Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 73

[wm‡jevm: Concepts of foreign policy and diplomacy, decision-making process,

determinants of foreign policy, diplomatic functions, immunities and privileges]

weMZ cÖkœ:
44Zg: Ôe¨vK‡Wvi K‚UbxwZÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| [***]
e¨vK‡Wvi K~UbxwZ‡K †Mvcb K‚UbxwZ ejv hvq| e¨vK‡Wvi K‚UbxwZ n‡”Q RbmvaviY I MYgva¨‡gi Avov‡j cwiPvwjZ K‚UbxwZ|
g~jZ hLb GKwU msNvZgq cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e nq Ges †Kvb †`kB wb‡Ri †`vl ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z B”QzK bq, ZLb Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q wKQz
¯^xKvi Kiv Gov‡Z †`k¸‡jv e¨vK‡Wvi K‚UbxwZ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi GKwU D`vniY wQjÑ wKDevb †¶cYv¯¿ msK‡Ui mgq,
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Ges gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi g‡a¨ e¨vK‡Wvi K‚UbxwZ Abykxjb Kiv n‡qwQj| †Kvb c¶B cÖKv‡k¨ Ab¨ c‡¶i †_‡K `ye©j
cÖgvwYZ nIqvi K_v ¯^xKvi Ki‡e bv, ZeyI Dfq †`kB RvbZ †h †Kv‡bv AvMÖvm‡bi d‡j cvigvYweK hy× n‡Z cv‡i| G msKUgq
cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K cwiÎv‡Y Dfq †`k e¨vK‡Wvi K‚UbxwZi AvkÖq wb‡qwQj|
†MvcbxqZv AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î weij NUbv bq Ges iv󪸇jv Zv‡`i RvZxq wbivcËvi ¯^v‡_© m¤úwK©Z welq mvaviYZ cÖ Kv‡k¨
cÖPvi K‡i bv|
K‚U‰bwZK Av‡jvPbvi ms‡e`bkxj cÖwµqv¸‡jv cÖvqkB K‡Vvi †MvcbxqZvi Aaxb _v‡K| †Mvcb K‚U‰bwZK Abykxj‡bi c×wZ‡K
†evSv‡Z Ôe¨vK‡Wvi K‚UbxwZÕ kãwU e¨envi Kiv nq|
 myweav:
i. bgbxqZv cÖKvk cvqbv|
ii. miKv‡ii g‡bvfve cÖKvk cvq bv, hw` cÖKvk cvq Zvn‡j cvj‡b `vqe× _v‡K|
iii. Gi d‡j Dfq cÿ GKwU Benefit cvq|
iv. ev¯Íevq‡b Pvc _v‡K bv|
†hgb: hy³ivóª- Pxb Ø›Øg~jK m¤úK© _vKvi c‡i Zviv evwYwR¨K m¤úK© Aÿzbœ iv‡L| A_©vr Zviv †`L‡Z Pvq ؇›`i gva¨‡g †h Zv‡`i
g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| G‡Z K‡i Zviv 2 RbB Zv‡`i cÖfve Aÿzbœ ivLvi Rb¨ ejq ˆZwi K‡i| G‡Z 2 RbB jvfevb nq|
 Amyweav:
i. RbevÜe wm×všÍ bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
ii. miKvi Zvi wbR ¯^v‡_© wm×všÍ ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
iii. cÿmg~‡ni wg·`i g‡a¨ msNvZ Awbevh© n‡Z cv‡i|

43Zg: K‚UbxwZi wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii msw¶ß weeiY w`b|

DËi: Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Uª¨vK wW‡cøv‡gwm †`Lyb|
43Zg: Ôe¨vKP¨v‡bj K‚UbxwZÕ Kx? e¨vL¨v Kiæb| [***]
Back Channel Diplomacy Gi A_© g~jZ Ab¨ miKv‡ii mv‡_ ev Ab¨ miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU P¨v‡bj ˆZwi Kiv, hv
K‚U‰bwZK gva¨‡g Awdwmqvj P¨v‡b‡ji gva¨‡g ivóª`~Z e¨envi K‡i A_ev †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ AvbyôvwbK c×wZi gva¨‡g Kiv hvq bv|
¸iæZ¡c~Y©fv‡e, 'e¨vK-P¨v‡bj K‚UbxwZ' Ggb Av‡jvPbvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z hv ïaygvÎ Rbmvavi‡Yi †_‡K `„wó †_‡K Avovj ivLv nq Zv
bq; eis cÖwZwU c‡¶i ivR‰bwZK Ges AvgjvZvwš¿K KvVv‡gvi `„wó †_‡K `~‡i ivLv nq hviv mvaviYZ Av‡jvPbvq RwoZ _v‡K|
G cÖwµqv `ywU Avjv`v †`k ev GKB †`‡ki `ywU we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK kw³, hv‡`i G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Awdwmqvwj m¤úK© †bB, Zv‡`i
mv‡_ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: Uªv¤ú-wKg Rs Db ˆeVK AbywôZ nq wbDBqK© kn‡i| IqvwksUb Ges wcqsBqs Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb K~U‰bwZK
m¤úK© †bB| Zv m‡Ë¡I UN `ßi Zv‡`i Av‡jvPbvi †Uwe‡j emvq| †m‡¶‡Î UN K‚U‰bwZK, wbDBqK© knimn GB cy‡iv wm‡÷g‡K
e¨vK P¨v‡bj ejv hvq|
mv¤cÖwZK e¨vK P¨v‡bj wW‡cøv‡gwmi D`vniY:
mš¿vmev`mn bvbv Bmy¨‡Z eûw`b a‡iB Kvh©Z †hvMv‡hvM eÜ `w¶Y Gwkqvi `yB cigvYy kw³ai cÖwZ‡ekx fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨|
wKš‘ R¤§y-Kvk¥xi Bmy¨‡Z 2021 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi‡ZI `yevB‡Z K‚UbxwZK ch©v‡q †Mvcb ˆeVK K‡i‡Q fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb| Ggwb‡ZB
74 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
Kvk¥ximn wewfbœ Bmy¨‡Z fviZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ ˆeix m¤úK© weivRgvb| me©‡kl 2019 mv‡j fviZ wbqwš¿Z Kvk¥x‡ii cyjIqvgvq †mbv
NuvwU‡Z AvZ¥NvZx mš¿vmx nvgjv, Gi cÖwZ‡kv‡a cvwK¯Ív‡bi evjv‡Kv‡U fviZxq wegvb †mbv‡`i mvwR©K¨vj ÷ªvBK‡K wN‡i m¤úK© cwiw¯’wZ
µ‡g AviI Lvivc nq| wKš‘ ZviciI Zv‡`i †Mvcb K‚U‰bwZK †hvMv‡hvM e¨vK P¨v‡bj wW‡cøv‡gwmi D`vniY|
41Zg: wUKv K~UbxwZ ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb?
DËi: eZ©gv‡b cÖvmw½KZv bvB|

41Zg: AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z ÔgvbweK n¯Í‡ÿcÕ bxwZwU Kx? [***]

hLb GKwU †`‡ki wfZ‡i bvMwiK‡`i gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi NUbv e¨vcKfv‡e Ges ¸iæZifv‡e NU‡Z _v‡K Ges Zv †iva Kivi
Rb¨ †mB iv‡óªi AbygwZ QvovB Aci †Kv‡bv ivóª ev GKvwaK ivóª mvgwiKfv‡e n¯Í‡¶c K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K gvbweK n¯Í‡¶c
(Humanitarian intervention) ejv nq| A_©vr gvbweK n¯Í‡¶c ej‡Z gvbevwaKvi i¶vi †¶‡Î ewnwe©‡k¦i mvgwiK
n¯Í‡¶c‡K †evSv‡bv nq hw`I Zv †ewki fvM mgqB iv‡óªi AbygwZ Qvov msNwUZ nq| †hgb, 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv
hy‡×i mgq fviZ KZ„K n¯Í‡¶c wQj gvbweK n¯Í‡¶c| Z‡e mvgwiK c×wZ QvovI K‚U‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK c×wZ‡Z n¯Í‡¶c
Kiv hvq|
[wØZxq Aa¨vq †_‡K Responsibility to Protect, R2P co‡eb]

40Zg: ciivóªbxwZ‡Z Rb K~UbxwZi (Public Diplomacy) ¸iæZ¡ Kx? ms‡ÿ‡c e¨vL¨v Kiæb| [***]
Rb K~UbxwZ (Public Diplomacy):
ciivóªbxwZ mdj Ki‡Z n‡j Z_¨ jvf I evZ©v cÖ`vb (Message), †hvMv‡hvM (Communication) I ûgwK cÖ`v‡bi (threat)
†KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ miKvwi ev ivóªxq (G2G) K~UbxwZ GB AvaywbK we‡k^ Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L bv| †Kbbv GLb
`yªZZg mg‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| ZvB G2G Plus ev Govt. to Govt., Govt. to Non Govt. Actors, Non Govt to Non
Govt Actors Gi m¤ú‡K©i ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b evo‡Q| Avi GB G2G Plus m¤úK©B Public Diplomecy ev Rb K~UbxwZ|
Rb K‚UbxwZ n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi K‚UbxwZ hv mbvZb K‚UbxwZi evB‡i wM‡q mswkøó †`‡ki we‡`wk bvMwiK, mykxj mgvR I
†emiKvwi msMV‡bi mv‡_ mym¤úK© cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g K‚U‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡`¨vM †bq| eZ©gvb wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M Rb K‚UbxwZi
¸iæZ¡ A‡bK †ewk †e‡o †M‡Q| ivóª mvaviYZ Ab¨ †`‡ki wgwWqv, wmwfj †mvmvBwUi mv‡_ m¤úK© i¶v Kiv Ges RvZxq ¯^v_©
D×v‡ii Rb¨ cvewjK wW‡cøv‡gwmi Avkªq wb‡q _v‡K|
D`vniY: fvi‡Zi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki M½v cvwb eÈb Pzw³ ev¯Íevqb Riæwi| fviZ miKvi Zv gvb‡Z bvivR| 2017 mv‡ji eb¨vq
wenvi cøvweZ nq| ZLb wenv‡ii gyL¨gš¿xmn mvaviY gvby‡li `vwe wQj dviv°v evua Ly‡j †`qvi| GgZve¯’vq evsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨g,
cwi‡ekKg©xiv †m‡`‡k dviv°v evua Bmy¨‡Z RbgZ ˆZwi K‡i, GB c`‡¶c‡K Public Diplomacy ejv nq|

Public Diplomacy Gi ¸iæZ¡ :

i. Z_¨ jvf/ evZ©v †cÖiY: cÖwZcÿ †`‡ki Non-state Actors Gi Kvh©µg †_‡K Z_¨ jvf Kiv hvq| †hgb : BBC
evsjv‡`k msjvc ev TIB Gi cÖwZ‡e`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mÿgZv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| Avevi FOBANA Gi gva¨‡g
evsjv‡`k DËi Av‡gwiKv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 75
ii. †hvMv‡hvM (Communication): †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Non-state Actors Gi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nh| †hgb: evsjv‡`k
AgZ¨© †m‡bi gva¨‡g fviZxq A_©‰bwZK kw³i/mÿgZv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ †c‡Z cv‡i A_ev msKU mgvav‡b †hvMv‡hvM
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
iii. evRvi e¨e¯’vi wbqš¿Y: cÖwZcÿ †`‡ki gvby‡li `vwe †R‡b A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
iv. cÖfveK wn‡m‡e e¨envi/ ¯^v_© D×v‡ii Rb¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb: RbM‡Yi Pvwn`vi g~j¨vqb K‡i miKvwifv‡e ¯^v_© jvf Kiv
hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î ag© I ms¯‹…wZ cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
37Zg: ciivóªbxwZ cÖYq‡bi ewntDcv`vb¸wj Kx? [**]
ciivóªbxwZi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ (vision) m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| ZvB ciivóªbxwZ cÖYq‡b Af¨šÍixY I ewnt¯’ K‡qKwU
Dcv`v‡bi Dci `„wó ivL‡Z nq| ciivóªbxwZ cÖYq‡b cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix ewntDcv`vb¸‡jv wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
01. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK©:
GKwU ivóª †h †`‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i Zvi bxwZI A‡bK mgq ciivóªbxwZ cÖYq‡b f~wgKv iv‡L| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`k
†mŠw`i mv‡_ mym¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q, †m‡nZz evsjv‡`k ga¨cÖv‡P¨ †mŠw`gyLx ciivóªbxwZ MÖnY K‡i| ZvB evsjv‡`k ga¨cÖv‡P¨
Bivb I wmwiqvwe‡ivax bxwZ MÖnY K‡i|
01. AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv:
ciivóªbxwZ cÖYq‡b AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv Ab¨Zg wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi KvQ
†_‡K mn‡hvwMZv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡`i ciivóªbxwZ wba©viY K‡i| †hgb: Avwd«Kvi †`k¸‡jv Px‡bi mnvqZv †c‡q PxbgyLx
ciivóªbxwZ MÖnY K‡i|
02. AvšÍRv©wZK AvBb:
AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb, Pzw³, mb`, Kb‡fbkb, kZ© cÖf…wZ ciivóªbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| †hgb, ev›`ys †NvlYvc‡Î ¯^vÿiKvix
†Kv‡bv †`k Awbi‡cÿ ciivóªbxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
03. AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb:
msMV‡bi m`m¨ n‡j †m msMV‡bi aviv ev AvBb †g‡b ciivóªbxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| †hgb, AbvMÖm‡bi wel‡q RvwZmsN mb‡`i
2(1) avivq D‡jøL Av‡Q| ZvB, RvwZmsN mb‡` ¯^vÿiKvix †`k B”Qv Ki‡jB AvMÖvmx ciivóªbxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
04. cÖwZ‡ekx †`‡ki AvPiY:
cÖwZ‡ekx †`‡ki kw³ mvg_© wbR †`‡ki PvB‡Z †ewk n‡j bgbxq ciivóªbxwZ M„nxZ nq| Avi hw` cÖwZ‡ekx `ye©j nq Zvn‡j
kw³kvjx I AvµgYvZ¥K ciivóªbxwZ M„nxZ nq| ZvB‡Zv fzUvb Avi †mŠw`i ciivóªbxwZ GK nq bv|
05. †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb:
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb ciivóªbxwZ cÖYq‡bi ewntDcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb ej‡Z eySvq ivóªwU we‡k^i
†Kv_vq Aew¯’Z| GwU gnvmvMi, ce©Z ev giæf~wg Øviv myiwÿZ wKbv| †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡YB wbDwRj¨vÛ Avi
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi ciivóªbxwZ wfbœZi|

