For Further Reading: Assignment 1: Introduction

FOR FURTHER READING
For Further Reading

Gems & Gemology (G&G), GIA’s professional journal, provides in-depth feature
articles on the latest gemological research, from gem treatments, synthetics, and
the evaluation of gem quality to developments in gem production, market
sources, and more.
To give you the opportunity to learn more about the subjects you are studying
and enrich your gemological knowledge, a list of G&G articles relevant to each
Scan the QR code above or go to
Gem Identification assignment is provided below. It is important to note that this https://www.gia.edu/library to
reading is optional. You will not be tested on the content of these articles. access articles for further reading.
All G&G articles are available for download free of charge on GIA’s website,
www.gia.edu. Copies of these articles are also available at your GIA campus
location. Check with your instructor for access to them.
Assignment 1: Introduction
Gems & Gemology: https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology
News and Articles: https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research
GIA Gem Project

Dr. Edward Gübelin's comprehensive collection was acquired by GIA in 2005. The Gübelin collection consists of
approximately 2,800 gems representing 225 different minerals. It now forms part of the GIA Gem Collection, where
it is being used for research, education, and display. Since 2007, GIA has undertaken a project to characterize
gemstones from the Gübelin collection. This project has two main goals: to systematically document the stones using
a range of techniques, and to make the results available on the GIA website as a valuable resource for students,
gemologists, researchers, and anyone interested in gem materials. Each entry includes geographic locality information,
a summary of standard gemological properties, a brief description of the internal or external features that can be seen
with standard magnification, and infrared, visible, Raman, and photoluminescence spectra where relevant.
Please see the index page at https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-database
Major Entries
Beryl: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-beryl
Corundum: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-corundum
Garnet: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-garnet
Spinel: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-spinel
Tourmaline: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-tourmaline
Zircon: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-zircon
Various gems
Amblygonite–Axinite: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-various-gems-a
Barite–Cuprite: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-various-gems-b-c
Danburite–Humite: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-various-gems-d-h
Kornerupine–Natrolite: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-various-gems-k-n
Olivine (peridot)–Rutile: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-various-gems-o-r
Sapphirine–Stibiotantalite: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-various-gems-s
Taaffeite–Zoisite: https://www.gia.edu/gia-gem-project-various-gems-t-z
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GEM IDENTIFICATION BOOK 1
Assignment 2: General Observation

Doubling
Hurlbut C.S., Francis C.A. (1984) An Extraordinary Calcite Gemstone. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 20, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1984-calcite-hurlbut
Phenomena
Bohannon S. (2016) Optical Effects of Phenomenal Cabochons. GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/optical-effects-phenomenal-cabochons
Schmetzer K. et al. (2015) Dual-Color Double Stars in Ruby, Sapphire, and Quartz: Cause and Historical Account.
Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2015-dual-color-double-stars-ruby-sapphire-quartz
Hainschwang T., Notari F. (2006) The Cause of Iridescence in Rainbow Andradite from Nara, Japan. Gems &
Gemology, Vol. 42, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2006-iridescence-rainbow-andradite-japan-hainschwang
Gübelin E., Schmetzer K. (1982) Gemstones with Alexandrite Effect. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1982-alexandrite-effect-gubelin
Assembled Stones
Anjomani N. (2016) Lab Notes: Synthetic Sapphire and Synthetic Spinel Doublets. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2016-labnotes-synthetic-sapphire-synthetic-spinel-doublets
Cooper A. et al. (2013) Lab Notes: Imitation Rainbow Moonstone Assemblage. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 49, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/FA13-LN-imitation-moonstone-assemblage
Lucas A. (2012) Gem News International: Bicolored Tourmaline Imitation. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 48, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2012-gem-news-international
Befi R. (2011) Gem News International: Trapiche Emerald Imitation. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 47, No. 1
Singbamroong S. et al. (2007) Gem News International: Large Beryl Triplets Imitating Colombian Emeralds.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2007-gem-news-international
McClure S.F., Koivula J.I. (2001) A New Method for Imitating Asterism. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 37, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2001-imitating-asterism-mcclure
Mayerson W.M. (2001) Lab Notes: Unusual Beryl-and-Glass Triplet Imitating Emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 37, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2001-lab-notes
Kammerling R.C., McClure S.F. (1995) Lab Notes: Jadeite Jade Assemblages. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 31, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1995-lab-notes
Assignment 3: Refraction and the Refractometer

Hurlbut, C. S. (1981) A Cubic Zirconia Refractometer. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 17, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1981-cz-refractometer-hurlbut
Assignment 4: Polariscope Testing
Crowningshield R. et al. (1986) A Simple Procedure to Separate Natural from Synthetic Amethyst on the Basis of
Twinning. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 22, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1986-amethyst-twinning-crowningshield
222
FOR FURTHER READING
Assignment 5: Pleochroism and the Dichroscope

Hughes R.W. (2014) Pleochroism in Faceted Gems: An Introduction. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2014-introduction-pleochroism-faceted-gems
Assignment 6: Magnification
Smith E.M., Moe K.S. (2016) Micro-World: Ferropericlase Inclusion in Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2016-microworld-ferropericlase-inclusion-diamond
Raynaud V., Vertriest W. (2016) Micro-World: Etch Marks, Negative Crystals, and Etch Tubes in Spinel from
Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-microworld-etch-marks-negative-crystals-tubes-spinel-madagascar
Koivula J.I. (2016) Micro-World: Tourmaline Termination. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-microworld-tourmaline-termination
Sun Z., Muyal J. (2016) Gem News International: Large Aqueous Primary Fluid Inclusion in Amethyst. Gems &
Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-gemnews-large-aqueous-primary-fluid-inclusion-amethyst
Renfro N. (2016) Micro-World: Mobile Fluorite in Quartz. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-microworld-mobile-fluorite-quartz
Renfro N., Sun Z. (2016) Micro-World: Unusual Growth Zoning in Beryl. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-microworld-unusual-growth-zoning-beryl
Renfro N. et al. (2016) Micro-World: A Fantastic Display of Phase Changes in a Sapphire’s Fluid Inclusion.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-microworld-fantastic-display-phase-changes-sapphires-fluid-inclusion
Skalwold E.A. et al. (2015) Introduction to the Micro-World of Gems. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2015-microworld-introduction-gems
Renfro N. et al. (2015) A Closer Look at the Micro-World of Gems. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/micro-world-gallery
Renfro N. et al. (2013) Lab Notes: Unusual Curved Color Zoning in Emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 49, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2013-labnotes-unusual-curved-color-zoning-in-emerald
The Hidden Beauty of Gemstones (2013) GIA Research & News

https://www.gia.edu/photomicrography
Koivula J.I. et al. (2009) Solution-Generated Pink Color Surrounding Growth Tubes and Cracks in Blue to Blue-
Green Copper-Bearing Tourmalines from Mozambique. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2009-tourmalines-mozambique-koivula
Koivula J.I. (2003) Photomicrography for Gemologists. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 39, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2003-photomicrography-gemologists-koivula
Meyer H.O.A., Gübelin E. (1981) Ruby in Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 17, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1981-diamond-ruby-inclusion-meyer
223
FOR FURTHER READING
For Further Reading

sources, and more.
and enrich your gemological knowledge, a list of G&G articles relevant to each Scan the QR code above or go to
Assignment 7: Selective Absorption and the Spectroscope

Scarratt K. (1982) The Identification of Artificial Coloration in Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1982-diamonds-coloration-scarratt
Crowningshield G.R. (1957) Spectroscopic Recognition of Yellow Bombarded Diamonds. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 9, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/doc/winter_1957.pdf
Crowningshield G.R. (1957) An Introduction to Spectroscopy in Gem Testing. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 9, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/summer-1957-a4-spectroscopy-gem-testing-crowningshield
Assignment 8: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

King J., Wang W. (2017) Lab Notes: Diamond with Unusual Fluorescence Distribution. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 53, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2017-labnotes-diamond-unusual-fluorescence-distribution
Hand D. (2015) Lab Notes: Dyed and Natural Green Jadeite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2015-labnotes-dyed-natural-green-jadeite
Luo Y., Breeding C.M. (2013) Fluorescence Produced by Optical Defects in Diamond. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 49, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2013-luo-fluorescence-optical-defects
Moses T.M. et al. (1997) A Contribution to Understanding the Effect of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of
Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 33, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1997-fluorescence-diamonds-moses
Assignment 9: Additional Tests

Feral K. (2012) Detecting HPHT Synthetic Diamond Using a Handheld Magnet. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 48, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2012-hpht-diamond-feral
Hoover D.B. (1983) The GEM DiamondMaster and the Thermal Properties of Gems. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 19, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1983-diamond-thermal-hoover
253
Assignment 10: Separation and Identification

Schwarz D. (1994) Emeralds from the Mananjary Region, Madagascar: Internal Features. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 30, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1994-emeralds-madagascar-schwarz
Muhlmeister S. et al. (1993) Flux-Grown Synthetic Red and Blue Spinels from Russia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 29, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1993-synthetic-spinel-russia-muhlmeister
Hobbs J.M. (1982) The Jade Enigma. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1982-jade-enigma-hobbs
Hobbs J.M. (1981) A Simple Approach to Detecting Diamond Simulants. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 17, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1981-diamond-simulants-hobbs
Assignment 11: Separating Natural Gems from Synthetics and Imitations
Synthetic Diamonds (General)

Eaton-Magaña S., Breeding C.M. (2016) An Introduction to Photoluminescence Spectroscopy for Diamond and
Its Applications in Gemology. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-photoluminescence-spectroscopy-diamond-applications-gemology
Dieck C. et al. (2016) Lab Notes: Analysis of Yellow Diamond Melee for Color Treatment and Synthetics.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-labnotes-analysis-yellow-diamond-melee-color-treatment-synthetics
Shigley J.E. (2016) Identifying Lab-Grown Diamonds. Research News
https://www.gia.edu/identifying-lab-grown-diamonds
Wang W. et al. (2015) Lab Notes: Screening of Small Yellow Diamond Melee for Treatment and Synthetics.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2014-labnotes-small-yellow-diamond-melee
Renfro N. et al. (2010) Synthetic Gem Materials in the 2000s: A Decade in Review. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2010-synthetic-diamonds-renfro
Kitawaki H. et al. (2008) Identification of Melee-Size Synthetic Yellow Diamonds in Jewelry. Gems & Gemology,
Volume 44, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2008-melee-size-synthetic-yellow-diamonds-kitawaki
Shigley J.E. et al. (2004) An Updated Chart on the Characteristics of HPHT-Grown Synthetic Diamonds.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2004-characteristics-hpht-grown-synthetic-diamonds-shigley
Koivula J.I. et al. (2000) Synthetic Gem Materials and Simulants in the 1990s. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 36, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2000-synthetic-gem-materials-simulants-1990s-koivula
Welbourn C.M. et al. (1996) De Beers Natural versus Synthetic Diamond Verification Instruments. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 32, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1996-debeers-diamond-tools-welbourn
Fritsch E. et al. (1989) A Preliminary Gemological Study of Synthetic Diamond Thin Films. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 25, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1989-diamond-thin-films-fritsch
254
FOR FURTHER READING
CVD Synthetic Diamonds

