evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

6
wbe©vPKgÛjx I ivR‰bwZK `j
f~wgKv
AvaywbKKv‡j miKvi g~jZ `jxq miKvi| Gme miKvi wbe©vPbx cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi GK weivU Ask Øviv mgw_©Z|
ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi Z_v †fvUv`v‡bi AwaKvi cÖvß Rb‡MvôxB wbe©vPKgÛjx bv‡g cwiwPwZ| wbe©vKgÛjx miKvi MVb
I miKvix Kg© cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| ivóªcwiPvjK wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î wbe©vPKgÛjx
Rbg‡Zi cÖwZdjb NwU‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ RbgZ AvcbvAvcwbB msMwVZ nq bv| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq ivR‰bwZK `j
Ges Gi ZrciZvi| g~jZ ivR‰bwZK `jB RbgZ‡K wb‡R‡`i c‡_ Avbvi Rb¨ cÖPviYv Pvjvq Ges Gi wfwˇZ
wbe©vPKgÛjx‡K Zv‡`i `jxq Kg©mw~ P mg_©b Kivi Rb¨ DØy× K‡i _v‡K| wbe©vP‡b GiB cÖfve c‡o| wbe©vPKgÛjx
KLbI c‡iv¶fv‡e, KLbI cÖZ¨¶fv‡e G mg_©b e¨³ K‡i _v‡K| G e¨vcv‡i g~L¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i ivR‰bwZK `j|
ivR‰bwZK `j ivóªkvm‡b miKv‡ii wZbwU wefv‡Mi cvkvcvwk GKwU ¯^Zš¿ wefv‡Mi ˆewkó¨ wb‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q| miKvi
MVb I cwiPvjbvq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv Acwinvh©| Z‡e `je¨e¯’v n‡e †Kgb Zv wbf©i K‡i mswkøó †`‡ki miKv‡ii
cÖK„wZ I RbM‡Yi gvbwmKZvi Dci| Gme welq‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB M‡o D‡V‡Q G BDwbUwU| G‡Z cuvPwU cvV AšÍf~©³
Kiv n‡q‡Q|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Qt

 cvV-1 wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx
 cvV-2 me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi : cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb
 cvV-3 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv I Kvh©vejx
 cvV-4 GK`jxq, wØ`jxq I eû`jxq e¨e¯’v I MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª we‡ivax`j
 cvV-5 RbgZ|

BDwbU-6 c„ôv-75
GmGmGBPGj

cvV - 1

wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 wbe©vPKgÛjx m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ivóªcwiPvjbvq wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Ki‡eb Ges
 wbe©vPKgÛjxi Kvh©vejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wbe©vPK Kv‡K e‡j ?

AvBb Abyhvqx †h e¨w³ AvBbmfvi m`m¨ wbe©vP‡b wKsev †`‡ki †cÖwm‡W›U c‡` ev ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vq wbe©vP‡b
†fvU `vb K‡i Zv‡KB wbe©vPK e‡j| GKK_vq wbe©vPK A_© n‡”Q †fvUvi| A_©vr †h †fvU †`q ev †fvU †`evi AwaKvi
iv‡L| AZGe †fvUvi ev wbe©vPK n‡”Q GK e¨w³| G e¨w³i AwaKvi _v‡K Zuvi cQ‡›`i cÖwZwbwa †e‡Q †bevi| G
AwaKvi e‡j †Kvb e¨w³ AvBbmfvq m`m¨ c‡` ev kvmb wefv‡Mi m‡e©v”P c‡` hLb KvD‡K wbw`©ó c×wZ‡Z †e‡Q
†bq ZLb †m nj †fvUvi| †hgb evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vP‡b †`‡ki 18 eQi eq¯‹ me bvix-cyiæl Zuv‡`i
B‡”QgZ cÖv_x©i c‡_ †fvU †`q| †fvU`vbKvix G me †jv‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨‡K G‡KKRb †fvUvi|

wbe©vPKgÛjxi msÁv
GKK_vq wbev©PKgÛjx n‡”Q mKj †fvUvi ev wbe©vPK‡`i mgwó| cÖ‡Z¨K AvaywbK iv‡óª G ai‡bi e¨w³ i‡q‡Q huviv
Zuv‡`i cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i| Gme e¨w³ AvBb Abyhvqx cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi jvf K‡i| G mKj e¨w³i
mgvnvi‡K wbe©vPKgÛjx (Electorate) e‡j|
wbe©vPKgÛjx msµvšÍ aviYv Av‡iv cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡j GKUz wcQ‡b wd‡i ZvKv‡Z nq| MYZš¿ `yÕcÖKvi| GK cÖZ¨¶ I
`yB c‡iv¶| cÖZ¨¶ MYZ‡š¿ bvMwiKMY GK‡Î AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z Ges kvmb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb :
cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi bMiiv󪸇jv Kiv nZ| eZ©gv‡b myBRvij¨v‡Û GgbwU Av‡Q| GUv Lye Kg msL¨K bvMwi‡Ki †`‡k
m¤¢e| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi cÖvq me †`kB †jvKmsL¨vq cwic~Y©| ZvÕQvov mevB GK‡Î AvBb cÖYqb I kvmb cwiPvjbvi
KvR G hy‡M m¤¢e bq| †m Rb¨ bvMwiKMY Zv‡`i cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g Gme KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z Pvb| d‡j cÖwZwbwa
wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g, wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i Øviv †h MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v cwiPvwjZ nq - Zv‡K c‡iv¶ MYZš¿ e‡j| c‡iv¶
MYZ‡š¿ miKvi MVb I AvBb cÖYq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ iv‡óªi AvBb Abyhvqx †hme bvMwiK Zuv‡`i cQ›`gZ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vwPZ
Kivi AwaKvi cvq ZvivB mgwóMZfv‡e wbe©vPKgÛjx bv‡g cwiwPZ|
wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡
AvaywbK hy‡M c„w_exi cÖvq meLv‡bB MYZ‡š¿i †Rvqvi eB‡Q| me©Î MYZš¿ cyivcywi I c~Y©gvÎvq cÖwZwôZ bv n‡jI
RbM‡Yi m¤§wZ wb‡q kvmb¶gZv jv‡fi cÖwµqv me©ÎB Pvjy Av‡Q| ZvB m¤§wZi `„wó‡KvY n‡Z wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡
µgkB e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
 MYmve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖKvk N‡U : MYZ‡š¿ RbMY‡K mve©‡fŠg g‡b Kiv nq| kvmb ¶gZvi Drm †h RbMY-GwU
MYZ‡š¿i †gŠwjK wek¦vm| ZvB kvmb ¶gZv jv‡fi Rb¨ wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j I †bZv‡K RbM‡Yi Øv‡i †h‡Z
nq| RbMY Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Kvi cÖwZ Av¯’vkxj Zvi ewntcÖKvk N‡U wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g| Avi G wbe©vP‡b †fvUvwaKvi
cÖ‡qvM K‡i wbe©vPKgÛjx RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i gwngv cÖwZwôZ K‡i|

ivóªweÁvb : ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv-76

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
 miKvi‡K cÖfvweZKiY : wbe©vPKgÛjxi `vwqZ¡ †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡qB †kl nq bv| eis wbe©vP‡bi Av‡M
I c‡i wbe©vPKgÛjxi wkw¶Z I AMÖmi Ask miKvix Kvh©Kjv‡ci c‡¶ I wec‡¶ cÖPvi Pvwj‡q Rbg‡Zi Ici
cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 miKvix Kg©m~wP‡Z cÖfve m„wó : wbe©vP‡bi ci ¶gZvmxb n‡q miKvi †hme bxwZwba©viY K‡i I Kg©m~wP cÖYqb
K‡i †m wel‡q wbe©vPKgÛjx‡K h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| G ch©v‡q miKvi‡K wbe©vPKgÛjxi Av¯’vi K_v we‡klfv‡e
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| miKvi Ggb Kg©m~wP MÖnY †_‡K weiZ _v‡K hv wbe©vPKgÛjxi wbKU weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 miKv‡ii PZz_© wefvM : mvsweavwbK AvBb ms‡kva‡bi †¶‡Î wbe©vPK gÛjxi ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| we‡klZ wbe©vPKgÛjx
MY‡fvU, MYD‡`¨vM I c`Pz¨wZ bvgK wZbwU cÖZ¨¶ MYZvwš¿K c×wZ e¨envi K‡i msweavb ms‡kvab, AvBb
cÖYqb I cÖwZwbwa Acmvi‡Y RwoZ n‡Z cv‡i| myBRvij¨v‡Û G c×wZ we`¨gvb|