37Zg: ˆØZ UªvK (Dual Track) K~UbxwZ Kx? [***]

ciivóªbxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi †KŠkj‡K ejv nq K~UbxwZ| K~UbxwZ mdj Ki‡Z wewfbœ mg‡q ivóª wewfbœ †KŠkj MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
K~U‰bwZK mvdj¨ †c‡Z Pressure & Negotiation hyMcrfv‡e eRvq ivL‡j ZLb Zv‡K Dual Track Diplomacy e‡j| 2012
mvj †_‡K GB K~U‰bwZK †KŠkj cwiwPwZ cvq| 2012 mv‡j gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U evivK Ievgv Biv‡bi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi †ÿ‡Î Dual
Track Strategy ev ˆØZ †KŠkj MÖnY K‡i Ges GB †KŠk‡j mdjZvI Av‡m 2015 mv‡j| Biv‡bi mv‡_ GKBmv‡_ Av‡jvPbv
Ges cvim¨ DcmvM‡i gvwK©b 5g †bŠen‡i (wgbv m‡jvgb) mvgwiK mvRm¾vi gva¨‡g fxwZ cÖ`k©b wQj ˆØZ †KŠkj| hv cieZ©x‡Z
Dual Track Diplomacy wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ cvq| A_©vr, cÖwZc‡ÿi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi cvkvcvwk fxwZ cÖ`k©bB ˆØZ K~UbxwZ|
2015 mv‡j Giƒc K~UbxwZi gva¨‡g Biv‡bi mv‡_ 10 eQi †gqvw` cigvYy mg‡SvZvi Rb¨ ¯^vÿwiZ n‡qwQ‡jv Joint
Comprehensive Plan of Action.
76 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
A_©vr ˆØZ K~UbxwZ‡Z `ywU cÖwµqv KvR K‡i| †h‡Kvb GKwU mdj n‡e Ggb wbðqZvq ˆØZ K~UbxwZ mdj n‡e|
D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, ivwkqvi mvgwiK ZrciZv eÜ Kivi Rb¨ hy³ivóª hw` ivwkqvi mv‡_ miKvwi ch©v‡q wØcvwÿK
]

Av‡jvPbvi c_ MÖnY K‡i cvkvcvwk Ae‡iv‡ai fxwZ cÖ`k©b K‡i, Zvn‡j ‡m K~UbxwZ‡K ejv n‡e ˆØZ K~UbxwZ|

35Zg: ciivóªbxwZi Af¨šÍixY Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx Kx? [***]

iv‡óªi m¤ú~Y© bxwZ‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| Af¨šÍixY bxwZ I ciivóªbxwZ| ciivóªbxwZ n‡jv †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi RvZxq bxwZi †mB
Ask, hv ewnwe©‡k^i mv‡_ hy³| weL¨vZ K~UbxwZK I ivRbxwZwe` Prince Otto von Bismark e‡j‡Qb,
ÔThe extension of domestic policy is foreign policy.’
ciivóªbxwZ cÖYq‡b Af¨šÍixY I ewnt¯’ K‡qKwU Dcv`v‡bi Dci `„wó ivL‡Z nq| ciivóªbxwZ cÖYq‡b cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Af¨šÍixY
Dcv`vb¸‡jv wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
01. †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb: AvayywbK ivóª e¨e¯’vq cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek I †fŠ‡MvwjK ˆewkó¨mg~n Zvi ciivóªbxwZi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb ev
wba©viK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| iv‡óª Ae¯’vb, Rjevqy, f~-cÖK…wZ I cÖwZ‡ekxi AvPi‡Yi Dci ciivóªbxwZ wbf©i K‡i| ZvB‡Zv,
AvdMvwb¯Ívb Avi wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi ciivóªbxwZ GK bq|
02. AvqZb: AvqZb ev GKwU †`‡ki †gvU f~wgi cwigvY Zvi ciivóªbxwZi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| †hgb- ivwkqvi ciivóªbxwZ Avi gvjØx‡ci
ciivóªbxwZ GKB avivq cÖevwnZ nq bv| KviY ivwkqvi e„nr GjvKv Zv‡K Avjv`v kw³ I e¨q en‡bi wbðqZv †`q|
03. gvbem¤ú`: RbmsL¨v m¤ú` I mgm¨v `ywUB n‡Z cv‡i| RbMY wkwÿZ, Kg©V, mvnmx n‡j kw³kvjx ciivóªbxwZ cÖYxZ nq|
ZvB‡Zv, `wÿY my`v‡bi ciivóªbxwZ Rvcv‡bi gZ kw³kvjx bq|
04. A_©‰bwZK kw³: A_©bxwZ GKwU †`‡ki ciivóªbxwZ‡Z e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| A_©‰bwZKfv‡e kw³kvjx e‡j fviZ ¯^vaxb ciivóªbxwZ
MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i, A_©‰bwZKfv‡e `ye©j _vKvi Kvi‡Y g‡½vwjqvi ciivóªbxwZ `ye©j I iÿYvZ¥K
05. mvgwiK kw³: GKwU †`‡ki RvZxq kw³ ev Af¨šÍixY kw³i cÖKvk N‡U mvgwiK kw³i gva¨‡g| mvgwiK w`K †_‡K kw³kvjx
nIqvq Bivb I †mŠw` Avi‡ei civóªbxwZ AvµgYvZ¥K| cÿvšÍ‡i mvgwiK w`K †_‡K kw³kvjx bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y GKB A‡ji
evnivB‡bi ciivóªbxwZ `ye©j|
06. gZv`k©MZ cwi‡ek: gZv`k©MZ cv_©K¨ _vKvi Kvi‡YB BmivBj I f¨vwUKv‡bi ciivóªbxwZ wfbœZi|
07. HwZnvwmK DËivwaKvi: BwZnvm I HwZn¨ ciivóªbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| ZvB‡Zv evsjv‡`k gyw³hy‡×i †cÖÿvc‡Ui Kvi‡Y
fviZgyLx ciivóªbxwZ MÖnY K‡i|
08. miKvi: miKvi MYZvwš¿K n‡j MYgyLx ciivóªbxwZ Ges ˆ¯^i miKvi n‡j miKv‡ii ¯^v_© Abyhvqx ciivóªbxwZ MÖnY K‡i| ZvB‡Zv,
wmwiqv I fvi‡Zi ciivóªbxwZ GK bq|
09. ag©: ag© Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q ciivóªbxwZ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| ZvB‡Zv evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ Bûw` ivóª BmivB‡ji †Kv‡bv m¤úK© bvB|
10. RvZxq †bZ„Z¡ I K~UbxwZi ¸YMZ gvb: †bZ…Z¡ ¸Yvewj I K~U‰bwZK `ÿZv ciivóªbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| ZvB, û‡Mv
k¨v‡f‡Ri mg‡q ‡fwbRy‡qjvi ciivóªbxwZ Avi wb‡Kvjvm gv`y‡iv mgqKvi †fwbRy‡qjvi ciivóªbxwZ GK bq|

34Zg: K~UbxwZKMY Kg©iZ Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv †`‡k Kx ai‡bi myweavw` I `vqgyw³ (Immunities) †c‡q _v‡Kb? [***]
1961 mv‡ji wf‡qbv Kb‡fbk‡bi 53wU Aby‡”Q‡` K~UbxwZK‡`i myweav I `vqgyw³ wb‡q D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K~UbxwZK‡`i we‡kl AwaKvi I `vqgyw³:
wf‡qbv Kb‡fbkb †gvZv‡eK GKRb K~U‰bwZK ¯^vMwZK †`‡k Zvi we‡kl AwaKvi I `vqgyw³cÖvß n‡ebÑ
1. GKRb K~UbxwZK M„nxZ ev ¯^vMwZK iv‡óª †mB †`‡ki GKRb cÖ_g †kÖwYi bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi †fvM K‡ib|
2. ¯^vMwZK †`‡ki ivR¯^ I wgDwbwmc¨vj Ki †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ cv‡eb|
3. K~UbxwZK wgk‡bi bw_cÎ Zjøvwk ev AvUK Kiv hv‡e bv|
4. K~UbxwZK cÖwZwbwa ¯^vMwZK †`‡k wb‡Ri I cwievie‡M©i Rvbgv‡ji wbivcËv jv‡fi AwaKvix n‡eb|
5. K~UbxwZ‡Ki evm¯’vb K~U‰bwZK wgk‡bi g‡ZvB h_vh_fv‡e ¯^vMwZK †`k KZ…©K msiwÿZ n‡e|
6. K~UbxwZK‡K ¯^vMwZK †`k AvUK ev †MÖdZvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
7. ¯^vMwZK †`k h_vh_ m¤§vb mnKv‡i K~UbxwZ‡Ki mv‡_ AvPiY Ki‡e Ges Zvi †`‡ki-¯^vaxbZv ev gh©v`vi Dci †h‡Kvb
AvµgY †iva Kivi Dchy³ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
8. ¯^vMwZK †`‡ki †dŠR`vwi I †`Iqvwb Av`vj‡Z mvÿ¨cÖ`v‡bi eva¨evaKZv †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ cv‡eb|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 77
34Zg: A¨v¤^v‡mWi I nvBKwgkbvi m¤ú‡K© wjLyb| [**]
 A¨v¤^v‡mWi:
m‡e©v”P gh©v`vi K~U‰bwZK c`| UvB‡UjwU wb‡¤œv³ †ÿÎmg~‡n e¨eüZ:
 mvaviYZ wgkb (`~Zvevm) cÖavb‡K ivóª`~Z ejv nq| wZwb ¯^vMwZK †`‡k cÖ_g †kÖwYi wgkb cÖavb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib| GKwU
`~Zvev‡m GKRb ivóª`~Z _v‡K|
 RvwZmsN ev AvšÍR©vwZK †Kv‡bv ms¯’vq m`m¨ ivóª KZ©„K †cÖwiZ ¯’vqx cÖwZwbwa (ivóª`~Z)|
 KL‡bv KL‡bv †mŠRb¨ wn‡m‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cÖv³b K~UbxwZK‡K (whwb mswkøó †`‡k ivóª`~Z wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Qb) G bv‡g m‡¤^vab
Kiv n‡Z cv‡i| cÖv³b I AwfÁ ivóª`~Z‡K Ambassador-at-Large bv‡g WvKv nq|
 cÖ_g Ges wØZxq †kÖwY ivóª`~Z‡`i memgq gvb¨ei (His/Her Excellency) wn‡m‡e m‡¤^vab Kiv nq Ges G‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i
c~Y© UvB‡Uj n‡”Q ivóª`~Z Abb¨ mvaviY I c~Y©ÿgZvcÖvß (Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary)| cÖ_g
†kÖwY ivóª`~Z‡`i †ÿ‡Î P~ovšÍ wb‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© MÖnYKvix iv‡óªi Qvo/Aby‡gv`b `iKvi| GKRb ivóª`~Z hLb †cÖiYKvix †`‡ki
ivóªcÖav‡bi e¨w³MZ cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ †nvb, †m‡ÿ‡Î (m¤¢eZ) †cÖiYKvix †`‡ki ivóªcÖavbB Zv‡K (wb‡qv‡Mi Av‡M
ev c‡i) MÖnY Ki‡eb|
weª‡U‡bi †ÿ‡Î D³ ixwZ AbymiY Kiv nq| KgbI‡qj_fz³ †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ivóª`~Z‡`i nvBKwgkbvi wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq, G¨v¤^v‡mWi
bq| Aek¨ Kvh©vewj I c`gh©v`vi w`K †_‡K Df‡qi g‡a¨ g~jZ: †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ wb‡`k© Kiv nq bv|
 nvBKwgkbvi:
weªwUk KgbI‡qj_fz³ †Kvb †`k Ab¨ †Kvb †`‡k †h ivóª`~Z †cÖiY K‡i Zv‡K nvBKwgkbvi e‡j| †hgb, evsjv‡`‡k wbhy³
weªwUk ivóª`~Z‡K/ cÖavb K~UbxwZK‡K nvBKwgkbvi e‡j| 1948 mvj n‡Z GB e¨e¯’vi cÖPjb P‡j Avm‡Q| weªwUk kvwmZ I
AvwkÖZ †`k Ges ¯^kvwmZ †`k¸wj weª‡Ub I KgbI‡qj_ †`kmg~‡ni †ejvq H ivóª`~Z‡K ejv nq nvBKwgkbvi|

22Zg: Second-track diplomacy Kx?

A_©‰bwZK I mvgwiK w`K †_‡K kw³kvjx †`k¸‡jv KZ©„K `ye©j †`‡ki Dci Av‡ivwcZ K~UbxwZ‡K Second track diplomacy
e‡j| G bxwZi g~j Zvrch© n‡jv- bvbviKg wbqg bxwZi †eovRv‡j Ave× K‡i `ye©j †`k¸‡jvi Dci kw³kvjx †`‡ki cÖfve
eRvq ivLv| G‡ÿ‡Î KvMR-c‡Î Dfq †`‡ki g‡a¨ mgZv _vK‡jI cÖK…Z A‡_© `ye©j †`‡ki gh©v`v iwÿZ nq bv, eis Zv
cÖfvekvjx †`‡ki gyLv‡cÿx nq|
D`vniY: A_©‰bwZK I mvgwiKfv‡e kw³kvjx †`k Pxb cvwK¯Ív‡b Second track diplomacy cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K|

22Zg: AevwÂZ e¨w³ (Persona-non-grata) ej‡Z Kx eySvq? [**]

K~U‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î ÔAevwÂZ e¨w³Õ kãwU e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †h †Kvb †`‡k Aew¯’Z †Kvb K~UbxwZK ev K~U‰bwZK wgk‡bi
Kg©KZ©v hw` H †`‡ki ivóªwe‡ivax ev ivóªxq k„•Ljv cwicš’x †Kvb Kg©Kv‡Ði Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ nq Z‡e †mB †`k H K~UbxwZK‡K
AevwÂZ e¨w³ (persona-non-grata) †NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †`k †_‡K ewn®‹vi Ki‡Z cv‡i| 1961 mv‡ji wf‡qbv
Kb‡fbk‡bi 9 bs Aby‡”Q‡` G m¤ú‡K© eY©bv i‡q‡Q|
mvaviYZ K~U‰bwZK m¤ú‡K©i Uvbv‡cv‡ob _vK‡j AevwÂZ e¨w³ wn‡m‡e †NvlYvi cÖqvm jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
†h †h Kvi‡Y K~UbxwZKMY AevwÂZ n‡Z cv‡ib:
1961 mv‡ji wf‡qbv Kb‡fbk‡bi 41 I 42 bs Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i wb‡¤œv³ Kvi‡Y GKRb K~UbxwZK AevwÂZ n‡eb:
K. M„nxZ iv‡óªi AvBb f½ Ki‡j|
L. M„nxZ iv‡óª †Kv‡bv Aciv‡a Rwo‡q †M‡j|
M. M„nxZ iv‡óª ¸ßPie„wˇZ Rwo‡q †M‡j|
N. gv`K I †PvivPvjv‡bi gZ Aciv‡a Rwo‡q †M‡j|
O. †cÖwiZ iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK©‡”Q` Ki‡Z PvB‡j M„nxZ ivóª Persona-grata (K~U‰bwZK myweav) Z¨vM K‡i|