Moe K.S. et al. (2017) Lab Notes: A Synthetic Diamond Overgrowth on a Natural Diamond. Research News
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2017-labnotes-synthetic-diamond-overgrowth-natural-diamond
Eaton-Magaña S., Shigley J.E. (2016) Observations on CVD-Grown Synthetic Diamonds: A Review.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-observations-CVD-grown-synthetic-diamonds-review
Poon T. et al. (2016) Lab Notes: Ring with a CVD Synthetic Melee Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-labnotes-ring-cvd-synthetic-melee-diamond
Ardon T., Eaton-Magaña S. (2014) Lab Notes: Two Fancy Dark Gray CVD Synthetic Diamonds. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 50, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2014-labnotes-two-fancy-fark-gray-cvd-synthetic-diamonds
Ardon T. (2014) Lab Notes: CVD Synthetic Diamond with Unusual Inclusions. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2014-labnotes-cvd-synthetic-diamond-with-unusual-inclusions
Moe K.S. et al. (2014) Lab Notes: Yellow CVD Synthetic Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2014-labnotes-yellow-cvd-synthetic-diamond
Eaton-Magaña S. (2014) Lab Notes: CVD Synthetic Diamond with Unusual DiamondView Image. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 50, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-labnotes-cvd-diamond-unusual
Lo C. et al. (2014) Lab Notes: Round CVD Synthetic Diamond Over 1 Ct Identified in Hong Kong Lab.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-labnotes-large-cvd-synthetic-diamond
Ardon T., Eaton-Magaña S. (2013) Lab Notes: Large Pinkish Brown CVD Synthetic Diamond. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 49, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/FA13-LN-pinkish-brown-CVD-synthetic
Kitawaki H. (2013) Gem News International: Undisclosed Samples of Large CVD Synthetic Diamond.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2013-gemnews-undisclosed-samples-large-cvd-diamond
D’Haenens-Johansson U. et al. (2013) Lab Notes: Three CVD Synthetic Diamonds Submitted to Mumbai Laboratory.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2013-labnotes-three-cvd-synthetic-diamonds
Ardon T. et al. (2013) Lab Notes: CVD-Grown Synthetic Diamond with Aggregated Nitrogen Impurities.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2013-labnotes-grown-synthetic-diamond-aggregated-nitrogen-impurities
Linares R. (2013) CVD-Grown Synthetic Diamonds, Part 1: History. Research News
https://www.gia.edu/news-research-CVD-grown-part1
Linares R. (2013) CVD-Grown Synthetic Diamonds, Part 2: Properties. Research News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-CVD-grown-part2
Wang W. et al. (2012) CVD Synthetic Diamonds from Gemesis Corp. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 48, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2012-cvd-synthetic-diamonds-gemesis-corp-wang
Eaton-Magaña S., D’Haenens-Johansson U.F.S. (2012) Recent Advances in CVD Synthetic Diamond Quality.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2012-recent-advances-cvd-quality-eaton-magana
255
Willems B. et al. (2011) Exploring the Origin and Nature of Luminescent Regions in CVD Synthetic Diamond.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2011-cvd-synthetic-diamond-willems
Khan R.U.A. et al. (2010) Color Alterations in CVD Synthetic Diamond with Heat and UV Exposure: Implications
for Color Grading and Identification. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2010-synthetic-diamond-khan
Wang W. et al. (2010) Strongly Colored Pink CVD Lab-Grown Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2010-pink-cvd-diamonds-wang
Wang W. (2009) CVD-Grown Pink Diamonds. Research News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/cvd-grown-pink-diamonds
Wang W. et al. (2007) Latest-Generation CVD-Grown Synthetic Diamonds from Apollo Diamond Inc.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2007-cvd-grown-synthetic-diamonds-wang
Wang W. et al. (2005) Experimental CVD Synthetic Diamonds from LIMHP-CNRS, France. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 41, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2005-cvd-synthetic-diamond-france-wang
Martineau P.M. et al (2004) Identification of Synthetic Diamond Grown Using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD).
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2004-identification-cvd-synthetic-diamond-martineau
Wang W. et al. (2003) Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds Grown by a Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method.
Gems & Gemology, Vol. 39, No 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2003-synthetic-diamonds-chemical-vapor-deposition-wang
Nassau K. (1990) Synthetic Gem Materials in the 1980s. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1990-synthetic-gem-materials-nassau
HPHT Synthetic Diamonds

Johnson P., Myagkaya E. (2017) Lab Notes: HPHT Synthetic Diamond with Intense Green Color. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 53, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2017-labnotes-synthetic-diamond-intense-green-color
Poon T., Wang W. (2016) Lab Notes: Blue HPHT Synthetic Diamond Over 10 Carats. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2016-labnotes-blue-HPHT-synthetic-diamond-over-10-carats
Kennedy L., Johnson P. (2016) Lab Notes: Yellow Synthetic Diamond with Nickel-Related Green Fluorescence.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2016-labnotes-yellow-synthetic-diamond-nickel-related-green-fluorescence
Moe K.S. et al. (2016) Lab Notes: Largest Blue HPHT Synthetic Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-labnotes-largest-blue-hpht-synthetic-diamond
Wang W., Moses T. (2016) Gem News International: Large Colorless HPHT Synthetic Gem Diamonds from China.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-gemnews-large-colorless-hpht-synthetic-gem-diamonds-china
D’Haenens-Johansson U.F.S. et al. (2015) Large Colorless HPHT Synthetic Diamonds from New Diamond Technology.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2015-large-colorless-hpht-grown-synthetic-gem-diamond-technology-russia
256
FOR FURTHER READING
Poon P.Y. et al. (2015) Large HPHT-Grown Synthetic Diamonds Examined in GIA’s Hong Kong Laboratory.
GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-large-hpht-grown-synthetic-diamonds-examined-in-gia-hong-kong-laboratory
Soonthorntantikul W., Siritheerakul P. (2015) Lab Notes: Near-Colorless Melee-Sized HPHT Synthetic Diamonds
Identified in GIA Laboratory. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2015-labnotes-near-colorless-melee-HPHT-synthetic-diamond
D’Haenens-Johansson U.F.S. et al. (2014) Near-Colorless HPHT Synthetic Diamonds from AOTC Group.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-ulrika-hpht-synthetic-diamonds
Feral K. (2012) Detecting HPHT Synthetic Diamond Using a Handheld Magnet. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 48, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2012-hpht-diamond-feral
Dobrinets I.A., Zaitsev A.M. (2009) “Fluorescence Cage”: Visual Identification of HPHT-Treated Type I Diamonds.
Gems & Gemology, Volume 45, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2009-diamonds-hpht-treated-dobrinets
Shigley J.E. et al. (2004) Lab-Grown Colored Diamonds from Chatham Created Gems. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 40, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2004-chatham-lab-grown-colored-diamonds-shigley
Shigley J.E. et al. (2002) Gemesis Laboratory-Created Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 38, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2002-gemesis-laboratory-created-diamonds-shigley
Shigley J.E. et al. (1997) Gemological Properties of Near-Colorless Synthetic Diamonds. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 33, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1997-synthetic-diamond-properties-shigley
Shigley J.E. et al. (1995) A Chart for the Separation of Natural and Synthetic Diamonds. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 31, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1995-synthetic-diamond-chart-shigley
Shigley J.E. et al. (1993) The Gemological Properties of Russian Gem-Quality Synthetic Yellow Diamonds.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1993-russia-synthetic-diamond-shigley
Shigley J.E. et al. (1993) Two Near-Colorless General Electric Type-IIA Synthetic Diamond Crystals.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1993-synthetic-diamond-shigley
Rooney M.T. et al. (1993) De Beers Near Colorless-to-Blue Experimental Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1993-debeers-synthetic-diamond-rooney
Shigley J.E. et al. (1992) An Update on Sumitomo Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1992-sumitomo-synthetic-diamond-shigley
Shigley J.E. et al. (1987) The Gemological Properties of the De Beers Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1987-debeers-synthetic-diamond-shigley
257
Shigley J.E. et al. (1986) The Gemological Properties of the Sumitomo Gem-Quality Synthetic Yellow Diamonds.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1986-synthetic-diamond-shigley
Koivula J.I., Fryer C.W. (1984) Identifying Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds: An Update. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 20, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1984-synthetic-diamond-koivula
Rossman G., Kirschvink J.L. (1984) Magnetic Properties of Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 20, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1984-synthetic-diamonds-rossman
Synthetic Corundum
Saeseaw S. et al. (2015) Analysis of Synthetic Ruby Overgrowth on Corundum. GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/synthetic-ruby-overgrowth-corundum-analysis
Stone-Sundberg J. (2013) Sapphire Series Part 1: Introduction to Sapphire and Synthetic Sapphire.
GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-Sapphire-Series-Introduction-to-Sapphire-and-Synthetic-Sapphire
Stone-Sundberg J. (2013) Sapphire Series Part 4: Gem Synthetic Sapphire and Diffusion-Treated Synthetics.
GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-Sapphire-Series-Treated-Synthetics
Thomas V.G. et al. (1997) Tairus Hydrothermal Synthetic Sapphires Doped with Nickel and Chromium.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1997-hydrotherma-synthetic-sapphires-thomas
Hänni H. et al. (1994) Synthetic Rubies by Douros: A New Challenge for Gemologists. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 30, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1994-douros-synthetic-ruby
Koivula J.I., Kammerling R.C. (1988) A Gemological Look at Kyocera’s New Synthetic Star Ruby. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 24, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1988-ruby-inamori-koivula
Kane R.E. (1985) A Preliminary Report on the New Lechleitner Synthetic Ruby and Synthetic Blue Sapphire.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1985-synthesis-ruby-sapphire-kane
Kane R.E. (1983) The Ramaura Synthetic Ruby. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 19, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1983-synthetic-ruby-kane
Kane R.E. (1982) The Gemological Properties of Chatham Flux-Grown Synthetic Orange Sapphire and Synthetic
Blue Sapphire. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1982-synthetic-sapphire-kane
Gübelin E.J. (1982) New Synthetic Rubies Made by Professor P. O. Knischka. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1982-synthetic-ruby-gubelin
Synthetic Beryl
Schmetzer K. et al. (2016) Synthetic Emeralds Grown by Richard Nacken in the Mid-1920s. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 52, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2016-synthetic-emeralds-richard-nacken-1920s
258
FOR FURTHER READING
Choudhary G., Golecha C. (2007) Gem News International: New Tairus Synthetic Beryl Simulating “Paraíba”
Tourmaline. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 43, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2007-gem-news-international
Koivula J.I. et al. (1996) Gemological Investigation of a New Type of Russian Hydrothermal Synthetic Emerald.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1996-hydrothermal-synthetic-emerald-koivula
Graziani G. et al. (1987) The Lennix Synthetic Emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1987-lennix-synthetic-emerald-graziani
Kane R.E., Liddicoat R.T. (1985) The Biron Hydrothermal Synthetic Emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 21, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1985-synthetic-emerald-australia-kane
Koivula J.I., Keller P.C. (1985) Russian Flux-Grown Synthetic Emeralds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 21, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1985-russia-synthetic-emerald-koivula
Stockton C.M. (1984) The Chemical Distinction of Natural from Synthetic Emeralds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 20, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1984-synthetics-emerald-stockton
Synthetic Quartz
Balitsky V.S. et al. (1999) Russian Synthetic Ametrine. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1999-russian-synthetic-ametrine-balitsky
Balitsky V.S. et al. (1998) Russian Synthetic Pink Quartz. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 34, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1998-russian-synthetic-pink-quartz-balitsky
Crowningshield R. et al. (1986) A Simple Procedure to Separate Natural from Synthetic Amethyst on the Basis of
Twinning. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 22, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1986-amethyst-twinning-crowningshield
Synthetic Opal
Laurs B.M., McClure S.F. (2012) Gem News International: “Sterling Opal” Debuts. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 48, No. 1
Choudhary G., Bhandari R. (2008) A New Type of Synthetic Fire Opal: Mexifire. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2008-synthetic-fire-opal-choudhary
Schmetzer K., Henn U. (1987) Synthetic or Imitation? An Investigation of the Products of Kyocera Corporation
That Show Play-Of-Color. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1987-synthetic-opal-kyocera-schmetzer
Other
Renfro N. et al. (2010) Synthetic Gem Materials in the 2000s: A Decade in Review. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2010-synthetic-diamonds-renfro
Gem News International: Update on Vanadium-Bearing Synthetic Chrysoberyl (1997) Gems & Gemology, Vol. 33, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1997-gem-news-international
Balitsky V.S. et al. (1987) Man-Made Jewelry Malachite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1987-malachite-russia-balitsky
Kane R.E. (1987) Inamori Synthetic Cat’s-Eye Alexandrite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1987-alexandrite-inamori-created-kane
Nassau K., Shigley J.E. (1987) A Study of the General Electric Synthetic Jadeite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 23, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1987-synthetic-jadeite-nassau
259
Assignment 12: Detecting Gem Treatments

