L l,ot+ 1.l8 1. ? 8
6 .6i .69 .8i .88 77 -Eg l.o2 1.10 .86 l.o1 .1.15 r.22
.L6 .55 .72 .82 67 .79 .gB r .0 5 .78 .92 r.06 l. l8

. Uday/Unigltt - 2.O

(-) 86 .90 r.oo 1.00 96 .98 I .O5 l. 05 l.o2 l.06 l . lo 1.ro

{ 69 .76 .85 .92 83 .91 .99* 1.05+ .89 .98 l . lo* I, l4'
6 53 .6r .74 .8L 70 -80 .9L r.o2 .79 ,92 I .O5 r.l2
9 37 .Lg .65 .. ,76 59 .70 .Bt+ .95 .7r .Bl .96 l.06

U day/ tl night - I .O

o'1 ;86 .9)O 1-OO r.oo 96 .98 r..O5. r.O5 r.o2 r.06 1.10 1.10
,.64 ' .7 | .82 .89 7B ' .86 .9/'* ..99+ .85 .92 1.olr l.o5*
ci .13 .53 .69 .79 62 .70 .84 .93 .72 .82 .95 I .oo
,9 ,?7 .4r .59 .7O 50 .60 .75 .81 .62 .72 .87 .96
 -29-

FORMAT FOR CALCULAT1ONOF'

PENMAN METHOD

Penman referenee crop ETo - c W. Rn + (1 -W) f(u) (eo-ecl)

Couatrvt ?/,1 Placet Ar4a Latitude t Ja/
Pertod- t Jo/, Altitudc i ?r-a
Lonoltude r Ja,
'
Tmeari,{f,f oC 1,
ea mbar (5) 3/
:-
RHmean 5S % RH/10o data

ed rnbor . calc
or T rvetbulb
depression (5) 6r (6)
or T devpoint
(ea-ed) mbar calc
Ur lJ?.kmldav
r(u) q>
Tnrean 28-S oC
altitudett (1-w) (S)
m
( I - w) f(u) (ea- ed) run/dat
calc
month /.t
latirudeTJio// Ra mm/day (lO)

n hr/day data
month J.+ i
latitude J6rolr N hr/day: .(11)

t n/N calc

(o.25+O.50n/N) calc (12)

Rs mm/day calc

(1 - 0.25) Rne mm/day (t -"rlR" calc

TmearrZg.doc f(T) (lgr

"d 6t/i'mbor
f(ed) (r$
n/N. a83 f(n/N) (15)

RnI - f(T)f(ed)f(n/N) mm/day catc

R n . Rns - Rnl. colc

Tmean 2&t oc
altitude;2J- m w (9)

W.Rn. cnlc

Uday/Uniehi
RHma.x,Rs c (16)
Bofr //.2 ETo c f w . R n . (1-w)f(u)(ea-ea)]f rnm/day
-1/ Nurnbers in brackets
indtcate Table of r e f e r e n c e .
!./ When Rs d a t a a r e a v a i l o b l e R n s _
0.75 R s .
 -30-

I.L PAN EVAPORATION METHOD

Evaporation pans provide o m€asurement of the intcgrated effect of rodtotion, wind, temp-
e r d t u r e o n d .h u m i d i t y o n e v a p o r a t l o n f r o m e s p e c t f t c o p e n w 6 t e r s u r f a c e . l n a s t r n i l a r f a s h t o n t h e
piant resporrds to the lamc cllmatic variables but several major factors ^oy p.oi.rce signtflcant
.lrffercnees rn- los+ elg{ro+eF- Rc{lectton-of-roloeradlatlon front c-uratcr turlacc tro-nly,-S.& plre,en!.-
'from
most vegetative surfaces 20-25 percent. Storage of heat within the pan can be appreciable and
m a - yc a u s e a l m o s t e q u a l e v a p o r a r i o n d u r i n g n i g h t a n d d a y ; m o s t c r o P s t r a n s p i r e o n l y d u r i n g d a J r t i m e .
Also the difference in \yoter losses from pans and from crops can be caused by differences in turbu-
lence, remperature and humidity of the air immediately above the surfaces. Heat tran3fer through

the sides of the pan can occur, *rhich may be severe for sunken pans. Also the colour of the pan and
the use of screens .yill affect ryater losses. The sitirig of the pan and the pan enrrironment influence
the measured results, especially when the pan is placed in fallow rather.than cropped fields.
(1973)t
Facrors involved in prediction of lake evaporation using pons is discu=sed by C.E. Hounam
W N 1 ON o t e 1 2 5 .

Not\yithrtand,ing thesc d,cficiences, wlth proper siting the use of pans to Predtct croP \rater
requirements for pcriods of l0 days or longeris stttt warranted. Frorn the man;r dtfferent t)4Pesof
pans, the use of thc U.S. Clasr A p a n a n d t h e C o l o r a d o s u n k e n p a n ls presented here.f,/ To relate
prn evaporation (Eparr) to reference crop evapotranspiration ( E T o ) empirically derived coefflctents
(lip) are grven.yhich take into account climate and pan environment. lf measured dota from other
r l p e s o f s u l k e n p a n s a r e a v a i l a b l e , s u c h d a t a s h o u l d f i r s t b e r e l a t e d , t o s u n k e n C o l o r a d o P o r td a t a
obtaln fromEpan of dtfferent
o , ( T * a _ bll7e) . T h e r a t i o s g i v e n i n T a b l e l 7 s e r v e a s m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r s t o

Reference crop evaPotranspiration (ETo) can be obtained from:

ETo . Kp. Epan

vhere: Epan'- pan €vaporation in mm/day and represents the mean daily value
of the period considered
Kp pan coefficient
.t

Values for Kp are given in Table lB for the Class A pan and in Tobie 19 for the sunken
Colorodo pan for d.ifferent humidity ond rvind cond.tttons and pan envlronment. The K p v a l u e s r e l a t e

ll D - g s c r t p t r o n q [ p g g : { - r f \ " C l a s - sA e v a p o r a t l o n p a n t s . c l r c u l a r , l2l crnG6.5tnches)lndtameter

;t1-a-?5:5 cm*rc-ifiltres) deep. lt is mccie of galvhnized iron (22 gauge) or monel metal (0.8 rnm).
T h e p c n i s m o u n t e d o n a w o o d e n o p e n f r a m e p l a t f o r m w ' i t h t t s'Ihe bottom 15 cm above ground level.
The ioil is built up to vithin 5 crn-of the bottom of the pan. pon must bc levef. tt ie ftlled
vith vater 5 cm belcrrr the rtm, ond water level should not drop to more than 7.5 cm below the
rim. Wqter is regtrlarly renewed to eltminate extr€me nrrbidity. The pan tf galvanized ts '
psinted annually with alluminium peint
Sunken Colorado pans qre sometimes preferred trr crop water requtrernent stud.les, stncc thele
pans have a woter level- $ cm belo'w the rim at soil level height and gtve a better direct predictton
bf potential evapotranspi.ration of gra-ss than does the Class-A pEn. The pan is 92 cm (36 tnches)
square and 46 cm (18 inches) d"ep. lt is made of golvanized iron, set ln the ground urith the rtm
5 cm (2 inches) above the ground level . The woter level inside the pan is maintained et or slightly
below ground level. (Ref_erence is made to lrrigation and Drainoge Paper No. 27 Agro-meteoro-
Iogical field stations . FAO Rome, ltaly 1976.) A

I
 -31 -

to pans located ln an open ftel4 wlth no crops taller than 1rn urtthln some 5O m of the pan.
Immediate surroundinSs. !/-ithin lO m, are covered by a green, freqdently mowed, grass cover
or
by bare soils. The pan station is placed in an agriculttrral area. The pan is unscreened.

A dd i t i qn el-e on gi iler ati ons.

In selecting the appropriate vahre of Kp to relate Class A and Colorad,o sunken Dan data
to ETor it i5 necessary to consid.er the giound. cover of the pa.n station itself , that of the srrrround-
lngs and general wind and humtdity conditi.ons. The relative humidity ranges referrecl to in Tables
lB and l9 are RHmean or (RHnlax + RHmin)/2. Wind is reflected as tota[21-;6rurin4 run in km/doy.
Nomenclature used to describe general levels of mean relative humidity and wind are'given in
Climatological Nomenclature in the introductory pages of this publication.

When thc pan ls locatcd at o stdtlon urlth vcry poor graes covcr, 4ry barco",
"oii
undesirably, a concrete or asphalt apron, air temperatures at pan level may be 2 to 5oC higher oncl
relattve humtdtty 2O to 30 Percent lower. Thts vrill be most pronounced tn arid and. senri-drid
'climates
during all but the rainy periods. This effect has been accounted for in the figures oI
Tables l8 and 19. However, tn areas.rrith no agricultural development an,l extensive areas of bare
soils - as are found. under d.esert tr semi-desert conditiorls - the values of Kp given for arid, windy
areas may need to b-e reduced. by up to 20 percent; for areas with moderate levels of urind, temp-
erature dnd relative humidity by 5 to lO percent; no or little redu@rion in Kp is need.ed iir'hu.rnid,
cool conditions. ./
\
In Tables l8 and l$ a separation is made fcir pans located rvithin cropped plots sudround.ed
by or dournvlnd from drj' surface ireas (case A) and for pans located v/ithin a dry or fallovr fie]d but
surrounded by irrigated or roinfed upwind cropped areas (case B).
Nl,'.' r',
:li i ':.

