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    Childhood: Enriquez R. Cayaban, RN, LPT, MAN

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    Carl Josef C. Garcia
    The document discusses the nutritional needs and meal planning considerations for pre-school and school-aged children, noting their higher calorie and protein needs to support growth as well as developing food preferences and habits. Guidelines are provided for required calories, proteins, vitamins and minerals based on age, along with examples of meal plans and best practices for feeding pre-schoolers and packing lunches for school children.

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    Childhood: Enriquez R. Cayaban, RN, LPT, MAN

    Uploaded by

    Carl Josef C. Garcia
    33 views26 pages
    The document discusses the nutritional needs and meal planning considerations for pre-school and school-aged children, noting their higher calorie and protein needs to support growth as well as developing food preferences and habits. Guidelines are provided for required calories, proteins, vitamins and minerals based on age, along with examples of meal plans and best practices for feeding pre-schoolers and packing lunches for school children.

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    NUTRI LEC 14

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    The document discusses the nutritional needs and meal planning considerations for pre-school and school-aged children, noting their higher calorie and protein needs to support growth as well as developing food preferences and habits. Guidelines are provided for required calories, proteins, vitamins and minerals based on age, along with examples of meal plans and best practices for feeding pre-schoolers and packing lunches for school children.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views26 pages

    Childhood: Enriquez R. Cayaban, RN, LPT, MAN

    Uploaded by

    Carl Josef C. Garcia
    The document discusses the nutritional needs and meal planning considerations for pre-school and school-aged children, noting their higher calorie and protein needs to support growth as well as developing food preferences and habits. Guidelines are provided for required calories, proteins, vitamins and minerals based on age, along with examples of meal plans and best practices for feeding pre-schoolers and packing lunches for school children.

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    CHILDHOOD

    Enriquez R. Cayaban, RN, LPT, MAN


    OBJECTIVE Identify the nutritional needs of a child

    ERC/2020
    NUTRITIONAL OBJECTIVES

    • Provide adequate nutrients intake to meet the continuing growth and


    development needs

    • Provide basis of support of psychosocial development in relation to food


    patterns, eating behaviour and attitudes

    • Provide sufficient calories for increasing physical activities and energy needs

    ERC/2020
    PRE-SCHOOL
    CHILDREN

    ERC/2020
    PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN

    • There is larger requirement for growth so there is a greater need for proteins, vitamins, and
    minerals

    • The pre-schoolers’ activities are proportionally higher than those of the adults so the pre-
    schooler’s calorie allowances per unit body weight must be increased.

    • The selection of foods requires some modifications especially for young children

    • Childhood presents a period of rapidly changing attitudes and emotional development- a


    period when food habits can be most favourably channelled.

    ERC/2020
    FUNCTIONS OF DIET FOR A CHILD

    • Diet provides fuel for the child’s muscular activity

    • It supplies the necessary chemical elements and compounds that


    the child’s body requires for building materials and repairing
    worn-out tissues

    • Eating generally gives pleasure and satisfaction to the child

    ERC/2020
    NUTRITIONAL ALLOWANCES

    • CALORIES- energy need is determined by age, activity and basal


    metabolism.
    • 55% (metabolic activities)

    • 25% (physical activities)

    • 12% (growth needs)

    • 8% (fecal loss)

    ERC/2020
    NUTRITIONAL ALLOWANCES

    • PROTEIN- About 1.5 to 2g/kg of body weight is required.


    • The child’s protein requirement is relatively higher in relation to
    body weight than that of the adult.

    • The protein requirements are relatively high for periods of rapid


    growth and lower during periods of slow growth.

    ERC/2020
    NUTRITIONAL ALLOWANCES

    • VITAMINS AND MINERALS- they are likewise essential for


    normal growth and development.
    • FLUIDS- total fluid requirement is 4 to 6 glasses, one to one and
    half quarts or 1000 to 1500 ml.

    ERC/2020
    MEAL PLANNING FOR PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN (1-6
    years old)

    • The kind and amount of food the child eats affects his/her physical
    and mental well-being.