General Treatment Articles
McClure S.F. et al. (2010) Gemstone Enhancement and its Detection in the 2000s. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2010-detection-disclosure-heating-mcclure
Overton T.W., Shigley J.E. (2008) A History of Diamond Treatments. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2008-history-of-diamond-treatments-overton
Overton T.W. (2004) Gem Treatment Disclosure and U.S. Law. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 40, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2004-gem-treatment-disclosure-us-law-overton
Kammerling R.C. et al. (1990) Gemstone Enhancement and its Detection in the 1980s. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1990-gemstone-enhancement-kammerling
Heat Treatment
Pardieu V. et al. (2015) GIA Lab Reports on Low-Temperature Heat Treatment of Mozambique Ruby.
GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-low-temperature-heat-treatment-mozambique-ruby
Wang Y. et al. (2014) Experimental Studies on the Heat Treatment of Baltic Amber. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2014-wang-heat-treatment-of-baltic-amber
Koivula J.I. (2013) Useful Visual Clue Indicating Corundum Heat Treatment. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 49, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/FA13-koivula-corundum-heat-treatment
Saeseaw S. et al. (2009) Distinguishing Heated from Unheated Spinel. GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/distinguishing-heated-unheated-spinel
Singbamroong S. (2007) Gem News International: Heat-Treated Kashan Flux-Grown Synthetic Ruby.
Emmett J.L., Douthit T.R. (1993) Heat Treating the Sapphires of Rock Creek, Montana. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 29, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1993-montana-sapphires-emmett
Diffusion Treatment
Saeseaw S. et al. (2015) GIA Lab Reports on a New Cobalt Diffusion Treatment of Natural Spinel. Research News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/cobalt-diffusion-natural-spinel-report
Emmett J.L. et al. (2003) Beryllium Diffusion of Ruby and Sapphire. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 39, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2003-beryllium-diffusion-ruby-sapphire-emmett
McClure S.F. et al. (2002) Gem News International: Special Report: A New Corundum Treatment from Thailand.
McClure S.F. et al. (1993) Update on Diffusion-Treated Corundum: Red and Other Colors. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 29, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1993-diffusion-treated-sapphire-mcclure
Kane R.E. et al. (1990) The Identification of Blue Diffusion-Treated Sapphires. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1990-diffusion-treated-sapphire-kane
260
FOR FURTHER READING
Other Corundum Treatments and Treatment Combinations

Singbamroong S. et al. (2015) Gem News International: Synthetic Sapphire with Diffusion-Induced Color and Star.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2015-gemnews-synthetic-sapphire-diffusion-induced-color-star
Sun Z. (2015) Lab Notes: Beryllium-Diffused and Lead Glass–Filled Orange Sapphire. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 51, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2015-labnotes-beryllium-diffused-orange-sapphire
Pardieu V. et al. (2010) Flux-Heated and Glass-Filled Rubies from Mozambique. GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/flux-heated-and-glass-filled-rubies-from-mozambique
Kane R.E. (1984) Natural Rubies with Glass-Filled Cavities. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 20, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1984-ruby-glass-kane
Koivula J.I. (1983) Induced Fingerprints. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 19, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1983-inclusions-koivula
HPHT Treatment of Diamond

Chan S. (2015) Lab Notes: Yellow HPHT-Processed Rough Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2015-labnotes-yellow-hpht-processed-rough-diamond
Smith C.P. et al. (2000) GE POL Diamonds: Before and After. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 36, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2000-ge-pol-diamonds-smith
Fisher D., Spits R.A. (2000) Spectroscopic Evidence of GE POL HPHT-Treated Natural Type IIA Diamonds.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2000-hpht-treated-type-iia-diamonds-fisher
Schmetzer K. (1999) Clues to the Process Used by General Electric to Enhance the GE POL Diamonds.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1999-general-electric-enhanced-diamonds-schmetzer
Clarity Enhancement
Suthiyuth R., Weeramonkhonlert V. (2016) Lab Notes: Hydrophane Opal Treatment. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-labnotes-hydrophane-opal-treatment
York P. (2013) Lab Notes: Green Sapphire Filled with Glass. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 49, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/FA13-LN-green-glass-filled-sapphire
Pardieu V. et al. (2010) Lead Glass-Filled Star Rubies Reportedly from Madagascar. GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/lead-glass-filled-star-rubies-reportedly-from-madagascar
McClure S.F. et al. (2006) Identification and Durability of Lead Glass–Filled Rubies. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 42, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2006-identification-lead-glass-filled-rubies-mcclure
Shigley J.E. et al. (2000) New Filling Material for Diamonds from Oved Diamond Company: A Preliminary Study.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2000-filling-material-diamonds-oved-shigley
McClure S. et al. (2000) A New Lasering Technique for Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 36, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2000-lasering-technique-diamond-mcclure
261
McClure S.F., Kammerling R.C. (1995) A Visual Guide to the Identification of Filled Diamonds. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 31, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1995-identification-filled-diamond-mcClure
Kammerling R.C. et al. (1994) An Update on Filled Diamonds: Identification and Durability. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 30, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1994-diamond-treatment-kammerling
Koivula J.I. et al. (1989) The Characteristics and Identification of Filled Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1989-diamond-filling-koivula
Irradiation
Moe K.S. et al. (2015) Lab Notes: Irradiated Green-Blue CVD Synthetic Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2015-labnotes-irradiated-green-blue-cvd-synthetic-diamonds
Wang W. (2014) Lab Notes: Very Large Irradiated Yellow Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2014-labnotes-irradiated-yellow-diamond
Ardon T., Wang W. (2014) Lab Notes: Heavily Irradiated CVD Synthetic Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2014-labnotes-irradiated-cvd-synthetic-diamond
Nazz M., Johnson P. (2013) Lab Notes: Green Diamond, Treated with Radioactive Salt. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 49, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2013-labnotes-green-radioactive-salt
Fritsch E., Shigley J.E. (1989) Contribution to the Identification of Treated Colored Diamonds: Diamonds with
Peculiar Color-Zoned Pavilions. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1989-color-treated-diamond-fritsch
Nassau K. (1985) Altering the Color of Topaz. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 21, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1985-topaz-color-nassau
Rossman G.R., Qiu Y. (1982) Radioactive Irradiated Spodumene. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1982-irradiated-spodumene-rossman
Crowningshield R. (1981) Irradiated Topaz and Radioactivity. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 17, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1981-radioactivity-topaz-crowningshield
Coating
Cooper A., Renfro N. (2014) Titanium-Coated Tanzanite. GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-titanium-coated-tanzanite-cooper
Zhang J. et al. (2013) Gemological Characteristics of Coated Jadeite Jade. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 49, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/gemological-characteristics-coated-jadeite-jade
McClure S.F., Shen A.H. (2008) Coated Tanzanite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2008-coated-tanzanite-mcclure
Gabasch H. et al. (2008) Coloring of Topaz by Coating and Diffusion Processes: An X-Ray Photoemission Study
of What Happens Beneath the Surface. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2008-coloring-topaz-coating-diffusion-gabasch
Shen A.H. et al. (2007) Serenity Coated Colored Diamonds: Detection and Durability. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 43, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2007-serenity-coated-colored-diamonds-shen
Evans D.J.F. et al. (2005) Coated Pink Diamond — A Cautionary Tale. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 41, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2005-coated-pink-diamond-evans
262
FOR FURTHER READING
Crowningshield G.R. (1995) Lab Notes: Imitation Emerald Plastic-Coated Beryl. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 31, No. 3
Miles E.R. (1964) Coated Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 11, No. 6
https://www.gia.edu/doc/summer_1964.pdf
Miles E.R. (1962) Diamond-Coating Techniques and Methods of Detection. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 10, No. 12
Dyeing
Hand D. (2015) Lab Notes: Dyed and Natural Green Jadeite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2015-labnotes-dyed-natural-green-jadeite
Choudhary G. (2014) Gem News International: Dyed Bone as a Red Coral Imitation. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2014-gemnews-red-coral-imitation
Lu R. (2012) Color Origin of Lavender Jadeite: An Alternative Approach. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 48, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2012-lavender-jadeite-lu
Renfro N., McClure S.F. (2011) Dyed Purple Hydrophane Opal. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 47, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2011-hydrophane-opal-renfro
Schmetzer K. et al. (1992) Dyed Natural Corundum as a Ruby Imitation. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1992-dyed-corundum-ruby-schmetzer
Koivula J.I. (1982) Some Observations on the Treatment of Lavender Jadeite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1982-jadeite-color-koivula
Quench-Crackling
Saeseaw S., Khowpong C. (2016) Lab Notes: Quench-Crackled Blue Synthetic Spinel. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 52, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-labnotes-quench-crackled-blue-synthetic-spinel
Bleaching and Polymer Impregnation