Coao A
iiil
lf..;rr
I
Coro B !;
ffii
Wind Wind
$ii
"Fri
ott tuttot" green crop d r y- s u r l o c e Pon +r
,,,:,:,,.,:,1,,:,:.:,i,,,,'# ,,u,,,,,r,,,rr,,,,,r,,uur,r,,,t,,,rr,r, FT?

SOm. or more voile.3 50m. or more v(lnes

W h e r e p . r , " . . L p l a c e , i i n a s m a l l e n c l o s u r e b u t s u r r o u n c t e d b - vt a l l c r o l > s, f o r e x a m p l e
2,J n high maize, the coefficients in Tobles lB and l9 will necd to be increased by up to.30 p.ercent
for dry, w i n d . y c l i m a t e s , w h e r e a s o n l y a 5 t o J , Op e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i s r e < l u i r e c l [ ' o r c a l m , h u r n i c l
conditions.

The pan coefficients given in Tables lB and l9 apply to galvanized pans annuallypainted
with aluminium. Little difference in Epan will shou' vhen inside and outside surfaces of the pan are
painted white. An increase in Epan of up to 1O percent may occur when they are painted black. .The
i
:
i

.1:
iEi
:it",
:ii
;
 32

mai.-rrrslfrorl which the pan is made rir&t account for variations of only a fev Percent. The level at
u . h r ; h i r . . r '\ . o t r l r r - \ m a r n r a i n e d i n t h e p a n i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t ; r e s u l t i n g e r r o r g m a y b e u p t o l l P e r c e n t
*lrr.il qsrr.r lcr.cls rn Closs A plns fa''lt l0 crn below the accepted standard of betrveerr5 and 7.5 crn
.reduce Epan by rrp to lO Percent.
br.lrr* rlre rrrn. Scrcens olrrunt€tl over pans rvill ln atr errdenvorlr to
!}l!._!\ll):1t.l:{-'!\'i!gg!etl_by'!r!rd.1|oq.|rtq!!r'9P$_lt!!94_!o49_I19y'r!Y49Ls
r _ . l a s s. \ 1 ; r r r : b r r d s r n a y p r e f e r t o u s e t h c f u l l - v f i l l e d p a n . T t t r b i d i t y o f t h c v a t e r t n t t r e p a n d o e s n o t
a t ' l ' e . r l . i r s n d o t a b - ym o r e t h a n $ p c r c e n t . Overall variattorl irr Epan is not constant wtth time becuust:
ut ugernyl, dL'terioration and repainting.

l : \ A i t ' t Pl - E :
' it;i;ri v c r r : ' mediunt; lrincl
t"fy. Epan - t1.l mm/day from Class A pani Rltmean
,noderaie; pan starion is located within a cropped area of several hectares; the
pan ls not screen€d.
Cs!,S-ul-g31-on:
ftonttly data: sinc.e pan statron is covered by grass and is surrounded by some
IOO m of cropped area case'A applies.
From Table 19 for moderate wind and medium humidtty value of
Kp - o.75.
ETo - Kp x Epan- 0.75x 1l.l - B.3mmlday
Y earl-v data :
JFIvtAMIJASOND
u,rnrl l i g h t t o m o d e r a t e I' moderate I fight to moderate
Rlinreon med. to highl medium l med. to htgh
xo .8 .8 .B .77 .75 .75 .75 .77 .77 .8 .P ..8
Eis,r 3.3 4.5 5.4 8.5 ll.2 12.8 lr.l 9.7 7.9 6.9 4.J 3.3
Eto nrm/da-y 2.6 3.5 5.! 6.5''81a 9-,5 8.tr 7.t+6:0 5.-59.4 2:6
n'mTmonihs 82 loo I5B 196 260 289 258 23r 18o 165 lo2 8l
 -33

Table 17 Ratt6e Between Evaporatlon from Sunken Pans Mentioned an<! From C o l o r o d o
ls

Ratio.Epan mentioned and Epan Coloraclo

+.-----"-----

Climate l{umid - temperate climate Arid to semi'-aricj

.t (dry season)

Groundcover surrounc!ng pan Short green Short green Dr.y fallow

(5O m or more) c0ver Dry fallow
cover
Pan area

CGI 20 dia. 5 m, depth 2 m 20 l.o. 1.1 1.05i | - z'rt

(U S SR)

Sunken pan dia. 12 ft, 10.5

depth 3.3 ft. (Israel)

Slnnmons pan 5 ft2, 3.3

depth 2 ft (UK)

[]Pt <ila. 6 ft, dcpth 2 ft 2.6

ruSA)
Kcnya pon clla. 4 ft, 1.2
depth 14 ln
t

Australian pan dia. 3 ft, . o.7 1.O 1.0

depth 3 ft

Asllmg pan 0.33 m2,

'.o .-3
1.O
depth I m (Denmark)

C G I 3 O O Oi l i a . 6 1 . 8 c m , 0.3 II
depth 60-80 cn (US$R)

Sunken pan dia. 50 cml o.2 1.0 .95

I
].O .95
depth 25 cm (Netherlands)

EXAMPLE: CGI 20 in semi-arid cl.inrat_e;dry-8 season, placed in d r y f a l l o w l a n d ;

for given month Epan CGI 20 - mm/day.
Qorresponding Epan' sunken Colorod.o is i.25 x B 1O rnrn/day.
 -3tt-

rabrer8 .'*n.'"*
"." $tli:I'€:i:i,* ithf:i3:,*i?!3#$f"Tver nndLevers
case A: Pon o.::*j5"1::: sreen Case B-1./ pan placed in d[
ftu." A pan
RHnean %
lcnr med.iurn bish low medium hich
''CffiO Hf)- (ae &o-1o, \-7a
Windvard side vard side
Wind distance distance
km/day of green crop of dry fallorv
m
Light L 55 .05 .75 I .7 .B .85
( 175 lo t)) .75 .85 ro .6 .7 .B
loo 7 .B .65 loo .55 .05 .75
ooo 75 .85 .85 ooo .5 .6 .7
Morl crate I .) 6 .()5 t .65 .75 .8
175-L2S lo .5 7 .75 lo .55 .65 .7
loo .55 75' a roo .5 .6 .65
ooo .7 I .8 ooo .L5 .)) .5
Strong I L5 f 6 I .6 .6s 7
325-;OO lo )) o 65 to .5 .55 65
loo 6 65 7 loo .4,5 .5 6
ooo 55 7 75 ooo .t .'1.5.
V c r v _strons
to
1 6, L5 5
(; I .) .6 9?l
::l
);oo 45 lo , /.5 .5
i;l
f,)l
IOO ) 6l .o5 too .4. , /15
ooo 55 5l 65 ooo .35 ./,

unken ase A: Pan placed in.short green Case B I/ pan glaied tn dry
croDDed aree IAtto\y areo
R H r n e a n% io\ra medlum h t c h medinmf-ffi
LO LO-7n )1o (,lq-
4 O I| t o - t o l ) ) n
Windvard side Windward side
Wind di staric e distance
km/day of green crop of dry fallour
m
Light I .75 .75 .B I l.l 1.1 l.l
( 175 lo 1.O 1.0 1.O 10 .85 .()5 185
)7roo 1.1 1.1 l.l too ./> .75 .8
I OOO .7 ,7 .75
Moderate
175-425 lo
I | ..ai
85
.7
.85
a I
I .95 .95 .95
| 9 10 .75 .75 ..7.5
)rtoo | .95 .95 95 too .05 .65 .7
r 000 .6 .o .65
Strong '1 .)) .5 65 I .8 .8 .8
42.5-700 lo .75 ,t> 75 .lo
.8 .8 a
.05 .o) .65
)too loo .55 .6 .05
r 000 .5 .55 ,6
Very strong
'1
5 .55 I 6 ,7 .75 75
)7 o o lo 65 10 .f,) .6 65
>/lo0 .75 7
75 100 .tr .55 6
I 000 .45 .5 ))
LI Fof extensive areas of bare-fallow soils and no ogri.ultrr"ufGlrlTfiGf, reduce
under hotr windy conditionsi by 5-ld for moderaie wind, temperature and humidityKpan by ?@"
conditions.
2. SELECTION OF CROP COEFFTCIENT

The four methods descrrbed in Part 1.1 predict the effect of climal,e on neference
crop
evaPotranspiration (ETo). To account for the effect of the crop characteristics on crop wster
requirementsr croP coefficients (kc) are presented to relate ETo to crop evapotr-anspiratio^
(FJS"'p_).
?he ke- value relatss- raev{Pot-anspii-ati-on-of 6 ifistase-}re-e crop gro*n iri i;.g-ri"l.l" ,,.rag" op._
imum soil vater and fertility conditiorrs and achieving full production potential under the given
growing environment. ETcrop caa be found by;

ETcrop - kc l!'l'o
E a c h o f t h e f o u r m e t h o d s i n P a r t l . l . p r e d i c t s E ' I o a n d .o n l y o n c s c t o f c : - o p c o e f l i c i c n t s i s
required- Procedures for selection of appropriate kc values are given, which take into account the
crop characteristics, time of planting or sowing, and stages of crop development and general climatic
conditions

. The effect of crop characteristics on Cotton

the relationship between ETcrop and ETo is Tomotoes
16 Sugorbeets
shown in the conceptual dlagram in Figure 4. The Moize
Apples (with corer
rvide variations between major groups of crops 14 crop)
are largely due to the resistance to t:ranspiratio*
e re
oi different plants, such as closed stomata during : Suqorbeeti. yilted
the day (pineapple) and waxy leav.e! (citrus). to on v.ery hol
E wInot dot
Also differences in crop height, crop roughrress, cir ru r
A !
rcflcctlon and groundcovcr producc the g
F
rrr 6
illustrated. variation in ETcrop. For high Pineopple'
evaporatlve condlttons, l.e. hot, strong wlnds 1 Agove :,.
ETo values of up to 12 to 14
and lorr humidity,
2 ETcroo,
_;1;-tr.o'
mm/day and ETcrop values of up to 15 to 17 rnm/
day may be realistic, particularly for srnall fietds
o lo 'tz 14 ET (gross)
in aiid areas which are strongly affected by dry
mm/doy
wind corrditlons. However, wi,lting of crops may
occur under such conditions and, as shown in Fig. 4 ETcrop as compared to ETo
Figure 4 for sugarbeets r ma/ result in ETcrop
values well below ETo.