wm‡jevm Abyhvqx GB Aa¨v‡qi welqmg~n

 Emigrant
78 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
†Rvic~e©K ev B”Qvi weiæ‡× bq, †¯^”Qvq I ¯^Zç~Z©fv‡e hviv ¯’vqxfv‡e wbR †`k †Q‡o Ab¨ †`‡k emev‡mi D‡Ï‡k¨ cvwo
Rgvb Zv‡`i cÖevmx ejv n‡q _v‡K| Kg©ms¯’vb ev DbœZ Rxe‡bi †Luv‡Ri cvkvcvwk cvwievwiK ev e¨w³MZ Kvi‡YI A‡b‡K
¯’vqxfv‡e we‡`‡k emevm Kivi wm×všÍ †bb|
 ivóª`~Z (Ambassador) I `~Z (Envoy) [***]
ivóª`~Z (Ambassador) `~Z (Envoy)
GKRb ivóª`~Z n‡jb m‡e©v”P ch©v‡qi K‚UbxwZK hv‡K Zv‡`i †`‡ki GKRb `~Z n‡jb GKRb K‚U‰bwZK cÖwZwbwa hv‡K Zv‡`i
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨ mve©‡fŠg iv‡óª cvVv‡bv nq| miKvi GKwU wbw`©ó D‡Ï‡k¨ ev wgk‡bi Rb¨ we‡`‡k †cÖiY K‡i|
ivóª`~Z ivóª cÖav‡bi cÖZ¨¶ cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM cvb Ges ¯^vMwZK wZwb †Kej GKRb K‚U‰bwZK cÖwZwbwa Ges ivóª cÖav‡bi
†`‡ki ivóªcÖavb Øviv ¯^xK…Z nb| cÖZ¨¶ cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nb bv|
ivóª`~Z n‡jb m‡e©v”P ch©v‡qi K‚UbxwZK| `~Z n‡jb ivóª`~‡Zi Zzjbvq wb¤œ ch©v‡qi K‚UbxwZK|
ivóª`~Z GKwU ¯’vqx c` | Aciw`‡K `~‡Zi c`wU ¯’vqx bq|
ivóª`~Z‡K AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§j‡b †hvM`vb, miKvwi `wj‡j ¯^v¶i `vb `~Z G ai‡bi gh©v`v †fvM K‡ib bv|
Ges miKv‡ii c‡¶ Ab¨vb¨ Pzw³ ¯^v¶i Kivi c~Y© ¶gZv †`Iqv nq|
ivóª`~Z Dfq †`k I miKv‡ii wØcvw¶K m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ m¤ú~Y© GKRb `~Z ïaygvÎ GKwU wbw`©ó wgk‡bi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡kxj|
`vwqZ¡kxj|
ivóª`~‡Zi KvQ †_‡K Avkv Kiv hvq †h, Zviv ¯^vMwZK †`‡ki ¯^vMwZK †`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ †evSvi Rb¨ wZwb cy‡iv mg‡qi Rb¨
ms¯‹…wZ‡K fv‡jvfv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡e Ges RbM‡Yi AšÍ`©„wó Ges †`‡k _v‡Kb bv,KviY GKRb `~Z GKwU wgk‡bi Rb¨
Zv‡`i Pvwn`v¸‡jv eyS‡Z cv‡i, hv‡Z Zviv wb‡Ri †`k‡K Ggbfv‡e GKwU ¯^vMwZK †`‡k hvq Ges GKevi †mB wgkb †kl n‡q
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv Dfq †`‡ki Rb¨ DcKvix| †M‡j Zv‡K wbR †`‡k wd‡i †h‡Z n‡e|
GKRb ivóª`~‡Zi ¯^vMwZK †`‡k ¯’vqx evm¯’vb _v‡K| GKRb `~‡Zi mvaviYZ ¯^vMwZK †`‡k ¯’vqx evm¯’vb _v‡K
bv Ges ïaygvÎ A¯’vqxfv‡e †mLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i _v‡Kb|
 `~Zvevm, Kbmy¨‡jU I K‚U‰bwZK wgkb [***]
`~Zvevm (Embassy):
`~Zvevm nj GKwU K‚U‰bwZK wgkb hv GKwU †`‡k Ab¨ †`‡ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| mvaviYZ, hw` GKwU †`k Ab¨‡K mve©‡fŠg wnmv‡e
¯^xK…wZ †`q, Zvn‡j ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© eRvq ivL‡Z Ges ågYKvix bvMwiK‡`i mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU `~Zvevm cÖwZwôZ nq|
 Ae¯’vb: `~Zvevm¸‡jv mvaviYZ ¯^vMwZK ev †nv÷ †`‡ki ivRavbx kn‡i Aew¯’Z nq|
 cÖavb: GKRb ivóª`~Z m‡e©v”P c`¯’ K‚UbxwZK wn‡m‡e `~Zvev‡mi †bZ…Z¡ †`b| ivóª`~Z Zv‡`i wbR †`‡ki gyLcvÎ wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i, K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv Ges eRvq ivLvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
 `vwqZ¡: GKwU `~Zvev‡mi cÖv_wgK `vwqZ¡¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ivR‰bwZK Av‡jvPbv, evwYR¨ I e¨emvwqK †hvMv‡hvM, mvs¯‹…wZK
wewbgq Ges Av‡qvRK †`‡k Zv‡`i bvMwiK‡`i AwaKvi i¶v Kiv|
Kbmy¨‡jU (Consulate):
Kbmy¨‡jU nj GKwU †QvU K‚U‰bwZK wgkb, hv `~Zvev‡mi Aax‡b KvR K‡i| Kbmy¨‡jU¸‡jv cÖavbZ †nv÷ †`‡k Zv‡`i
†`‡ki bvMwiK‡`i cwi‡lev cÖ`v‡bi Dci †dvKvm K‡i, †hgb cvm‡cvU© Bmy¨ Kiv, Riæix cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ges
AvBwb I cÖkvmwbK wel‡q mnvqZv Kiv|
 Ae¯’vb: Kbmy‡jU Awdm mvaviYZ ivRavbx Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv eo kn‡i Aew¯’Z nq|
 cÖavb: GKRb Kbmvj ev Kbmvj †Rbv‡ij Kbmy¨‡j‡Ui cÖavb|
 `vwqZ¡: Kbmy¨‡jU¸‡jv †QvULv‡Uv K‚U‰bwZK welq¸‡jv cwiPvjbv K‡i| Kbmy¨‡j‡Ui cÖavb `vwqZ¡¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
1. wfmv cÖ`vb Kiv
2. bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ cwi‡lev cÖ`vb Kiv (†hgb nvwi‡q hvIqv cvm‡cvU© cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv ev Riæix cwiw¯’wZ‡Z mnvqZv Kiv)
3. ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q evwYwR¨K m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv Ges
4. Awfevmx, ch©UK Ges cÖevmx‡`i ¯^v_© i¶v Kiv|
K‚U‰bwZK wgkb (Diplomatic mission)
GKwU K‚U‰bwZK wgk‡b GKwU ivóª KZ©„K h_vh_fv‡e g‡bvbxZ K‚U‰bwZK cÖwZwbwa _v‡K, hviv MÖnYKvix ivóª KZ©„K M„nxZ nq| `~Zvevm
Ges Kbmy¨‡jU DfqB mw¤§wjZfv‡e wgkb wnmv‡e cwiwPZ| GQvovI AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v¸‡jv‡Z †`‡ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡‡KI wgkb wn‡m‡e
D‡jøL Kiv nq| †cÖiYKvix †`‡ki ciivóªbxwZi j‡¶¨i Dci wbf©i K‡i cÖwZwU wgk‡bi GKwU wbw`©ó j¶¨ I Kvh©cÖYvjx i‡q‡Q|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 79

 †Mvcb K‚UbxwZ (Secret diplomacy) [***]

†Mvcb K‚UbxwZ ej‡Z K‚UbxwZi †mB c×wZ‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b K‚U‰bwZK Av‡jvPbv I Kvh©vejx †Mvcb ivLv nq| †MvcbxqZv‡K cyiv‡bv
K‚UbxwZi ˆewkó¨ wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nZ| †Mvcb K‚UbxwZi †¶‡Î K‚UbxwZ cwiPvjbvq RbM‡Yi †Kvb f‚wgKv _v‡K bv| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i
Av‡M ch©šÍ c„w_ex‡Z †Mvcb K‚UbxwZi cÖPjb wQj| ivóª‡bZviv Ges K‚U‰bwZK cÖwZwbwaiv †Mvc‡b civgk© Pvwj‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Zb
Ges RbMY‡K †mB wm×všÍ †Kej Rvbv‡bv nZ| Av‡jvPbvi †Kvb ch©v‡q RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi †Kvb my‡hvM wQj bv| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z
g‡b Kiv nZ K‚UbxwZi GB †Mvcb c×wZ ¶gZvi fvimvg¨ I AvšÍR©vwZK e¨e¯’vi ¯’vwqZ¡ i¶vq mnvqK|
†Mvcb K‚UbxwZi ˆewkó¨:
1. Av‡jvPbvi wel‡q Ges †mB mv‡_ GB Av‡jvPbvi djvdj m¤ú‡K© m¤ú~Y© †MvcbxqZv‡K cyiv‡bv K‚UbxwZi GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
kZ© e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
2. K‚UbxwZKiv ïaygvÎ Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k Zv‡`i cÖwZc‡¶i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib|
3. †Mvcb Pzw³, Pzw³ ev Pzw³ ev †Rv‡Ui w`‡K cwiPvwjZ †Mvcb Av‡jvPbv kvwšÍi¶v Ges mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ m¤úK© cwiPvjbvi
Av`k© Dcvq wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ nZ|
4. †Mvcb K‚UbxwZ kãwU †Mvcb Av‡jvPbv cwiPvjbv Ges †Mvcb Pzw³, wm×všÍ, †RvU Kivi K‚U‰bwZK Abykxjb‡K †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
5. †Mvcb K‚UbxwZ‡Z RbMY‡K Av¯’vq †bIqvi †Kv‡bv †Póv Kiv nq bv Ges RbMY‡K K‚U‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc m¤ú‡K© mvgvb¨ Z_¨
cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
†Mvcb K‚UbxwZi myweav :
1. AvšÍR©vwZK K‚UbxwZ‡Z mvd‡j¨i Ab¨Zg c~e© kZ© nj †MvcbxqZv| †Mvcb K‚UbxwZ‡Z `iKlvKwl ev fxwZ cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g
myweav Av`vq Kiv m¤¢e nq|
2. K‚UbxwZ †Mvcbxqfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡j `ªæZ wm×všÍMÖnY m¤¢e nq| RbM‡Yi m¤§wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i hw` K‚U‰bwZK wm×všÍ
wb‡Z nq, Zvn‡j K‚UbxwZ cwiPvjbvq Ah_v wej¤^ N‡U Ges K‚UbxwZi Avmj D‡Ïk¨ e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i|
3. cÖKv‡k¨ K‚U‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc cwiPvwjZ n‡j Av‡jvPbviZ K‚U‰bwZK cÖwZwbwa wm×v‡šÍi bgbxqZv nviv‡Z cv‡ib| KviY
GKevi RbM‡Yi wbKU †Kvb wKQz cÖKvk Kiv n‡j Zv †_‡K m‡i Avmv m¤¢e nq bv|
4. K‚UbxwZi j¶¨ I Kvh©Kjvc cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zvi m‡½ mswkøó mKj ¯^v_©‡Mvôx miKv‡ii Ici Pvc m„wó Ki‡e| d‡j K‚U‰bwZK
Kvh©Kjvc ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡e|
†Mvcb K‚UbxwZi †bwZevPK w`K:
1. †Mvcb K‚UbxwZ †h we‡Øl, Awek¦vm I m‡›`‡ni exR †ivcY K‡i ZviB cwiYwZ nj hy×|
2. wW. wm. cy‡j (D. C. Poole) †Mvcb K‚UbxwZi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, †Mvcb K‚UbxwZ wewfbœ iv‡óªi g‡a¨ Ggb
m‡›`n I fxwZi cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i hv A‡bK †¶‡Î gvivZ¥K ai‡bi ¸Re m„wó‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| A‡b‡K e‡jb †Mvcb K‚UbxwZ
†_‡K D™¢~Z Awek¦vm I we‡Øl cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i `vevbj cÖ¾wjZ K‡iwQj|
3. †Mvcb K‚UbxwZ A‡bK mgq wewfbœ iv‡óªi g‡a¨ eÜzZ¡g~jK m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjvi c‡_ AšÍivq wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| KviY †Mvcb
K‚UbxwZ wewfbœ iv‡óªi g‡a¨ Awek¦vm, m‡›`n, we‡Øl m„wó K‡i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©‡K welv³ K‡i †Zv‡j|
4. MYZš¿ I †MvcbxqZv ci¯úiwe‡ivax| Rbmvavi‡Yi AÁv‡Z miKvix wm×všÍ M„nxZ n‡Z cv‡i †KejgvÎ ˆ¯^iZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v‡Z|

ciivóªbxwZ (Foreign Policy) [***]

†`‡ki ¯^v_© ev¯Íevq‡b ev AvšÍR©vwZK jÿ¨ AR©‡b ivóª †h bxwZ MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K civóªbxwZ e‡j| mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ civóªbxwZ
cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| ciivóª cÖYq‡b State Actor Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ Non State Actor GiI cÖfve _v‡K|
wemgvK© Gi g‡Z,
ÒThe extension of domestic policy is foreign policy.Ó
Aa¨vcK c¨v‡Wj‡dvW© I wjsK‡bi g‡Z,
Ò†Kvb iv‡óªi ciivóªbxwZ n‡jv †m iv‡óªi RvZxq bxwZi †m Ask hv Zvi evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³Ó
A_©vr, ciivóªbxwZ n‡jv †Kvb iv‡óªi †mme Kv‡h©i aviv hv †m †`k Zvi ivóªxq ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi Kvi‡Y Zvi mxgv‡iLvi evwn‡i
Aew¯’Z Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ivLvi Rb¨ m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| GK GK †`‡ki ciivóªbxwZ GK GK iKg n‡q _v‡K|
†hgb, gvwK©b ciivóªbxwZ‡K ejv nq DDD, Defence, Development & Diplomacy.
80 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
Determinants of Foreign Policy:
iv‡óªi †hme ˆewkó¨ ev AvPiY ciivóªbxwZ wbqš¿Y
K‡i _v‡K †mme ˆewkó¨ ev AvPiY‡K
ciivóªbxwZi wba©viK ev Determinants of
Foreign Policy e‡j|