Fritsch E. et al. (1992) Identification of Bleached and Polymer-Impregnated Jadeite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1992-bleaching-jadeite-fritsch
Sugar Treatment
Brown G. (1991) Treated Andamooka Matrix Opal. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1991-andamooka-matrix-opal-brown
General
McClure S.F. et al. (2010) Gemstone Enhancement and Its Detection in the 2000s. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 3
Overton T.W. (2004) Gem Treatment Disclosure and U.S. Law. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 40, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2004-gem-treatment-disclosure-us-law-overton
Smith C.P., McClure S.F. (2002) Chart of Commercially Available Gem Treatments. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 38, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2002-commercially-available-gem-treatments-smith
Nassau K. (1984) The Early History of Gemstone Treatments. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 20, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1984-gem-treatment-nassau
263
FOR FURTHER READING
For Further Reading

sources, and more.
Assignment 13: Separating Red, Pink, and Purple Gems

Pink-to-Red Diamond
Eaton-Magaña S. (2016) Lab Notes: Treated Pink Type IIa Diamond Colored by Red Luminescence.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-labnotes-treated-pink-type-IIa-diamond-colored-red-luminescence
Moe K.S., Wang W. (2015) Lab Notes: Treated Pink Diamond with HPHT Synthetic Growth Structure.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2015-labnotes-treated-pink-diamond-hpht-synthetic-growth-structure
King J. et al. (2014) Exceptional Pink to Red Diamonds: A Celebration of the 30th Argyle Diamond Tender.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2014-pink-to-red-diamonds-30th-argyle-diamond-tender
Ardon T., Eaton-Magaña S. (2013) Lab Notes: Large Pinkish Brown CVD Synthetic Diamond. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 49, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/FA13-LN-pinkish-brown-CVD-synthetic
Moe K.S. (2013) Lab Notes: Large HPHT-Treated Fancy Pink Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 49, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2013-labnotes-hpht-fancy-pink
Wang W. et al. (2010) Strongly Colored Pink CVD Lab-Grown Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2010-pink-cvd-diamonds-wang
Wang W. (2009) CVD-Grown Pink Diamonds. Research News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/cvd-grown-pink-diamonds
Johnson P., Breeding C.M. (2009) Treated Fancy Red Diamond. Research News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/treated-fancy-red-diamond
Wang W. et al. (2005) Treated-Color Pink-To-Red Diamonds from Lucent Diamonds Inc. Gems & Gemology, Vol.
41, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2005-treated-color-diamonds-lucent-wang
King J.M. et al. (2002) Characterization and Grading of Natural-Color Pink Diamonds. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 38, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2002-grading-natural-pink-diamonds-king
203
Moses T.M. et al. (1993) Two Treated-Color Synthetic Red Diamonds Seen in the Trade. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 29, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1993-synthetic-red-diamond-moses
Ruby and Pink-to-Red Corundum

Saeseaw S. et al. (2016) Gem News International: Preliminary Study on Rubies Reportedly from Pokot, Kenya.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-gemnews-preliminary-study-rubies-reportedly-pokot-kenya
Liu Y., Lu R. (2016) Gem News International: Ruby and Sapphire from Muling, China. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 52, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-gemnews-ruby-sapphire-muling-china
Sorokina E.S. et al. (2015) Rubies and Sapphires from Snezhnoe, Tajikistan. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2015-rubies-sapphires-snezhnoe-tajikistan
Series of Articles on Rubies from Mozambique (2014) GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-mozambique-montepuez-rubies
Khoi N.N. et al. (2011) Ruby and Sapphire from the Tan Huong-Truc Lau Area, Yen Bai Province, Northern Vietnam.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2011-ruby-sapphire-khol
McClure S.F., Koivula J.I. (2009) Gem News International: Preliminary Observations on New Rubies from
Mozambique. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 3
Thirangoon K. (2009) Ruby and Pink Sapphire from Aappaluttoq, Greenland: Status of Ongoing Research.
GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-nr32309
Schwarz D. et al. (2008) Rubies and Sapphires from Winza, Central Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2008-rubies-sapphires-tanzania-schwarz
Hänni H.A. (2008) Gem News International: New Rubies from Central Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 2
Laurs B.M. (2007) Gem News International: New Sources of Marble-Hosted Rubies in South Asia. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 43, No. 3
Bowersox G.W. et al. (2000) Ruby and Sapphire from Jegdalek, Afghanistan. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 36, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2000-ruby-sapphire-afghanistan-bowersox
Muhlmeister S. et al. (1998) Separating Natural and Synthetic Rubies on the Basis of Trace-Element Chemistry.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1998-separating-natural-synthetic-rubies-mulhmeister
Smith C.P. et al. (1997) Rubies and Fancy-Color Sapphires from Nepal. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 33, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1997-rubies-fancy-color-sapphire-nepal-smith
Peretti A. et al. (1995) Rubies from Mong Hsu. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 31, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1995-ruby-mong-hsu-peretti
Kissin A.J. (1994) Ruby and Sapphire from the Southern Ural Mountains, Russia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 30, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1994-ruby-sapphire-russia-kissin
204
FOR FURTHER READING
Hänni H., Schmetzer K. (1991) New Rubies from the Morogoro Area, Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1991-rubies-tanzania-hanni
Kane R.E. et al. (1991) Rubies and Fancy Sapphires from Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1991-sapphire-ruby-vietnam-kane
Treated Red Corundum
McClure S.F. et al. (2006) Identification and Durability of Lead Glass–Filled Rubies. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 42, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2006-identification-lead-glass-filled-rubies-mcclure
McClure S.F. et al. (1993) Update on Diffusion-Treated Corundum: Red and Other Colors. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 29, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1993-diffusion-treated-sapphire-mcclure
Pink-to-Red Spinel
Vertriest W., Raynaud V. (2017) Micro-World: Complex Yellow Fluid Inclusions in Red Burmese Spinel.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2017-microworld-complex-yellow-fluid-inclusions
Sturman N. (2009) Lab Notes: Purplish Pink Spinel from Tajikistan—Before and After Cutting. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 45, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2009-lab-notes
Saeseaw S. et al. (2009) Distinguishing Heated Spinels from Unheated Natural Spinels and from Synthetic Spinels.
GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/distinguishing-heated-unheated-spinel
Quinn P.Q., Laurs B.M. (2004) Gem News International: Pink to Pink-Orange Spinel from Tanzania.
Muhlmeister S. et al. (1993) Flux-Grown Synthetic Red and Blue Spinels from Russia. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 29, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1993-synthetic-spinel-russia-muhlmeister
Garnet
Sangsawong S. et al. (2016) Gem News International: Purple Pyrope-Almandine Garnet from Mozambique.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-gemnews-purple-pyrope-almandine-garnet-mozambique
Sun Z. et al. (2015) Vanadium- and Chromium-Bearing Pink Pyrope Garnet: Characterization and Quantitative
Colorimetric Analysis. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2015-vanadium-chromium-bearing-pink-pyrope-garnet-characterization-
quantitative-colorimetric-analysis
Schlüter J., Weitschat W. (1991) Bohemian Garnet – Today. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1991-bohemian-garnet-schluter
Stockton C.M. (1988) Pastel Pyropes. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 24, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1988-garnet-identification-stockton
205
Pink-to-Red Tourmaline
Befi R. et al. (2009) Gem News International: New Tourmaline Production from Keffi, Nigeria. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 45, No. 3
Laurs B.M. (2009) Gem News International: “Lilac”-Colored Cu-Bearing Tourmaline from Nigeria.
Dirlam D. et al. (2002) Liddicoatite Tourmaline from Anjanabonoina, Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 38, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2002-liddicoatite-tourmaline-madagascar
Pink-to-Red Topaz
Gübelin E. et al. (1986) Pink Topaz from Pakistan. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 22, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1986-pink-topaz-gubelin
Pink-to-Red Beryl
Moe K.S. (2012) Gem News International: Morganite from Ethiopia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 48, No. 2
Shigley J.E. et al. (2003) Red Beryl from Utah: A Review and Update. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 39, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2003-red-beryl-utah-shigley
Simmons W.B. et al. (2003) Gem News International: A New Saturated Purplish Pink Cs-“Beryl” from Madagascar:
Preliminary Analyses. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 39, No. 1
Laurs B.M., Quinn E. (2002) Gem News International: New Morganite Mine in Madagascar. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 38, No. 3
Kampf A.R., Francis C.A. (1989) Beryl Gem Nodules from the Bananal Mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1989-beryl-brazil-kampf
Shigley J.E., Foord E.E. (1984) Gem-Quality Red Beryl from the Wah Wah Mountains, Utah. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 20, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1984-beryl-utah-shigley
Purple Quartz
Suthiyuth R. (2015) Gem News International: Amethyst from Morocco: An Update. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2015-gemnews-amethyst-morocco-update
Troilo F. et al. (2015) Amethyst from Boudi, Morocco. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2015-amethyst-from-boudi-morocco
Beaton D. (2009) Gem News International: Gem-Quality Amethyst from Tata, Morocco. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 45, No. 1
Weldon R. (2009) Gem News International: Anahí’s “New” Ametrine. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2009-anahi-ametrine-mine
Lowell J., Koivula J.I. (2004) Amethyst from Four Peaks, Arizona. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 40, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2004-amethyst-four-peaks-arizona-lowell
206
FOR FURTHER READING
Koivula J.I., Fritsch E. (1989) The Growth of Brazil-Twinned Synthetic Quartz and the Potential for Synthetic
Amethyst Twinned on the Brazil Law. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 25, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1989-synthetic-quartz-koivula
Kunzite Spodumene
Mauthner M. (2010) Gem News International: Recent Finds of Kunzite in Pala, California. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 46, No. 2
Evans M. (2008) Gem News International: New Find of Vivid Kunzite from Pala, California. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 44, No. 4
Oregon Sunstone
Johnston C.L. et al. (1991) Sunstone Labradorite from the Ponderosa Mine, Oregon. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1991-sunstone-oregon-johnston
Red Feldspar (Andesine Controversy)