For ease of reference, approxlnrate ranges of seasonal ETcrop lbr dif.ferent crops arc
given in Table 20. The nrognitudee shown will. change occording to tl"rcfactor.s di-scus-scd, i.c. moinly
climatc, crop choractcrlstlca, lcngth of growlng .cc6son and tirne of plnntinil ,

Ad4itional Considerations

Factors affecting the value of the crop coeffi.iu.,t (t.) are mai.nly the crop characteristics,
crop planting or sowing data, rate of crop development, length of growing season r.rnd climatic con-
ditions. Particrtlarly following sorving and d.uring the e.arly grov/th stage, the frequency of rain or'
irrigation is important.
 -36-

Table 2O Annro:ci,anate Rance of Seasonal ETcroo in rnrn

Seasonal ETcrop ntm mm

Atf alfa 600- f 5OO Onions 350 - 600

Avocado --"
-Fo-rianas 65O :- 1 QQO_- - OranSs- -- -- -- - 61)o-.-- -95o -
; .7OO- | 7OO Potatoei -3W'- 625
Reans zga='" sDO Rice 500 - 950
Cocoa Boo - I 200 Sisal 550 - Bo0
Coffee Boo - r 200 Sorghum 300 -. 550
Cottorr 550 - 950 Soybeans /,9 - 825
Dates 900 - 1 300 Sugarbeets 1*50 - 850
Deciduous trees 700 - 1 050 Sugarcane ooo - l 500
Flar Lfi - 900 Srveet Potetoes LOO- 675
Grarns (small) 3OO- L9 Tobacco 300 - 500
Grapefruit 650 - r ooo Toniatoes 300 - 600
Maize t+oa - 7n VEgetables 29'- 500
Oil seeds 300 - 600 Vineyards 450 - 900
W alnuts 700 - I ooo

The crop planting or sowing date wtll affect the Iength of the grcwing season, the
rate of crop development to full groundcorer and onset of maturity. For instance, depending on
climate, sugarbeets can be sowrr in irutumn, sprlng and summer rvith a total growing season
ranging from 23O to 16O days. Foq soybeans, the grouring season ranges from lO0 days in varm,
low altitude areas, ro l.!O days at ? SOO^ altitudes in Equarorial Africa and for maize BO to 24O
d.ays respectively. Crop development urill also be at a different pace; as shorvn in Ftgure.5 for
sugarbeets, the tlme nedded to reach full development or rnaximum water dernand varies frcm-:gp
to 6O percent of the total grorvirrg for an cfop to about 35.pq.rcent for an eirly
""a"on ".ta.r-r,so*/n
slrmmer sowing. ln selectlng the appropriat6 kc value for each period or month in the growing
season for a given crop, the. rate of ciop development must be considered.

tc
LI

o.9

o.7

o5

o.3

o 20 40 6c 80 woae 4) rKr 60 8O. lOO7" O 20 40 60 80 1@/"

rroron - 230 doyr
Growing 2OOdoyr - 1 6 ( Jd o y r

Fig. 5 Sugarbeets; kc velues for different sowing dirtes

Gerrer:al clinratic con<litions, u"pu"iutty wind and humidity, are to be consideredl compared
tr-ith a smooth grass cover, 'urinclvill affect the rate of transpirarion Jf t.rller crops rnore due to.air
turbulence above the rougher crop surface. This is more pronounced in dry than in humid clirnates
and kc.values for rougher crop surfaces ere therefore greater in dry climates,
 !)

-37 -

ETcrop la the sum of transplration by the crop and evaporation

from thc soil surl'oce.
Durtng full groundcovcr, cvaporatton tr negltglbleS Just followlng sowlng and during thc carly grow
ingpertod evaporation fiorn the soil surface (Esoil) may be considerable, particularly whcn the soil
surface is wet for most of the time from Lrrigation and rain.

Transpiration a;d evaporation are governed by different physical processes. llowqvsp,

gince forrttre crop grovring season Esoil forms part of ETcrop, and for the sake of si.mplicitli, rhe
coefficient relating ETo and Esoil i s g i v e n h e r e i n b y t h e a p p r o p r iate 'crop' factor (kc). Thc grcat
'l
range of kc values during initial growth stage follorrring sowing is illustrated in Figure 5,. hc valrre
of kc largely deperrds on tlrc level of ETo and thc frequency urith rrrhich the soil is wettcti b.y rrrin on<l/
or iriigation. The smooth curves ln Figurc 5 present.averagc kc values rather than thc frctual sharp
i n c r e c a e i n k c J u s t f o l l o v i n g r o i n a J r di r r i g a t i o n , w i t h a l c s s s h a r p b u t n r a r k e d < l c c l i n c a l t c r u , i r r r l : ; ,
until the next rain or irrlgatton. Sotne compromise in accdracy by not differentiating betweerrvirriou:
soil t.ypes has been acccpted.

Thc present.ed kc valucg relotc E,To to ETcrop. Crop cocfficicnts publislrcd cl,scwhcrc
relating to original and other methods should not be used if the methods presented in this publicatiOn
are lolloured.

@
.i
(a) Field and vecetable crops /

The crop growing season has been divided into four stages. Crop coefficients (kc) l'or
given stegee of crop developrnent and differerrt cllmatic conditions are pre,sented in Table 21. The
need tg collect local d.ata on grorving season and rate of crop developmenl of irrigated crops- is
stressed. For reference, inforrnatlolr for selected crops gnd climate is given in Table 22.

'Ihe
four stoges of crop development are rlescrtbecl herein ae:

(1 ) initial stage germination and early gro\Mth rvhen the soil surface
is-not or is hardly covered. by the crop (ground.cover
<1C/")
(2) crop development sts.ge from end of initial stage to atta,inment oI e-ffective
full groundcover (groundcover a 7O-8O%) Jl
(3) mid-scason stagc frorn attal.nment of effecttve full. gror.rridcovcr to tirnc
of start.of maturing as indicated by d.iscolouring of
leaves (beans) or leaves firlltng off (cotton). l:'or
some crops this may extend to vcr.y near lrarve-st
(sugarbeet.s) unless irrigaticrn is not upp)icd at late
s c a g o n a n d r e d u c t l o n l n l i ' l ' t ' r o p i . g i n c l u c e < l t . c )i n c r c e - . , c
yield.and/or quolity (sugarcane, cottorr, sonrc grrrin-.;);
normally well past thc flowc.ring stagc of annual c,rc)ps

(4) late se&son st{rgc : frorn end of mid-season ritage urriil full rnaturit.y or'
harvest

grorrncl
S t a r t o f r n i d - i ! e a s o n s t a g e c a n b e recogrrizerl in thc field rvtren crop has attained 70.to tlOT/"
coi,rer whic.h, trowever, does not mean ihat the crop has reached its rnatrrre heig,ht. El'l'ective-
full groundcover refefs to cover vhen kc is approaching a maximurn
 -38-

'
Thc ltePtneeded to anrive at the ke values for the different stages are gi,ven below. The
values of kc for the vartous grorrth stages are to bcploned as rn the given example, Fi,gure/.
For
simplification the valu€s of kc for the diJferent periods \ritlin t}te growing eeason are represented, ag
stratght li,nes :

I sstabtrslr ptanrtngorsorrrtng dcte- frrom- local- informatiorr-or fron practfces in

simtlar cllmattc zones t
i-
ll dcteruntnc tota.l gronrtng !eason and. lcngth_of crop_development sraBes from
local lnformoti.on (for approximati.ons sie Table 22);
lll tjtttial stage:- pred-tct^lrrlgation and/or rainfall frequency; for predetermi.ned,
ETo value, obtatn kc from Figure 6 and plot kc valui or iho-r, in Frgure
7;
lV mld-season sta.ge: for gi.vgn (humidity and, wind.), select kc r.alue from
-clirnate
Table 21 and plot as stralght line;
V late-season.stage: for-ttme (or harvest rvithin a few.days),
select kc value lrom Ta6Ie 2l9 ffor -fun maturity
gll-en cliinate (humidity
v a l u e a t e n d o f g r o - w i n g s e a s o n o r T u l l m a t u r i t y . A s s u m l ""J*i"i)
s t r a r s h r l i n"irJ'pr"i
e blt*een
kc values at end of mtd--scason pertod and ar ind of g."*ttt;;;?;;";
Vl developme-nt s-tage: assurrle straight line betrveen kc value at end of initial
to gtart of rnld-season stage.