    • Food habits are formed.

    • Pre-schoolers are very active.

    • Fats and oils that supply heat and energy.

    • Give at least 1 cup of whole milk daily.

    ERC/2020
    OTHER KINDS OF MILK

    • Evaporated filled milk is powdered skim milk with vegetable oil and
    water added.

    • Skim silk is milk from which fat has been removed.

    • Sweetened condensed milk is thickly evaporated milk with large


    amounts of sugar.

    ERC/2020
    FEEDING PROBLEMS
    • 1. CHILD IS EATING TOO LITTLE.

    • Cause: The child like few foods (picky eaters); Appetite is lost because of too
    much parenting urging; the child is tired of the same foods eaten every day.

    • Remedies: Go slow in adding new foods. Start the meal with food he/she likes
    best; serve less than what he/she will eat; Prepare simple dishes like sinigang or
    tinola.

    • 2. CHILD IS EATING TOO MUCH.

    • Cause: Hereditary; Temperament; Appetite; Mother’s insistence on a “clean


    plate”

    • Remedies: Refrain from serving rich foods like cakes, pastries, pies and ice
    cream.
    ERC/2020
    FEEDING PROBLEMS

    • 3. CHILD IS DAWDLING DURING MEALTIME

    • Cause: The child may be trying to get someone’s attention; the child may not
    feeling well; the child may have been given portions which are too big.

    • Remedies: Have the child regularly checked by a paediatrician; avoid fussing


    over him/her; let the child enjoy eating.

    • 4. THE CHILD IS GAGGING ESPECIALLY WHEN FED COARSE FOODS


    • Cause: The child lacks proper training in eating chopped foods

    • Remedies: Encourage self-feeding; Put the child in a well-ventilated bright


    clean eating place. Provide the child with a colourful plate, an eye-catching
    cup, and utensils which he/she can manage easily.
    ERC/2020
    FEEDING PROBLEMS

    • 5. THE CHILD HAS AVERSION TOWARDS SOME FOODS

    • Remedies: Give Fruits as substitutes of vegetables; Mix vegetables with familiar


    foods like noodles and eggs or stuff them inside mashed potatoes or kamote;
    Give milk through halo-halo. Leche flan, gulaman, pinipig, mais con yelo, or
    breakfast cereals.

    • 6. THE CHILD HAS ALLERGIES

    • Cause: Chemicals in the air; Food preservatives; Food coloring

    • Remedies: Monitor nutrient intake; Make food substitutions

    ERC/2020
    INDICATIONS OF GOOD NUTRITION

    • 1. WEIGHT

    First degree malnutrition 10% less than the standard for age and sex
    Second degree malnutrition 25% less than the standard for age and sex
    Third degree malnutrition 40% less than the standard for age and sex

    • 2. Clinical posture: Erect


    • Arms and legs: Staight

    • Abdomen: In

    • Chest: Out
    ERC/2020
    INDICATIONS OF GOOD NUTRITION
    • Head: Normal size

    • Skeletons: With no malformations

    • Teeth: Staright without crowding in a well-shaped jaw (6 years old=24 teeth)

    • Skin: Smooth, slightly moist with a healthy glow

    • Eyes: Clear, bright, with no signs of fatigue

    • Hair: Shiny

    • Muscles: Firm

    • Gums: Light pink in color

    • Lips: Moist

    • Tongue: Without lesions


    ERC/2020
    SCHOOL-AGE
    CHILDREN

    ERC/2020
    SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

    • Period between 7-12 years


    • Slow, steady growth, increased body proportions,
    enhanced mental capabilities and more mind and body
    coordination.
    • Growth rates may vary within this period.
    • The gain in weight averages 1.8 to 3.1 kg annually.

    ERC/2020
    NUTRIENT ALLOWANCES
    • 1. CALORIES- allowances decline to about 80 to 90 kcal/kg for children 7 to 9 years old
    and 70 to 80 kcal/kg for children aged 10 to 12 years.