Abduriyim A. et al. (2011) Research on Gem Feldspar from the Shigatse Region of Tibet. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 47, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2011-feldspar-shigatse-tibet-abduriyim
Rossman G.R. (2011) The Chinese Red Feldspar Controversy: Chronology of Research Through July 2009.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2011-chinese-red-feldspar-rossman
Special Report on Red Feldspar (2011) GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/special-report-on-red-felspar
Abduriyim A. (2010) Gem News International: Additional Field Research on Tibetan Andesine. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 46, No. 4
McClure S., Breeding C.M. (2009) Separation of Plagioclase Feldspars via Chemical Analysis. GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-nr33009A
Abduriyim A. (2008) Gem News International: Visit to Andesine Mines in Tibet and Inner Mongolia.
Abduriyim A., Kobayashi T. (2008) Gem News International: Gemological Properties of Andesine Collected in
Tibet and Inner Mongolia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 4
Fritsch E. et al. (2008) Gem News International: “Red Andesine” from China: Possible Indication of Diffusion
Treatment. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 2
Pink-to-Red Opal
Renfro N., McClure S.F. (2011) Dyed Purple Hydrophane Opal. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 47, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2011-hydrophane-opal-renfro
207
Rhodochrosite
Choudhary G., Vyas M.B. (2011) Gem News International: An Exceptional Rhodochrosite Carving. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 47, No. 3
Lees B.K. (2009) Gem News International: Gem-Quality Rhodochrosite from China. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 1
Knox K., Lees B.K. (1997) Gem Rhodochrosite from the Sweet Home Mine, Colorado. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 33, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1997-rhodochrosite-colorado-knox
Sugilite
Shigley J.E. et al. (1987) The Occurrence and Gemological Properties of Wessels Mine Sugilite. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 23, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1987-sugilite-wessels-shigley
Assignment 14: Separating Blue and Violet Gems

Blue Diamond
Poon T., Wang W. (2016) Lab Notes: Blue HPHT Synthetic Diamond Over 10 Carats. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 52, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2016-labnotes-blue-HPHT-synthetic-diamond-over-10-carats
Moe K.S. et al. (2016) Lab Notes: Largest Blue HPHT Synthetic Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-labnotes-largest-blue-hpht-synthetic-diamond
Johnson P., Wang W. (2015) Lab Notes: Intense Blue Diamond with Very High Boron Concentration.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2015-labnotes-blue-diamond-high-boron-concentration
Gaillou E. et al. (2014) Study of the Blue Moon Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2014-blue-moon-diamond
Dröschel R. et al. (2008) The Wittelsbach Blue. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2008-wittelsbach-blue-droschel
King J.M. et al. (1998) Characterizing Natural-Color Type IIB Blue Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 34, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1998-blue-diamonds-king
Blue-to-Violet Sapphire
Renfro N.D. et al. (2017) Inclusions in Natural, Synthetic, and Treated Sapphire. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 53, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2017-inclusions-sapphire
Sapphire Chart Article: Suggested Reading on Sapphires and Their Inclusions (2017) Gems & Gemology, Vol. 53, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2017-summer-2017-suggested-reading-inclusions-sapphires
Saeseaw S. et al. (2017) A Study of Sapphire from Chanthaburi, Thailand and Its Gemological Characteristics.
GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/sapphire-chanthaburi-thailand-gemological-characteristics
Soonthorntantikul W. et al. (2017) An In-Depth Gemological Study of Blue Sapphires from the Baw Mar Mine
(Mogok, Myanmar). Research News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/blue-sapphires-baw-mar-mine-mogok-myanmar
208
FOR FURTHER READING
Pardieu V. et al. (2017) Sapphires from the Gem Rush Bemainty Area, Ambatondrazaka (Madagascar). Research News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/sapphires-gem-rush-bemainty-ambatondrazaka-madagascar
Vertriest W. et al. (2016) Gem News International: Blue Sapphire Reportedly from Badakhshan, Afghanistan.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-gemnews-blue-sapphire-badakhshan-afghanistan
Pardieu V. et al. (2016) Gem News International: Blue Sapphires from a New Deposit Near Andranondambo,
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-gemnews-blue-sapphires-new-deposit-andranondambo-madagascar
Pardieu V. et al. (2014) New Nigerian Source of Blue Sapphire. GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-nigerian-source-blue-sapphire
Kan-Nyunt H.P. et al. (2013) Blue Sapphires from the Baw Mar Mine in Mogok. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 49, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/WN13-Karampelas-Blue-Sapphires-Mogok
Dharmaratne P.G.R. et al. (2012) Sapphires from Thammannawa, Kataragama Area, Sri Lanka. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 48, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2012-sapphires-thammannawa-dharmaratne
Pardieu V. et al. (2012) Gem News International: Blue Sapphire Discovery Near Kataragama, Sri Lanka.
Khoi N.N. et al. (2011) Ruby and Sapphire from the Tan Huong-Truc Lau Area, Yen Bai Province, Northern Vietnam.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2011-ruby-sapphire-khol
Pardieu V. (2009) Concise Field Report: Pailin, Cambodia. Research News
DuToit G. et al. (2009) Beryllium-Treated Blue Sapphire: Continuing Market Observations and Update.
GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/beryllium-treated-blue-sapphire
Pardieu V. et al. (2009) Sapphires Reportedly from the Batakundi/Basil Area. GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/sapphires-reportedly-from-the-batakundi-basil-area
Quinn E.P., Laurs B.M. (2004) Gem News International: Sapphires from Afghanistan and Pakistan. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 40, No. 4
Schwarz D. et al. (2000) Sapphires from Antsiranana Province, Northern Madagascar. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 36, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2000-sapphires-antsiranana-province-madagascar-schwarz
Bowersox G.W. et al. (2000) Ruby and Sapphire from Jegdalek, Afghanistan. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 36, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2000-ruby-sapphire-afghanistan-bowersox
Seifert A.V., Hyrsl J. (1999) Sapphire and Garnet from Kalalani, Tanga Province, Tanzania. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 35, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1999-sapphire-garnet-kalalani-seifert
Schwarz D. et al. (1996) Sapphires from the Andranondambo Region, Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 32, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1996-gem-sapphire-madagascar-schwarz
Smith C.P. et al. (1995) Sapphires from Southern Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 31, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1995-sapphires-southern-vietnam-smith
209
Kissin A.J. (1994) Ruby and Sapphire from the Southern Ural Mountains, Russia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 30, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1994-ruby-sapphire-russia-kissin
Guo J. et al. (1992) Sapphires from Changle in Shandong Province, China. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1992-china-sapphires-guo
Schwieger R. (1990) Diagnostic Features and Heat Treatment of Kashmir Sapphires. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1990-kashmir-sapphire-schwieger
Furui W. (1988) The Sapphires of Penglai, Hainan Island, China. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 24, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1988-china-sapphire-furui
Keller A.S., Keller P.C. (1986) The Sapphires of Mingxi, Fujian Province, China. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 22, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1986-sapphire-china-keller
Coldham T. (1985) Sapphires from Australia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 21, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1985-sapphire-australia-coldham
Atkinson D., Kothavala R.Z. (1983) Kashmir Sapphire. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 19, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1983-sapphire-atkinson
Treated Synthetic Sapphire

Sun Z. et al. (2017) Lab Notes: Multi-Elemental Diffused and Melt-Grown Synthetic Sapphire. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 53, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2017-labnotes-multi-elemental-diffused-melt-grown-synthetic-sapphire
Blue-to-Violet Spinel
Chauviré B. et al. (2015) Blue Spinel from the Luc Yen District of Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2015-blue-spinel-luc-yen-district-vietnam
Overton T.W., Shen A.H. (2011) Gem News International: Cobalt Blue–Colored Spinel from Khuoi Ngan, Vietnam.
Shigley J.E., Stockton C.M. (1984) ‘Cobalt-Blue’ Gem Spinels. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 20, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1984-spinel-shigley
Copper-Bearing and Blue Tourmaline