For each 1O or 3o day period the kc values can b.e obtained. from the prepared
graph. A
smoothd, curve might first be dravn as indicated in Figure 7, although this may have little
effect in
terms of accriracy added.

l(c Averogc
r0curtanca
LO intcfvol ot
irrigotlon or
sigaif iconf
roin
.8
2 doys

,6

4 doys

,4

7'doya
-
,2 I O doys
20 doys
A
E=
P
o<
o d(J

.f .4 5 .l c 6 -7 g g lo
E T o , m m , / d o y d, r . r r i n gi n i t i o l s t o g e

rrg. o Average kc value for initial crop developrnent stage as related to level of E'fo and
frequency of irrigation and/or si.gnifica.nt rain
 -39

EXAMPLE:
Given:
cairoi conr planted mtd-May; for total gTgyng season.rrind: are iight
moderate (o-5 m/sec), and mid-summer F.HminTs so-3j%; E l o rnrtial to
staoc
is 8.4 mm/day; rrrtgitton frequency initlal t"rrri;;fied to b;-t-;;;;:*'

Planting date - - t-ate spring;- eartl; -summei

Iocal
Length of growth stages information
(or Table 22)
inittat 2O days
crop development 35 daYs
mld- season 4O days
late season 30 davs 125 davs
llI Plot periods as tndtcated. Fig. 7
IV kc initial stane (l)
ETo - 8.4 mnlaay
irrig. frequency - 7 days Fig. 6 kc initial -
9.35
kc mld-season stage (3)
' wind - Iight/moderate
humtdttY' low Tablc 2l kc mfd-scoeon- 1.14
kc late season stage (end) (4)
rvind - ltght/moderate
humidity - lovr Table 2t kc end of season - O.6
Plot kc value and connect kc development stage - 0.35-1.14
walues \rith straight lines frg- 7 kc late se&son stage - 1. f4-O.6
Read kc value frorn prepared
graph for each sbleCted period
at'mid point of 10 to 30 day
period

(toblo 2l)
/-1.14

r3,
;eB o
oo
9a o
(,
c ra! p
= 9c c LO
).
E
o.
EA
<cri
o
o
t>
Oo
==
oB

lt
tl
tl
J'-

c tt
o
o
E
8.E,
0.60 (toblo 2l)
o
o
(t

o I rrigolion
o
inlarvol 7 doys
o
o . 3 5 ( f i s . 6) .

L o c o l i n f o r m o t i o no r T o b l a 2 2

ocT.

Fig. 7 Example of crpp coefficient curve

 - 40.-

Tobte 2l Crop Coefflclent,(kc) for Fteld aad V table.Cropq Jor Dlfferent Stages of

Humtd.ity RHmtn >7O/, RHmin <20%

Wind m/sec O-5 5-lr
-Groo-'staqe_'-'
iri ,,"iu""*'
t,
;
inltlal
crop dev.
I
2
Use Fig. 7
by interpolation
Artichokes (perennial- mid - seasen 3 .95 .95 l.o r.05
clean cultivated) at harvest
'.9
or maturity 4 .9 .95 1.O
Barley 3 r.o5 r.l 1 .1 5 t.2
l+ .25 ,25 .2 .2
Beans (green) 3 .95 .95 l.o r .05
4 .85 .85 .9 .J

Beans (dry) 3 l.05 l.l r. 15 L.2

Pulses 4 .3 .3 .25 .2-r
'
Beets.(table) 3 l.o t.o 1.05 1.I
4 .9 :9 .95 1.O
Carrots .3 l.o r. 05 1.1 1. 15
'4 .7 .75 .8 .85
Crstorbeans 3 r.05 1.1 r. 15 1.2
.4 .) .5 .5
Celery '4 3 l.o 1 . 0 5. l.l r. 15
.9 .95 l.o 1.05
Corn (s.rreet) 3 . r.o5 1.1 1.15 t.2
(matze)' l. .95 l.o 1 .0 5 l.l
Corn (grain) 3 r.05 r.1 1.t5,r L.2
(rnaize) 4 .55 .55 .6 .r .6
Cotton 3 l.05 r. l5 T,2 r.25
4 .65 .65 .55 .7
Crucifers (cabbage, 3 .95 l.'o 1 .0 5 1.1
caullflower, broccolt, 4 .Bo .85 .9
Brugsels sprout) :95
Cucumber 3 .9 .9 .95 l.o
Fresh market L .7 .7 .75
Machine harvest 4 .85 .85 .95. I.O
Egg plant J .95 l.o 1 .0 5 1.1
(aubergine) 4 .8 .85 .85 .9
Flax J l.o l.05 1.1 1.15
4 .25 .25 2 .2
Grain 3 1 .0 5 1.1 1.15 r.2
4 .3 .3 .25 .z>
Lentil 3 l. 05 1.1 1.15 r.2
4 .3 .3 .z: .25
Lettuce 3 .95 .95 l.o 1;05
/" ..9 .9 .9 l.o
Melons 3 ,95 t .95 r.0 r.05
l+ .55 .65 .75 .75
Millet 3 1.0 1 .0 5 l.l r. i5
4 .3 .3 .25 .25
 -4r-

Humtdtty Rllmin >7eI RHmin <2O%

Wlnd m/sec O-5 5-B 0-5 5-8
-
i.rs _. . r . 2
"25 .25 .2 .2
gttien. (dry) 3 .95 .95 1.05 t.l
4 .75 .75 ,8 .85
(green) 3 .95 .95 l.o 1 .0 5
4 .95 .95 1.0
.1.O5
Peanuts 3 .95 1.O 1 .0 5 l.l
(Groundnuts) 4 .55 .55 .6 .5
',1
Peas l.05 r.1 1.15 1"

4 .95 l.o 1 .0 5 f.i

Peppers (fresh) 3 .95 l.o 1.05 I.l
4 -8 .85 .85 .9
Potato 3 l-05 1.1 1.15 1.2'
-7 .7 .75 .75
Radi shes 3 .B .B .85 .9
4 .75 .75 .8 .85
Safflower 3' 1-05 1.1 r. 15 t.2
/. .25 .?5 ,2 .2
Sorghufn 3 1.O r .0 5 ].l 1 .1 5
/* .5 .) .55 .55
'3 /l.o -i.05
Soybeans l.l 1 .1 5
4 -','45 .45 .45 .45
Spinach 3i .'95 .95 r.o r.05
4 .9 .9 ... .95 1.O
Squash 3 .9 .9 .95 l.o
4 .7 .7 .75 .B
Sugarbeet 3 r.05 I ..1 l.15 1.2
/+ .9 .95 l.o l.o
4 .6 .6 .6 .6
'1.05
Sunflower 3 t.l 1 .1 5 t.2
4 ,4 ./+ .J) .35
'f 1.05 1.1 r.2 I .25
omato 3
4 F, .6 .65 .o>
Wheat 3 l:05 1.1 1.15 1.2
4 .25 .25 ,2 .2

Many cool season crops cannot grour in dry, hot clinrates. Values of kc are given.for '
latter conditions sincq they may occur occasionally, and result in the need for higher:
kc values, especially for tall rough crops
 -42-

Table 22 Length of Growlng Season and Crbp Development Stages of Selected Field Crops;
Some lndicotions

I.:::l*"*.ffBlfXi"FoefiSzti,z"{i*a&ff j"Jl''*ri}
a,P";-"tttrH'::il'
grovth cutbock to ground level in late spring each year at end of harvest or
lsfasl22ol3o anaGlo).

B a rley nlso -heat and oatsl varies widely with variety; rvheat Central lnd,ia
Noverober planting l5l 251 fr/30 and (l2O); early spring sorring,, semi-arid,
35o-45o latitudes and November planting Rep. of Korea 20l25l&l30 and
(135); wheat sow'n in luly in East Afnican highlands at 2 5OO m altitude and
Rep. of Korea 15130!65lLO ond (15O).

Bean-q (green) February and March planting California de.sert and. Mediterranean
2Ol3Ol3Ol1O and (9O); August-Seprember ptanting California desert, Eg)?t,
Coastal Lebanon l5l25l25ilO and (75).

Beans (dry) Condnental climates late spring planting 2Ol30lLOl2O and 6l lO); June planting
Pul.ses Central California and West Pakistan 15125{3512O and (95); longer seoson
varieties l5l"5l9l2O and (l1O).

Spring planting Mediterranean l5/25l20llO and (79); early spring planting

lvlediterranean climates and pre-cool season in desert climates 25/30l'25llO
and (9O). /

C arrots Warrrseason of semi-ari! to arid climates 20l30l30/2O oncl (lOO); for cool
s e a s o n u p t o 2 0 / 3 0 l B O l 2 0 a r r < l( l 5 0 ) ; e a r l y sPrtng planting Mc'diterranean
25l35lLdl2O and 1t2O); up to 3O/4Ol60l20 and (l50) for late rvinter planting.

C astorbea,ng Semi-arid and arid climates, spring planting 251/-O/65/ 5O and (lBO).

Celerv Pre-cool season planting serni-arid 251/-Ol95l2O and (t8O); cool .season
3 O l 5 5 l l O 5 / 2 O a n d ( 2 1 O ) ; - h u m i d M e d i t e r r a n e a n m i d - s e a s o n 2 5 l z , O / 4 5 11 5
and (125).

