Lec-06

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 20

UNIT II: Nutritional

Consideration In Infancy And


Preschool Years

Muahammad Azam
LSN,UOL
OBJECTIVES
• Identify the major nutritional risk factors and
strategies to prevent or manage them in the
first years of life and during the pre-school
years.
• Weaning, Pre lacteal feeds, food introduce
with quantity and type.
• Counsel mothers regarding nutritional care of
the children
Infant nutrient needs

• Energy recommendations for 3 age groups


• 0 to 3 months, 4 to 6 months, and 7 to 12 months
• Nutrient recommendations for 2 age groups
• 0 to 6 months and 7 to 12 months
• Require an energy-dense diet
• 1st 6 months: about 55% of energy intake as fat
• 2nd 6 months: about 40% of energy intake as fat
• These percentages are far higher than the 20–35% of energy
from fat recommended for adults
Infant nutrient needs

• Water: need to consume more water per unit of body


weight than do adults
• Healthy infants who are exclusively breast fed do not require
additional water
• Diarrhea and vomiting – fluid replacement needed
• Iron:
• AI from 0–6 months = 0.27 mg/day
• RDA for 7–12 months = 11 mg/day; formula-fed infants should
be fed iron-fortified formula
Infant nutrient needs

• Vitamin D:
• Breast-fed and partially-breast-fed infants should be
supplemented with 400 IU (10 µg)/day until consuming about 1 L
(4 cups) of vitamin D-fortified formula/milk daily
• Formulas contain at least 10 µg vitamin D/L
• Light-skinned infants synthesize enough vitamin D after 15 min of
sun exposure/day
• dark-skinned infants may require longer exposure
Infant nutrient needs
• Vitamin K:
• All newborns should receive a 0.5-1.0 mg injection

• Fluoride:
• Breast-fed infants, infants on pre-mixed formula and on formula
mixed with low fluoride water – often given fluoride
supplements beginning at 6 month of age
Breast feeding

• Breast feeding is the recommended choice for newborns


of healthy, well-nourished mothers
• Canadian health professionals recommend:
• Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months and breast feeding with
complementary foods for at least 1 year and as long thereafter
as mutually desired
• Lactation can continue as long as suckling is maintained
• Breast-feeding on demand
Breast-feeding vs. formula feeding

© Can Stock Photo Inc./ Feverpitched Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc./K.L.Boyd DDS

The World Health Organization recommends The nursing bottle syndrome


breastfeeding for two years or more
Breast milk

• Colostrum: produced by the breast for up to a week after


delivery
• Has beneficial effects on the gastrointestinal tract
• Nutrients supplies meet the infant’s needs until mature milk
production begins
• Contains more water, protein, immune factors, minerals, and vitamins
and less fat than mature milk
• Mature breast milk: contains an appropriate balance of
nutrients in easily-digested forms
Breast milk vs. formula
Benefits of breast milk
• Formula can never exactly duplicate human milk
composition
• Immune system cells, antibodies, enzymes, and other
substances pass to the child, providing immune
protection
• Growth factors and hormones promote maturation of the
infant’s gut and immune defenses and enhance
digestion
• Physical, emotional, and financial advantages
When is formula better?
• Some substances can be passed to a baby in breast
milk
• Tuberculosis bacterium, HIV, nicotine, some medications,
alcohol, cocaine, marijuana
• Family members can share responsibility
• Special formulas available for preterm infants and those
with genetic abnormalities
Alcohol & breast feeding
• Alcoholic mothers counseled not to breast feed
• Occasional limited alcohol is probably not harmful if
alcohol intake is timed to minimize amount present in
milk when infant is fed
• After consuming a single alcoholic drink, wait at least 4
hours before breastfeeding
• Alternatively, milk can be expressed before consuming
the drink and fed to the infant later
Safe infant feeding

• Whether infants are breastfed or formula-fed,


care must be taken to ensure that their needs are
met and their food is safe
Infant feeding

• Solid and semisolid foods can be gradually introduced


starting at 4–6 months
• Foods that can easily lodge in the throat should not be
offered to infants or toddlers
• Cow’s milk should never be fed to infants
• At 1 year of age, whole cow’s milk can be offered
• At 2 years of age, reduced-fat or low-fat milk can be used
Infant feeding

• Fruit juice can be fed from a cup when an infant is 9–10


months old
• Excess of apple and pear juices should be avoided; contain
sorbitol that can cause diarrhea
• Added sugars - in moderation
• Unpasteurized honey should not be fed to children
<1 year old
• May contain Clostridium botulinum causing botulism
poisoning
Nutrient needs during lactation
• 1st 6 months: additional 330 Calories/day
• 2nd 6 months: additional 400 Calories
• Protein: RDA increased by 25 g/day
• Higher intakes of total carbohydrate, fiber, essential fatty
acids, several vitamins, minerals
• Water: additional 1 liter/day
• Some energy and nutrients from maternal stores
REFERENCE
Clement,I.(2015). Text book on Nutrition &
Dietetics. India: Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers

You might also like