Katsurada Y., Sun Z. (2017) Cuprian Liddicoatite Tourmaline. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 53, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/cuprian-liddicoatite-tourmaline
Laurs B.M. (2009) Gem News International: “Lilac”-Colored Cu-Bearing Tourmaline from Nigeria.
Laurs B.M. et al. (2008) Copper-Bearing (Paraíba-Type) Tourmaline from Mozambique. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 44, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2008-copper-bearing-tourmaline-mozambique-laurs
Choudhary G., Golecha C. (2007) Gem News International: New Tairus Synthetic Beryl Simulating “Paraíba”
Tourmaline. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 43, No. 4
Laurs B.M., Zwaan J.C. (2007) Gem News International: Field Study of Cu-Bearing Tourmaline Mines in Mozambique.
210
FOR FURTHER READING
Breeding C.M., Rockwell K. (2007) Gem News International: New Cu-Bearing Tourmaline from Nigeria.
Furuya M. (2007) Copper-Bearing Tourmalines from New Deposits in Paraíba State, Brazil. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 43, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2007-copper-bearing-tourmalines-paraiba-brazil-furuya
Abduriyim A. et al. (2006) “Paraíba”-Type Copper-Bearing Tourmaline from Brazil, Nigeria, and Mozambique:
Chemical Fingerprinting by LA-ICP-MS. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 42, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2006-paraiba-tourmaline-chemical-fingerpinting-abduriyum
Shigley J.E. et al. (2001) An Update on “Paraíba” Tourmaline from Brazil. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 37, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2001-paraiba-tourmaline-brazil-shigley
Blue Beryl
Huong L. et al. (2011) Aquamarine from the Thuong Xuan District, Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 47, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2011-aquamarine-topaz-huong
Laurs B.M. (2010) Gem News International: Aquamarine and Heliodor from Indochina. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 46, No. 4
Isatelle F. (2010) Gem News International: Dark Blue Aquamarine from Tsaramanga, Madagascar. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 46, No. 4
Bocchio R. et al. (2009) Aquamarine from the Masino-Bregaglia Massif, Central Alps, Italy. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 45, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2009-aquamarine-masino-bregaglia-bocchio
Iolite
Laurs B.M. (2005) Gem News International: Iolite from Northeastern Brazil. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 41, No. 1
Lapis Lazuli
Coenraads R.R., Canut de Bon C. (2000) Lapis Lazuli from the Coquimbo Region, Chile. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 36, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2000-lapis-lazuli-chile-coenraads
Bosshart G. (1983) Cobalt Glass as a Lapis Lazuli Imitation. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 19, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1983-cobalt-lapis-bosshart
Wyart J. et al. (1981) Lapis-Lazuli from Sar-E-Sang, Badakhshan, Afghanistan. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 17, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1981-lapis-afghanistan-wyart
Kyanite
Pradat T., Choudhary G. (2014) Gem News International: Gem-Quality Cr-Rich Kyanite from India.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-gemnews-indian-pradat-kyanite
Laurs B.M., Quinn E.P. (2005) Gem News International: Kyanite Widely Available. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 41, No. 1
211
Quinn E.P. (2004) Gem News International: Kyanite from Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 40, No. 4
Benitoite
Laurs B.M. et al. (1997) Benitoite from the New Idria District, San Benito County, California. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 33, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1997-benitoite-california-laurs
Turquoise
Chen Q. et al. (2012) Turquoise from Zhushan County, Hubei Province, China. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 48, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2012-turquoise-chen
Choudhary G. (2010) A New Type of Composite Turquoise. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2010-turquoise-composite-choudhary
Douman M., Fritz E.A. (2008) Gem News International: A New Source of Persian Turquoise: Kerman, Iran.
Moe K.S. et al. (2007) Polymer-Impregnated Turquoise. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 43, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2007-polymer-impregnated-turquoise-moe
Fritsch E. et al. (1999) The Identification of Zachery-Treated Turquoise. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1999-identification-zachery-treated-turquoise-fritsch
Fuquan W. (1986) A Gemological Study of Turquoise in China. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 22, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1986-china-turquoise-fuquan
Lind T. et al. (1983) The Identification of Turquoise by Infrared Spectroscopy and X-Ray Powder Diffraction.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1983-turquoise-spectroscopy-lind
Blue Opal
Quinn E.P. (2003) Gem News International: Peruvian Blue Opal. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 39, No. 4
Assignment 15: Separating Green Gems

Green Diamond
Johnson P., Myagkaya E. (2017) Lab Notes: HPHT Synthetic Diamond with Intense Green Color. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 53, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2017-labnotes-synthetic-diamond-intense-green-color
Moe K.S. et al. (2015) Lab Notes: Irradiated Green-Blue CVD Synthetic Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2015-labnotes-irradiated-green-blue-cvd-synthetic-diamonds
Nazz M., Johnson P. (2013) Lab Notes: Green Diamond, Treated with Radioactive Salt. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 49, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2013-labnotes-green-radioactive-salt
Fritsch E., et al. (1988) Detection of Treatment in Two Unusual Green Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 24, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1988-green-diamonds-fritsch
212
FOR FURTHER READING
Emerald
Renfro N. et al. (2017) Gem News International: A New Discovery of Emeralds from Ethiopia. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 53, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2017-gemnews-new-discovery-emeralds-ethiopia
Renfro N. et al. (2016) Inclusions in Natural, Synthetic, and Treated Emerald. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2016-inclusions-natural-synthetic-treated-emerald
Pignatelli I. et al. (2015) Colombian Trapiche Emeralds: Recent Advances in Understanding Their Formation.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2015-colombian-trapiche-emeralds-recent-advances-understanding-formation
Saeseaw S. et al. (2014) Three-Phase Inclusions in Emerald and Their Impact on Origin Determination.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2014-saeseaw-three-phase-inclusions-emerald
Zwaan J.C. et al. (2012) Emeralds from the Fazenda Bonfim Region, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 48, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2012-emeralds-brazil-zwaan
Isatelle F., Pardieu V. (2011) Gem News International: Update on Emerald Mining at Kagem, Zambia.
Beesley C.R. (2010) Gem News International: Record-Breaking Emerald Discovered in Hiddenite, North Carolina.
Mychaluk K.A. (2008) Gem News International: Emerald-Bearing Gem Pockets from North Carolina.
Blauwet D. (2005) Gem News International: New Emerald Deposit in Xinjiang, China. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 41, No. 1
Zwaan J.C. et al. (1997) Update on Emeralds from the Sandawana Mines, Zimbabwe. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 33, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1997-sandawana-mines-emerald-zwaan
Laskovenkov A.F., Zhernakov V.I. (1995) An Update on the Ural Emerald Mines. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 31, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1995-ural-mountains-emeralds-laskovenkov
Kammerling R.C. et al. (1991) Fracture Filling of Emeralds Opticon and Traditional “Oils.” Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 27, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1991-opticon-emerald-kammerling
Schmetzer K. et al. (1991) Emeralds from the Ural Mountains, USSR. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1991-ural-mountains-emerald-schmetzer
Bowersox G. et al. (1991) Emeralds of the Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1991-emeralds-afghanistan-bowersox
Epstein D.S. (1989) The Capoeirana Emerald Deposit near Nova Era, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 25, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1989-brazil-emeralds-epstein
213
Ringsrud R. (1986) The Coscuez Mine: A Major Source of Colombian Emeralds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 22, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1986-colombia-emeralds-ringsrud
Cassedanne J.P., Sauer D.A. (1984) The Santa Terezinha de Goias Emerald Deposit. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 20, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1984-emerald-cassedanne
Beryl
Lahti S.I., Kinnunen K.A. (1993) A New Gem Beryl Locality: Luumäki, Finland. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 29, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1993-finland-beryl-lahti
Jadeite
Zhang J. et al. (2013) Gemological Characteristics of Coated Jadeite Jade. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 49, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/gemological-characteristics-coated-jadeite-jade
McClure S.F. (2012) The Jadeite/Omphacite Nomenclature Question. GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/the-jadeite-omphacite-nomenclature-question
Hughes R.W. et al. (2000) Burmese Jade: The Inscrutable Gem. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 36, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2000-burmese-jade-hughes
Fritsch E. et al. (1992) Identification of Bleached and Polymer-Impregnated Jadeite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1992-bleaching-jadeite-fritsch
Hobbs J.M. (1982) The Jade Enigma. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1982-jade-enigma-hobbs
Nephrite
Hsu T. (2015) Gem News International: Green Nephrite Jade Attracts Buyers in Tucson. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 51, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2015-gemnews-green-nephrite-jade-tucson
Yin Z. et al. (2014) Nephrite Jade from Guangxi Province, China. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2014-nephrite-jade-guangxi-province-china
Adamo I., Bocchio R. (2013) Nephrite Jade from Val Malenco, Italy: Review and Update. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 49, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2013-adamo-nephrite-italy
Tourmaline
Nhung N.T. et al. (2017) An Update on Tourmaline from Luc Yen, Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 53, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2017-tourmaline-luc-yen-vietnam
Peridot
Thuyet N.T.M. et al. (2016) Peridot from the Central Highlands of Vietnam: Properties, Origin, and Formation.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-peridot-central-highlands-vietnam-properties-origin-formation
Shen A.H. et al. (2011) Identification of Extraterrestrial Peridot by Trace Elements. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 47, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2011-peridot-meteorite-shen
Adamo I. et al. (2009) Characterization of Peridot from Sardinia, Italy. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2009-peridot-sardinia-italy-adamo
214
FOR FURTHER READING
Fuhrbach J.R. (1992) Kilbourne Hole Peridot. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1992-kilbourne-hole-peridot-fuhrbach
Sinkankas J. et al. (1992) Peridot as an Interplanetary Gemstone. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1992-interplanetary-peridot-sinkankas
Koivula J.I., Fryer C.W. (1986) The Gemological Characteristics of Chinese Peridot. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 22, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1986-china-peridot-koivula
Stockton C.M., Manson D.V. (1983) Peridot from Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 19, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1983-peridot-tanzania-stockton
Gübelin E. (1981) Zabargad: The Ancient Peridot Island in The Red Sea. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 17, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1981-zabargad-peridot-gubelin
Koivula J.I. (1981) San Carlos Peridot. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 17, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1981-peridot-san-carlos-koivula
Grossular Garnet (Including Tsavorite)