Corn (rnaize) P h i l i p p i n e s , e a r l y M a r c h p l a n t i n g ( l a t e d r y - s e . a s o n )2 . 9 1 2 0 / 3 O l l O a n < t ( 8 O ) ;

GTEer) Iate idrinc plantiira Mediterranein 20125125/ lO and (6O); late cool season
plantiirg dEsert cliirates 20l30/30/1O and (9O); early cool seasorr planting
desert alimates 20/30l9l 10 and (110).

Corn (maize) Spring planting East African highlands 30l5ol60l40 ana (1BO); ' late cool
(F-ains) s i a s o n l l a n t i n g , w a r m d e s e r t c l i m a t e s 2 5 1/ 1 9 1 , 4 . 5 1 q aOn d ( l 4 o h J' u n e p l a n t i n g
sub-huniid Nig-ria, early October lndia 2Ol35/40l30 and (125); eer\r
April.planting Southern Spain 30l/.OlY:-l3O and (150).

Ll /.O//*O129/3O ana (36O) stana resPectively for initial , c r o p d e v e l o p m e n t , m i d - s e a s o n a n d l a t e

season crop development stages in days and (360) for total gro.rting period from plantinq to
harwest iil daYs.
 -43-

Cotton
{"T;"f}:!i*sffg?.b--8s::':;yAigi,'":'Jf,ffli;lll;,ix;:r,
and(l8o).
Texas 3a15o155145

CFrrEll'eic Wlde ran'ge In length of aeason due to varletal dtffercnces;. sprinq plantino
Mediterr,anean and continental climates 2Ol3Ol20l1O and (8<l);' taie'-irrt"r-- -
pl"tll" s M editerral g gl _25l^35| 2J l -to_gna (95) i autu mn pl antin g Coa s t ai
Mediterranean 30/35 J9Ol40 and (195)-

Cucumber -october c alifornia de s err 20 | 30 I 40 I 5 and

lyl:-pl anting E gypt, Au gust |
! L o . S ^ ) j . _ s - p 5 i npgl a - n t i n g s e m i - a r i d a n d c o o l s e a s o n a r i d c l i m a t e s , ' l o w d e s e r r
251351-fi12o and (130).

Eqc plarrt W a r m w i i n t e r d e s e r t - c l i m a t e s 3 C / 4 0 ! 4 9 ! 2 - Q - a 1 d( l 3 0 ) ; l a t e s p r i n g - e a r l y
srunmer planting Mediterranean 3Ol45lLOl25 and (l40).

'
Flax S p r i n g p l a n t i n g c o l d w i n t e 3 c l i m a t e s 2 5 1 3 5 1 1 : c 1 . 4 0a n c l ( l 5 0 ) ; 1 r . c - . o o i
s e a s o n p l a n t l n g A r t z - o n a l o w d c s e r t 3 0 l L O l , O O l . J J a n < 1( 2, 2 O ) .

Grain, small Spring planti.ng Mediterran ean-20 | 3O/ & | t.O and ( I 5O); October-November
p i q l l i t t g u / a r m u r i n t e r c l i m a t e s ; P a k i S t a n a n d l o u r d e s e r t s 2 5 1 3 5 1 6 5 / l r Oa n d .
(l65).
.!

Lentil spring planting in cold winter cl.imates z9/3gl@/t-o ancr(150); pre-cool

seasorrplanting x/amr xrinter.climates 25l35l70l4O and (17O).
.)
Lettuce Spring planting Mediterranean climates 20l30/ f 5/10 and.(75) and late vzinter
planting 39l40l25l lO and (1O5); early cool season low desert climares from
25l35l30l 10 and (10O); late cool season planting, low deserts 3Sl50l45lfi
and (14O).

Melons Late spring planting Mediterranean climates 25/35/10/20 and (l2O): mid-
rvinter planting in low desert clima.tes 30l45l 65120 6nd (160).

Millet '"#:,$ t (ro5); cen*arprains u' s'A'

;t'l*.["s i5bii eft: ^::!??^ana
Oats 5ee Barley

Onion (dry) Spring planting Mediterranean climates 15/25170/40 ana (150); pre-warm
rrrirrterplanting semi-arid and arid desert climates 20l35llloll*5 and (2 10).
(green) Respectivery 25/3Allo/5 and (70) and 20/i5l2011o and (95).

Peanuts D r y . s e a s o np l a n t i n g W e s t A f r i c o 2 5 / 3 5 1 4 5 / 2 5 a n a ( 1 3 0 ) ; I a t e s p r i n . q
([ioiidnuts) p l a n t i n g c o a s t a l p l a i n s o f l - e b a n o n a n < ll s r a e l 3 5 / t t s / 3 : ; / 2 - 5 a n a ( l 4 o ) .

P-s Cool nraritime climates early summer planting 15125/351i5 ancl(9O);

M c d l t e r r a n c a n e a r l y s 'rlrar ti e
r l c a n c lw o r r n u r i n t c r d . e n c r t c l i r r r n t c s o l r r r r t i r r o
2 0 1 2 5 1 3 5 1 1 5a n d ( g 5 ) ; u r i n t e r M e d i t e r r a n e a . n p l a n t i nS 2 5 1 3 ( ) / 3 O n 5
and (1Oo).
 -4L-

Psgpsg Fresh - Medlterrllgtn early sprrng-and c6ntinental early summer planting -'
30 l35l40l?9-gl9Jl^2_5)r .coo_l-coastalconttnental chmates mid-spriilg
(12o); pre-warrn $/tntcr planting desert .irrnot.s
p|","-L$g-2-5,1-3^5ll,o-12!l_and
30l1*Ol lrO/3O and (210).

Potato Full planting varrn .\ri.nter desert cltmates 25l3Ol30t2O and (lO5); late
il-ri;[t \r-inter planting ari,d and semi-arid cllrnates and late spring-early summer
plantlag continental cllmate. 25l30l/.5130- and (l3O)-; elrlylsli4 siring
planting c.entral Enrlp! 30l35l50l3Q-a1d (145); -slolr emergence may
increase length of initial period by 15 days during cold sprlng.

SSdtSnes Mediterranean early spring and continentrl planting St rollsl5

a n d ( 3 5 ) : c o a s t a l M e d i t e m a n e a n l a t e w i n t e r " .ar n
^ -du "r r r a i m u r i n G n d e s e r t
cltmates plantlng l0l LOl15/5 and (4O).

Safl'lower Central Californta early-mld spring planting 2Ol35lL3l25 and (125) and
late rsinter planting 2513515513o and (laS); urarm *rinter desert climates
35155{&l4o and (l-9o):
'
Sorchurn Warm season desert climates 20/30ltOl30 and (f 2Q); mtd-June plantinq
Paktstan, May in mid'-,West U.S.A. and Mediterraneon 2O/35ltb/lO
(125); early spring plantihg varrn arid climates ?O135/45l3O ana (l3O)."ia

Soybeans Ma.y planting Central,.g-..9:4^.-20 /35,1{-l 25-ond (l4O); May-June planting

Caltfornf,a desert 2Ol30l5ol25 and (135); P.htttppiner late Decemter
plantirrg, carly dry season - dry: l1ll5lLOll5 A;d (85)t veqetables
Lsll5l30l- and (6O); early-mid June planting in Japar. 20l2Sf75l3O and
(150):

Soinach SBlr.g planting Mediterranear- 2Ql 20 | 15l s.and (6O)i September-October

and late rrinter p-lanting Medlterranean 2O/2O12515 and (1O); vrrrm yrinter
desert cllmates 2Ol3Oll*Ol10 and (1OO).

Sou-ash Late vinter planting Medlterranean and \,/arm $/inter desert climares
(lrinter) 20l30l3OI15 and (95); August planting California desert 20/35130125 and
-early
pumpkin 11IO); June plahting marir.ime Europe 25135135/25 and (12O).

Squash S p r l n g p l a n t i n g M e d i t e r r a n e a n 2 5 / 3 5 1 2 5 1 1 5 a n d ( l O O + ) ; e a r l y-*inte"
surruner
GuEEFini) Mediterranean and rnerttime, Europe 20l30l25/15 and (9O*1;
crookneck plantlng u'arm desert 25135/25115 and (lOO).
!
Suearbes! Coastal I.ebanon,^g,Ld;|lo-v.e_Tberpl-anting, LS/75/BO/3O ana (23O); earty
surnmer_planting 25t351!o/9 and (16O); early spring plarrring Uruguay
Qo,l.41/.901.45ani (l8o); tate urinter plantlng J".i^ *lifu. desert
3516yo^l70l4o and (2o5).

5qr&:as[ Spring l!a1tt1e Mediterranean 25135165125 and (l3O); ea.rly eunmer

plo:ltlng California desert 20l35l45l?5 anct(125).

-L:rggs Warm {rinter desert clirnates 30llr}/10125 and (135); and }ate auturnn
151.451.701.3O and (180); spring planting Mediterranearr climates
30 | /,O| 45130 and (145).

See Earley.
 _L5-

(b) Alfalfa . clgvcr . qracr.lcoumer . nesturcs

Alfalfa: The kc values vary similarlyto those for fteld crops but the initial to horvest stage is
rcpeated ,,:8 ttmes a year. To obtain mean ETalfalfa, valueg given for kc(rnean) in Tabte 23
wgyld q19l9]ly_rylltc_q _tq.{rylgqqion 4eptb etd}qClency-determinationslh.e-vari-atio+ of-ke-o+ee_
the cutting interval needs to be considered, that is from kc(low) just following harvestirrg, to
kc(peak) just before harvesting. Alfalfa grown for seed produ.ction vrill have a kc value.eqial to
kc(peak) during full cover until ttre middle of full bloom.
rt'iotto 7 oot. olr., cltr.nc
- ,, r -- - -l l > - | - - . -
Fig. I
kc values for alfalfa grown iri
dry clinrate with light to moderate
wind and .vlth cutting.r every four
rvedks; one heavy irrigation per
growth perlod, a week before
cutting

E
E
!l
:l
'l -t
il ,31 il
sl :l
ol
:l

lvg. S.9r Oct xor

Grasses: Grasses grovn for hay reach kc(peak) values rriihin

6 to 8 days after cutting. l-he kc(low)

values are 10 to 20 percent highei than the kc(lou') value.s sho.sn for -\falfa since considerable

vegetation is left on the giourrd after cutting.