    • 2. PROTEIN- approximately 37 g of protein is recommended daily for children 7 to 9 years


    old and 43 to 49 g for children aged 10 to 12 years.

    • 3. VITAMINS & MINERALS

    • As most girls start to menstruate at the age of 11 to 12, iron allowance should consider
    the 1.4 mg/ day of menstrual loss.

    • Philippine RENI sets ascorbic acid allowance at 35mg for children 7 to 9 years old and
    45 mg for children ages 10 to 12 years.

    • Need 2 to 4 times as much calcium as does an adult per unit of weight

    • USA RDA recommends 120 mcg of iodine for children 7 to 10 years old
    ERC/2020
    MEAL PLANNING FOR CHILDREN (7 to 9 years old)
    • Make green leafy and yellow vegetables and fruits a “must” in daily family
    meals. Stimulate appetite with various forms, color, sizes, and shapes of
    food served.

    • Pack nutritious lunch. Remember that one packed lunch should supply at
    least ½ of the child’s daily food needs.

    • Avoid serving too spicy and high seasoned foods. These may destroy the
    appetite for the more bland but highly- nutritious foods.

    • Make snacks count. Serve nutritious snacks like root crops, beans, or fresh
    fruits instead if candies and soft drinks.

    ERC/2020
    HOW TO PREPARE PACKED LUNCH
    • 1. Plan meals that are cheap and easy to prepare
    • Choose seasonal foods

    • Prepare easy-to-pack dishes like fried fish or pork adobo with slice of
    tomatoes, fish. Meat omelette, beef tapa, or boiled kangkong tops with
    alamang.

    • Use fruits in season for dessert.

    • 2. If the child prefers a variety of sandwiched, prepare sandwich fillings the


    day or night before the class to save time in the usual mornings. Warp
    sandwiches separately

    • If possible, include foods like milk and fruit for beverage.


    ERC/2020
    FEEDING THE SCHOOL CHILD
    • 1. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

    • More confident; expresses own food choices

    • Strong urge to eat what his/ her friend like

    • 2. SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT

    • Goals of school feeding programs in the Philippines

    • Improve the nutrition of school children by providing them with wholesome foods
    at the lowest reasonable cost

    • Aid in strengthening the nutrition and health education program of the public
    schools

    • Fosters proper eating habits


    ERC/2020
    FEEDING THE SCHOOL CHILD
    • 3. FOOD PREFERENCE
    • Eats a wider variety of foods and has more food likes and dislikes

    • Wants simple and plain dishes

    • Eats what most adult eat

    • Develop fondness for food products seen in TV commercials and appetite for the
    favourite food of his/ her celebrity idol.

    ERC/2020
    FEEDING PROBLEMS
    • 1. THE CHILD RECEIVES INADEQUATE MEALS
    • Breakfast which provides ¼ to 1/3 of the daily nutrient allowance is often missed or hurriedly
    eaten by school children

    • CAUSES: Nothing to eat; Late bed riser; Arrival of school bus; Fear of being late for school; Rush in
    preparing oneself for school

    • A good breakfast should consists of the following:

    • Vitamin C- rich fruits like papaya

    • Cereals like oatmeal or fried rice or pandesal

    • Protein- rich foods like egg, ruyo, cheese, or milk

    • Lunch is also a dietary problem because so many children eat their lunch in school or fast-food
    joints.

    ERC/2020
    FEEDING PROBLEMS
    • 2. THE CHILD HAS POOR APPETITE
    • CAUSES: Demanding school work; Tiring extracurricular activities; New Outdoor
    experiences; Confections and soft drinks in school

    • REMEDIES: School cafeterias should offer nutritious and inexpensive snacks;


    Carbohydrates- rich snack products which provide little or no vitamins and minerals
    must be replaced with milk and fruit beverages, turon, munggo, peanuts, fresh fruits,
    and bread.

    • 3. THE CHILD HAS SWEET TOOTH


    • CAUSES: Hungry growing bodies recognize the need for extra calories; Parents give
    sweets as rewards or pasalubong to kids.

    ERC/2020
    ERC/2020

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