Mayerson W.M. (2004) Gem News International: Large Tsavorite and Green Grossular from Tanzania.
Kane R.E. et al. (1990) Well-Formed Tsavorite Gem Crystals from Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1990-tsavorite-tanzania-kane
Manson D.V., Stockton C.M. (1982) Gem-Quality Grossular Garnets. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 18, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1982-grossular-garnet-manson
Andradite Garnet
Ostrooumov M. (2015) Gem News International: Mexican Demantoid from New Deposits. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 51, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2015-gemnews-mexican-demantoid-new-deposits
Pay D. (2015) Gem News International: Large Namibian Demantoid Garnet. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2015-gemnews-large-namibian-demantoid-garnet
Palke A.C., Pardieu V. (2014) Gem News International: Demantoid from Baluchistan Province in Pakistan.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2014-gemnews-demantoid-baluchistan-province-pakistan
Pezzotta F. et al. (2011) Demantoid and Topazolite from Antetezambato, Northern Madagascar: Review and New Data.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2011-demantoid-topazolite-antetezambato-pezzotta
Renfro N. (2010) Gem News International: Andradite from China. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 1
Adamo I. et al (2009) Demantoid from Val Malenco, Italy: Review and Update. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2009-demantoid-italy-adamo
Danet F. (2009) Gem News International: Demantoid from Ambanja, Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 3
Douman M., Dirlam D. (2004) Gem News International: Update on Demantoid and Cat’s-Eye Demantoid from Iran.
215
Laurs B.M. (2003) Gem News International: A New Find of Demantoid at a Historic Site in Kladovka, Russia.
Phillips W.R., Talantsev A.S. (1996) Russian Demantoid, Czar of the Garnet Family. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 32, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1996-green-andradite-garnet-phillips
Johnson M.L. et al. (1995) Gem-Quality Grossular-Andradite: A New Garnet from Mali. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 31, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1995-garnet-mali-johnson
Stockton C.M., Manson D.V. (1983) Gem Andradite Garnets. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 19, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1983-garnet-stockton
Payne T. (1981) The Andradites of San Benito County, California. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 17, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1981-andradites-payne
Green-to-Yellow Chrysoberyl
Mayerson W.M. (2004) Lab Notes: Notable Cat’s-Eye Alexandrite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 40, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2004-lab-notes
Schmetzer K. et al. (2002) Gem News International: Yellowish Green and Green Chrysoberyl from Ilakaka,
Andalusite
Fernandes S., Choudhary G. (2009) Gem-Quality Andalusite from Brazil. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2009-andalusite-brazil-fernandes
Green Zoisite
Barot N.R., Boehm E.W. (1992) Gem-Quality Green Zoisite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1981-green-zoisite-barot
Chrysoberyl (Including Alexandrite)

Mayerson W.M. (2004) Lab Notes: Notable Cat’s-Eye Alexandrite. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 40, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2004-lab-notes
Proctor K. (1988) Chrysoberyl and Alexandrite from the Pegmatite Districts of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1988-pegmatites-brazil-proctor
Green Spodumene
Chadwick K.M. et al. (2007) Gem News International: Cr/V-Bearing Green Spodumene from Afghanistan.
Laurs B.M. et al. (2003) Gem News International: New Hiddenite Discovery in Historic North Carolina Location.
216
FOR FURTHER READING
Diopside
Cevallos P. (2010) Gem News International: Diopside from Pakistan. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 4
Befi R. (2010) Gem News International: Diopside from Ihosy, Madagascar. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 1
Merk R. (2006) Gem News International: Diopside from Afghanistan. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 42, No. 4
Shor R., Quinn E. (2002) Gem News International: “Tashmarine”: Diopside from Central Asia. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 38, No. 3
Chalcedony (Including Chrysoprase)

Renfro N. (2015) Gem News International: A New Natural-Color Bluish Green Chalcedony. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 51, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2015-gemnews-new-natural-color-bluish-green-chalcedony
Shigley J.E. et al. (2009) Chrysoprase and Prase Opal from Haneti, Central Tanzania. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 45, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2009-chrysoprase-prase-opal-shigley
Green Feldspar
Chadwick K.M. et al. (2008) Gem News International: Green Sodic Plagioclase from East Africa. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 44, No. 1
Laurs B.M. et al. (2005) Gem News International: Green Orthoclase Feldspar from Vietnam. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 41, No. 4
Variscite
Litvinenko A.K. et al. (2016) Variscite from Central Tajikistan: Preliminary Results. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 52, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-variscite-central-tajikistan-preliminary-results
Serpentine
Adamo I. et al. (2016) Gem-Quality Serpentine from Val Malenco, Central Alps, Italy. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 52, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-gem-quality-serpentine-val-malenco-central-alps-italy
Maw-Sit-Sit
Hurwit K.N. (2001) Lab Notes: Maw-Sit-Sit Beads. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 37, No. 3
Gem News International: Maw-Sit-Sit from Myanmar (1998) Gems & Gemology, Vol. 34, No. 1
217
Assignment 16: Separating Orange, Yellow, and Brown Gems

Diamond
Kennedy L., Johnson P. (2016) Lab Notes: Yellow Synthetic Diamond with Nickel-Related Green Fluorescence.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2016-labnotes-yellow-synthetic-diamond-nickel-related-green-fluorescence
Chan S. (2015) Lab Notes: Yellow HPHT-Processed Rough Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 51, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2015-labnotes-yellow-hpht-processed-rough-diamond
Wang W. (2014) Lab Notes: Very Large Irradiated Yellow Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2014-labnotes-irradiated-yellow-diamond
Moe K.S. et al. (2014) Lab Notes: Yellow CVD Synthetic Diamond. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2014-labnotes-yellow-cvd-synthetic-diamond
King J.M. et al. (2005) Characterization and Grading of Natural-Color Yellow Diamonds. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 41, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2005-grading-natural-yellow-diamonds-king
Reinitz I.M. et al. (2000) Identification of HPHT-Treated Yellow to Green Diamonds. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 36, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2000-hpht-treated-yellow-green-diamonds-reinitz
Shigley J.E. et al. (1993) The Gemological Properties of Russian Gem-Quality Synthetic Yellow Diamonds.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1993-russia-synthetic-diamond-shigley
Shigley J.E. et al. (1992) An Update on Sumitomo Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 28, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1992-sumitomo-synthetic-diamond-shigley
Topaz
Cairncross B. et al (1998) Topaz, Aquamarine, and Other Beryls from Klein Spitzkoppe, Namibia. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 34, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1998-beryls-klein-spitzkoppe-namibia-cairncross
Sauer D.A. et al. (1996) An Update on Imperial Topaz from the Capão Mine, Minas Gerais. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 32, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1996-imperial-topaz-brazil-sauer
Keller P.C. (1983) The Capão Topaz Deposit, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 19, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1983-topaz-brazil-keller
Beryl
Laurs B.M., Fritz E. (2007) Gem News International: Heliodor and Other Beryls from Connecticut.
Spessartine Garnet
Chadwick K.M. (2008) Gem News International: Spessartine from Loliondo, Tanzania. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 44, No. 1
218
FOR FURTHER READING
Laurs B.M., Knox K. (2001) Spessartine Garnet from Ramona, San Diego County, California. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 37, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2001-spessartine-garnet-california-laurs
“Malaya” Garnet
Schmetzer K. et al. (2001) Pink to Pinkish Orange Malaya Garnets from Bekily, Madagascar. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 37, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2001-pink-orange-malaya-garnets-madagascar-schmetzer
Chrysoberyl
Schmetzer K. et al. (2016) Chrysoberyl from the New England Placer Deposits, New South Wales, Australia.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-chrysoberyl-recovered-sapphires-related-tertiary-volcanics-
england-placer-deposits-south-wales-australia
Andalusite
Fernandes S., Choudhary G. (2009) Gem-Quality Andalusite from Brazil. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2009-andalusite-brazil-fernandes
Danburite
Huong L. et al. (2016) A New Find of Danburite in the Luc Yen Mining Area, Vietnam. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 52, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2016-danburite-luc-yen-mining-area-vietnam
Feldspar
Hänni H. et al. (2003) Gem News International: Star Sunstone from Tanzania. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 39, No. 3
Gem News International: Sunstone Feldspar from Tanzania (2002) Gems & Gemology, Vol. 38, No. 2
Citrine Quartz
Beaton D. (2012) Gem News International: Citrine from Zambia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 48, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/citrine-from-zambia
Pearl
Elen S. (2002) Identification of Yellow Cultured Pearls from the Black-Lipped Oyster Pinctada Margaritifera.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2002-yellow-cultured-pearls-pinctada-margaritifera-elen
Elen S. (2001) Spectral Reflectance and Fluorescence Characteristics of Natural-Color and Heat-Treated “Golden”
South Sea Cultured Pearls. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 37, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2001-heat-treated-golden-south-sea-cultured-pearls-elen
219
FOR FURTHER READING
For Further Reading

sources, and more.
Assignment 17: Separating Colorless, White, Gray, and Black Gems
Diamond
Shigley J.E. (2016) Synthetics: Identifying Lab-Grown Diamonds. Research News

https://www.gia.edu/identifying-lab-grown-diamonds
HPHT Synthetic Diamond
Wang W., Moses T. (2016) Gem News International: Large Colorless HPHT Synthetic Gem Diamonds from China.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-gemnews-large-colorless-hpht-synthetic-gem-diamonds-china
D’Haenens-Johansson U.F.S. et al. (2015) Large Colorless HPHT Synthetic Diamonds from New Diamond Technology.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2015-large-colorless-hpht-grown-synthetic-gem-diamond-technology-russia
Poon P.Y. et al. (2015) Large HPHT-Grown Synthetic Diamonds Examined in GIA’s Hong Kong Laboratory.
GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research-large-hpht-grown-synthetic-diamonds-examined-in-gia-hong-kong-laboratory
D’Haenens-Johansson U.F.S. et al. (2014) Near-Colorless HPHT Synthetic Diamonds from AOTC Group.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-ulrika-hpht-synthetic-diamonds
Shigley J.E. et al. (1997) Gemological Properties of Near-Colorless Synthetic Diamonds. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 33, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1997-synthetic-diamond-properties-shigley
Rooney M.T. et al. (1993) De Beers Near Colorless-to-Blue Experimental Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1993-debeers-synthetic-diamond-rooney
153
CVD Synthetic Diamond