wba©viKmg~n wb¤œiƒcÑ
K. iv‡óªi AvK…wZ: iv‡óªi AvK…wZ ciivóªbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| wPwji ciivóªbxwZ Avi myBRvij¨v‡Ûi ciivóªbxwZ GK nq bv|
L. †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb: †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Dci ciivóªbxwZ wbf©i K‡i| ga¨cÖv‡P¨ Aew¯’Z †`‡ki ciivóªbxwZ Avi
¯‹¨vwÛ‡bfxq A‡ji ciivóªbxwZ GK nq bv|
M. mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv: †MvôxMZ Ø›Ø ev RvZxq HK¨ ciivóªbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| RvZxq HK¨ weivR Ki‡j kw³kvjx
ciivóªbxwZ cÖYxZ nq| Avi RvZxq HK¨ bv _vK‡j `ye©j ciivóªbxwZ weivR K‡i| ZvB‡Zv, BmivBj Avi wmwiqvi
ciivóªbxwZ GK n‡e bv|
N. RbM‡Yi g‡bvfve: RbMY AvµgYvZ¥K n‡j ivóª BmivB‡ji g‡Zv AvµgYvZ¥K ciivóªbxwZ cÖYqb K‡i| Avevi, RbMY
kvwšÍwcÖq n‡j ivóª biI‡qi g‡Zv kvwšÍwcÖq ciivóªbxwZ cÖYqb K‡i|
O. A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ: A_©‰bwZK kw³ ciivóªbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| A_©‰bwZKfv‡e kw³kvjx ivóª kw³kvjx ciivóªbxwZ cÖYqb
K‡i| A_©‰bwZKfv‡e `ye©j ivóª `ye©j ciivóªbxwZ MÖnY K‡i| ZvB‡Zv, Pxb Avi `wÿY my`v‡bi ciivóªbxwZ GK nq bv|
P. †bZvi AvPiY: †bZvi AvPi‡Yi DciI ciivóªbxwZ wbf©i K‡i| †bZv AvµgYvZ¥K n‡j GKai‡bi ciivóªbxwZ Avi †bZv
AvµgYvZ¥K bv n‡j Ab¨ai‡bi ciivóªbxwZ cÖYqb K‡i| ZvB‡Zv, Gw›U †Møvevwj÷ wjWvi †Wvbvì Uªv‡¤úi mv‡_ †Rv
evB‡W‡bi ciivóªbxwZ wfbœ|
Q. RvZxq mÿgZv: gvbe Dbœqb, kvwšÍ m~PK, myL m~PK, mÿgZv m~P‡K GwM‡q _vKv †`k¸‡jvi ciivóªbxwZ kw³kvjx nq|
R. ms¯‹…wZ I BwZnvm: GKUv †`‡ki BwZnvm, ms¯‹…wZ I ag© ciivóªbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| ZvB‡Zv, evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_
fvi‡Zi †hgb ciivóªbxwZ _v‡K, Px‡bi mv‡_ Z`ªƒc _v‡K bv|
S. ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vb: ÿgZvmxb `‡ji ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vb ciivóªbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| ZvB‡Zv evsjv‡`‡k AvIqvgx jxM
I RvZxqZvev`x `‡ji ciivóªbxwZ GK bq|
T. MYgva¨‡gi f~wgKv: DËi †Kvwiqv ¸ß ivóª bv‡g cwiwPZ nIqvq miKv‡ii B”Qv Awb”Qvq ciivóªbxwZ cÖYxZ n‡”Q|
U. ivR‰bwZK Revew`wnZv: mvgwiK miKv‡ii ciivóªbxwZ miKv‡ii B”QvgZ n‡q _v‡K| †Kbbv, GLv‡b Revew`wnZv _v‡K bv
V. †bZ…Z¡: `ÿ †bZ…Z¡ _vK‡j †KŠkjMZ ciivóªbxwZ cÖYxZ nq| ZvB‡Zv Avn‡gw`‡bRv` Avi nvmvb iænvwbi ciivóªbxwZ GK bq|
 ciivóªbxwZ I K~UbxwZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
ciivóªbxwZ (Foreign Policy) K~UbxwZ (Diplomacy)
1. iv‡óªi jÿ¨B ciivóªbxwZ 1. ciivóªbxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi jÿ¨B K~UbxwZ
2. ms¯’v I cÖwZôvb AskMÖnY K‡i 2. AwfÁ, `ÿ I wbcyY e¨w³ Avek¨K
3. ciivóªbxwZi msKU †gvKv‡ejvq K~UbxwZ KvR K‡i 3. K~UbxwZ kvwšÍi mg‡qI Pj‡Z _v‡K
4. msKUKv‡j ciivóªbxwZi f~wgKv gyL¨ bq 4. K~U‰bwZK Kvh©µg msKUKv‡j Pj‡Z _v‡K
5. ciivóªbxwZ‡K ejv nq Vision of State. 5. K~UbxwZ‡K ejv nq Mission of Foreign Policy.
6. ciivóªbxwZ iv‡óªi wb‡`©kbv cÖwZôvKi‡Y KvR K‡i| 6. K~UbxwZ ciivóªbxwZi wb‡`©kbv cÖwZôvKi‡Y KvR K‡i|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 81
K~UbxwZ (Diplomacy)
 K~U‡bwZK wgkb (Diplomatic Mission): [***]
c„w_exi ivóªmg~n ci¯ú‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj| Zv‡`i wbf©ikxjZvi Rb¨ G‡K
Ac‡ii mv‡_ wewfbœ ai‡bi cvi¯úwiK ¯^v_© mswkøó Kvh©µg m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|
myZivs, RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i †cÖÿvc‡U Zviv cvi¯úwiK wµqvKjvc m¤úv`b K‡i
_v‡K| Giƒc AvšÍtwµqv m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ ivóªmg~n cvi¯úwiK kvwšÍc~Y© mn-
Ae¯’vb (peaceful co-existence) eRvq †i‡L GK ivóª Aci iv‡óª Awdm
¯’vcb K‡i mivmwi ivóªxq cÖwZwbwa wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| GKwU iv‡óªi Aci
iv‡óª ¯’vwcZ Awdm‡K K~U‰bwZK wgkb ejv n‡q _v‡K|

 wgk‡bi KvR:
3.1: M„nxZ iv‡óª †cÖwiZ iv‡óªi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kiv
3.2: AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi Av‡jv‡K M„nxZ iv‡óª †cÖwiZ iv‡óªi ¯^v_© msiÿY Kiv|
3.3: M„nxZ iv‡óªi miKv‡ii mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Pvjv‡bv|
3.4: M„nxZ iv‡óªi Dbœqbg~jK Kg©m~wP m¤ú‡K© †cÖwiZ iv‡óª wi‡cvU© Kiv|
3.5: M„nxZ iv‡óªi mv‡_ †cÖwiZ iv‡óª A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK I ˆeÁvwbK Dbœqb wb‡q eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb NUv‡bv|

 K~U‰bwZK cÖwZwbwa‡`i Kvh©µg:

1. ¯^vMwZK †`‡k wbR †`‡ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kiv Ges wbR¯^ RvZxq ¯^v_©‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv|
2. Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Kiv Ges †Kvb mgm¨v weivR _vK‡j Zv `~i Kiv|
3. wbR †`‡ki bvMwiK‡`i ¯^vMwZK †`‡k Ae¯’vbKvjxb Zv‡`i wbivcËv weavbmn ¯^v_©iÿvq mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
4. wbR †`‡ki evwYwR¨K Kvh©µg mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv|
5. AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv iÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv|
6. mvgwiK, ivR‰bwZK I wbivcËv iÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv|
7. mvgwiK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK welq msµvšÍ wewfbœ Z_¨ †cÖiYmn cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv|
8. Ab¨vb¨ wbqgZvwš¿K Kvh©Kjv‡c AskMÖnY Kiv|

 K~U‰bwZK cÖwZwbwa/e¨w³eM:© [***]

GKwU ivóª hLb Aci iv‡óª K~U‰bwZK wgkb ¯’vcb Ki‡Z I †mLv‡b miKvwifv‡e e¨w³eM© wb‡qvM K‡i wbR †`‡ki ¯^v_©mswkøó
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i ZLb Giƒc wgk‡b Kg©iZ Kg©KZ©vMY †ckv`vi K~U‰bwZK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nb| G‡`i‡K wb¤œiƒc
ch©vqf~³ Kiv hvq:
82 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
Diplomatic Mission

Embassy High Commission Consulate General

Ambassador High Commissioner Consul General

Minister Deputy High Commissioner Consul

Counsellor Counsellor Vice Consul

1st Secretary 1st Secretary

2nd Secretary 2nd Secretary

3rd Secretary 3rd Secretary

Attache Attache
GQvovI i‡q‡Q we‡kl ai‡bi K~U‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡ hviv ¯’vqx wgk‡b Kg©iZ †_‡K K~U‰bwZK Kvh©µg m¤úv`b K‡ib bv| Zviv
we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ‡Z we‡kl ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ wb‡qvwRZ nb| G‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:
K. Special Envoy L. Envoy
 K~U‰bwZK †kÖYxwefvM (Classification of Diplomats):
1815 mv‡ji wf‡qbv Ks‡MÖ‡m K~U‰bwZK‡`i‡K wZbwU †kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv nq| h_v:
1.1: ivóª`~Z (Ambassador)Ñ K~U‰bwZK wgk‡bi m‡e©v”P K~UbxwZK| GQvovI, RvwZmsN I Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vi m‡e©v”P
K~UbxwZK‡KI ivóª`~Z ejv nq|
1.2: nvBKwgkbvi (High Commissioner)Ñ KgbI‡qj_f~³ †`‡ki K~U‰bwZK‡`i ejv nq nvBKwgkbvi|
1.3: bvbwmI (Nuncio)Ñ f¨vwUKv‡bi †cv‡ci cÖwZwbwa‡K bvbwmI ejv nq|
2.1: PvR© `¨v G¨v‡dqvm© (Charge de affairs)Ñ ivóª`~‡Zi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z whwb `~Zvev‡mi cÖavb _v‡Kb| A_©vr, P¨vR© `¨v
A¨v‡dqvm© n‡jv fvicÖvß ivóª`~Z|
2.2: B›Uvi bvbwmI (Inter-Nuncio)Ñ †cv‡ci cÖwZwbwai mnKvix|
3.1: Counsellor- `~Zev‡mi Z…Zxq kxl© Kg©KZ©v|
3.2: Consul General- `~Zvev‡mi kvLv Awdm‡K ejv nq Consulate. Avi Kbmy¨‡j‡Ui kxl© Kg©KZ©v‡K Kbmvj
†Rbv‡ij ejv nq|
3.3: Economic Minister- A_©‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨ whwb Kg©iZ _v‡Kb| c~‡e© Z…Zxq kxl© Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e ïay B‡KvbwgK
wgwb÷vi Kg©iZ wQ‡jb|
3.4: Attache- we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b Kg©iZ K~UbxwZK‡K A¨vUv‡k ejv nq|
Z‡e 1961 mv‡ji Kb‡fbk‡bi Aby‡”Q` 14 Abyhvqx K~UbxwZK wgkb cÖavb‡`i‡K wKQz mgš^q mv‡c‡ÿ wb‡¤œi wZbwU †kÖwY‡Z
fvM Kiv nq| h_v-
1. ivóª`~Z (Ambassador), nvBKwgkbvi (High Commissioner) Ges †cv‡ci `~Z (Nuncio):
ivóªcÖavb‡`i wbKU †cÖwiZ nb|
2. Dcivóª`~Z (envoy), K~U‰bwZK gš¿x (Minister) Ges †cv‡ci Dc-`~Z (Internuncio):
ivóªcÖavb‡`i wbKU †cÖwiZ nb|
3. PvR© `¨v G¨v‡dqvm© (Charge d’affairs): ciivóªgš¿x‡`i wbKU †cÖwiZ nb|

 K~U‰bwZK †Kvi (Diplomatic Corps): [***]

MÖvnK iv‡óª Ae¯’vbiZ wewfbœ †cÖiK iv‡óªi K~U‰bwZK wgkb cÖavb‡`i wb‡q K~U‰bwZK †Kvi MwVZ| K~U‰bwZK cÖavb‡`i g‡a¨
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb I iÿv Ges wewfbœ AvbyôvwbKZv cvj‡bi gva¨g n‡jv GB K~U‰bwZK †Kvi|
K~U‰bwZK †Kv‡ii m`m¨MY:
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 83
 wgkb cÖavb
 K~U‰bwZK wgk‡bi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix
 wgk‡bi Kg©KZ©v‡`i cwiev‡ii m`m¨eM©
K~U‰bwZK †Kv‡ii wWb: K~U‰bwZK †Kv‡ii me‡P‡q Av‡M †h K~U‰bwZK cÖavb wn‡m‡e wbhy³ n‡q‡Qb wZwb K~U‰bwZK †Kv‡ii
wWb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| wZwb wgk‡bi †bZ…Z¡ w`‡eb|
K~U‰bwZK †Kv‡ii wW‡bi KvR:
K. †Kvb we‡kl w`‡b MÖvnK ivóª‡K Awfb›`b Rvbv‡bv|
L. AvbyôvwbKZv cvj‡bi cvkvcvwk Zuv‡`i †h‡Kvb mgm¨v mevi mw¤§wjZ cÖqv‡m mgvavb Kiv|
M. wWb MªvnK ivóª I †Kv‡ii g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv|
N. K~U‰bwZK †Kv‡ii †Kvb m`‡m¨i my‡hvM myweav I `vqgyw³i e¨vcv‡i MÖvnK iv‡óªi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv Kiv|
O. †Kv‡ii HK¨ I msnwZ iÿv Kiv|
P. bewbhy³ ivóª`~Z MÖnxZv iv‡óªi ¯’vbxq ixwZbxwZ, my‡hvM myweav, mvwe©K mgm¨v msµvšÍ Z_¨ me©cÖ_g AeMZ Kiv|

 KÝvj‡`i Kvh©vewj (Functions of Consul):

evwYwR¨K `~Z‡`i cÖavb KvR n‡”Q MÖvnK I †cÖiK iv‡óªi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK evwYwR¨K welq †`Lvïbv Kiv| Z‡e 1963 mv‡ji
evwYwR¨K `~Z m¤úwK©Z wf‡qbv Kb‡fbk‡b Zv‡`i KwZcq Kvhv©ewj wjwce× n‡q‡Q| h_v:
K. KÝvj we‡`‡k wbR iv‡óªi bvMwiK‡`i AwaKvi I A_©‰bwZK ¯^v_© iÿv‡_© AvBbMZ f~wgKv ivL‡e;
L. Ae¯’vbKvix iv‡óªi mv‡_ A_©‰bwZK, ˆeÁvwbK I mvs¯‹…wZK m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡e;
M. MÖvnK iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I AvBbMZ Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Zv wbR iv‡óª †cÖiY Ki‡e|
ZvQvovI KÝvj wbR iv‡óªi bvMwiK I cÖwZôvb mg~‡ni ¯^v_© iÿv Ki‡e| ¯^‡`‡ki RvnvR I †emvgwiK wegvb msµvšÍ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki‡e| wewfbœ `wjjcÎvw` mZ¨vqb msµvšÍ †bvUvwiqvj (Notarial) `vwqZ¡, ¯^‡`wk bvMwiK‡`i weevn, ZvjvK BZ¨vw` msµvšÍ
Kvh©µg Ges cvm‡cvU©, wfmv Bmy¨KiY ev Zvi †gqv` e„w×KiY msµvšÍ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b Ki‡e|

 n¯Í‡ÿc (Intervention): [***]