.;
Clover and qrtrss-lequrne mixture: Due to some cover left after cuttingr kc(lov) urill be close to
that of .grass, vhile kq(peerk) rrilt be closer to alfalfa.

Pastufe graSs-iegurnes and alfalfa): Depending onPasturing Practices, kc values will show
(grass,
a ryide variation. The values presented assume excellent plant population density, high fertility and
good irbigation. For pastutes kc(low) may need to be taken close to kc(low) alfalfa under poor
pasturing practices rvhen all ground cover is destroyed.

Tabte 23 kc Values .fo{-4lfalfa. Clover. Grass-lecumes and PSSJ!-tg

Alfalfa

Hurnid kc nrean 0.85 0.8 l.o o.95

I-ight to moderate wind kc pga\, I'O5 1.05 t.05 : r. 0 5
kc low f/ 0.5 0.6 o.55 0 .5 5
Dry kc mean 0.95 0.9 1.05 1.0
Light to nroclerate wind kcpea\, l-f5 1.1 r. 15 1.1
kc low l/ O.L 0. 55 o.55 0.5
Strong wind kc nrean 1.05 1 . o. 1.1 I .05
kc peak,, 1.21) l'lLr 1.2 l.l5
kc low l-l 0. 3 0.5 0.55 0.5
[-c Gr e anttepre s ent s m e arr v a l u e b e t w e e n k c(lovr) just after cuttine, kc(pcali) tiist-ixGrc.---
h a rVesting
ll Under drY soil condi.tions; under x/et corrdltions increase valrr.es by 3O%.
 -46

(c) Bananas

Valuer of kc for bananar arc glvcn tn Toble % foc Medltcrrancon and troptcal. cltmates.
For the Medtterranean cltmate data arc glven for both ftrst year with planting ln mid;March and
for second year wlth removal of orlginal plants tn early Febnrary. For the early stages of crop.
4_gygl_epq,e$, 9!p99_tqlL14 {q!!qgr yearr kc--yelrasg,retFles!ltttfg--Bgetrn-d-c-oyer
endrqinlsilis _ _
presumed at 5-7 day lnterwals. For less frequent ratn, lower kc values should be used. Ftgur6'5
can be used for estlmoting kc durtng the flrst 2 months afterplantlng, taking tnto account rainfall
frcquency and level of ETo. The drop tnkc tn Febnrary reflects the removal of origlnal large
plants at that tlme. Local Practices should be taken lnto accotrnt tn tirning the drop in kc, vith
subsequent recovery to higher values 4-5 months later, or as ground cover again approaches 7O-BO
percent. Months menrioned in Table ?Assi." to the northern hemisphere; for the southerrr herni-
sphere add 6 months.

regions kc values for months after planting are given since planting may
For tropical
take place durlng any month. Snraller kc values after lO nonths reflect rapid decline of active leaf
area of the mother plants. The lov kc valuis during early months apply.vhere hearry mulching is
practised; in c&ses of bare soils and frequent ratns, kc values are O.8 to l..O and Figure 6 can be
consulted.

Table 24 kc Values for Bananas

|an Feb Mar Apr Moy Junr July Aug S Cct Nov D ec
"pt
M edltcrranean cllmqte'
F i r s t - y e a r c r o p , b a s e d o n March planttng rrittr crop height 3.5 m by A u g u s t :
Humid, ltght to mod. .7 .85 .9s 1.0 1.O 1.O
nrind
Humid, str6ng wind - .65 .6 .)) .6 .75 .9 1.o 1.05 r.05 l.05
Dry, light to mod. wind _ .) .4) .5 .6 .75 .95 1 .I 1.15 1.1 1.1
Dry, strong .rrind - .5 .t5 .5 .65 .B l.o r. i5 1.? r. 15 r. 15
Second season vrith removal of original plants in Feb. and 8O?6ground cover by Augustl
l{umid, Iight to mod.
u.ind I.O .t> .l .7 .75 .9 1.05 l.05 i.05 l.o l.o
Humid, strong \vind I .05 .75 .7 .7 .8 .95 1.1 1.1 1.1 1s-5 1.05
Dry, light to mod vrind 1.1 .75 .7 .75 .85 1.05 r.2 | .2 1.2 1.15 1.r5
Dry, slrong rrind l. 15 .t> .l .75 .9 r.1 1.25 t.25 1.25 1,2 r.2
Tropical climates
months follorring planting :
 -47-

(d) Cacao

cacao 1s found ln climates vith high humidlty/'htglr t:em:peratuie and a rvelr distributed
ahnual rainfall of at least. I 5OOmm, unlbss irrtgotibn ts practtsed.. Also, dud tb its shallow
rooting
depthr'cacao is sensitive to drought and growth has been observed to cbaie ylel o111.__ty9lb!idrof
' ,the
eva*lcbls soil-vater-trr the rootf zonaare nsad {rnd yreias ,,rt u" f,"if tft" availabie
".a,t.e
u s e d . F o r , c l o s e t r e e s p a c t n g w i t h o u i c o v e r c r o p a n d s h a d e t r e e s k c v a l u e s u g g e s t e 4 i s""ti;";;"-
0.9 to l.O
r v i t h s h a d . et r e e s a n d u n d e r g r o u r t h , 1 . 1 t o 1 . 1 5 .

(e) Citrus

The kc walue for cltrus, large mature trees, includes dlfferent tree ground cover'with
clean cultivatlon and no weed control. Since citrus is grown primarily in dry lvte,Jiterranean-t)?e
cli.mates, only this conditlon is consldered. The effect of lrind. stronger than moderate is negligible
since citrus has good' transpiratton control. This control or stoma.tal resistance vafies with hurnidity
and temperatureri.e. high resistance und.er d.ry and. hot conditions and lower under humid
"esistarrce
and cooler conditions. Therefore the presented kc.values may need.to bein_c4eased by l$ to Z0 p.er_
cent during mid-sirmmer in humid and cooler climates
\
For young orchards vith a lorv percentage of tree ground cover, kc values given assume
20 percent and 5O Percent tree ground. cover. With freguent rain ot irrigation, kc val.ues for
clean cultivation will approach those of no ureed. control .../Some.studies indicate someurhat higher kc
value.'r \'P to lO-f 5 Percent for grapefrult and lemons compared. vrith those given. Months mentioned
refer to nbrthern hemisphere;'for g o u t h e r n hemispheie add 6 months.

Table 25

Jtn Feb Mar Apr M.y June July . Arg Sept Oct Nov Dcc
Large mature trees
providing = 7Vo
.tree ground cower
Clean cultivcted 75 75 7 7 .7 65 65 65 o) 7 1
.7
No weed control 9 9 8s B5 :85 85 B5 B5 o5 85 85 .85
Trees prowiding = !ff/'
tree ground. cover
Clean cultivated 65 .65 .6 6 6 .55 s5 .55 55 55 .6 .6
No weed control 9 .9 .85 B5 85 .85 85 .85 85 85 .85 .85
Tree.s provtdlng ; lQfr
tree ground coyer
Clean culttvated .55 .55 "5 .5 .5 .45 .45 .45 .45 ./,5 .5 .5
1.o ,
No rreed control 1.o .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .95 .9s .9s .95 .9s
 L8

(D Coffee

.Two specles of coffee provide the bulk of the u,orld's supply. 9offea afabica and Coffea
robusta. Only the former tt trrlgated on a ltmlted scale; m u c h of lt tc grown at htgher altitudes
(1 OOO- 2 OOOrn). For mature coffee gro'vn withoqt shade qnd vhere cultural practlces involve
-graii -rec-ommendeT
ilean-culiiv-atfon t-iThaaavy*iui mnlChing,- CiAC coe*ffiaie-niiEfaiounil0Fire
throughout the year. lf significant weed grov'th is alloved, coefficients close to Ir05 - l.l would
be more appropriate.

(s) Dates

The date palm is a drought resistant plant but during prolonged drought grourth will be
retarded, then cease and old leaves rvill die. To rnaintain gro\,/th antl high yields of good quality a
regular \rater supply is needed throughout the -veer with a pgssible exception just prior and dunne
harvest. Water defictencies during spging attd early summer hove.been shorvn to hasten ripening
but r.educd size an<t quolity of fruitS. Depend.ing on climate suggested kc values for lnature groves
arc O.B - t.O.