wbe©vPKgÛjxi Kvh©vejx
 wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY : MYZ‡š¿ †`‡ki AvBb Abymv‡i wbw`©ó eq‡mi bibvix †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvix| G AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi
Rb¨ Zviv wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i| Zviv AvBbmfvi wbe©vP‡b wb‡R‡`i cQ›` I wePvieyw× cÖ‡qvM K‡i mr I †hvM¨
cÖv_x©© wbe©vPb K‡i| ivóªcwZ c×wZi miKv‡i mivmwi wKsev wbe©vPbx ms¯’vi m`m¨ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vPKgÛjx
ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡K|
 miKvix Kvh©vejx Z`viwK : wbe©vPKgÛjx ïay cÖwZwbwa wbe©vwPZ K‡iB ¶všÍ _v‡K bv| wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaMY †`k
I RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx AvBbcÖYqb wKsev miKvix †bZ…e„›` ¶gZvi Ace¨envi Ki‡Q wKbv Zvi Dci mRvM
`„wó iv‡L| Zviv Gme wel‡q e¨vcK RbgZ MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b bZzb †Kvb `j I
e¨w³eM©‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i cÖwZwbwa cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 AvBb cÖYqb : cÖZ¨¶ MYZ‡š¿ MY‡fvU I MYD‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g wbe©vPKgÛjx mivmwi AvBb cÖYq‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|
c‡iv¶ MYZ‡š¿ wewfbœ †hvMv‡hvM I MYgva¨‡g gZvgZ cÖ`vb K‡i AvBb cÖ‡YZv‡`i‡K Dc‡hvMx AvBb cÖYq‡b
cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 msweavb ms‡kvab : AvBb wefvM msweav‡bi †Kvb †gŠwjK ms‡kvab Ki‡j Zv wbe©vPKgÛjxi m¤§wZ Qvov Kvh©Ki
nq bv| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` hw` msweav‡b †Kvb †gŠwjK ms‡kvab K‡i Z‡e ivóªcwZ Zv‡Z m¤§wZ †`evi
c~‡e© MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vPKgÛjxi gZvgZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 `j‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv : †`‡ki cÖwZwU ivR‰bwZK `jB wbe©vPKgÛjxi Øviv cÖfvweZ A_©vr cÖwZwU `j‡KB
wbe©vPKgÛjxi †gRvR, gwR©, Pvwn`v, g‡bvfve cÖf„wZi cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L `jxq mg_©b e„w×i D‡`¨vM wb‡Z
nq| Gfv‡e wbe©vPKgÛjx `j¸‡jv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| KviY, P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q miKvix ¶gZv jv‡fi Rb¨
wbe©vPKgÛjxi Av¯’v I mg_©b jvf Acwinvh©|

mviK_v
wbe©vPKgÛjxB GKwU iv‡óªi ¶gZvi wba©viK| †Kvb& `j ¶gZvq hv‡e, ivóª cwiPvjbv Ki‡e, AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡e Zv
wba©vi‡Y wbe©vPKgÛjxi ivqB P~ovšÍ| ZvB †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ †hgb wbe©vPKgÛjxi iv‡qi gva¨‡g
cÖwZdwjZ nq, †Zgwb miKvi MVb n‡Z ïiæ K‡i miKvix Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Z`viwK, AvBb cÖYqb, msweavb
ms‡kvab Ges ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mg¯Í Kvh©µg cÖfvweZKi‡Y wbe©vPKgÛjx mwµq I e¨vcK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ZvB
ejv hvq †h, cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj I cÖZ¨¶ MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq wbe©vPKgÛjx miKv‡ii PZz_© A½ ¯^iƒc|

BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-77
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇi () wUK wPý w`b
1. wbe©vPK †K ?
K. whwb wbe©vwPZ K‡ib wZwbB wbe©vPK;
L. wbe©vPK GKRb ¸iæZ¡cY~ © bvMwiK;
M. whwb miKvi MVb K‡ib wZwbB wbe©vPK;
N. whwb miKvi‡K mg_©b K‡ib wZwbB wbe©vPK|

2. wbe©vPKgÛjx ej‡Z wK eySvq ?

K. mKj †fvU`vZvi mgwó‡K eySvq;
L. hviv GK‡hv‡M †Kvb miKvi‡K mg_©b `vb K‡i ZvivB wbe©vPKgÛjx
M. wbe©vPKgÛjx nj c‡iv¶ MYZ‡š¿i GKwU A½;
N. miKvi †hLvb †_‡K mg_©b msM÷n K‡i ZvB wbe©vPKgÛjx|

3. wbe©vPKgÛjx wK fv‡e msweavb ms‡kvab K‡i ?

K. MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g;
L. mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g;
M. ivóªcwZ‡K Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g;
N. AvBb mfvq cÖwZwbwa †cÖi‡Yi gva¨‡g|

mwVK DËi t 1.K, 2.K 3.K

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wbe©vPKgÛjxi msÁv w`b| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. Ôwbe©vPKgÛjx miKv‡ii PZz_© A½|Õ MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq wbe©vPKgÛjxi Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g G K_vi c‡_
hyw³ cÖ`vb Kiæb|

ivóªweÁvb : ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv-78

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 2

me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi t cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii myweav I Amyweav e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ wbe©vP‡bi ÎæwU I ¸Yvejx we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii A_©

MYZ‡š¿i g~j wbwnZ i‡q‡Q me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii g‡a¨| MYZ‡š¿i g~j¨‡evaB `vex K‡i †h, ivóª cwiPvjbvq mKj
bvMwi‡KiB AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| mvgvwRKfv‡e mKj bvMwiKB mgvb Ges ivR‰bwZKfv‡e GB mgvbvwaKvi
cÖ‡qv‡Mi AwaKvi Zv‡`i i‡q‡Q| G m~Î Abyhvqx hLb RvwZ, ag©, eY©, bvix-cyiæ‡l I †ckv wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡jB ivóª
cwiPvjbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi jvf K‡i ZLb Zv‡K me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi e‡j| Db¥v`, †`Dwjqv,
ivR‡`ªvnx I AcÖvßeq¯‹ Qvov †`‡ki mK‡jB G AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| divmx `vk©wbK Ru¨v R¨vK iæ‡kvi weL¨vZ
ZË¡ mvaviY B”Qv (General Will) n‡ZB me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi Z‡Ë¡i D™¢e| wKš‘ Rb ÷zqvU© wgj, †jKx, m¨vi †nbix
†gBb, wmRDBK, e›Uzmjx cÖgyL G Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb we‡ivax|

me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii myweav

 ivR‰bwZK mgvbvwaKv‡ii cÖZxK : me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKviB GKgvÎ MYZvwš¿K c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g Rbmvavi‡Yi
ivR‰bwZK mv‡g¨i AwaKvi wbwðZ nq| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvßeq¯‹ bvMwiK G AwaKv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi
my‡hvM jvf K‡i|
 AvBbmfvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ : me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g G mZ¨B cÖwZwôZ nq †h, †`‡ki AvBbmfv g~jZ:
RbM‡YiB cÖwZwbwa‡`i Øviv MwVZ| AvBbmfvq hviv wbe©vwPZ nb Zviv RbM‡Yi gyLcvÎ wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i myL `yt‡Li
mv‡_ RwoZ mKj cÖ‡kœi gxgvsmv K‡ib|
 mylg cÖwZwbwaZ¡ : G c×wZi d‡j ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ †fv‡Mi †¶‡Î †gvU RbmsL¨vi †Kvb AskB ev` c‡o bv|
m¤cÖ`vq I esk, abx I `wi`ª, kni I MÖvg, bvix I cyiæl, `wjZ I kªwgK †kªYxi mK‡jB G AwaKvi †fv‡Mi
mgvb my‡hvM cvq|
 we‡kl †fvUvwaKvi evwZj K‡i : me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡j we‡kl †kªYx ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ we‡kl
†fvUvwaKvi c×wZ cÖeZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| G‡Z mKj e¨w³i gh©v`v e„w× cvq| ewÂZ †kªYxi nxbgb¨Zv `~i
nq|
 e¨w³i weKv‡k mnvqK : G c×wZ e¨w³i g‡a¨ AvZ¥wek¦vm m„wó K‡i| ivóª cwiPvjbvq Zvi gZvg‡Zi g~j¨ ¯^xK…wZ
cvIqvq Zuvi g‡a¨ gh©v`v‡eva `„wó nq| †fvUvwaKvi cÖvß n‡j e¨w³i g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv e„w× cvq| Zviv wb‡R‡`i
¸iæZ¡ I ghv©`v Dcjw× Ki‡Z cv‡i| jW© eªvBm e‡jb, ÔivR‰bwZK †fvUvwaKvi gvbyl‡K e¨w³Z¡ I gh©v`vm¤úbœ
K‡i|Õ
 AvbyMZ¨ cÖmvwiZ K‡i : †fvUvwaKvi cÖvß e¨w³i msL¨v hZ Kg n‡e iv‡óªi cÖwZ AbyMZ e¨w³i msL¨vI ZZ Kg
n‡e| KviY, †fvUvwaKvi n‡Z ewÂZ e¨w³ iv‡óªi cÖwZ ˆeix n‡Z cv‡i| †m Rb¨ AvbyM‡Z¨i cwimxgv e¨wßi j‡¶¨
me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi c×wZB DËg|

BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-79
GmGmGBPGj
mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii Amyweavmg~n
 Rb¥MZ AwaKvi bq : AwaKvi AR©‡bi welq, †KDB Rb¥MZfv‡e Zv `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G cÖm‡½ wgj e‡jb,
Avwg GUv‡K G‡Kev‡iB AMÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b Kwi| KviY b~¨bZg wjL‡Z, co‡Z I mvaviY wnmv‡ei KvR Ki‡Z bv
cvi‡j †Kvb e¨w³iB †fvUvwaKvi cvIqv DwPZ n‡e bv| G wZbwU kZ©‡K ev` w`‡q, †fvUvwaKvi cÖ`vb b¨vq n‡Z
cv‡i bv|ÕÕ †nbix †gBb I †jKx e‡jb, Ò†fvUvwaKvi iv‡óªi †`qv AwaKvi| ZvB G AwaKvi mK‡j †c‡Z cv‡i bv|
cvIqv DwPZI bq|ÕÕ
 †fvUvwaKvi `vwqZ¡I e‡U : G AwaKvi cÖvß e¨w³ ÔïaygvÎ †fvU`vb Ki‡jB nq bv| eis †fvU`v‡bi c~‡e© wePvi
we‡ePbviI `vex iv‡L| GUv GK cÖKvi `vwqZ¡ | G `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi mgq e„nËi Kj¨‡Yi wPšÍv _vKv DwPZ| wKš‘
me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi G `vwqZ¡ †eva wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| MvY©vi e‡jb, Ò†fvUwaKvi RbKj¨v‡Yi ¯^v‡_© `vwqZ¡
cvj‡b mg_© bvMwiK‡`i Dci Awc©Z GKwU `vwqZ¡|Ó
 RbZvZ‡š¿i cÖeZ©K : me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡i wkw¶Z I g~L‡© `i‡K GKB cvjøvq IRb Kiv nq| A_©vr wkw¶Z
e¨w³i †fv‡Ui †h IRb, GKRb g~L© †jv‡Ki †fv‡UiI †mB IRb| mgv‡R †h‡nZz wkw¶Z, m‡PZb I cÖv‡ †jv‡Ki
msL¨v Kg Ges gyL©‡`i msL¨v †ewk ZvB †ewk †jvK‡`i †fv‡U RbZvZ‡š¿i (Mobocracy) cÖeZ©b N‡U| †mRb¨B
wgj e‡jb, me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii c~‡e© me©Rbxb wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRb|
 A‡hvM¨ miKvi cÖwZôv K‡i : Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z me©Rbxb †fvUwaKvi cÖK„Z Kj¨v‡Yi cwicwš’| KviY, Gme
†`‡k wkw¶‡Zi nvi Kg nIqvq evKme©¯^ †bZviv QjPvZzix I wg_¨v cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡q mvaviY †fvUvi‡`i gb Rq
K‡i wbe©vP‡b Rqx n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ ivóª cwiPvjbvi †hvM¨Zv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ bv _vKvq RbMY GK A‡hvM¨ miKvi
Øviv Avbvwofv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq| Aa¨vcK †jKx ZvB e‡jb, Òme©Rbxb †fvUwaKvi cÖ`v‡bi A_© n‡”Q Awkw¶Z
RbM‡Yi miKvi cÖwZwôZ Kiv|Ó
 cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb : †fvUviMY hLb mivmwi wb‡RivB Zuv‡`i cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi my‡hvM cvq ZLb Zuv‡K cÖZ¨¶
wbe©vPb ejv nq| GwU‡K cÖv_wgK wbe©vPb c×wZI ejv hvq| G‡Z †fvU`vZv I †fvU cÖv_©xi gvSLv‡b †Kvb e¨w³
Ae¯’vb K‡i bv| †hgb evsjv‡`k, fviZ, †MÖU weª‡Ub cÖf„wZ †`‡ki AvBbmfvi m`m¨MY mvaviY †fvUvi‡`i Øviv
wbe©vwPZ nb|
cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vP‡bi myweav
 G e¨e¯’vq †fvUvi RbmvaviY †`‡Lï‡b mivmwi cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †fvU`vZv I cÖv_x©i g‡a¨ GKU
†evSvcovi my‡hvM _v‡K| ZvQvov weRqx n‡j †m cÖwZwbwa †fvUvi‡`i wbKU wb‡Ri cÖZ¨¶ `vwq‡Z¡i K_v Dcjwä
K‡i|
 cÖZ¨¶ c×wZ‡Z wbe©vP‡bi my‡hvM _vKvq †fvUviMY wewfbœ `j I cÖv_©xi ZrciZv †`‡Lï‡b, wePvi we‡kølY K‡i
†fvU w`‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Zv‡`i ivRbxwZ m¤^‡Ü wk¶v I m‡PZbZvi cÖmvi N‡U|
 G c×wZ‡Z cÖv_x©i c‡¶ cÖ‡jvfb †`wL‡q mKj †fvUvi‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv KwVb| d‡j wbev©Pbx `ybx©wZ Kg nq|
 †fvUviMY G c×wZ‡Z Zv‡`i Afve Awf‡hv‡Mi K_v wb‡RivB wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡K Rvbv‡Z I c~i‡Y Pvc cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G‡Z Gm‡ei `ªæZ wb®úwË m¤¢e nq|
cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vP‡bi Amyweav
 G c×wZ‡Z cÖv_x©‡`i mv‡_ cÖZ¨¶ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi my‡hvM _vKvq A‡bK cÖv_©xi ga¨ †_‡K †hvM¨Zg e¨w³‡K evQvB
Ki‡Z †fvUvi‡`i †eM †c‡Z nq| A‡bK mgq PZzi ev ayZ© cÖv_x©i K_vi hv`y‡Z fy‡j cÖK„Z †hvM¨Zv wePvi bv
K‡iB †fvUviiv cÖwZwbwa wbe©vwPZ K‡i|
 †fvUvi‡`i cÖfvweZ Kivi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv _vKvq G c×wZ mg¯Í GjvKvq wbe©vPbx D‡ËRbv Qwo‡q †`q| G‡Z ¯^vfvweK
RxebhvÎv e¨vnZ nq| A‡bK mgq ˆn ˆP, Ø›Ø, †Kv›`j I msNl© n‡Z †`Lv hvq|

ivóªweÁvb : ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv-80

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb
mvaviY †fvUiMY hLb c‡iv¶fv‡e AvBbmfv ev †cÖwm‡W›U c‡` †Kvb cÖv_x©‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i ZLb Zv‡K c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb
e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY †fvUviiv †fvU w`‡q RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ K‡i| GB m`m¨M‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ
nb †`‡ki †cÖwm‡W›U| fviZ I gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªI ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î Giƒc c‡iv¶ c×wZ cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q huviv wbe©vP‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib Zuv‡`i wb‡qB MwVZ nq wbe©vPbx ms¯’v (Electoral College)|
c‡iv¶ wbe©vP‡bi myweav
 mvaviY †fvUvi‡`i Øviv wbe©vwPZ wbe©vPbx ms¯’v P~ovšÍ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡b AwaKZi †hvM¨Zvi cwiPq w`‡Z cv‡ib|
KviY, Zviv A‡c¶vK…Z wkw¶Z, m‡PZb I ivRbxwZ m‡PZb nb| G‡Z `yÕevi K‡i wbe©vPb nIqvq we‡ePbvi
evowZ my‡hvM cvIqv hvq|
 D‡ËRbv I Av‡eM cÖkwgZ K‡i| Ø›Ø I msNvZ Gov‡bv m¤¢e nq| cÖv_©x evQvB‡q hyw³i cÖvavb¨ we¯Í…Z nq|
 G e¨e¯’vq †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `jB K_vi Zzewo‡Z P~ovšÍ †fvUvi‡`i cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wbe©vPKMY ax‡i
my‡¯’ cÖv_©x‡`i †hvM¨Zvi Zzjbvg~jK wnmvewbKvk Kivi my‡hvM cvb|