AvaywbK AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb g~jbxwZ n‡jv ivóªmg~‡ni mve©‡fŠg mgZvi bxwZ cÖwZôv| GLv‡b ¯úófv‡e cÖZxqgvb nq
†h, cÖ‡Z¨KwU ivóª ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zvi ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK e¨e¯’v Ges ciivóªbxwZ cÖYq‡bi AwaKvi msiÿY
K‡i| Gi †Kvb †ÿ‡ÎB Ab¨ †Kvb ivóª †Kvbfv‡eB n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †h †Kvb ai‡bi n¯Í‡ÿcB AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi my¯úó j•Nb e‡j
we‡ewPZ n‡Z eva¨| kw³ cÖ‡qvM ej‡Z ïay mvgwiK kw³ cÖ‡qvM‡KB eySvq bv, GwU †h †Kvb ai‡bi AhvwPZ Pvc cÖ‡qvM‡KB †evSvq|
KLb n¯Í‡ÿc n‡e/ KLb n‡e bv?
1. M„nhy× †h‡nZz iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY mgm¨v, †m‡nZz M„nhy× †gvKv‡ejvq miKvi ev ivóª KZ©„K kw³ cÖ‡qvM RvwZmsN mb‡`i Aby‡”Q`
2(4)-G Abyhvqx n¯Í‡ÿc n‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e, M„nhy‡×i mg‡q Giƒc kw³ cÖ‡qvM Ab¨ iv‡óªi mnvqZvq n‡j Zv n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci mgZzj¨ n‡e|
2. Aci GKwU ivóª B‡Zvg‡a¨B M„nhy×iZ †Kvb GKwU cÿ‡K mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡j Zv n¯Í‡ÿc n‡e bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i †h, 1975-76 mv‡j G‡½vjvi M„nhy‡×i mgq †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb I wKDev hLb G‡½vjvi miKv‡ii mvgwiK mvnv‡h¨
GwM‡q Av‡m Ges A‡bK ivóªB GwU‡K A‰ea n¯Í‡ÿc wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`q ZLb †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb I wKDev Zv‡`i n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci
†cQ‡b †h hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i, Zv n‡jv `wÿY Avwd«Kv KZ©„K G‡½vjvi miKviwe‡ivax‡`i cÖZ¨ÿ mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb| Z‡e GLv‡b
D‡jøL¨ †h, cÖwZwôZ miKvi‡K hw` mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K, Zv mvgwiK ev Ab¨ †h‡Kvbfv‡eB †nvK bv †Kb, Zv †Kvbfv‡eB
n¯Í‡ÿc e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv|
 AwZ-ivwóªK AvkÖq (Diplomatic or Extra-territorial Ayslum):
wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î GKwU †`k we‡`‡k Aew¯’Z Zv‡`i `~Zvev‡m ev Kbmy¨jvi feb, AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi Kvh©vjq, hy× RvnvR ev Zv‡`i
mvaviY Rvnv‡R †Kvb wbh©vwZZ e¨w³‡K AvkÖq w`‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi AvkÖq cÖ`vb mve©Rbxbfv‡e ¯^xK…Z bq| AwZ-ivwóªK AvkÖq
wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i|
K. we‡`wk `~Zvev‡m AvkÖq: hw` †Kvb e¨w³ iv‡óªi wfZ‡i Aew¯’Z Ab¨ iv‡óªi `~Zvev‡m AvkÖq MÖnY K‡i Z‡e we‡`wk `~Zvev‡m AvkÖq
e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
84 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
L. AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôv‡bi A½‡b AvkÖq: AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡b Ggb †Kvb weavb †bB hvi Øviv AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvbmg~n †Kvb Acivaxi
AvkÖq Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †Kvb Avmbœ wec‡`i nvZ †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvbmg~n †Kvb Acivaxi AvkÖq
Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
M. hy× Rvnv‡R AvkÖq: †Kvb e¨w³ hw` mgy`ªZx‡i †Kvb Aciva msNwUZ K‡i Zvici Zx‡i †bvOi Kiv †Kvb hy× Rvnv‡R AvkÖq †bq,
†m‡ÿ‡Î Rvnv‡Ri AwabvqK H Acivax e¨w³‡K n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi Ki‡j ¯’vbxq KZ©„cÿ H e¨w³‡K †Rvic~e©K AvUK Ki‡Z cvi‡e
bv| GB ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ¯’vbxq KZ©„cÿ H cZvKvevnx Rvnv‡Ri miKv‡ii Kv‡Q K~U‰bwZK cÖwZev` Rvbv‡Z cv‡i|
N. evwYwR¨K Rvnv‡R AvkÖq: evwYwR¨K RvnvRmg~‡ni Dci ¯’vbxq KZ©„c‡ÿi GLwZqvi _v‡K, GRb¨ evwYwR¨K RvnvR ¯’vbxq
evwm›`v‡`i AvkÖq Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Levels OF Diplomacy
 Tracks Diplomacy [***]

G‡K miKvwi K~UbxwZ ejv nq| ivóªxq Kg©KZ©viv Ask †bq Ggb K~UbxwZ| m¼U mgvav‡b ev iæwUb
Av‡jvPbvq (negotiation) hw` miKvicÖavb, ciivóªgš¿x, miKvi ev iv‡óªi cÖwZwbwaeM© Ask †bq,
Track-I Diplomacy
Zvn‡j Zv‡K Track-I Diplomacy e‡j| †hgb: cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv I fvi‡Zi cÖavbgš¿x
b‡i›`ª †gvw`i g‡a¨ K~UbxwZ|
A-miKvwi ev A-ivóªxq Kg©‡Ki g‡a¨ K~UbxwZ| mykxj mgvR, e¨emvqx ev m¤£všÍ e¨w³eM© †Kv‡bv
mgm¨vi mgvav‡b Av‡jvPbvq Ask wb‡j, Zv‡K Track-II K~UbxwZ e‡j| †hgb, evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ
Track-II Diplomacy dR‡j nvmvb Av‡e` I fvi‡Zi c‡ÿ Ag©Z¨ †mb wZ¯Ív Bmy¨‡Z `yB †`‡ki miKvi‡K cÖfvweZ
Ki‡j Zv‡K Uª¨vK-Uz K~UbxwZ e‡j| GwU‡K Backchannel Diplomacy I ejv nq| e¨vKP¨v‡bj
K‚UbxwZ Dbœq‡bi K_vB ¯^xKvi K‡i|
`ywU c‡ÿi g‡a¨ ¯^v_© mswkøó wel‡q Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv cÿ hw` Av‡jvPbvq Ask †bq ZLb Zv Track-
III K~UbxwZ| †hgb, wek^ e¨vsK wZ¯Ívi cvwb eÈb Av‡jvPbvq Ask wb‡q mgvav‡b ga¨¯’Zv Ki‡Z
Track-III Diplomacy GwM‡q Av‡m ZLb Zv Uª¨vK w_ª K~UbxwZ| GB K~UbxwZ‡Z Dfqc‡ÿi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ I ¯^v_©mswkøó
cÿ ga¨¯’Zvq GwM‡q Av‡m|
AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³, †RvU, ms¯’v Uª¨vK w_ª K~UbxwZi Ab¨Zg ga¨¯’ZvKvix|
A_©‰bwZK I mvgwiK w`K †_‡K kw³kvjx †`k KZ…©K `ye©j †`‡k Av‡ivwcZ K~UbxwZ| †hgb,
2nd Track Diplomacy
fzUv‡bi cÖwZ fvi‡Zi K~UbxwZ n‡jv †m‡KÛ Uª¨vK K~UbxwZ|
Multi-Track Track-I, Track-II I Track-III Gi K~UbxwZi ga¨ †_‡K hw` †h‡Kv‡bv 2wU K~UbxwZ †hŠ_fv‡e
Diplomacy KvR K‡i ZLb Zv gvwë Uª¨vK K~UbxwZ|
cÖwZcÿ‡K ek¨Zv wkKvi Kiv‡Z Av‡jvPbvi cvkvcvwk Pvcm„wó‡K eySvq| †hgb, hy³ivóª cvim¨
Dual Track DcmvM‡i 5g †bŠeni †gvZv‡qb K‡i Biv‡bi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q 2015 mv‡ji Joint
Diplomacy
Comprehensive Plan of Action ¯^vÿ‡i Bivb‡K eva¨ K‡iwQj|

 Preventive Diplomacy (cÖwZ‡ivag~jK K~UbxwZ): [**]

cÖwZ‡ivag~jK K~UbxwZi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv msNvZ‡K Gwo‡q mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv| m¤úªwZ ivwkqv-BD‡µb hy‡×i †cÖÿvc‡U Zzi¯‹
I RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M ¯^vÿwiZ Grain Initiatives (km¨ Pzw³) wcÖ‡fw›Uf wW‡cøv‡gwmi D`vniY|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 85
RvwZmsN Ges AvÂwjK ms¯’v¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk ˆewk^K I AvÂwjK kw³ msNvZ cwiPvjbvi D”P e¨q Avwe®‹v‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_
cÖwZ‡ivag~jK K~UbxwZi aviYvi weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| RvwZmsN, AvÂwjK ms¯’v, GbwRI, †bUIqvK© Ges c„_K ivR¨ Øviv
cÖwZ‡ivag~jK K~UbxwZi Kg© Kvh©Ki Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
D‡Ïk¨:
K. cÿ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ we‡iva †iva Kiv
L. we`¨gvb we‡iva¸‡jv‡K ؇›Øi w`‡K †V‡j †`Iqv †_‡K weiZ ivLv Ges
M. hLb Ø›Ø NU‡e ZLb Gi we¯Ívi‡K mxgve× Kiv|
cÖwZ‡ivag~jK K‚UbxwZi kvLv:
1. Conflict Analysis 2. Planning and supporing the work of peace
3. Good office 4. Diplomatic Action
5. Encourage Dialogue 6. Support states and Regional Actors
7. Limit the spreat of conflicts 8. Peaceful resolution
 Memory Diplomacy/ ¯§„wZ K‚UbxwZ: [***]
¯§„wZ K‚UbxwZ nj BwZnv‡mi †Kvb NUbv‡K mvg‡b G‡b, †hB NUbv‡K e¨envi K‡i eZ©gvb K‚U‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ nvwmj Kiv| m¤úªwZ †`Lv
hv‡”Q †Møvevj mvD‡_i gb Rq Ki‡Z ivwkqv ¯§„wZ K~UbxwZ e¨envi Ki‡Q| ivwkqvi AZx‡Zi cwðgv we‡k^i Dcwb‡ekev`‡K Zz‡j ai‡Q
Ges Avwd«Kvq wb‡R‡`i‡K ÔDcwb‡ekev`we‡ivaxÕ msMÖv‡gi ms¯’v wn‡m‡e nvwRi Ki‡Q| g‡¯‹v GUvI ej‡Q †h Avwd«Kvq †Kvb †`‡k Zviv
Dcwb‡ek ˆZwi K‡iwb Ges Zviv KL‡bv `vm e¨emvi mv‡_ RwoZ wQj bv| GKB mv‡_ ¯œvqyhy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ †`‡k
(A¨v‡½vjv I †gvRvw¤^K) Dcwb‡ekev`we‡ivax jovB‡q †Rvov‡jv mg_©b w`‡q‡Q ivwkqv|
ivwkqvi ¯§„wZ K‚UbxwZi cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡jB BD‡µb hy× ïiæi ci Avwd«Kv I jvwZb Avwd«Kvi †`k¸‡jv BD‡µb hy‡×i cy‡iv †`vl ivwkqvi
Ici Pvcv‡Z ivwR n‡”Q bv| GKB mv‡_ †Møvevj mvB‡_i wewfbœ †`k cwðgvejq †_‡K m‡i ivwkqv-Pxb †Rv‡Ui w`‡K AvMv‡”Q|

 Hostage Diplomacy/ wRw¤§ K‚UbxwZ [***]

K‚UbxwZ nj hLb †Kvb K‚UbxwZK wRw¤§ ev ivóªxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³ Ab¨ †`‡k †Mßvi ev wRw¤§ nb| 2018 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi Aby‡iv‡a Pxbv
cÖhyw³ cÖwZôvb ûqvI‡qi ˆR¨ô wbe©vnx †gs Iqvb‡Sv‡K KvbvWv AvUK K‡i| Gi cÖwZwµqvq `yB KvbvWxq †KvfwiM I ¯ú¨v‡Wvi Px‡b
AvUK nb| GB cvëv cvwë AvU‡Ki d‡j 2 †`‡ki K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© †h Zjvwb‡Z †V‡KwQj Zv‡K weªwUk mvgwqKx `¨ B‡Kvbwg÷
ÔwRw¤§ K‚UbxwZÕ e‡j‡Q| Z`ªæc 2023 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i KvbvWvq fvi‡Zi ˆe‡`wkK †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v wimvP© A¨vÛ A¨vbvjvBwmm DBs‡qi
(RAW) cÖavb‡K ewn®‹v‡ii K‡qK NÈv c‡iB fvi‡Z wbhy³ KvbvWvi ivóª`~Z‡K ewn:¯‹vi K‡i fviZ|

 Pilot Fish Behaviors

Pilot Fish Behaviors n‡jv cvk^eZx© e„nr I kw³kvjx iv‡óªi mv‡_ weev‡` bv wM‡q Zvi Ae¯’vb‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i my‡KŠk‡j wb‡Ri wbivcËv
wbwðZ Kiv| GB Z‡Ë¡i RbK Giwjs weRj| `wÿY Gwkqvi †`k fzUvb cvk^©eZx© kw³kvjx †`k Pxb I fvi‡Zi mv‡_ mdjfv‡e ZË¡wUi
cÖ‡qvM Pilot Fish Behaviors K‡i wb‡R‡K wUwK‡q ivL‡Q|

 Gray Zone Diplomacy [***]

†MÖ †Rvb K‚UbxwZ nj kvwšÍ I hy‡×i ga¨eZx© Ae¯’v, hLb GKvwaK ivóª wKsev bb-†÷U G±i ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ weev`c~Y©
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Rwo‡q c‡o| Pxb I ZvBIqv‡bi ga¨Kvi K‚UbxwZ‡K Gray Zone Diplomacy ejv hvq|

 'Quiet diplomacy' ev "bxie K‚UbxwZ" [***]