(h) Deciduous fruits ond nuts

Values of kc for deciduous fruit and nut crops for cover-crop conditions.and clean
culrivated are presented in Tabte 26. Coefficlents given relate to full-gro\vn trees with spacing-s
that prowide about 70 percent ground cover. Examples are giverl for both higher latitudes (e.g.

northern Europe, northern U.9.rt.) urith cold urintens.and growing geasons extend.ing frorn around
I May Cblossom) to 1 November (killing frosts) and lower latitudes urith vrarm rvinter conditions
(e.g. Mediterranean). ln the former, and at altitydes greater rhan l2OO m in lower latitude areas,
trees have leaves for some 5Y2 to 6 months, rvith tlme of harvegt varying from mid-July for cherries
to mid-October for late varietiec of apples. For lower latitudes nectr sea level , blossom occurs one
morrth or more eorlier with o wide range of harvest dates, star.tlng and cndlng aevcrol weeks eorlier
l'or respective spectes and varieties than at the higher l.ititude. Hovever, trees generall;r.have
leaves longer, e..g. well into November. Months menttgned refer to northern her.nl.sphere; for
southern hemisphere add 6 monlhs
 f able'26 kc Values for Full Grown Deciduous FIuit and Nut Trees

With ground cover ..op U Without ground cover crop !

(clean cultivated, weed free
Mar Apr N{iv lune lulv Aue SeDt Oct Nov Mar Aor lVlav lune lulv Auo Se t Oct Nov
coLD VINTERwlTlt KILLINGFRosT : GROUND
covER STARTINGIN ApRtL
.l
Aoelgg. .cherries
hunid, light to rnod. rrrind 5 .75 1.0 1.1. 1.1 1.1 .85 /.5 . 55 . 75 . 85 ..S5 .8
hurnid, strong wind 5 .75 1.1 r,2 r,2 1.15 .g 45 .55 .8 .g .g .8!
dry, light to mod. urind 4 5 . 8 5 t . 1 5 1 . 2 5 1 . 2 51 . 2 . 9 5 tr .5 .85 1.0 1.0 .91
dry, strong vind 4 5 . 8 5 1 . 2 1 . 3 51 . 3 51 . 2 5 1 . 0 4 .65 .g 1 . 0 51 . 0 5l . O i
Peaches- aDricots- .i,e8rb- olums

humid, light to mod, rrind 5 .7 .9 1.0 l.,o .95 .75 45 .5 ;65 .75 .75 .7t
hurnid., strong vind 5 . 7 ! . 0 1 . 0 5 1 .I 1 . 0 .8 L5 .55 .7 .8 .8 .75
dry, light to.mod.. vind L5 .8 .1.051.15 1;15 t.t .85 4 .55 .75 .9 .9 .7|
dry, strong wind 43 .8 1.1 r.2 t.2 1.15 .9 4 .5 .8 .95 .95 .9 i
ti
COLD IJ/INTER\YITH LIGHT FROST NO DORMANCYIN GRASSCOVERCROPS \o
I

Apples. cherries. *alnr.,ts J.lt

hurnid, light to ntod. urind .q .9 1.0. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.05 q(a 6.7 .B .85 .85 .B .B .o)
/J
humid, strong vind ,q .95 r.r 1.15 1.2 1.2 1.15 .9 .B 6 .75 .85 .9 .9 .85 .B 8.7
dry, light to mod. vrind .q5 i . 0 1 . 1 5 J. 2 5 1 , 2 5 t , 2 5 1 . 2 - . 9 5 . 8 5 5 . 7 5 .95 i.o r.0 .95 .9 85 .7
dry, strong wi,nd .85 1.05 1.2 i.35 1.35 1.35 1.25 r.0 .85 ).o l: o i.05 1.05 1.0 .9 9 .75
PSggltSj-eptiqots, pears . plums
almopds. pegans
humid, light to mod.. u,ind B .ss .e 1.0 1.9 . e 5 . g _. g . l l . 7 . . 7 5 . . q . B . 7 . 7 ' i 6s .55
hunrid., strong wind q.e.es1.0 1.1 ri ..g1 1 . 0 - . q 5 . 9 _l 1 .55.i.ia.8.s:8 .i5 7.6
dry, light to mod. win{. q ? . e 5r . 0 51 . l s l . r s l . r s r , 1 . e . q s l . 5 -. i : 8 5 : i . t : e .sl l3 .03
dry, strong wind 8s 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1 . 2 -1 . 1 5 . g i . S 5 1 . 5. i s . 9 . g s . s s . g s :83 8.7
r l kc values need to b6 increased if frequenr raitr occurs (see Fig:^q,for acljustm-ent).
For.voung orchards o,ltir tre" .;roun cover ol
20 and 507i, reduc€ rrrid--seascn
kc'vaiues by 10 to 15?6u.td 5 to*to%...pulii"uty.
z! kc value-c assume infi'eq.uent bv ir-rigatior or- rain (every.2 tcl wee-k-s)..ln rhe casc of frequent irrigation for lvla h , A p r i l
Ye}ng
and Ncvember ad jus t n g .F]g-..
r r g . o6i ; fcr
l c r l"{af to' october us e kc i,ilues of tabl e "vi th ground
g r o u n d cove
c o v e pc c rop,, . fo. J,oung or( trds vith
^uling 6p 6
tree ground c o v e r c f 2 0 and 50I reduce m i C - . s e a s o nk c v a l u e s by 2j to 35ii and i0 to l ! i , i r e s p e c t i v e l y .
3i F o r w a l n u t s ivi arch - b{ i_V p o s s i b l y 1 0 . t o 2G----
lover yalues due,to
slower ieaf grovth.
 -50-
MILIKPFPPUSf
HrNNilPOLITEITT
(i) Grapes

The kc walues for grapes .vrll vary considerably rrith cultural practices such as vine and row
spacing, pruning, trellising height and span, and rvith extreme varietal d,ifferences in yine growth.
Crapes, normally clean cultlvated, use less \vater than many other crops due to culiural pracrices
resulting in ortty3O to-S0perc€nt grotmd'cover-; Als6.tlrerermay tre'a-sorn-ewhat gfeat6FdCgree of
stomatal control of transpiration compared to many other crops.

ln Table 27 the kc values for grapes a.re presented for cold rrinter, light *ir,t.. and hot,
dry sumrner climatic conditions. For areas with cold yinters, kc values for Concord grapes are used.,
a variety rvhich develops a somevhat greater degree of ground cover than that used. for ligSt *.inter
and hot, dry summer condi,tions. lt ls, however, quite corrunon to plant a ground cover in August to
help deplete available nitrogen and to prowide better x/inter hardiness.

In the last turo cases kc values need to be red.uced when ground" cover is less than 35 per-'
cent. For all cases infrequent irrigation and dry soil surface during most of the time are assurned.
Data refer to conditions \,/ithout'cover crop, e.g, clean cultiveted, weed free. Months mentioned in
Table 2J reter to northern hernlsphere; for southern hemisphere add. 6 monthi.

Table 27 kc Values for Grapes (Clean CultivateJ, lnfrequent lrrtgatton, Sotl Surfacc
Drv Most of the Tlrnel

''
Jan Feb Mar Apr M.y June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Mature grapes^_grgl||n tn dreas vith kllltng frost; lnttlal leoves early harvest nrid-Septembe
ground cover l+O-g/" at rnld-season
humtd, lt.ght to mod. wtndl ..f, .65 .75 ./> 'o) a-

humid, strong urind .5 .7 .B' .8 "".7

dry, tight to mod. vind .45 .7 .85 .85 .7
dry, strong wtnd .5 .75 .9 .9 .75
Marure grape-s in areas of only light frosts; initial leaves early April , harwest lete Auguet ro
early Septemberl ground cover 30-35/. at mid-season
humid, light to mod. windl 5 .55 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 ./+
hurnid, strong wind I - .5 . 55 .65 . .55 .65 .65 .55 .4
dry, Iight to mod. urind . | - ./*5 .q .7 .7 ' .7 .7 .6 .35
dryl strong wind I - .t.5 .55 .75 .75 .75 ,?5 . .65 .35
Maturc grapes grown in hot dry areas; initial leowes l a t e F e b n r a r y - e a r l y March, harvest late
half of July; ground cover 30-35% at mid-season
dry, light to'mod. vrind . z) .4) .7 .7 .55 .t+s .35,
dry, strong wind .25 .t 5 .75 .75 .55 .L5 .35

(j) Olives

The olive tree is Particul.arly resistant to droright but prolonged <Irou5;hr rregar.i.velyaffecrs
yields. Table olive prodlction reqrri,res somewhat more water th&n oliwe production for oil. While
oltve orchards cal be found in areas of little more than 20O mm they are rnost corrunon in areas with
4OO to 6OO rnm annual precipitatlon. Drought is nost damaging on yields during the stone hardening
and fruit swelling stage which occurs in the Mediterranean area d.uring August-septenrber. One or
two irrigations of total 2 0OO to 4 O0O ^3/h* atti,is time have shovn increase in yields consitlerably.
Another critical perio<l is jugt before fntit setting. l'or ma.ture trees arlcl tlepenciing orr tree spacinq
and age of trees, kc v6lues vary from O.4 - O.7,
 -51 -

(k) R.lee

Itor paddy rtco kc valuct ar€ glven ln Toble 28 f o r r l t f f e r e n t g e o g r a p h t c a l l o c a t l r ) r r s o n d

reliona. Wtnd condltlona ond, drrrlng the dry rcaoon, thc rolatlvo hunrldlty nray bc important;
where durlng the dry season the mlnlmum relative humidity i s m o r e t h a n 7 O p e r c e n t , t h e k c v a l u e s
,given for thb uret seaion shoull be used.

.
No d.lfference is assumed, tn kc values between broddcast or so\yn and. transpfurraua
"ia.
since percentale cover during first month after transplantation is little different from that of broad-
cast rice. There are differences ln growing season accordlng to variety; therefore the length of
mid-season growth period will need.adiustment. Local information on length of growing season vrill
need to be collected.