c‡iv¶ wbe©vP‡bi Amyweav

 P~ovšÍ cÖwZwbwa I cÖv_wgK †fvUvi‡`i g‡a¨ h‡_ó e¨eavb _vKvq Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU cÖv_©x‡`i `vq‡eva Kg
_v‡K| G‡Z MYZ‡š¿i Av‡e`b K‡g hvq|
 RbMY Zv‡`i wePvi we‡ePbv ga¨eZx© †fvUvi ch©šÍ mxgve× iv‡L| G‡Z ivRbxwZi cÖwZ Zv‡`i Drmvn K‡g hvq|
ivR‰bwZK wk¶v I m‡PZbZvi we¯Ívi h‡_ó gvÎvq nq bv|
 MYZ‡š¿ `jxq e¨e¯’vi GKvwacZ¨ _vKvq c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb‡K A‡nZzK g‡b nq| KviY ga¨eZx© †fvUvi I P~ovšÍ
cÖv_©x‡`i mevB †Kvb bv †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Abymvix| ZvB ga¨eZx wbe©vPb KZKUv A‡nZzK g‡b nq|
 `yÕevi K‡i wbe©vP‡bi Av‡qvRb e¨q e„w× K‡i|

mviK_v
me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi c„w_exi cÖvq me MYZvwš¿K †`‡kB cÖPwjZ| G bxwZ GK e¨w³, GK ‡fvU c×wZ‡Z Av¯’vkxj|
G c×wZi c‡_ me‡P‡q †Rvivj G hyw³B cÖ`vb Kiv hvq †h, me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi bvMwiK mvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖwZwbwa
wbe©vP‡b mvg¨ I ¯^vaxb B”Qv cÖ‡qv‡Mi m¤¢vebv m„wó K‡i| wKš‘ Gi weivU ÎæwU n‡”Q †h, G c×wZ wkw¶Z-Awkw¶Z
wbwe©‡k‡l mevB‡K cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi AwaKv‡ii †¶‡Î ïay eq‡mi †hvM¨Zv w`‡q wePvi K‡i| G e¨e¯’v Awkw¶Z‡`i
AwaKvi cÖ`vb Ki‡jI wkw¶Z I Ávbx‡`i gh©v`v Kiv nq| wbe©vP‡b cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ †fvU`vb c×wZ AbymiY Kiv
nq| `yB c×wZiB ¸Y I †`vl i‡q‡Q| Z‡e AwaKvsk †`‡kB cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb c×wZ Abym„Z nq| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb
†`‡k Abym„Z nq c‡iv¶ c×wZ| evsjv‡`k msm` wbe©vP‡b cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ Ges †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡b c‡iv¶ c×wZ
AbymiY K‡i|

BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-81
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇi wUK () wPý w`b
1. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi wK ?
K. RvwZ, ag©, eY©, wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l we‡kl eq‡mi mK‡ji †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi;
L. we‡kl a‡g©i mKj †jv‡Ki †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi;
M. ivR‡`ªvnx Qvov mK‡ji †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi;
N. e¨w³i we‡kl mvgvwRK AwaKvi|

2. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii †gŠwjK myweav wK ?

K. mgvbvwaKvi cÖwZôv Kiv;
L. miKvi cwiPvjbvi my‡hvM †`qv;
M. AvbyMZ¨ e„w× Kiv;
N. we‡kl AwaKvi `vb Kiv|

3. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi †Kvb ai‡bi AwaKvi ?

K. Rb¥MZ AwaKvi;
L. ivóª cÖ`Ë AwaKvi;
M. mvgvwRK AwaKvi;
N. ‰bwZK AwaKvi|

mwVK DËi t 1.K 2.K 3.L

msw¶ß DËi-g~jK cÖkœ

1. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi wK?
2. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii wec‡¶ wK wK hyw³ Av‡Q?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii msÁv w`b| Gi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb|
2. cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb wK ? Gi wK wK myweav I Amyweav i‡q‡Q ?
3. c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb ? G c×wZi myweav Amyweav Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ivóªweÁvb : ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv-82

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 3

ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv I Kvh©vejx

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ˆewkó¨ ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mvaviY Kvh©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 GKwU AvaywbK ivR‰bwZK `j-Gi Kvh©vejx we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

msÁv
wKQy msL¨K e¨w³ †Kvb wbw`©ó ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wPi wfwˇZ msNe× n‡j †h msMVb M‡o I‡V Zv‡KB ivR‰bwZK `j
e‡j| miKvix ¶gZv `L‡ji gva¨‡g ivóª cwiPvjbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h Rb‡Mvôx KZK¸‡jv mvaviY j‡¶¨ I Av`‡k© GKwÎZ
n‡q mvsMVwbKfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K Zv‡`i‡KB mw¤§wjZfv‡e ivR‰bwZK `j ejv hvq| g¨vKvBfvi-Gi G‡Z,
ivR‰bwZK `j n‡”Q †mB msNe× RbmgvR hv ˆea Dcv‡q kvmb ¶gZv `L‡ji †Póv K‡i| †M‡Uj ivR‰bwZK `j
ej‡Z msMwVZ bvMwiK m¤cÖ`vq‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ ivóªweÁvbx I ivRbxwZwe` GWgÛ ev‡K©i K_vq, ivR‰bwZK
`j nj wbw`©ó I ¯^xK…Z bxwZi wfwˇZ Ges mg‡eZ cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g RvZxq ¯^v_© i¶vi Rb¨ GKwÎZ GK Rbmgwó|
Aa¨vcK wMjwµ÷ e‡jb, Òmg gZv`‡k© wek¦vmx bvMwiK‡`i †mB Ask‡K ivR‰bwZK `j e‡j hv GKwU ivR‰bwZK
msMVb wn‡m‡e miKvi‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi †Póv K‡i|Ó evK©vi-Gi g‡Z, Òwe‡kl gZev‡`i Øviv cwiPvwjZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I
RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i Øviv DØy× n‡q mgMÖ RvwZi mvaviY ¯^v_©mswkøó e¨vcK Kg©m~wP MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wbe©vPK‡`i mg_©b Av`v‡qi
†Póvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K ivR‰bwZK `j|Ó Aa¨vcK m~jR-Gi g‡Z, ÒivR‰bwZK `j Ggb GK msMVb hv wbe©vP‡b
cÖv_x© `vuo Kivq Ges Kg©m~wP †ck K‡i|Ó GjWvim‡fÛ-Gi g‡Z, ÒivR‰bwZK `j nj GKwU mvgvwRK †Mvôx|Ó †R.
Gm. †Kvjg¨vb e‡jb, ÒhLb †Kvb Rb‡Mvôx GKKfv‡e ev Abyiƒc †Kvb ms‡Ni mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q wKsev cÖwZØw›ØZv
K‡i eZ©gvb ev fwel¨r mve©‡fŠg iv‡óªi miKvwi bxwZ I Kg©Pvix‡`i Dci AvBbMZ KZ©„Z¡ ¯’vcb ev msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ¯úó
I we‡NvwlZ D‡Ï‡k¨ msMwVZ nq ZLb H Rbmgwó‡K ivR‰bwZK `j ejv hvq|Ó

ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ˆewkó¨

ivR‰bwZK `j wK Zv cwi¯‹vi fv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j Gi ˆewk󨸇jv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| ˆewk󨸇jv wbgœiƒc:
 ivR‰bwZK `j GKwU mvgvwRK †Mvôx| KviY, Gi m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ¯’vcb KivB Gi cÖ_g KvR|
Zvici wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ GB †Mvôx KvR K‡i|
 GwU Ggb GK msMVb hvi m`m¨MY GKB ivR‰bwZK gZv`‡k© wek¦vmx I Zv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ AbycÖvwYZ|
 ivR‰bwZK `j Zvi wbR¯^^ gZv`k©, bxwZ I Kg©m~wP Abyhvqx mgvR I iv‡óªi Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z Zrci _v‡K|
 ivR‰bwZK `j mgv‡Ri ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v wb‡q Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges wbR gZv`‡k©i
mg_©‡b RbgZ MVb K‡i|
 cÖ‡qvRbxq Rbmg_©b †c‡j wbR Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Kivi D‡Ïk¨ miKvix `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K|
 wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q ivóª¶gZv `L‡ji Rb¨ Aweivg †Póv K‡i|
 ivR‰bwZK `j ¯ÍiwfwËK msMVb| Gi †bZ…Z¡ G‡Kev‡i wbgœ ch©vq n‡Z †K›`ª ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z _v‡K|

BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-83
GmGmGBPGj
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kvh©vejx
wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx wewfbœfv‡e ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kvhv©ejx Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i Av‡jvPbvi m~Î a‡i ivR‰bwZK
`‡ji Kvh©vejx‡K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb t GK. cÖPwjZ ev MZvbyMwZK Kvh©vejx Ges `yB. AvaywbK
Kvh©vejx| Gme KvR m¤úv`b Kivi gva¨‡gB ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n Zv‡`i K„wZZ¡ ev mvdj¨ `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gme
KvR miKvwi `j I we‡ivax `j Df‡qB K‡i _v‡K| wb‡gœ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
cÖPwjZ ev MZvbyMwZK Kvh©vejx
 bxwZ wba©viY : `j MV‡bi ci cÖ_g KvRB n‡”Q `‡ji Rb¨ bxwZ wba©viY Kiv| `jxq †NvlYvc‡Î mvaviYZ:
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji bxwZgvjv eY©bv Kiv nq|
 msMÖn : `‡ji c‡¶ Rbmg_©b †Rvi`vi Kivi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j e¨vcK ZrciZv Pvjvq| me©¶Y G ZrciZv
Pvjy ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq AwaK msL¨K `jxq Kg©xi| cÖv_wgK m`m¨ msMÖn Kivi ci Zuv‡`i ga¨ n‡Z
Kg©xevwnbx M‡o †Zvjv nq| m`m¨ msL¨v hZ †ewk n‡e, Kgx©i msL¨vI †m Abycv‡Z evo‡e| G `„wó‡Kvb n‡Z m`m¨
msMÖ‡ni Kv†R `j¸‡jv m‡Pó _v‡K|
 RbgZ MVb : wbqgZvwš¿K ivóªe¨e¯’vq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K RbM‡Yi Av¯’v AR©b| j¶¨ _v‡K e¨vcK
Rbmg_©‡bi wfwˇZ ¶gZv jvf| GRb¨ `‡ji c‡¶ RbgZ M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ †bZv I Kgx©MY GK‡hv‡M KvR
K‡i _v‡Kb|
 cÖv_©x g‡bvbqb : wbqgZvwš¿K ivRbxwZ‡Z wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g ¶gZvq †h‡Z nq| GwU GKwU MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqv|
wbe©vP‡b weRqx n‡jB Zv m¤¢e nq| G‡¶‡Î Dchy³ I †hvM¨ cÖv_x© g‡bvbqb LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| RbwcÖqZv I
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv we‡ePbv K‡i ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv wbe©vP‡b Rqjv‡fi Rb¨ cÖv_x© g‡bvbxZ K‡i|
 cÖPvivwfhvb : cÖv_©x g‡bvbqb Kivi ciB Zuvi c‡¶ e¨vcK cÖPv‡i ‡b‡g c‡o ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv| cÖv_©xi c‡¶
MYRvMiY m„wó‡Z m‡Pó nq| mfvmwgwZ, wgwQj, mgv‡ek, cÖPvicÎ wewj, †`qvj wjLb, †cvóvwis BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g
`jxq cÖv_©xi c‡¶ cÖPviYv Pvjvq| G Qvov GKB mv‡_ `jxq Kg©m~wP I Av`k© RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i|
 Znwej msMÖn : wbe©vP‡b Rqjvfmn ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mvwe©K Kg©KvÛ myóf z v‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖPzi A_© jv‡M|
GRb¨ `jxq m`m¨, myax, ïfvbya¨vqx, e¨emvqx, abx cÖf„wZ e¨w³ I Drm n‡Z A_© msMÖn K‡i `j¸‡jv Znwej
M‡o †Zv‡j| eZ©gv‡b `jxq e¨e¯’v GZB DbœZ I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK n‡q‡Q †h, `jxq A_©mvnvh¨ bv †c‡j `‡ji
ZrciZv Ae¨vnZ ivLv I wbe©vP‡b AskMÖn‡Yi K_v fvevB hvq bv|
 HK¨ mvab : ivR‰bwZK `j RbM‡Yi H‡K¨i cÖZxK| Rbg‡Zi wewfbœ aviYvi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb m„wó K‡i ivR‰bwZK
`j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ RvZxq Bmy¨‡Z HK¨ M‡o †Zv‡j| wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf I ¶gZv fvMvfvwM Kivi Rb¨ mggbv
`j¸‡jv cÖ‡qvR‡b wbe©vPbx d«›U MVb K‡i| †gvU K_v, RvZxq Rxe‡b wewfbœ avivi gv‡S mgš^q NwU‡q RvwZ‡K
HK¨e× ivLv ivR‰bwZK `‡ji KvR|
 miKvi MVb : cÖwZwU ivR‰bwZK `‡jiB g~j j¶¨ _v‡K miKvix ¶gZv AR©b| KviY, ¶gZv e¨ZxZ wbe©vPb
Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e bq| `j GRb¨ wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i Ges weRqx nevi ci me©cÖ_g miKvi MV‡b
g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i| ivóªcwZ c×wZi miKvi n‡j wbe©vwPZ ivóªcwZ Zuvi gwš¿mfv MVb K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K, cvj©v‡g›U
kvwmZ miKvi n‡j AvBbmfvq msL¨vMwiô m`m¨‡`i Av¯’vfvRb †bZv cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e `jxq †bZv‡`i wb‡q MVb
K‡ib gwš¿cwil`|
 we‡ivwaZv : wbe©vP‡b civwRZ `‡ji KvR nq ¶gZvmxb miKv‡ii MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv I we‡ivwaZv Kiv| G
we‡ivwaZv Kiv nq miKv‡ii bxwZ I Kg©m~wPi cÖwZ| hv‡Z miKvi G¸‡jv ms‡kvab K‡i bZzb fv‡e wm×všÍ wb‡Z
cv‡i| G we‡ivwaZv cÖKvk cvq miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbv, AvBbmfvq weZK©, Av‡jvPbv I cÖ‡kœvˇii gva¨‡g|
cÖ‡qvR‡b ivóªcwZ‡K Awfksm‡bi D‡`¨vM ev gwš¿cwil‡`i weiæ‡× Abv¯’v cÖ¯vÍ e †c‡ki gva¨‡gI we‡ivwaZv cÖKvk
Kiv nq|
 ivR‰bwZK cÖwk¶Y : `‡ji Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR myPviæiƒ‡c m¤úv`‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv Kgx©‡`i‡K
`‡ji Av`k©, D‡Ïk¨, Kg©bxwZ I Kg©c×wZ m¤ú‡K© cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb K‡i| †h `‡j hZ ‡ewk cÖwk¶YcÖvß Kgx©
_v‡K, †mB `‡ji Kv‡R ZZ †ewk mdjZv Av‡M|

ivóªweÁvb : ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv-84

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
 mgm¨v wPwýZKiY : cÖ‡Z¨K iv‡óªB RbRxe‡b bvbv cÖKvi mgm¨v _v‡K| Gme mgm¨v AmsL¨ Ges eûgyLx|
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I weKvk N‡U|
 ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY : w¯’wZkxj ivóªMV‡b ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx gva¨g| GwU GK ai‡Yi
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BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-85
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mviK_v
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cwiPvwjZ GKwU wbqgZvwš¿K msMVb hv ¶gZvi Avm‡b e‡m wbR¯^^ mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Kg©m~wP
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nq †h, GKwU †`‡ki Av_© mvgvwRK Dbœqb I RvZxq weKvk mva‡b ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv AMÖMY¨| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
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2. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji m`m¨MY †Kgb cÖK„wZi ?

K. wewfbœgyLx wPšÍvavivi evnK;
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3. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji g~j ˆewkó¨ wK ?

K. RbMY‡K msMwVZ Kiv;
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mwVK DËi t 1.M 2.L 3.L

msw¶ß DËi-cÖkœ
1. ivR‰bwZK `j wK?
2. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv w`b| G cÖm‡½ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ˆewkó¨mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
2. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mvaviY Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. GKwU AvaywbK ivR‰bwZK `j wK wK KvR K‡i ? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ivóªweÁvb : ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv-86

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GK`jxq e¨e¯’v
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cÖavb cÖavb RvZxq Bmy¨‡Z †hLv‡b HKgZ¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q Ges miKvi cwieZ©‡bi aviv iæwUbgvwdK Pj‡Q I
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BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-87
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eû`jxq e¨e¯’v
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jvf K‡i miKvwi ¶gZv jvf K‡i| KLbI KLbI GKwU gvÎ `j wbisKzk msL¨vMwiôZv bv cvIqvq K‡qKwU `j
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n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡Z RvZxq msnwZ I GKZv e„w× cvq|