'Quiet diplomacy' ev"bxie K‚UbxwZ" ej‡Z weP¶Y Av‡jvPbv ev K‡g©i gva¨‡g Ab¨ iv‡óªi AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi Rb¨
GKwU iv‡óªi cÖ‡Póv‡K †evSvq| G K‚U‰bwZK cÖ‡Póvq Rbmvavi‡Yi m¤§y‡L Av‡jvPbvi cwie‡Z© e¨vK P¨v‡bwjs‡qi Dci wbf©i
86 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
K‡i K‚U‰bwZK mvdj¨ AR©‡bi †Póv Kiv nq| GQvovI GwU Ggb GKwU ˆkjx‡Z Kiv nq, hv Pvc cÖ‡qvM ev ûgwKi cwie‡Z©
HK¨gZ¨ wbg©vY Ges m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi Dci †dvKvm K‡i| GwU GK ai‡bi †Mvcb K‚UbxwZ|
GB K‚U‰bwZK cÖwµqvq A‡bK mgq soft power e¨envi Kiv nq| GwU g~jZ ga¨¯’Zv, mg‡SvZv Ges mvwj‡ki g‡Zv kvwšÍc~Y©
Dcv‡q cwiPvwjZ GKwU K‚U‰bwZK cÖwµqv|
†QvU †`k¸‡jv cÖvqkB bxie K‚UbxwZi Dci wbf©i K‡i, KviY Zv‡`i e„nr kw³¸‡jvi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Kivi Rb¨ mvgwiK
ev A_©‰bwZK kw³ †bB| Z‡e †¶Î we‡k‡l gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi g‡Zv eo I kw³kvjx †`k¸wjI bxie K‚UbxwZ e¨envi K‡i|
fviZ I KvbvWvi m¤ú‡K©vbœq‡b bxie K‚UbxwZ:
MZ 18 Ryb KvbvWvi f¨vbKzfv‡i wbe©vwmZ wkL †bZv ni`xc wms wb¾i‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq| G nZ¨vi m‡½ fviZ
miKv‡ii RwoZ _vKvi Awf‡hvM K‡i‡Q KvbvWv| G NUbvi †R‡i Dfq †`k cvëvcvwë K‚U‰bwZK ewn®‹v‡ii †NvlYv K‡i|
KvbvWvi bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ fvi‡Zi wfmv mvgwqKfv‡e eÜ †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K KvbvWvI fvi‡Z Zv‡`i evwYR¨
wgkb ¯’wM‡Zi †NvlYv w`‡q‡Q| `y'‡`‡ki m¤ú‡K©i G A¯^vfvweK AebwZi ci AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© we‡kølKiv `y †`‡ki
m¤ú‡K©vbœq‡b bxie K‚UbxwZ e¨env‡ii civgk© w`‡q‡Qb| KviY `yB †`‡ki m¤úK© Ggb ch©v‡q wM‡q‡Q hv‡Z mivmwi
K‚U‰bwZK cÖwµqv eRvq ivLv †ek KwVb| BwZg‡a¨ fviZ KvbvWvi bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ fvi‡Zi wfmv kZ©mv‡c‡¶ Pvjy K‡i‡Q|
G‡Z Avkv Kiv n‡”Q ax‡i ax‡i `y'‡`‡ki m¤úK© ¯^vfvweK n‡e|
 †PKeyK wW‡cøv‡gwm (Checkbook Diplomacy): [***]
A_©‰bwZK mvnvh¨ I wewb‡hvM K‡i PvUzKvix mg_©b cvIqvi Rb¨ kw³kvjx ivóªmg~n †h K~UbxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zv‡KB †PKeyK K~UbxwZ
ejv nq| eZ©gv‡b AeKvVv‡gvmn wewfbœ Lv‡Z e¨vcK wewb‡qvM K‡i †Kvb †`k‡K Kv‡Q Uvb‡Z PvIqvi K~UbxwZB n‡jv †PKeyK K~UbxwZ|
GB K~UbxwZ aviYvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q g~jZ Pxb Zvi cÖwZ‡ekx †`k¸‡jvi AeKvVv‡gvmn wewfbœ Lv‡Z e¨vcK wewb‡qvM K‡i †`k¸‡jvi Dci
cÖfve we¯Ívi Kivi Rb¨| †PKeyK K~UbxwZi gva¨‡g Pxb Zvi †KŠkjMZ I mvgwiK D”PvKv•ÿv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q|
D`vniY: 2017 mv‡j cvbvgv, 2018 mv‡j †WvwgwbKvb wicvewjK I 2019 mv‡j gvk©vj ØxccyćK Ges 2022 mv‡j nÛzivm‡K
A_© mnvqZv K‡i ZvBIqv‡bi mv‡_ K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© wQbœ Kivq Pxb|
 Pxb Bivb‡K 60 wewjqb Wjv‡ii evwYR¨ mnvqZv Kg©m~wP w`‡q gvwK©b I cwðgvwe‡ivax bxwZ ev¯Ívevq‡b KvR Ki‡Q|
 evsjv‡`k‡K 27 wewjqb Wjvi mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi bv‡g †Kvqv‡W AšÍf©y³ n‡Z ûuwkqvwi w`‡”Q Pxb|
 2017 mv‡ji Pxb-cvwK¯Ívb B‡KvbwgK Kwi‡Wv‡i (CPEC) Pxb 62 wewjqb Wjvi wewb‡qvM K‡i‡Q| Px‡bi Kv‡Q M`vi
e›`i n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Q Bmjvgvev`| GKwU †bŠ-NvuwU wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ f~wg mgc©Y K‡i‡Q|
 wewfbœ AeKvVv‡gv Lv‡Z kÖxj¼v‡K 9 wewjqb Wjvi FY w`‡q‡Q Pxb| cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡ZvB kÖxj¼v Zvi nv¤^vb‡UvUv e›`i‡K
Px‡bi wbKU 99 eQ‡ii Rb¨ wjR w`‡q‡Q|
 F‡Y RR©wiZ K‡¤^vwWqvi KvQ †_‡K Pxbv Awfevmxiv †`kwUi K…wl Rwgi eo As‡ki gvwjKvbv wb‡q wb‡q‡Q|
 cvcyqv wbDwMwbi miKvi wb‡Kj Nwoi eo Ask Px‡bi nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡q‡Q| Px‡bi KvQ †_‡K MZ 6 eQ‡i cvcyqv wbDwMwb
FY wb‡q‡Q 20 wgwjqb Wjv‡ii †ewk|
 gvj‡qwkqvI Px‡bi cÖfv‡ei Kv‡Q nvi gvb‡Q| gvj‡qwkqvi Dbœq‡b 2 wewjqb Wjvi wewb‡qv‡Mi ci `wÿY Pxb mvMi †_‡K
AvcwË cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡q‡Q gvj‡qwkqv|
 `wÿY cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq †`k fvbyqvZzi we‡`wk F‡Yi A‡a©KB w`‡q‡Q Pxb| †mLv‡b Pxb GKwU †bŠ-NvuwU wbg©vY Ki‡e|

 Djd Iqvwiqi wW‡cøv‡gwm (Wolf Warrior Diplomacy): [***]

cÖ_vMZ K~UbxwZ †_‡K m‡i wM‡q KLbI KLbI wb‡R‡`i weiæ‡× †h‡KvbI ai‡bi e³e¨ ev aviYv‡K AvMÖmxfv‡e P¨v‡jÄ Kiv‡K Wolf
Warrior Diplomacy ev AvMÖvmx K~UbxwZ ev †bK‡o †hv×v K~UbxwZ e‡j| D‡jøL¨ Djd Iqvwiqi Px‡bi GKwU RbwcÖq wm‡bgv †hLv‡b
Gi Pwiθ‡jv nwjD‡Wi RbwcÖq gywf i¨v‡¤^vi g‡Zv Px‡bi ¯^v_© iÿv K‡i|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 87
m¤úªwZ Pxb †KvqvW wb‡q evsjv‡`‡k Djd Iqvwiqi wW‡cøv‡gwm ev AvMÖvmx K~UbxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i| Djd Iqvwiqi wW‡cøv‡gwm ev AvMÖvmx
K~UbxwZ cÖ_g ïiæ K‡ib wk wRbwcs|

 mvBWjvBb K‚UbxwZ (Sideline Diplomacy): [**]

AvšÍR©vwZK †Kvb m‡¤§j‡bi duv‡K hw` wØcvwÿK †Kvb wel‡q wb‡q `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK iv‡óªi g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv nq ev mgm¨v mgvav‡b
K‚U‰bwZK c`‡ÿc †bqv nq Zv‡K mvBWjvBb K‚UbxwZ e‡j|
†hgb, 2023 mv‡ji wR-20 m‡¤§j‡bi dvu‡K evB‡Wb I wk wRb wcs mvBWjvBb Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib| GB mvBW B‡f›U‡K
mvBWjvBb K‚UbxwZ ejv nq|

 c~e©gyLx ciivóªbxwZ (Look East Diplomacy): [***]

c~e©gyLx ciivóªbxwZ ej‡Z †evSvq c~‡e©i †`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ m¤úK© evov‡bv| evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZ‡Z c~e©gyLxZv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
w`K| GK mgq evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZ‡Z c~e©gyLx ciivóªbxwZ h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †c‡qwQj| evsjv‡`‡ki MZ 46 eQ‡ii ciivóªbxwZ‡Z
c~e© w`M‡šÍi †`k¸‡jv wQj D‡cwÿZ| we‡kl K‡i wgqvbgvi wKsev _vBj¨v‡Ûi g‡Zv †`‡ki m‡½ m¤úK© DbœZ Kivi †Kv‡bv eo D‡`¨vM
AZx‡Z jÿ¨ Kiv hvqwb| †hgb, ejv †h‡Z cv‡i wm½vcy‡ii K_v| 1971 mv‡j wm½vcyi evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q|
2019 mv‡j evsjv‡`k cÖavbgš¿xi Pxb I Rvcvb mdi †`L‡j g‡b nq Pxb, Rvcvb I †KvwiqvgyLx ciivóªbxwZ cÖYq‡b eZ©gvb
evsjv‡`k miKvi A‡bKUvB BwZevPK|

 †Kvqviwmf wW‡cøv‡gwm (Coercive Diplomacy)

†Kvqviwmf wW‡cøv‡gwm ev eva¨Kvix K~UbxwZ ej‡Z †evSvq †Kvb GKwU ivóª ev KZ¸‡jv iv‡óªi GKwU kw³ Zv‡`i wbw`©ó †Kvb
D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡`i kw³‡K e¨envi K‡i †mB D‡Ïk¨ nvwmj K‡i †bq| Avi †mB kw³ n‡jv mvgwiK kw³| ivR‰bwZK
D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B GB K~UbxwZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Gunboat Diplomacy [***]
kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi fq †`wL‡q ivR‰bwZK cÖwZcÿ, ˆewi‡`k ev kw³‡K n‡U †h‡Z ev `‡g †h‡Z eva¨ Kivi †KŠkj‡KB mvaviYZ ejv nq
Mvb‡evU K~UbxwZ ev Gunboat Diplomacy. cvim¨ DcmvM‡i gvwK©b Rvnv‡Ri cÖ‡ek nIqv gv‡b Bivb‡K fxwZ cÖ`k©b Kiv|
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K© GUvB Mvb‡evU wW‡cøv‡gwm|
Mvb‡evU wW‡cøv‡gwm‡K bZyb gvÎv cÖ`vb K‡ib mv‡eK gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U w_I‡Wvi iæR‡fë| wZwb wb‡RB Zvi ciivóªbxwZi j¶¨ m¤ú‡K©
ej‡Zb,
Òspeak softly and carry a big stick,Ó
Mvb‡evU wW‡cøvg¨vwmi ¸iæZ¡ †evSv‡Z mv‡eK gvwK©b ciivóªgš¿x †nbwi wKwmÄvi e‡jwQ‡jb,
"An aircraft carrier is 100,000 tons of diplomacy."
eZ©gv‡b Mvb‡evU wW‡cøv‡gwmi h_v_© cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Q Pxb| Pxb cÖvqkB ZvBIqvb‡K mZK© Ki‡Z `w¶Y Pxb mvM‡i hy×RvnvR †gvZv‡qb
K‡i Ges GKB mv‡_ ZvBIqv‡bi AvKvkmxgvq hy×wegvb †cÖiY K‡i|

 Shuttle Diplomacy [***]

m¼U mgvav‡b evi evi mdi Kiv‡K kvUj K~UbxwZ ejv nq| GLv‡b mdiKvix ga¨¯’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nb| Uª¨vK Uz
K‚UbxwZi mv‡_ Gi mv`„k¨Zv _vK‡jI GK bq|
Shuttle Diplomacy ej‡Z †evSvq `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †`‡ki g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv, †hLv‡b Z„Zxq †Kv‡bv c¶ wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ ågY
K‡i, RwoZ miKv‡ii mv‡_ K_v e‡j, evZ©v enb K‡i Ges ga¨¯’Zvi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡b f~wgKv iv‡L| mnR fvlvq wee`gvb
`ywU †`‡ki g‡a¨ wggvsmv Ki‡Z hLb Z„Zxq c‡¶i cÖ‡qvRb nq, ZLb †mUv‡K Shuttle Diplomacy ejv nq|
†hgb, mv‡eK gvwK©b ciivóªgš¿x †nbwi wKwmÄvi 1973 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i ga¨cÖv‡P¨ hy× e‡Üi Rb¨ evi evi BmivBj I wgki mdi
K‡ib| wgki I wmwiqvi GjvKv †_‡K BmivBwj †mbv cÖZ¨vnv‡ii g‡Zv mxwgZ jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ AmsL¨evi mdi K‡ib| 2019
mv‡j †ivwn½v mgm¨v wbim‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x Pxb I Rvcvb mdi Ki‡j AvšÍR©vwZK MYgva¨g GB mdi‡K Shuttle
Diplomacy wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i|
88 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj

 GK †`k `yB bxwZ (One State Two Policy) [***]

"GK †`k, `yB bxwZ" n‡jv MYcÖRvZš¿x Px‡bi GKwU mvsweavwbK bxwZ, hv nsKs Ges g¨vKvI-†K we‡kl cÖkvmwbK AÂj wn‡m‡e
¯^vqËkvmb Gi gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i|
 nsKs cÖm½:
1984 mv‡ji 19 wW‡m¤^i ZrKvjxb Pxbv cÖavbgš¿x SvI wRqvs Ges weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x gvM©v‡iU _¨vPvi GK †hŠ_ †NvlYv c‡Î ¯^v¶i K‡ib|
G †NvlYvc‡Îi gva¨‡g GK †`k `yB bxwZ cÖewZ©Z nq| †NvlYvc‡Îi g~j kZ© Abyhvqx, Pxb nsKs‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡e GK †`k `yB bxwZ
Abyhvqx, hvi Av‡jv‡K 1997 mvj †_‡K cieZ©x 50 eQi A_©vr 2047 mvj ch©šÍ ciivóª I wbivcËv welq e¨wZ‡i‡K nsKs e¨vcK ¯^vqËkvmb,
Aeva e¨w³ AwaKvi I wePvwiK ¯^vaxbZvi my‡hvM jvf Ki‡e| Gi gva¨‡g nsKs cwiYZ n‡e GKwU we‡kl cÖkvmwbK A‡j|
 g¨vKvI cÖm½
1987 mv‡ji 13 GwcÖj g¨vKvI cÖ‡kœ cZ©yMvj I Px‡bi g‡a¨ GK †hŠ_ †NvlYv ¯^v¶wiZ nq| Gi wfwˇZ wW‡m¤^i 20, 1999 Zvwi‡L
g¨vKvI GKwU we‡kl cÖkvmwbK AÂj wnmv‡e c~Y© Pxbv mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Aax‡b P‡j Av‡m| Pxb cÖwZkªæwZ †`q Zvi "GK †`k, `ywU bxwZ"
Gi Aax‡b g¨vKvI‡Z Px‡bi mgvRZvwš¿K A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e bv Ges g¨vKvI n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii c‡ii cÂvk eQi AšÍZ 2049
mvj ch©šÍ ˆe‡`wkK Ges cÖwZi¶v welq Qvov me wel‡q g¨vKvI GKwU D”P gvÎvi ¯^kvmb †fvM Ki‡e|
GK †`k `yB bxwZi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K mg~n-
1. wbR¯^ AvBb Kvbyb _vK‡e
2. GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK `j _vK‡e
3. Awa‡ek‡bi AwaKvi I evK& ¯^vaxbZv _vK‡e
4. we‡kl AwaKvi¸‡jv i¶v‡_© Zv‡`i GKwU msweavb _vK‡e
5. we‡kl A‡ji †bZv Z_v cÖavb wbe©vnx wbe©vwPZ Kiv n‡e mKj MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i †fvUvwaKvi c×wZi Aej¤^‡b|
6. A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv Dc‡fvM Ki‡e|