Forupland rice, the same coefficients given for paddy rice urill apply since recommended
practices involve the maintenance of top soil layers very close to saturation. Only during initial
crop stage ryill kc need to be red.uced by f 5 to 20 percent.

Table 28 kc Values for Rice

First & Second Last

Planting Harvest Mid-season
month /r ureekS
H.umid Asia I
wet sea3on (monsoon) lune-July Nov-Dec
'1.1
'
light to med. rrind 1 .0 5 .95
-, !1. 1
. strong wind , 1 . .1 5 1.O
dry season r/ Dec - Jan. mid -May
light to mod. vind 1.1 -11..2355 1.O
. strong urind 1. 15 l.05
North Australia
vet seadon Dec - Jan Apr -May
, light to mod. rvlnd 1.1 1 .0 5 .95
strong rrrind 1.15 1.1 l.o
So.[h Atrs.!E].!g
dry sumrner Oct March
light to mod.' rrrind 1.1 1 .2 5 l.o
strong wind 1.15 I,35 r-05
Hunid S. America
wet season Nov-Dec Apr - May
light to mod. vind 1.1 1.05 .95
strong wind 1.15 1.1 1.O
Eurooe (Spain, S.
France and ltaly)
dry season May-June Sept-Oct
light to mod, wind 1.1 t.2 .95-
strong wind 1.15 1.3 l.o
Ur-S--A"-
.vet summer (south) May' Sept-Oct
light to mod. rvind 1.1 1.1 .95
strong wind 1.15 1.15 1.O
dry summei (Calif . ) early May early Oct
light to mod. urind 1l 1.25 1.O
strong wind r. 15 1.35 1.O5

Ll Only when RHmin) 7V/o, kc values for wet beason are to be use<l.
 '>4-

(t) Sisal

Sisal requlres sraall amoqnts of vater

relatively and exchss \yater rvill negatively affect
yield. The suggested kc value is perhaps 0.3 - 0.4.

(m) Suqarcane

Crop coefficients for sugarcane may vary considerably depending on clirnate and. cane
-Also
variet;f , particularly for initial and crop development stages. e a r l y c r o p d . e v e l o p m e n tv a r i e s
according to whether it is rrirgin or a ratoon crop. Total length of growing season varies vzith
climate and according to urhether the crop is rtrgin or ratoon. For virgin plantlngs this may ralqe
from 13 to 14 months in hot lran to 16 months in Mauritlus and up to 20 to 2/ rnonths in sorne cases in
Ha.vaii. Ratoon croP season varies from as short as t months tn lran to l? nronths in lvtauritius ond
up ro 14 monthg in other areas.

To deterrnine kc values, use of local d,ata or inforrnatlon on rate of crop development for a
given cane variety is essential. Data ptsorided refer to a 1,2month ratoon crop and to a 2L month
virgin cane. lrrtgatton applicatlon usually ceages l. tci 6 vreeks before harvest.

Table 2! kc .Valu€s for Sucarcane

i

Crop age RHmin) 707. RHmin (2O% s

Giorvth stages
12 mdr,rth 24 month light to . strohg Iight to strong d
tnod r vind ryind mod. vrind urind
-- P
0-1- o-2.5 plantlng to O.25 full canopy .)) .6 .L .45 a
t-2 2.5 - 3.5 O.25-O.5 full canopy .8 .85 .75 .8 I
2-2.5 3.5 - 4.5 O.5-O.75 full canopy .9 .95 .e5 t.o v
2.5-4 t,.5 - 6 O.75 to full canopy r.o 1.1 1.1 t.2
'peak use
4-10 6-r7 r.05 l. 15 1.25 1.3
10 - ll t7-22 early sendscence .8 .85 .95 1.O5 o.
11-12 22 - 24,. ripening .6 .65 .7 .75
fr

(") Teq
T
T h e w d t e r r e q u l r e m e n t o f t e a b u s h e s i n f u l i p r o d u c t l o n c a n b e a s s u n r e c lt o b e c l o s e t o E T o . r(
t l e n c e , c r o p c o e f f i c i d : n t s o f a r o u n d O . 9 5 t o l . O a r e s u g g e g t e d ,f o r n o n - g h a c L e dp. l a l t a t i o r r s w h e r e m o r e 0t

than 70 percent ground cover exlsts. Wtrere grown trnder shade trees, kc vi1[us5 9l' 1,05 - 1.1 vroulcl
be more eppro.priate for more humid periods, and perhaps l.l - 1.15 for dryperiods.
(E
of
TI
vi
Y{
 -53-

(o) Non-crooped or bare sollr

To deter:mine the'vater balance, particularly after vinter rains, estimation

of ev6pea6116,p,
losses from the soil surface (Esoll) ls needed,, Thts rrill assist, for instance, in thc dctcrmination
of the ftrst irrigatton applicatton on o wheat crop so\vn in March-April following winter rains. Esoil
rvill be greatly affected. by the u/ater content ot
of !he_
the so_i!
soil sgl{gq_e,
surface, fteguenc;z
f and depth oE ratn; typ-e of
soil and lcveroT evapofaiive dCmand. itd;;u;i"oll" .o"rricient, Figure 6 sto.,ra o. ,rr.ii--rnu
prediction of Esoil closely follou's the method shorvn for field crops, initial stage. Data presented
in Figure 7 assume a rnediu;r^ textured soil . Foi light and heavy-textured soils kc values rnay need a
downlrard adjustment by some 30 percent and upward by some 15 percent respectively.

EXAMPLE: Estimation of Esoil from fallorv, essentiallv weed-free soil.

Given:
cairoi-EJ" as given and.obtained from Penman Method (1.3); fictitious
rainfall dota on frequency.
Calculation:
F;om-ETo in-mm/day and data on frequency of rainfall, select kc value
from Figure 6.
Jgn Feb lVlar
Ero mm/day I:; B:t 2 , 7 3 . 8 5 . O M e t h o d 1 . 3
cra Frequency of raln, days 7 .7 5 7 10 Data
k factor .6 .65 .7 .55 .3 Fig. 6
E s o i l r n m , / d a y- k . E T o - 1.9 1.5 1.9 2.1, 1. 5 Calc.

Aquatic u/eeds and open y/ater

Evapotranspiration of floating and flat leafed aqriatic weeds is very similar to th.t of

l
cn9l
rdt
grass.
ilry
Protruding
and windy
type3 have a slightly
conditions. Reeds suchas
higher
papyrus
rate due to increased
and cattails appear
roughne.ss,
to have.rlower
particularly
values
unC.erlr
caused
prinrarily by the plant charactertstics affecting evapotranspiration, Under non-fiooding conditions
:-

it and indry'ng solls ETreeds can be expected to be considerably lower. In the cosc.of fully submerged
veeds the water loss can be taken to be equal to that of open water evaporation. In Table 3O the kc

rl values for different aquatic rveeds for various climatic conditions are given.

I,l Water loss by evaPotranspiration

of an open water surface (Eo): Studles.carried
of aquatic weeds is frequently cornpared to evaporation
out under natural conhitions shorir tl.rat rvhen the

2) urater .surface is covered by aquatic ureeds the .\r/ater loss into the atmosphere urill be lower than that
from a free water surface. This is due to ei combination of the sheltering of the u/ater surface by the
rrreeds and a higher reflectance of the green plants and their internal resistance to transpiration.
The conflicting data fourrd in llterature vhtch show ETaquatic ureeds to be .far greater- than Eo may be
related to small lysimeter and pan experiments carried out on larrd surfaces which are not represent-
E'f o.
otive of the natural conditions under vhich aquatic weeds grory.
1 0r e
roul<I
Coefficients relating oPen \vater evaporation Eo to reference crop evapotranspiration
(ETo) are presented in Table 30. These velues apply to shallov reservoirs and lakes urith <Iepths
of les$ than 5 nr and can be used, to conrputc monthly' Eo, once rnorrthly ETo has been dctcrminecl .
The preeented valucs apply e<lually to deep reoervoirs ond lakes in equatorial zones. 1.'or 6reqs
.vith a change in climate during the year,.the given coefficients shoulcl be usecl only for conrlrutinB
Iearly evoporation losses. Du.p water bodtes have an appreciabl.e heat storage wtrich vill cause
 -v-

a time-168 ln evaPoratlon of 4 to B rreekl dependrng

on the type of clrmate and srze
u/ater body. Fon reservoirs eind lakes urlth a n c l d e p r t ho f r h e
a depth exceeding 25 mr due
durtng sprtng and carly suruner may be 2o to heat storage the k values.
to 30 percent lorrer; due to
heat rerease during rate
".'mmeJandearlyautumnkvaluesmaybe2Oto3oPercenthigher.

ribl"_9o

TJ.pe of vegetation Humtd

I D"v
nght to mod. strong r--i..__
I f laht to mod
_ rrrind rnind r5
urind
Submerged (crassipes)
l:l l. 15
Floattng (duckrveed) t. 15 1,2
l. 05 r.05
Flat leaf (vater 1.05 t.05
tiltes) r.o5 t.l 1.05
P rotruding (water hyacinth) l.l
1.1 1.15
Reed swamp (papyrus, l. 15 1.2
cattails)
. stand.lng rrater .85 B5
moist soil .65 .9 .95
65 .75 .8
Open water
1.1 r. 15 l. 15 1.2

I
a
t
C

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