Ardon T., Eaton-Magaña S. (2014) Lab Notes: Two Fancy Dark Gray CVD Synthetic Diamonds. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 50, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2014-labnotes-two-fancy-fark-gray-cvd-synthetic-diamonds
Eaton-Magaña S., D’Haenens-Johansson U.F.S. (2012) Recent Advances in CVD Synthetic Diamond Quality.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2012-recent-advances-cvd-quality-eaton-magana
Wang W. et al. (2007) Latest-Generation CVD-Grown Synthetic Diamonds from Apollo Diamond Inc.
Gems & Gemology, Vol. 43, No. 4https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2007-cvd-grown-synthetic-
diamonds-wang
Wang W. et al. (2005) Experimental CVD Synthetic Diamonds from LIMHP-CNRS, France. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 41, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2005-cvd-synthetic-diamond-france-wang
Martineau P.M. et al (2004) Identification of Synthetic Diamond Grown Using Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD).
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2004-identification-cvd-synthetic-diamond-martineau
Wang W. et al. (2003) Gem-Quality Synthetic Diamonds Grown by a Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method.
Gems & Gemology, Vol. 39, No 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2003-synthetic-diamonds-chemical-vapor-deposition-wang
Pearl
Sturman N. et al. (2016) Bead-Cultured and Non-Bead-Cultured Pearls from Lombok, Indonesia. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 52, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2016-bead-cultured-pearls-lombok-indonesia
Zhou Y., Zhou C. (2015) Lab Notes: Strong Pinkish Purple Freshwater Bead-Cultured Pearls. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 51, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2015-labnotes-pinkish-purple-freshwater-bead-cultured-pearls
Sturman N., Strack E. (2010) Gem News International: “Soufflé” Freshwater Cultured Pearls. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 46, No. 1
Elen S. (2002) Identification of Yellow Cultured Pearls from the Black-Lipped Oyster Pinctada Margaritifera.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2002-yellow-cultured-pearls-pinctada-margaritifera-elen
Hanano J. et al. (1990) Majorica Imitation Pearls. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 26, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1990-imitation-pearls-hanano
Opal
Kiefert L. et al. (2014) Gem News International: New Deposit of Black Opal from Ethiopia. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 50, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2014-gemnews-new-deposit-black-opal-from-ethiopia
Rondeau B. et al. (2013) On the Origin of Digit Patterns in Gem Opal. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 49, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/FA13-opal-digit-patterns-rondeau
154
FOR FURTHER READING
Rondeau B. et al. (2010) Play-of-Color Opal from Wegel Tena, Wollo Province, Ethiopia. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 46, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2010-opal-ethiopia-rondeau
Rondeau B. et al. (2009) Gem News International: New Play-of-Color Opal from Welo, Ethiopia. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 45, No. 1
Johnson M.L. et al. (1996) Opal from the Shewa Province, Ethiopia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 32, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1996-shewa-province-opal-johnson
Wise R.W. (1993) Queensland Boulder Opal. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 29, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1993-queensland-boulder-opal-wise
Smith K.L. (1988) Opals from Opal Butte, Oregon. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 24, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1988-oregon-opals-smith
Koivula J.I. et al. (1983) Opal from Queretaro, Mexico: Occurrence and Inclusions. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 19, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1983-opal-queretaro-koivula
Feldspar
Rockwell K., Breeding C.M. (2006) Gem News International: Labradorite from Chihuahua, Mexico.
Quinn E.P. et al. (2005) Gem News International: Albitic “Moonstone” from the Morogoro Region, Tanzania.
Gem News International: Blue- and Multicolor-Sheen Moonstone Feldspar from India (1997) Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 33, No. 2
Chalcedony
Dumanska-Słowik M. et al. (2013) Agates from Morocco: Gemological Characteristics and Proposed Origin.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/FA13-dumanska-agate-sidi-rahal
Diamond Simulants
Song Y. et al. (2016) Gem News International: Synthetic Moissanite Imitations of Synthetic Colored Diamonds.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2016-gemnews-synthetic-moissanite-imitations-synthetic-colored-diamonds
Zhou J.Y. (2015) Lab Notes: Synthetic Moissanite Melee in a Colored Diamond Bracelet. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 51, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2015-labnotes-synthetic-moissanite-melee-colored-diamond
Choudhary G. (2013) Gem News International: Boron Carbide: A New Imitation of Black Diamond.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fa13-gni-boron-carbide-diamond-imitation
Shigley J.E. et al. (2012) Characterization of Colorless Coated Cubic Zirconia (Diamantine). Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 48, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2012-zirconia-diamantine-shigley
155
Nassau K. et al. (1997) Synthetic Moissanite: A New Diamond Substitute. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 33, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1997-synthetic-moissanite-nassau
Kammerling K.C. et al. (1991) An Examination of Nontransparent “CZ” from Russia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 27, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1991-cz-russia-kammerling
Hobbs J. (1981) A Simple Approach to Detecting Diamond Simulants. Gems & Gemology, Vol 17, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1981-diamond-simulants-hobbs
Nassau K. (1981) Cubic Zirconia: An Update. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 17, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-1981-cubic-zirconia-nassau
Nassau K. (1978) Distinguishing Diamond from Cubic Zirconia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 16, No. 4
Liddicoat R.T., Koivula J.I. (1978) Synthetic Cubic Stabilized Zirconia. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 16, No. 2
Benson L.B. (1957) Diamond Substitutes. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 9, No. 2
Assignment 18: Identifying Rough Gems, Parcels, and Mounted Gems

Costa E., Navone R. (2016) Gem News International: Imitation Rubellite Boulders. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2016-gemnews-imitation-rubellite-boulders
Sehgal A., Befi R. (2015) Lab Notes: Polished Freeform Topaz Imitating Diamond Rough. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 51, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2015-labnotes-polished-freeform-topaz-imitating-diamond-rough
Chauhan M. (2014) Gem News International: Unusual Composite Ruby Rough. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 50, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2014-gemnews-unusual-composite-ruby-rough
Gem News International: Emerald Rough: Buyer Beware! (1997) Gems & Gemology, Vol. 33, No. 2
Assignment 19: Advanced Laboratory Testing

General
Breeding C.M. et al. (2010) Developments in Gemstone Analysis Techniques and Instrumentation During the 2000s.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2010-analysis-techniques-breeding
Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy

Eaton-Magaña S., Breeding C.M. (2016) An Introduction to Photoluminescence Spectroscopy for Diamond and
Its Applications in Gemology. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 52, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2016-photoluminescence-spectroscopy-diamond-applications-gemology
Raman Spectroscopy
Huong L. et al. (2010) Confocal Micro-Raman Spectroscopy: A Powerful Tool to Identify Natural and Synthetic
Emeralds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2010-emeralds-spectroscopy-huong
McClure S.F. et al. (2010) Gemstone Enhancement and Its Detection in the 2000s. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 3
156
FOR FURTHER READING
Karampelas S. et al. (2009) Identification of the Endangered Pink-To-Red Stylaster Corals by Raman Spectroscopy.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2009-stylaster-corals-karampeles
McClure S.F., Smith C.P. (2000) Gemstone Enhancements and Detection in the 1990s. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 36, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2000-gemstone-enhancements-detection-1990s-mcclure
Krzemnicki M.S. (1999) Diopside Needles as Inclusions in Demantoid Garnet from Russia: A Raman
Microspectrometric Study. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 35, No. 4
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-1999-inclusions-demantoid-garnet-russia-krzemnicki
Hänni H. et al. (1998) Raman Investigations on Two Historical Objects from Basel Cathedral: The Reliquary Cross
and Dorothy Monstrance. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 34, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1998-investigations-historical-objects-basel-cathedral-hanni
Welbourn C.M. et al. (1996) De Beers Natural versus Synthetic Diamond Verification Instruments. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 32, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-1996-debeers-diamond-tools-welbourn
Infrared Spectroscopy
Karampelas S. et al. (2011) Infrared Spectroscopy of Natural vs. Synthetic Amethyst: An Update. Gems & Gemology,
Vol. 47, No. 3
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2011-amethyst-crystals-karampelas
Stockton C.M. (1987) The Separation of Natural from Synthetic Emeralds by Infrared Spectroscopy.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1987-emerald-spectroscopy-stockton
Trace Element Chemistry

Breeding C.M., Shen A. (2010) LA-ICP-MS Analysis as a Tool for Separating Natural and Synthetic Malachite.
Research News
Breeding C.M. (2009) Using LA-ICP-MS Analysis for the Separation of Natural and Synthetic Amethyst and Citrine.
GIA Research & News
https://www.gia.edu/ongoing-research/la-icp-ms-analysis-of-natural-and-synthetic-quartz
Muhlmeister S. et al. (1998) Separating Natural and Synthetic Rubies on the Basis of Trace-Element Chemistry.
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-1998-separating-natural-synthetic-rubies-mulhmeister
Other
Karampelas S. et al. (2011) UV-Vis-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy of Natural-Color Saltwater Cultured Pearls
from Pinctada Margaritifera. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 47, No. 1
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2011-saltwater-pearls-karampelas
Karampelas S. et al. (2010) X-ray Computed Microtomography Applied to Pearls: Methodology, Advantages, and
Limitations. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2010-pearls-microtomography-karampelas
Krzemnicki M.S. et al. (2010) X-ray Computed Microtomography: Distinguishing Natural Pearls from Beaded
and Non-Beaded Cultured Pearls. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 46, No. 2
https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/summer-2010-pearls-microtomography-krzemnicki
157

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For Further Reading: Assignment 1: Introduction

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What is the GIA Gem Project?

What is the GIA Gem Project?

What analytical techniques are discussed for gem identification?

What analytical techniques are discussed for gem identification?

FOR FURTHER READING

For Further Reading

GIA Gem Project

Assignment 2: General Observation

Assignment 3: Refraction and the Refractometer

Assignment 5: Pleochroism and the Dichroscope

The Hidden Beauty of Gemstones (2013) GIA Research & News

For Further Reading

Assignment 7: Selective Absorption and the Spectroscope

Assignment 8: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence

Assignment 9: Additional Tests

Assignment 10: Separation and Identification

Assignment 11: Separating Natural Gems from Synthetics and Imitations

Synthetic Diamonds (General)

CVD Synthetic Diamonds

HPHT Synthetic Diamonds

Assignment 12: Detecting Gem Treatments

Other Corundum Treatments and Treatment Combinations

HPHT Treatment of Diamond

Bleaching and Polymer Impregnation

For Further Reading

Assignment 13: Separating Red, Pink, and Purple Gems

Ruby and Pink-to-Red Corundum

Treated Red Corundum

Red Feldspar (Andesine Controversy)

Assignment 14: Separating Blue and Violet Gems

Treated Synthetic Sapphire

Copper-Bearing and Blue Tourmaline

Assignment 15: Separating Green Gems

Grossular Garnet (Including Tsavorite)

Chrysoberyl (Including Alexandrite)

Chalcedony (Including Chrysoprase)

Assignment 16: Separating Orange, Yellow, and Brown Gems

For Further Reading

Assignment 17: Separating Colorless, White, Gray, and Black Gems

Shigley J.E. (2016) Synthetics: Identifying Lab-Grown Diamonds. Research News

HPHT Synthetic Diamond

CVD Synthetic Diamond

Assignment 18: Identifying Rough Gems, Parcels, and Mounted Gems

Assignment 19: Advanced Laboratory Testing

Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy

Trace Element Chemistry

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