 GK Pxb bxwZ (One China Policy): [***]

ÔGK Pxb bxwZÕ Abyhvqx we‡k¦ †Kej GKwU Pxb Av‡Q, ZvBIqvb Px‡bi f~L‡Ði GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask Ges MYcÖRvZš¿x Pxb miKvi mgMÖ
Px‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix GKgvÎ AvBwb miKvi| GwU Px‡bi Ae¯’vbMZ K‚U‰bwZK ¯^xK…wZ, hvi d‡j Ab¨vb¨ †`k GUv †g‡b †b‡e †h Px‡b
ïaygvÎ GKwU Pxbv miKvi i‡q‡Q| Px‡bi †Rvi `vwe ZvBIqvb Px‡bi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask, hv GKw`b cybivq GKwÎZ n‡e|
 RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡`i †iRjy¨kb 2758:
1971 mv‡ji UNGA Resolution 2758 Øviv One China Policy ¯úófv‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q| 1949 mv‡j MYcÖRvZš¿x Pxb cÖwZôvi
ci †_‡K 181wU †`k ÔGK Pxb bxwZÕi wfwˇZ Px‡bi mv‡_ K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| ÔGK Pxb bxwZÕ AvšÍR©vwZK m¤cÖ`v‡qi
mve©Rbxb HKgZ¨ Ges AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i GKwU †gŠwjK Av`k© wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|
 Pxb-gvwK©b m¤ú‡K©i wfwË:
g~jZ GB bxwZ Pxb-gvwK©b m¤ú‡K©i g~j wfwË| Gi Aax‡b hy³ivóª ZvBIqv‡bi cwie‡Z© Px‡bi mv‡_ AvbyôvwbK m¤úK©‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q|
ïiæ‡Z gvwK©b hy³ivóªmn A‡bK †`kB ZvBIqvb‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡qwQj, KviY Zviv Px‡bi KwgDwb÷ miKvi‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| wKš‘
1970 Gi `kK †_‡K ïiæ K‡i K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© cv‡ë hvq hLb Pxb Ges gvwK©b hy³ivóª Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i| d‡j, gvwK©b hy³ivóªmn we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`k †eBwRs‡qi mv‡_ K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i Avi ZvB‡cB‡qi
mv‡_ wb‡R‡`i m¤úK© wkw_j K‡i|

 cÖvmv` K‚UbxwZ (Palace-Diplomacy): [***]

Avwd«Kvi †`k¸‡jv‡Z wb‡R‡`i cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii Ask wn‡m‡e bvbviKg K‚U‰bwZK cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq Pxb| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU wfbœag©x K‚U‰bwZK
†KŠkj n‡”Q cÖvmv` K‚UbxwZ| G †KŠk‡ji Ask wn‡m‡e Pxb wb‡R‡`i Li‡P Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ †`‡k miKvwi feb ˆZwi ev ms¯‹vi K‡i
w`‡”Q| ciivóªbxwZ we‡klÁMY †eBwRs‡qi GB †KŠk‡ji bvg w`‡q‡Qb ÔcÖvmv` K‚UbxwZÕ| hy³iv‡R¨i j¨v‡¼÷vi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Pxb I
AvšÍR©vwZK Aa¨q‡bi Aa¨vcK wRsnvb †Rs e‡jb,
ÒAvwd«Kv A‡ji A‡bK AeKvVv‡gv `iKvi| wKš‘ Gme AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kivi g‡Zv A_© Zv‡`i †bB|
GB my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Avwd«Kvq eo feb wbg©v‡Yi m‡½ hy³ n‡q Pxb Z_vKw_Z cÖvmv` K‚UbxwZ Pvjv‡”Q|Ó
Px‡bi wKQy c`‡¶cÑ
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 89
1. IqvwksUb wWwmwfwËK M‡elYv cÖwZôvb †nwi‡UR dvD‡Ûk‡bi 2023 mv‡ji GK M‡elYv Abyhvqx, Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡k Ggb
AšÍZ 200 kZvwaK miKvwi feb Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv ˆZwi‡Z Pxb Kg-†ewk A_©vqb K‡i‡Q, wbg©vY K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
2. 2022 mv‡ji 30 Ryb wR¤^vey‡qi ivRavbx nviv‡i‡Z †`kwUi bZyb cvj©v‡g›U feb D‡Øvab Kiv n‡q‡Q| febwUi
wbg©vYKvR cwiPvjbv I A_©vqb K‡i‡Q Pxb| nviv‡i‡K GwU Dcnvi wn‡m‡e w`‡q‡Q †eBwRs|
3. 2019 mv‡j 2 †KvwU 20 jvL Wjvi e¨‡q eyiæwÛi †cÖwm‡W›U cÖvmv`I ˆZwi K‡i w`‡q‡Q Pxb|
4. †gvRvw¤^K, †j‡mv‡_v, wMwb-wemvD, gvjvDBmn †ek K‡qKwU †`‡k Px‡bi †mŠR‡b¨ bZyb cvj©v‡g›U feb ˆZwi n‡q‡Q|
5. 2019 mv‡j jvB‡ewiqv miKvi †`kwUi cvj©v‡g›U feb‡K ewa©Z K‡i| GB Kv‡R Aby`vb †`q Pxb| ZvbRvwbqvq
m¤cÖwZ GKwU †bZ„Z¡ cÖwk¶Y‡K›`ª D‡Øvab Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB †K‡›`ªi wbg©vYKv‡R mnvqZv K‡i‡Q †eBwRs|
cÖvmv` K‚UbxwZi gva¨‡g Px‡bi jvfÑ
 we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z,Avwd«Kvq AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Y Px‡bi A_©vqb‡K AvcvZ`„wó‡Z eÜy‡Z¡i wb`k©b wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡jI Zvi
ivR‰bwZK w`K i‡q‡Q|
 Px‡bi cÖv_wgK D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv, Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡k f~ivR‰bwZK cÖfve we¯Ívi| gnv‡`kwU‡Z hy³ivóª I BD‡iv‡ci g‡Zv cÖwZØ›Øx‡`i
cÖfve Kgv‡bv|
 hy³iv‡óªi †gwij¨vÛ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi miKvi I ivRbxwZ wefv‡Mi mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK Rb g¨vKKwj e‡jb, ZvBIqvb I `w¶Y Pxb
mvMi Bmy¨‡Z Avwd«Kvi †`k¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b n‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q|
 M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, †Kv‡bv A‡j Px‡bi cÖfve evo‡j hy³iv‡óªi cÖfve K‡g| ev¯Í‡eB †`Lv †M‡Q, Avwd«Kvi wKQy †`k RvwZms‡Ni
gvbevwaKvi cwil‡` Px‡bi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z Awb”QyK|
 Avwd«Kvq Px‡bi A_©‰bwZK ¯^v_© µgvMZ we¯Í„Z n‡”Q| Pxbv ïé ms¯’vi Z_¨ Abyhvqx, K‡ivbv gnvgvwi m‡Ë¡I 2021 mv‡j Pxb I
Avwd«Kvi g‡a¨ evwY‡R¨i cwigvY †iKW© 25 nvRvi 400 †KvwU Wjv‡i †cuŠ‡Q, hv hy³ivóª I Avwd«Kvi ga¨Kvi evwY‡R¨i cÖvq Pvi ¸Y|

 †gMv‡dvb K‚UbxwZ (megaphone diplomacy): [***]

†Kvb weZwK©Z Bmy¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i wKsev RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i Dci wfwË K‡i A_ev AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi‡K †K›`ª K‡i `ywU iv‡óªi g‡a¨ ØÜ
m„wó n‡j, †Kvb GKwU ivóª A_ev Df‡qB hw` Ø›Ø wbim‡bi Rb¨ cÖPwjZ c×wZ ev Soft Approach Gi cwie‡Z© mivmwi cÖwZev‡`i
c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K †gMv‡dvb K‚UbxwZ e‡j|
 GB cÖwZev` n‡Z cv‡i:
i. ivóªxq †÷U‡g›U
ii. evK&hy×
iii. Rbmg‡ÿ Kov fvlvq †cÖm weÁwß
iv. ciivóª gš¿Yvjq †_‡K K‡Vvi cÖwZ‡kva †bIqvi ûgwK
v. AvšÍR©vwZK †Kvb m‡¤§j‡b kÎæ iv‡óªi weiæ‡× mevB‡K GKmv‡_ n‡q KvR Kivi †NvlYv|
eZ©gv‡b GKzk kZvãxi Z…Zxq `k‡K Ø›Ø wbim‡b cÖPwjZ cÙwZi welq¸‡jv wKQzUv D‡cwÿZ| iv󪸇jvi RvZxq AvPi‡Y cÖwZev`x
c`‡ÿc ev †gMv‡dvb K‚UbxwZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi jÿ †`Lv hv‡”Q|
 †gMv‡dvb K‚UbxwZi K‡qKwU ev¯Íe D`vniY:
BD‡µb Bmy¨‡Z cwðgv we‡k^i wewfbœ †`‡ki ivwkqv‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi †Póv Ges GK‡RvU n‡q ivwkqvi weiæ‡× Ae¯’vb|

 Awfevmx K‚UbxwZ (migration diplomacy): [***]

Awfevmx K‚UbxwZ nj AvšÍtmxgvšÍ RbmsL¨vi MwZkxjZv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ K‚U‰bwZK c×wZ e¨envi Kiv| Awfevmx K‚UbxwZi gva¨‡g
Awfevmb cÖev‡ni †KŠkj e¨envi K‡i iv󪸇jv Awfevmb m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ jÿ¨ AR©‡bi †Póv K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gvb we‡k^ iv󪸇jvi AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK©
eRvq ivLvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q Awfevmb cÖwµqv| Awfevmx K‚UbxwZ‡Z jÿ¨ ivLv nqÑ
i. wbw`©ó we‡`wk bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ AMÖvwaKvig~jK iv. we‡`wk bvMwiK‡`i wbe©vmb
AvPi‡Yi Pzw³ v. Awfevmx kÖwgK‡`i Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ
ii. AwZw_ Kgx© †cÖvMÖvg vi. Awfevmx kÖwgK‡`i cÖvc¨ AwaKvimg~n wbwðZ Kiv
iii. ¯^í‡gqvw` kÖg Awfevmb cÖKí vii. we‡`‡k †bwZevPK cÖPviYv eÜ Kiv|
m¤úªwZ evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª gš¿Yvjq we‡`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki AccÖPvi eÜ Ges we‡`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki eªvwÐs‡qi Rb¨ Awfevmx K~UbxwZi
Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`b|
90 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
Pzw³ (Treaty)
 mg‡SvZv ¯§viK (Memoredum of Understanding): [***]
Pzw³ ev AvšÍR©vwZK †Kvb HKg‡Z¨i †P‡q Kg AvbyôvwbK AvšÍR©vwZK `wjj (instrument) eySv‡Z MoU e¨eüZ nq| Pzw³i Av‡M
Pzw³‡K ejv nq mg‡SvZv ¯§viK| GwU cixÿvg~jKfv‡e Kiv nq| mg‡SvZv ¯§iK‡K Pzw³i gZ g‡b n‡jI Pzw³ bq| GwU gvb‡Z cÿØq
eva¨ bq| GwU Pzw³i wb¤œ AvbyôvwbKZv (lower formalities)| Z‡e mg‡SvZv ¯§vi‡Ki cieZ©x ¯Íi nq Pzw³| A_©vr, MoU ¯^vÿ‡ii
ci a‡i †bqv nq cieZ©x‡Z Pzw³ n‡e| ZvB‡Zv, 1983 mv‡ji wZ¯Ív wb‡q mg‡SvZv ¯§viK ¯^vÿ‡ii ci GLb Avi Pzw³i weKí bvB|
mg‡SvZv ¯§vi‡Ki ˆewkó¨:
K. GwU AvšÍR©vwZK AvbyôvwbKZv bv‡g gvÎ|
L. kZ©mg~n bv gvb‡j †Kv‡bv c‡ÿiB kvw¯Í n‡e bv, ïay ˆbwZK civRq a‡i †bqv nq|
M. mvgwqK mg‡q cixÿvg~jKfv‡e Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
N. †Kv‡bv wel‡q mg‡SvZv ¯§viK ¯^vÿi n‡j cieZ©x‡Z Pzw³i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q|

 ewntmgc©Y (Extradition): [***]

AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡b Ggb †Kvb weavb bvB hv Øviv †Kvb ivóª‡K ewntmgc©‡Y eva¨ Kiv hvq| wKš‘ GKwU ivóª ewntmgc©Y Ki‡j Ab¨ ivóª
Zv MÖnY Ki‡e| hZÿY ch©šÍ ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ewntmgc©Y Pzw³ bv _vK‡e ZZÿY ch©šÍ †Kvb ivóª Acivax‡K ewntmgc©Y Ki‡Z eva¨ bq|
GB Pzw³ wØ-cvwÿK ev eû-cvwÿK n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e wØ-cvwÿK Pzw³B †ewk n‡q _v‡K|
ewntmgc©Y msµvšÍ bxwZi Dci 1933 mv‡j Montevideo Treaty ¯^vÿwiZ nq| GB Pzw³‡Z ejv nq †h, ewntmgc©‡Yi Pzw³ _vK‡j GKwU
iv‡óªi †hgb AwaKvi R‡b¥ Acivax‡K wdwi‡q †bevi `vwe Kivi †Zgwb Ab¨ GKwU iv‡óªi Dci `vwqZ¡ Awc©Z nq ewntmgc©Y Kivi Rb¨|
ewn:mgc©Y ev Acivax cÖZ¨c©‡Yi kZ©mg~n:
1. Aby‡ivaKvix ivóª‡K K‚U‰bwZK P¨v‡b‡ji gva¨‡g cÖZ¨c©Y msµvšÍ wm×všÍ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. cÖZ¨c‡©Yi c~‡e© Kiv Ab¨ †dŠR`vwi Aciv‡ai Rb¨ Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv|
3. cÖZ¨c©Y e¨w³i RvZxqZv wel‡q wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e|
4. Aby‡ivaKvix iv‡óªi wPwVc‡Îi gva¨‡g ev AvšÍR©vwZK †MÖßvwi c‡ivqvbvi wfwˇZ AvUK wba©vi‡Yi gva¨‡g Awfhy³ ev `wÐZ
e¨w³i cÖZ¨c‡Y©i cÖwµqv ïiæ Kiv n‡e|
5. cÖPwjZ AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb KL‡bvB ewntmgc©‡Yi eva¨evaKZv m„wó K‡i bv|
6. ewntmgc©Y Pzw³wU memgqB wØ-cvwÿK Pzw³i wfwˇZ wbqwš¿Z nq|
ˆØZ Aciv‡ai bxwZ:
†h Aciv‡ai Rb¨ ewntmgc©Y Kiv n‡e Zv GLwZqvi cÖ‡qvMKvix I mgc©YKvix Dfq iv‡óªB Aciva e‡j cwiMwYZ n‡Z n‡e| GUv ˆØZ
AcivwaZ¡ bxwZ bv‡g L¨vZ| ïay GK iv‡óªi AvB‡b Aciva n‡j †mUv ewntmgc©Y‡hvM¨ Aciva n‡e bv|

 cÖZ¨vevmb Pzw³ (Repatriation): [***]