Amyweavmg~n:
 eû`jxq e¨e¯’v Aw¯’wZkxj| †Kvb `jB wbisKzk msL¨vMwiôZv bv cvIqvq me †P‡q eo `jwU‡K Ab¨vb¨ †QvU
`j‡K m‡½ wb‡q mw¤§wjZ miKvi MVb Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z †QvU `j¸‡jvi mv‡_ `i KlvKwl K‡i miKvi Pvjv‡Z
nq| G‡Z fzj eySveywSi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| d‡j †Kvb `j miKv‡ii cÖwZ mg_©b cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡j miKv‡ii cZb N‡U|
Zv‡Z ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv ¶zbœ nq|
 eû`jxq miKvi GK cÖKvi `ye©j miKvi| GKwU `‡ji GKK msL¨vMwiôZvq MwVZ miKvi †hgb kw³kvjx nq
eû`j mgš^‡q MwVZ miKvi †Zgb kw³kvjx nq bv| d‡j RvZxq Dbœq‡b miKvi †Kvb `„p c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv|
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wm×všÍ MÖnY m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB RbKj¨vYg~jK Kvh©vejx wejw¤^Z nq|
 RbMY h‡_ó gvÎvq wkw¶Z bv n‡j eû msL¨K `‡ji bxwZ I Kg©m~wP wePvi we‡kølb K‡i †hvM¨Zg‡K evQvB Ki‡Z
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we‡ivax`‡ji f~wgKv
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I gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwqZ¡ gš¿x‡`i g‡a¨ e›Ub K‡i †`q| cvkvcvwk we‡ivax`jI Zvi msm`xq `‡ji †bZvi †bZ„‡Z¡
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 we‡ivwaZvi bxwZgvjv I Kvh©m~wP cÖYqb t MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª ¶gZvmxb `j miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_
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†Kvb&wU KLb, wK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ev¯ÍevwqZ Kiv n‡e Zvi Rb¨ Kvh©m~wPI cÖYqb Kiv nq|
 MYms‡hvM mvab : we‡ivax`j miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡¶‡ci fyjÎæwU RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i Ges miKv‡ii
`ye©jZv¸‡jv †`wL‡q †`q| miKvi KZ©„K cÖYxZ AvBb I wewagvjv m¤^‡Ü RbMY‡K AewnZ K‡i| G‡Z we‡ivax`j

ivóªweÁvb : ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv-88

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
wbe©vP‡bi ci RbM‡Yi wbKU wb‡R‡`i Av`k© I Kg©m~wP cybivq cÖPvi Kivi my‡hvM cvq| Aa¨vcK jvI‡qj e‡jb,
`j¸‡jv Av`k© we‡µZv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 RbgZ msMVb : we‡ivax`j wbe©vP‡b Rqx n‡Z ev AvBbmfvq msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Ki‡Z bv cvivi KviY¸‡jv
ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i| G mgq †Kvb& †Kvb& †¶‡Î Zv‡`i wK `ye©jZv wQj ZvI LwZ‡q †`Lvi †Póv K‡i| AZtci G
welq¸‡jv RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡i Ges wb‡R‡`i fzjÎæwU ¯^xKvi K‡i RbgZ‡K Zv‡`i AbyK~‡j msMwVZ Kivi
†Póv K‡i|
 miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbv : we‡ivax `j AvBbmfvq weZK©, Av‡jvPbv, gyjZex cÖ¯vÍ e Dc¯’vcb, QuvUvB cÖ¯vÍ e †ck,
cÖ‡kœvËvi BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| mgv‡jvPbvi P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q miKv‡ii weiæ‡× Abv¯’v
cÖ¯vÍ e G‡b miKvi‡K ¶gZv n‡Z Acmvi‡Yi †PóvI Pvjvq| AvBbmfvi evB‡iI Rbmfv, cÖPvi, †cÖvcvMvÛv,
wee„wZ, Av‡jvPbvmfv BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
 weKí miKvi MV‡bi cÖ¯vÍ e : mms`xq MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq A‡bK mgq mggbv `j ev MÖæ‡ci mnvqZv I mg_©‡b
†Kvqvwjkb miKvi MVb Kiv nq| we‡ivax`j G Ae¯’vq †Kvqvwjk‡bi Askx`vi `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ A‰bK¨ `„wói †Póv
K‡i Ges ¶gZvmxb `‡ji cÖwZ mg_©b cÖZ¨vnvi Kivi Rb¨ Gme `j‡K D×z× K‡i| Zv‡`i †m cÖ‡Póv mdj nq
hLb AvBbmfvq miKvix `j Av¯’v †fv‡U civRq eiY K‡i| Gfv‡e ¶gZvmxb miKv‡ii cZb NU‡j we‡ivax `j
Zvi Nwbó mn‡hvMx `j I Ab¨vb¨ bZzb wgÎ `‡ji mg_©‡b weKí miKvi MV‡b D‡`¨vMx nq|
 miKv‡ii mnvqZv : we‡ivax`j ïaygvÎ we‡ivwaZvi Rb¨B we‡ivwaZv K‡i bv| KviY MYZš¿ n‡”Q cwiPh©v I
AskMÖn‡Yi miKvi| we‡ivax`j †hgb miKv‡ii fzjÎæwU I AcK‡g©i mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡e, †Zgwb RvZxq msKU,
cÖvK„wZK `y‡h©vM, hy×, Riæix Ae¯’v, RvZxq ¯^v_©© BZ¨vw`i cÖ‡kœ miKvix `‡ji cv‡k wM‡q `uvov‡e| miKvix `j‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© cÖ`vb Ki‡e Ges RbMY‡K HK¨e×fv‡e msKU †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbv‡e|
 miKvi wbqš¿Y : we‡ivax`‡ji g~j KvR n‡”Q miKvi‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv| KviY †h miKv‡ii Ici †Kvb wbqš¿Y _v‡K
bv, †m miKvi MYZvwš¿K n‡qI ïaygvÎ GK‡PwUqv ¶gZv I msL¨vMwiôZvi †Rv‡i ˆ¯^ivPvix f~wgKv MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

mviK_v
GK`jxq, wØ`jxq I eû`jxq e¨e¯’v we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, MYZvwš¿K Rxeb c×wZ cÖwZôvq wØ`j e¨e¯’vB Dchy³|
G‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi ÎæwU †h †bB Zv ejv hvq bv| KviY `ywU `j ch©vqµ‡g iv‡óªi kvmb¶gZv jvf Kivq RbM‡Yi c‡¶
G‡`i †h †Kvb GKwU‡K wbe©vwPZ Ki‡ZB nq| Zv m‡Ë¡I G e¨e¯’vq ¸‡Yi Ask †ewk| we‡klZ w¯’wZkxj miKvi MVb
I Dbœqb KvR Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi †¶‡Î wØ`jxq e¨e¯’vB m‡e©vËg| ZvB hy³ivóª I hy³ivR¨ G e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g MYZ‡š¿i
me©vwaK weKvk I cÖwZôvq mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q| MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq miKvix `j †hgwb, we‡ivax`jI †ZgbB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
fzwgKv cvjb K‡i Ges Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i| MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq mK‡ji AskMÖnY Acwinvh©| KviY MYZš¿ `je¨e¯’vi
DciB M‡o I‡V| †mBme `‡ji g‡a¨ †KvbwU miKvix `j wnmv‡e miKvi cwiPvjbv Kivi my‡hvM cvq| Avevi †KvbwU
we‡ivax `j wn‡m‡e Kvh© m¤úv`b I fzwgKv cvj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mgv‡R kvwšÍ, w¯’wZ I fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i _v‡K| ZvB
MYZ‡š¿ we‡ivax`‡ji f‚wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-89
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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇi wUK ( ) wPý w`b
1. wØ`jxq e¨e¯’vi A_© wK ?
K. †`‡k gvÎ `ywU `j _vKv;
L. `ywU `‡ji cÖvavb¨ eRvq _vKv;
M. `ywU `j wgwjZfv‡e miKvi cwiPvjbv Kiv;
N. `ywU `‡ji wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY|

2. GK`jxq e¨e¯’vi g~j ˆewkó¨ wK ?

K. `j‡bZv me wKQyi wbqš¿K n‡q emv;
L. `‡ji ÿviv ivóª¶gZv wbqš¿Y;
M. `j KZ©„K e¨w³ I mgvR Rxe‡bi Dci wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv;
N. miKv‡i GK‡PwUqv AvwacZ¨ wKš‘ A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK †¶‡Î D`viZv eRvq ivLv|

3. eû`jxq e¨e¯’v Kv‡K e‡j ?