†h Pzw³i gva¨‡g GKwU †`k Ab¨ †`‡ki AvwkÖZ RbMY‡K †¯^”Qvq ev kiYv_©x‡`i‡K wbR †`‡k †diZ †`q Zv‡K cÖZ¨vevmb Pzw³ e‡j|
D`vniY: †ivwn½v‡`i wgqvbgv‡i wdwi‡q wb‡Z evsjv‡`k I wgqvbgv‡ii g‡a¨ 2017 mv‡ji 23 b‡f¤^i cÖZ¨vevmb Pzw³ nq|
cieZ©x‡Z 2018 mv‡ji 26 †g Physical Arrangement bv‡g AviI GKwU Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡i `yB †`k|
 cÖZ¨vevm‡bi kZ©:
1950 mv‡ji General Assembly Resolution 428 (V) Abyhvqx †¯^”Qvq cÖZ¨vevm‡bi kZ©mg~n wb¤œiƒcÑ
1. cÖZ¨vevmb n‡e †¯^”Qvq|
2. †¯^”Qvq cÖZ¨evm‡bi Rb¨ UNHCR, miKvi I GbwRI¸‡jv cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z BwZevPK f~wgKv ivL‡e|
3. †¯^”Qvq cÖZ¨evmb n‡e mnR I DbœZ|
4. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úª`vq miKvi‡K †¯^”Qvq cÖZ¨vevm‡bi Rb¨ cÖZ¨vevmbKvix‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
5. Drm ivóª cÖZ¨evmbKvix‡K wbivcËv cÖ`v‡bi kZfvM M¨vivw›U cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
Aciw`‡K Geneva Convention-1951 Gi 31 Aby‡”Q‡`i Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, cÖZ¨vevmb wbwðZKi‡Yi Av‡M wZbwU welq
wbwðZ Ki‡e Drm ivóªÑ
1. emev‡mi Rb¨ Rxe‡bi wbivcËvi wbðqZv, 2. evm¯’v‡bi wbðqZv, 3. RxweKvi wbðqZv|
 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj 91

K~UbxwZ welqK kã ms‡KZ

Accord: [****]
AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨v, Z‡e Gi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK mwÜ ev Kb‡fbkb AvnŸv‡bi `iKvi c‡o bv| Accord ev m¤§wZ _vK‡jB P‡j|
¯^Z¡, Rb¯^v¯’¨, dvigv‡Kvwcqv dgy©jv BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i mvaviY m¤§wZB h‡_ó| G †ÿ‡Î AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§j‡bi †Kv‡bv `iKvi †bB|
Ad Referendum: [**]
GKRb †`b-`ieviKvwi nq‡Zv †f‡e †`‡Lb †h, cÖ¯Íve †g‡b †bqv hvq Z‡e wb‡Ri miKvi‡K A½xKvive× Kiv Pj‡e bv| ZLb
wZwb cÖ¯Íve MÖnY K‡ib Ad Referendum, A_©vr Zvi miKvi Aby‡gv`b Ki‡jB ïay cÖ¯ÍveUv cy‡ivcywi †g‡b †bqv n‡e|
Attache: [***]
A¨vUv‡k mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|
cÖ_gZ, †bŠ, mvgwiK, wegvb wKsev evwYwR¨K A¨vUv‡k| Giv mvaviYZ †R¨ô Kg©KZ©v n‡q _v‡Kb Ges Zvi wgk‡b KvR K‡ib
we‡klÁ wn‡m‡e| A_©vr G‡`i KvR we‡klvwqZ|
wØZxqZ, ivR‰bwZK A¨vUv‡k, Giv K~U‰bwZK mwPe‡`i G‡Kev‡i wb¤œ ¯Í‡ii cÖwZf~| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j A‡bK †`‡k GB c`Uv
we‡jvc Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡`i GLb ejv nq _vW© †m‡µUvwi|
Z…ZxqZ, Abvivwi A¨vUv‡k, wZwb A‰eZwbK †¯^”Qv‡meK| wZwb d‡ib mvwf©‡mi ¯’vqx m`m¨ bb, Z‡e mvaviYZ eq‡m ZiæY
I weËkvjx, cÖfvekvjx †jvK‡`i m‡½ i‡q‡Q G‡`i PgrKvi †hvMv‡hvM, Zviv `~Zvev‡m wbw`©ó mgq KvR K‡ib, Avmj mgqUv
KvUvb wek^we`¨vj‡q wWwMÖi Rb¨ covïbv K‡i, Giv Av‡Z¥vbœwZi Rb¨ AwZwi³ I ¸iæZi cwikÖg Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Diplomatic Bag: [***]
GKRb ivóª`~Z ev wgwb÷vi miKv‡ii m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib mvBdvi †UwjMÖvg, †Uwj‡dvb, wjwLZ cÖwZ‡e`b Ges †Wmcv‡mi
gva¨‡g| †Wmcvm †gBj e¨v‡M ivLv nq, we‡kl Kzwiqvi A_ev ÒwKsm †g‡mÄviÓ Zv enb K‡i wb‡q hvq| A‡bK mgq we‡`k
`dZ‡ii e¨vM we‡kl wbivcËvi Rb¨ weªwUk Rvnv‡Ri Kvßv‡bi Kv‡Q ivLv nq| Kzwiqvi‡K we‡kl cvm‡cvU© †`qv nq Ges D³
e¨vM Ly‡j †`Lvi AwaKvi Kv‡iv †bB|
Charge D’Affairs: [***]
hLb †Kv‡bv ivóª`~Z ev wgwb÷vi QzwU‡Z hvb ZLb wZwb wgk‡bi Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ w`‡q hvb †R¨ôZg Kg©KZ©v‡K| wZwb KvDwÝji
wKsev cÖ_g mwPe n‡Z cv‡ib| Bwb wKQzKv‡ji Rb¨ wgkb cÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| we‡`kx miKv‡ii m‡½ †`b-`ievi
K‡ib, wbR miKv‡ii Kv‡Q wbqwgZ wi‡cvU© †cÖiY K‡ib| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq we‡`wk †Kv‡bv miKv‡ii e¨vcv‡i Lywk †eva bv
Ki‡j `xN©Kvj PvR© `¨ A¨v‡dqvi w`‡q KvR Pvwj‡q hvIqv nq| we`vqx ivóª`~‡Zi ¯’‡j KvD‡K wb‡qvM cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv| PvR© `¨
A¨v‡dqvi Gi e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv c~e©vby‡gv`b jv‡M bv|
Convention:
AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ ev AvBb| mvaviYZ eûcvwÿK Pzw³i †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq| AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úª`vq ev we‡k^i wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ wek`
Av‡jvPbv, mg‡SvZv ev `iKlvKwli ci Kb‡fbkb ev AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³i `wjj ¯^vÿwiZ nq Ges Pzw³i m`m¨ nIqvi Rb¨ cieZ©x‡Z
wbw`©ó msL¨K †`k‡K AvbyôvwbK Abymg_©b I Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Z nq| Kb‡fbkb AvBbMZfv‡e eva¨Zvg~jK (Binding); G‡Z weev`
wggvsmvmn weavbmg~n cÖwZcvj‡bi c×wZI w¯’i _v‡K| ¯^vÿiKvix cÿ Abymg_©b K‡i‡Q e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e| Avi Aby‡gv`bKvix cÿ
Kb‡fbk‡bi kZ©mg~n gvb‡Z eva¨| †KD hw` Kb‡fbk‡bi kZ© f½ K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi weiæ‡× AvBbMZ e¨e¯’v †bqv hv‡e| Kb‡fbkb
n‡jv GKwU Ab¨Zg m‡e©v”P mdU AvBb (soft law)|
Credentials: [**]
GKRb ivóª`~Z ev wgwb÷vi †Kv‡bv c‡` wbhy³ nevi ci Zv‡K GKUv cwiPqcÎ †`qv nq, Zv‡Z ¯^vÿi _v‡K †`‡ki ivRv wKsev
ivóªcÖav‡bi| GB cwiPqcÎ †c‡ki AvM ch©šÍ wZwb ivóª`~Z wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf Ki‡eb bv|
Diplomatic illness: [***]
Amyweavi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq GKRb ivóªwe` ev †`b`ieviKvix †Kv‡bv Drme ev mfvq Abycw¯’Z _v‡Kb| AvcwË DV‡Z cv‡i Abygvb
K‡i wZwb wb‡Ri Amy¯’Zvi evZ©v iwU‡q †`b| †h †ÿ‡Î mwZ¨B Amy¯’Zvi fvb Kiv nq, Zv‡K ejv nq K~U‰bwZK Amy¯’Zv|
Good offices: [***]
†Kv‡bv we‡iva ev `yÕwU †`‡ki g‡a¨ hy× ïiæ n‡q †M‡j Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv †`k hw` GwM‡q we‡iva wggvsmv wKsev kvwšÍ ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ KvR
K‡i Zvn‡j ejv P‡j †h, H Z…Zxq †`kwU Good offices Gi cÖ¯Íve Ki‡Qb| Good offices Ges ga¨¯’Zvi g‡a¨ dvivK i‡q‡Q, Z‡e
92 Basic View  wewmGm wjwLZ cÖv_©x‡`i Rb¨  AvšÍR©vwZK welqvewj
†mUv ïay gvÎvi †ÿ‡Î| Ø›ØiZ `yÕwU †`‡ki cÖ‡qvR‡b †h †`k Good offices Gi cÖ¯Íve K‡i †m ïay †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖk¯Í moK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i;
cÿvšÍ‡i ga¨¯’Zv AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki Ges AvbyôvwbK c×wZ, ga¨¯’ZvKvix wb‡RB †`b-`ievi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍZ|
Protocol:
Avw`‡Z Protocol wQj m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ wm×všÍmg~‡ni †iKW© we‡kl| eZ©gv‡b GwU Pzw³ ev Kb‡fbk‡bi †P‡q Kg wbqgvbyM| ZeyI
A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ Protocol- Gi iƒc wb‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨ †h, 1920 mv‡j †R‡bfv m‡¤§j‡b †h mve©Rbxb wm×všÍ nq Zv‡Z
cÖwZôv jvf K‡i ÒAvšÍR©vwZK b¨v‡qi ¯’vqx wePvivjqÓ(International Court of Justice).
Protocole:
Gi †Kv‡bv Bs‡iwR ev evsjv cÖwZkã †bB| G‡Z mgš^q N‡U ÔKvh©wewai ï× wbqgÕ Ges ÔAvbyôvwbKZvÕ| d‡j Chef du Protocole GK
w`‡K jW© †P¤^vi‡j‡bi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib, Aci w`‡K we‡`k `dZ‡ii Pzw³ wefv‡Mi cÖav‡bi m‡½|
Status Quo: [***]
Gi A_© n‡jv w¯’Zve¯’v| wbw`©ó mg‡q †h Ae¯’vq Av‡Q Zv‡K Status Quoe‡j| Av‡MKvi w`‡b K~U‰bwZK fvlvq †Kv‡bv f~LÐ
†Kv‡bv b„cwZi `L‡j we‡kl mg‡q _vK‡j Zv‡K ejv n‡Zv uti possidetis. Status quo ante bellumwKsev status quo ante-
Gi A_© n‡jv hy‡×i Av‡M †h Ae¯’vq wQj|
 wm×všÍ MÖnY (Decision-Making Process): [***]
†Kv‡bv ivóª Zvi ciivóªbxwZi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨, †KŠkj, c`‡ÿc, c×wZ,
wb‡`©kbv, wewa-weavb Ges Acivci iv‡óªi m‡½ Kx Kx wel‡q Pzw³ m¤úbœ n‡e
†mBme bvbvwea wel‡qi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
ciivóªbxwZ‡Z wm×všÍ cÖYq‡bi `vwqZ¡ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbf©i K‡i H iv‡óªi miKv‡ii
Ici| miKvi Zvi Af¨šÍixY Dcv`vbmg~n we‡ePbvq wb‡q I ewnwe©‡k¦i m‡½
Zvj wgwj‡q ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K| ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ cÖYqb welqK
we‡klÁMY g‡b K‡ib †h, GKwU iv‡óªi ciivóªbxwZ‡Z wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvwbf©i
K‡i miKv‡ii H wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi Ici|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi D‡Ïk¨:
Richard Snyder, James Rosenau, Alexander Georage Gi g‡ZÑ
1. wbR †`‡ki m‡e©v”P ¯^v_© AR©b
2. cÖwZc‡ÿi PvIqv‡K me©wb¤œ ch©v‡q wb‡q Avmv
3. wbR †`‡ki ¯^v_© me©wb¤œ ¯Í‡i †b‡g Avm‡j cÖwZcÿ‡K m‡e©v”PUv bv †`qv
4. cÖwZc‡ÿi AR©b hZUzKz/ hZ‡ewk n‡e wbR †`‡ki ¯^v_© AšÍZ ZZUzKz/ZZ‡ewk ch©v‡q ivLv
5. AvaywbK wm×všÍ cÖYq‡b hyׇK Gwo‡q †_‡K mKj mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv
Dchy³ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y †KŠkjmg~n:
Richard Snyder, James Rosenau, Alexander Georage Gi g‡ZÑ
cÖ_gZ, cÖwZc‡ÿi PvIqv m¤ú‡K© AwfwnZ _vK‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ H †`‡ki Aivóªxq Kg©‡Ki (non state actor) w`‡K bRi w`‡Z
n‡e| †hgb, cÖwZc‡ÿi MYgva¨g †KvbwU‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q Zvi w`‡K bRi w`‡Z n‡e|
wØZxqZ, welqwU m¤ú‡K© ch©vß Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| aiv hvK, evsjv‡`k fvi‡Zi mv‡_ wZ¯Ív Bmy¨‡Z wm×všÍ wb‡e| †m‡ÿ‡Î
AvšÍR©vwZK b`x AvBb (1966), RvwZms‡Ni RjcÖevn mb` (1997), cÖwZ‡ekx Pxb I cvwK¯Ív‡bi mv‡_ cvwbeȇb
fvi‡Zi Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© wKiƒc Ae¯’vb wb‡q‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ wb‡qB wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e|
Z…ZxqZ, cÖwZc‡ÿi PvIqv¸‡jvi m¤¢ve¨ ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †m¸‡jv‡Z µg AvKv‡i †bvU ivL‡Z n‡e| †hgb, fviZ
evsjv‡`‡ki Kv‡Q Uªvbwkc‡g›U, A_ev Kwi‡Wvi‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z cv‡i| Gi g‡a¨ wbivcËv, †ij‡hvMv‡hvM, DcK~jxq
RvnvR PjvPj, e¨vÛDW_ ißvwbi welq¸‡jv Kg ¸iæZ¡ cv‡e Ggb ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv|
PZz_©Z, wbR †`‡ki ¯^v_© Abyhvqx ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv Ges †m¸‡jv‡Z µg AvKv‡i †bvU Ki‡Z †nvgIqvK© Kiv| Zvn‡j wbR
†`‡ki m‡e©v”P ¯^v_© AR©b Ges cÖwZcÿ‡K me©wb¤œ ch©v‡q wb‡q Avmv hv‡e|