K. ivR‰bwZK wµqvKjv‡ci A‡bK¸‡jv `‡ji AskMÖnY;
L. A‡bK¸‡jv `j wg‡j ivóªcwiPvjbv Kiv;
M. A‡bK¸‡jv `‡ji g‡a¨ †_‡K GKwU `j‡K †e‡Q †bqv;
N. GKvwaK `j wgwjZfv‡e miKvi MV‡bi gva¨‡g ivóª cwiPvjbv Kiv|

mwVK DËi t 1.L 2.K 3.K

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| eû`jxq e¨e¯’vi `ywU Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb|
2| GK`jxq e¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨mg~n wK wK ?
3| MYZ‡š¿ we‡ivax`j †Kb miKvi‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z Pvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| eû`jxq e¨e¯’vi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb|
2| MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq we‡ivax `‡ji f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

ivóªweÁvb : ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv-90

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 5

RbgZ
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 RbgZ m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Rbg‡Zi cÖK„wZ eyS‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RbgZ‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Rbg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv :
Ggb GK mgq wQj hLb AvR‡Ki gZ myMwVZ ivóª wQj bv| wKsev ivóª _vK‡jI Zv cwiPvjbvq mvaviY gvby‡li
†Kvb f~wgKv wQj bv| ivRv ev kvm‡Ki B”Qv I m¤§wZi Dci wfwË K‡i miKvix KvRKg© m¤úvw`Z nZ| Gme KvR
RbM‡Yi cQ›` †nvK Avi bv †nvK, Zv‡`i‡K G‡Z m¤§wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nÕZ| KviY RbM‡Yi c¶ †_‡K miKvix Kv‡Ri
cÖwZ mymsMwVZ cÖwZev` ev mg_©b Rvbvevi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji gZ †Kvb msMVb ZLb M‡o I‡Vwb| Zvici GKmgq
MYZvwš¿K wPšÍvavivi weKvk N‡U, iv‡óªi KvR e„w× cvq, RbM‡Yi f~wgKv MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb evo‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Gme KvR
myôzfv‡e m¤úv`b wKsev RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v †gUvevi Rb¨ miKvi‡K RbM‡Yi B”Qv-Awb”Qv, wµqv-cÖwZwµqv I gZvgZ‡K
¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z nÕj| mg‡qi †cÖ¶vc‡U wbe©vPb c×wZi weKvk NUj| miKvi MV‡b Ges cwiPvjbvq wbe©vPK ev †fvUviMY
gyL¨ fzwgKv cvj‡b GwM‡q Gj| Gme †fvUvi‡`i B”Qv, Av‡eM, Abyfw~ Z, Pvwn`v, ¯^v_©© BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q
miKvi‡K wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡Z nj| Gfv‡e miKvix Kvh© m¤úv`b I ivóª cwiPvjbvq Rbg‡Zi D™¢e I
weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K|
msÁv: mvaviYfv‡e RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY mva‡bi Dcvq wnmv‡e RbM‡Yi gZvgZ‡KB RbgZ ejv hvq| iv‡óªi ¯^v_© m¤^‡Ü
ev miKv‡ii j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I Kvh©vejx RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †kªYxMZ, †MvôxMZ ev wPšÍvavivMZ gZvgZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
Gm‡ei me¸‡jvB RbgZ n‡e bv| RbgZ n‡e †mUvB hv msL¨vMwiô †jvK‡`i Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡e| RbgZ n‡e
†mUvB hvi g‡a¨ hyw³ _vK‡e Ges hvi wfwˇZ KvR Ki‡j AwaKZi Kj¨vY mvwaZ n‡e| GLv‡b msL¨vMwi‡ôi gZ
n‡ZB n‡e Ggb `vex Kiv hv‡e bv| †h‡Kvb GKR‡bi gZI RbgZ n‡e hw` Zvi g‡a¨ hyw³, MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I
Kj¨vYKvwgZv †ewk _v‡K| G cÖm‡½ jW© eªvBm e‡jb, Òm¤cÖ`v‡qi ¯^v_©RwoZ wel‡q RbM‡Yi Awfg‡Zi mgwóB
RbgZ|Ó m`v me©`v miKvi I we‡ivax `j‡K mZ©K iv‡L RbgZ| Rbg‡Zi gy³ I Aeva cÖevn MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi
Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ©|
Rbg‡Zi cÖK„wZ
 wk¶v e¨e¯’vi cÖmv‡ii d‡j RbM‡Yi Ávb I eyw×gËv e„w× cvevi Rb¨B Rbg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|
 RbgZ me©`vB e„nËi Rb‡Mvôxi gZvgZ bq, eis e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx KZ©„K mgw_©Z gZvgZB RbgZ| †mRb¨B ejv
nq †h, RbgZ RbI bq, gZI bq (Public opinion is neither public nor opinion)|
 RbgZ Rbgvbyy‡li wek¦vm, iæwP, hyw³, Ávb I ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î hviv cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z
cv‡i Zv‡`i gZvgZB RbgZ iƒ‡c M„nxZ nq|
 †h †Kvb ai‡bi ivóª I miKvi e¨e¯’v‡ZB RbgZ‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|
 †M‡Uj G ch©v‡q e‡jb, hw` RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK gvbwmKZv mwVK nq, Zvn‡j †QvULvU cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI miKv‡ii
cÖK„wZ msi¶Y Ges iv‡óªi Av`k© ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e|
 ivóª weÁvbx ievU© cxj Gi g‡Z, RbgZ KL‡bv KL‡bv RbM‡Yi ms¯‹vi, AÜwek¦vm, e¨w³ ¯^v_©, †jvf, jvjmv
BZ¨vw` Dcv`v‡bi mgwóMZ dj e‡j we‡ewPZ|

BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-91
GmGmGBPGj
Rbg‡Zi evnb ev RbgZ cÖfvweZ Kivi Dcvqmg~n
AvaywbK iv‡óª RbgZ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| RbgZ hZ mRvM, weP¶Y I mZK© n‡e miKvix wm×všÍ MÖnY I Kvh©m¤úv`b
ZZB mywe‡ePbv cÖm~Z n‡e| RbgZ Avcbv Avcwb M‡o I‡V bv| eis G‡K wewfbœ Kjv‡KŠkj I gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ M‡o
Zzj‡Z nq| Gme Kjv‡KŠkj I gva¨g‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvi‡j RbgZ cÖ‡qvRbgZ msMwVZ ev cÖfvweZ Kiv hvq| ZvB
ejv nq, RbgZ ZvB hv wewfbœ gva¨‡g M‡o †Zvjv nq| (Public opinion is what its media make it to us.)|
RbgZ MV‡bi Gme evnb m¤ú‡K© wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
 msev`cÎ : RbgZ MV‡bi Dcvq ev evnb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡”Q msev`cÎ| G‡Z wewfbœ `j I g‡Zi
Abymvixiv †jLbxi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i gZvgZ Zz‡j a‡ib| cÖwZw`b msev`c‡Îi gva¨‡g †`‡ki PjwZ NUbv cÖevn,
wewfbœ `j, Dc`‡ji Lei RbMY Rvb‡Z cv‡i| Gme msev` Rbg‡b †h cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i Zv RbgZ MV‡b
we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L| D‡j- L¨ †h, gy`ªY h‡š¿i gva¨‡g RbgZ MV‡bi KvR hZUv wbiwew”Qbœ I avivevwnK fv‡e
m¤úvw`Z nq Ab¨ gva¨‡g ZZUv nqbv| GB wkí‡K KivqË K‡i AvaywbK we‡k¦ cÖfvekvjx e¨w³, msMVb,
ivR‰bwZK `j Zv‡`i mg_©‡b RbgZ MVb I wbqš¿‡Yi †Póv Pvjvq| cÖPv‡ii kw³ GZB †ewk †h, µgvMZ cÖPv‡ii
d‡j A‡bK mgq AmZ¨ I wfwËnxb welq‡KI gvbyl mwZ¨ e‡j fv‡e| ZvB ejv hvq, †cÖm †hfv‡e Pvq, RbgZ
†mfv‡eB M‡o I‡V|
 ivR‰bwZK `j : RbgZ MV‡b eûgyLx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i ivR‰bwZK `j| `jxq mfvmwgwZ, Av‡jvPbv-
†mwgbvi, cÖPvi, †cÖvcvMvÛv, †`qvj wjLb, †cv÷vwis, msev`c‡Î wee„wZ cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK `j
Zv‡`i e¨³e¨ Rbmgy‡¶ Zz‡j a‡i| RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK wk¶vi we¯Ívi mvab K‡i Ges GiB gva¨‡g
RbgZ‡K AbyK~‡j wb‡q Av‡M| RbgZ MV‡bi Ab¨vb¨ me evnb‡KI ivR‰bwZK `j Zvi cÖfv‡ei mvnv‡h¨ wbqš¿Y
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, B›Uvi‡bU: AvaywbK B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv RbgZ MV‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Q| wewfbœ cÖKvi
wPËvKl©K Abyôvb Gme gva¨g AZ¨šÍ †KŠk‡j Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK e³e¨ `k©K‡kªvZvi mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i| AvRKvj
B›Uvi‡bU, I‡qemvBU, B-‡gBj BZ¨vw`i mvnv‡h¨ AwZ mn‡R I ¯^í mg‡q e³e¨ mieivn K‡i Rbg‡Zi Ici
mn‡RB cÖfve we¯Ívi Kiv n‡”Q|
 wk¶v cÖwZôvb: wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b cuyw_MZ we`¨v AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk mncvwV I eÜz-evÜe Ges wk¶K‡`i KvQ †_‡K
†`k I mgv‡Ri bvbvwea mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_x©iv cwiwPZ nq| Gfv‡e Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †`‡ki ivRbxwZ m¤^‡Ü
GKUv wbR¯^ aviYvi weKvk N‡U| ZvÔQvov ¯‹zj-K‡j‡R wewfbœ `‡ji QvÎmsMVb †h ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv Pvjvq -
Zvi gva¨‡gI RbgZ m„wó nq|
 wewfbœ ms¯’v : mivmwi †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `„wófw½i mv‡_ RwoZ bv †_‡KI wewfbœ miKvix I †emiKvix cÖwZôvb
c‡iv¶fv‡e RbgZ MVb K‡i _v‡K| Gme cÖwZôv‡bi `wjjcÎ, cÖwZ‡e`b, cwimsL¨vb ¯’vbxq ev †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
D‡`¨v‡M gyw`ªZ n‡j ev wewfbœ M‡el‡Ki M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U© cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zv Rbg‡Zi Dci weivU cÖfve †d‡j|
G wi‡cv‡U©i wfwˇZ RbgZ mswkøó‡`i c‡¶ ev wec‡¶ M‡o D‡V|
 AvBbmfv : AvBbmfvq miKvi I we‡ivax`j AvBb cÖYqb I ivóª cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ †h me wel‡q Av‡jvPbv, weZK©,
cÖkœ wRÁvmv BZ¨vw`‡Z kixK nq- Zvi msev` Le‡ii KvM‡R wKsev Qwe I Lei wUwf ev †iwWIi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi
Kv‡Q †cuŠQvq| RbMY Gme n‡Z Zv‡`i gZvgZ I `„wófw½ M‡o †Zv‡j|
Rbg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡
eZ©gvbKv‡j we‡k¦i cÖvq cÖwZwU ivóªB †h‡nZz Kj¨vY ivóª ZvB Gme iv‡óª RbgZ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| miKv‡ii w¯’wZ I
fvimvg¨ wbf©i K‡i AbyK~j Rbg‡Zi Dci| AvaywbKKv‡j mvg¨, ¯^vaxbZv, e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ BZ¨vw` i¶vq RbgZB cÖnix|
RbgZ miKvi cwiPvjbv I kvmb e¨e¯’vi mœvqy‡K›`ª ¯^iƒc|
MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq RbgZB mewKQyi wfwË| MYZvwš¿K ivRbxwZi g~j j¶¨ hw` ¶gZv AR©b nq Zvn‡j RbgZ
n‡e †mB ¶gZvi wmuwo| ¶gZvq `xN©w`b hveZ mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ _vKv hw` D‡Ïk¨ nq Z‡e RbgZ n‡e Zvi nvwZqvi
| †h AvBb I wewagvjv Øviv MYZvwš¿K miKvi cwiPvjbv Kiv nq Zvi wfwË nj RbgZ| miKvix ¶gZvi DÌv‡b

ivóªweÁvb : ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv-92

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
†hgb A_ev cZ‡b RbgZ cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †mRb¨B ejv P‡j †h, AvaywbK iv‡óª mdj cÖkvmb A‡bKvs‡k
RbgZ MVb I e¨³ Kivi c×wZi Dci wbf©ikxj|
A‡bK †`‡kB miKv‡ii AvBbmfv‡K wKsev msweavb‡K mve©‡fŠg e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq| †MÖU weª‡U‡b AvBbmfv
Ges hy³iv‡óª msweavb P~ovšÍ ¶gZvi AwaKvix| weª‡U‡bi cÖPzi ¶gZv m‡Ë¡I AvBbmfv (cvj©v‡g›U) Ggb †Kvb AvBb
cÖYqb K‡i bv hv Rbg‡Zi wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U Zuvi kvmbKv‡ji Pvi eQ‡ii †gqv‡`
msweavb Abyhvqx cÖPzi ¶gZvi AwaKvix nqv m‡Ë¡ wZwb Ggb wm×všÍ mvaviYZ †bb bv hv gvwK©b RbgZ‡K we¶zä Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v‡ZI Rbg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q| GgbwK †¯^”QvPvix kvmKMYI RbgZ‡K h‡_ó we‡ePbv K‡i|
ZvB Zviv RbM‡Yi wPišÍb g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm, jvwjZ AvkvAvKv•Lv‡K AvNvZ K‡i Ggb †Kvb wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv †_‡K
weiZ _v‡Kb| A‡bK mgq GKbvqK ev †¯^”QvPvix kvmK Zvi kvmb ¶gZv‡K ˆeaZv `vb Kivi Rb¨ Rbmg_©b jv‡fi
wewfbœ c×wZ Kv‡R jvMvb| mvgwiK ˆ¯^^ikvmKMYI Zv‡`i kvmb‡K ˆeaZv †`evi Rb¨ MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g Rbg‡Zi
Av¯’v AR©‡bi †PóvK‡i| KviY, RbMY Avi c~‡e©i gZ AmsMwVZ I D`vmxb bq| †h †Kvb c×wZi kvmb e¨e¯’v‡ZB
Zviv Zv‡`i gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|

mviK_v
RbgZ AvaywbK mKj ai‡bi kvmbe¨e¯’v I miKv‡ii g~j wfwË| MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZš¿, †cÖwm‡W›U c×wZi miKvi
wKsev cvj©v‡g›UkvwmZ miKvi - me©‡¶‡ÎB RbgZ wbqš¿K, wbqvgK Ges ivRbxwZi DÌb-cZ‡bi g~j kw³| Z‡e
RbgZ KLbB mKj RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi †hvMdj bq| eis Rb¯^v‡_©i AbyK~j, RbKj¨v‡Yi Bw½Zevnx, hyw³m¤§Z,
wbi‡c¶ I D`vi †h †Kvb e¨w³MZ †MvôxMZ gZvgZ Rbmg_©b †c‡j Rbg‡Z cwiYZ nq| RbM‡Yi gZ‡K Rbg‡Z
iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z wKsev miKv‡ii c‡_ RbgZ‡K msMwVZ Ki‡Z n‡j KZK¸‡jv evnb ev gva¨‡gi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq|
G m‡ei g‡a¨ msev`cÎ, ivR‰bwZK `j Ges †Uwjwfkb - †iwWI AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki I kw³kvjx| G m‡ei mvnv‡h¨
cÖ‡qvRbgZ RbgZ‡K wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq| RbgZ AvaywbKKv‡j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ mvg¨ cÖwZôv, e¨w³ AwaKvi
I ¯^vaxbZv i¶v Ges iv‡óªi ¯’vwqZ¡ I miKv‡ii fvimvg¨ i¶vq AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki nvwZqvi|

BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-93
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~&j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇi wUK ( ) wPý w`b
1| Rbg‡Zi weKvk †Kb N‡U ?
K. iv‡óªi KvR e„w× I RbM‡Yi mg_©b jv‡fi Avkvq;
L. wbe©vPb c×wZi weKv‡ki d‡j;
M. MYZvwš¿K wPšÍvavivi weKv‡ki d‡j;
N. kvm‡Ki B”QvgZ iv‡óªi KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨|

2| RbgZ wK ?
K. hyw³, MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I msL¨vMwi‡ôi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi gZ;
L. †`‡ki me©mvavi‡Yi gZvg‡Zi mgwó;
M. cÖfvekvjx †kªYxi ÿviv cÖfvweZ gZvgZ;
N. †`‡ki miKvi †hme g‡Zi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq|

3| †cÖm †hfv‡e Pvq, RbgZ †mfv‡eB M‡o I‡V-K_vwU Rbg‡Zi †Kvb& evnbwU‡K me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q?
K. ivR‰bwZK `j;
L. †iwWI - †Uwjwfkb - B›Uvi‡bU;
M. wk¶v cÖwZôvb;
N. msev`cÎ|

mwVK DËi t 1.K 2.K Z.N

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. RbgZ wK?
2. RbgZ wK me mgq RbM‡Yi gZvgZ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. RbgZ ej‡Z Avcwb wK ey‡Sb? G cÖm‡½ Rbg‡Zi cÖKÖwZ eY©bv Kiæb|
2. Rbg‡Zi evnb ev RbgZ‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi Dcvq¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3. RbgZ‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi †¶‡Î msev`c‡Îi fzwgKv me©vwaK| Avcwb wK Ggb gZ mg_©b K‡ib ? Avcbvi e³‡e¨i
c‡_ hyw³ w`b|

ivóªweÁvb : ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv-94