İskenderun

Teknik
Üniversitesi

9.
Fakülte: Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi
Bölüm: Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği
Ders: Elektrik Makineleri II
Dönem: 2020 – 2021 (Bahar)
Öğretim üyesi: Prof. Dr. Yakup HAMEŞ Hafta
ASENKRON MAKİNADA MOMENT
 Üç fazlı İndüksyon motor performansı

2 120 f
n= f *60=
P p
ns  n
Kayma(Slip)  =s
ns
ns− n
s=
ns
p p
f 2=
120
(ns − n )=
120
sn s= sf 1
120 f 2 120 sf 1
n 2= = = sns
p p
Example 5.1 A 3-phase, 460 V, 100 hp, 60 Hz, four-pole induction machine
delivers rated output power at a slip of 0.05. Determine the:
(a) Synchronous speed and motor speed.
(b) Speed of the rotating air gap field.
(c) Frequency of the rotor circuit.
(d) Slip rpm.
(e) Speed of the rotor field relative to the
(i) rotor structure.
(ii) Stator structure.
(iii) Stator rotating field.
(f) Rotor induced voltage at the operating speed, if the stator-to-rotor turns ratio is
1 : 0.5.
Çözüm: (a) Synchronous speed and motor speed.

120 f 120∗60
ns= = = 1800 rpm
p 4
n= (1− s )ns = (1− 0 . 05 )∗1800= 1710 rpm

(b) 1800 (same as synchronous speed)

Equivalent Circuit of the Induction Motor
 sE 2 E2
I 2= I 2=
R 2 + jsX 2 (R2 / s )+ jX 2
2
P2 = I 2 R2
R2 2 R2
P= Pag = I 22 R 2+ (1− s ) = I 2
s s
R2 Pmech = (1− s )∗Pag
Pmech = I 22 (1− s )
s
(1− s ) P2 =
2
I 2 R 2= sP ag
Pmech = P2
s
Pag : P 2 : P mech = 1: s : (1− s )
 IEEE-Recommended Equivalent Circuit

IEEE recommended equivalent circuit.

Theveninequivalent circuit
 Xm
V th = V1 2
If R21 << (X 1 + X m)
R12 +  X 1 + X m 
2

Xm jX m (R1 + jX 1 )
V th ≈ V 1 = K th V 1 Z th= = R th + jX th
X 1 +X m R 1 + j (X 1 + X m)

2
 Xm 
If , R2 << (X + X )2 then, Rth   2
 R1 = Kth R1
 X1 + X m 
1 1 m

X th≈ X 1
 Eşdeğer Devreyi elde etmek için yapılan testler:

R1 = R LL / 2
No-load test (Boş Çalışma)

VLL V1 P NL
V1 = (V / Phase) Z NL = R NL= 2
3 I1 3I 1

2
X NL = Z NL  RNL
2
X 1 + X m= X NL
Locked-rotor test (Kısa devre testi)

PBL
RBL = 2
3I1BL
V1 |BL
ZBL fBL =
I1 |BL

XBL fBL =  BL fBL BL 

Z2
| R2

Rated Frequency
XBL = XBL |fBL *
Frequency at blocked rotor test
 X BL  X 1 + X 2'

X 1 + X m= X NL X m= X NL − X 1

Blocked-rotor equivalent circuit for improved value for R2

 2
X
R = m
R 2'
X 
' 2
2 + X m

( )
' 2 2
'
X 2+ X m  Xm  '
R2 = R R '  R2
Xm  X2 + Xm 

R= R BL− R1
 2200 V 1 1270 . 2
V1 = =1270.2 ( V / Phase) Z NL = = = 282. 27 Ω
3 I1 4 .5
PNL 1600
RNL = 2 = 2
= 26.34 Ω
3I1 3*4.5
(a) No-Load equivalent Circuit (b) Locked rotor equivalent circuit

X NL = Z  R = 282.27  26.34 = 281Ω

2
NL
2
NL
2 2

X 1 + X m= X NL= 281 Ω
PBL 9000
RBL = 2 = 2
= 4.8 Ω
3I1 3*25
R = RBL  R1 = 4,8  2,8 = 2 Ω
'
2
 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
R2 Where 2πn
Pmech = T mech ωmech = I 22 (1− s ) ω mech =
s 60
or
ω mech = (1− s ) ω syn n mech= (1− s ) n syn

120 f 2π 4π f 1 n syn
ω syn = ∗ = ω mech = 2π (1− s )
P 60 P 60
2 1
1 ¿
'
R2 T mech = P ag
T mech = I
ω syn 2 s
¿
ω syn
R2
T mech ω syn = I 22 = Pag
s 2 '
1 V th R2
T mech = ∗ 2 2
∗
ω syn (R + R / s ) + (X + X )
' ' s
th 2 th 2
At low values of slip,

' '
R2 R2
Rth + >> X th + X '2 and >> R th
s s

1 V th2 R 2'
T m ech = * 
ω syn  R + R / s  +  X + X 
' 2 ' 2
s
th 2 th 2

2
1 V
Tmech  * *s th
'
ωsyn R 2
 At larger values of slip,

'
R2
Rth + << X th + X 2'
s

1 V th2 R 2'
T m ech = * *
ω syn  R + R / s  +  X + X 
' 2 ' 2
s
th 2 th 2

1 Vth2 R 2'
Tmech = * *
ω syn  X + X ' 2 s
th 2
Farklı gerilimlerde Tork-Hız profili.
 Maksimum Tork
1 V th2 R 2'
T m ech = * *
dT / ds= 0 ω syn  R + R / s  +  X + X 
' 2 ' 2
s
th 2 th 2

Then R 2'
ST =
R th2 +  X th + X 2' 
' m ax 2
R
R +  X th + X 
2 ' 2
2
= th 2
ST
m ax

1 Vth2
Tmax = *
2ω syn R + R +  X th + X 
2 ' 2
th th 2
 1 Vth2
Tmax = *
2ω syn R + R +  X th + X 
2 ' 2
th th 2

Torque speed characteristics for varying R2

 If R1 is small (hence Rth is negligibly small)

R 2' Then
ST = R 2'
R +  X th + X
sT 

m ax 2 ' 2
th 2 max X th + X 2'

1 Vth2
Tmax = * Then
2ω syn R + R +  X th + X 
2 ' 2
th th 2

1 Vth2
Tmax = *
2ω syn X th + X 2'
 R + R / s  +  X th + X 
' 2 ' 2
T m ax th 2 2 s
=
  +  X th + X 
2
T R th + R / s T ' ' 2
sT
2 2 m ax
m ax

If R1 is small (hence Rth is negligibly small)

 R 2' / s  +  X th + X 2' 
2 2
T m ax s
=
  +  X th + X 2'  s T m ax
2
T '
R / sT
2
2 m ax

 R / s  + R / sTm ax  
2 2
' '
T m ax 2 2 s
=
 
2
T '
2 R 2 sT sT
m ax
m ax

Tmax sT2 + s 2
= max
T 2*sT s
max
Efficiency

Power flow in an induction motor.

Pin = 3V 1 I 1 cos θ1
2
The power loss in the stator winding is: P1 = 3I 1 R1
P out
2
P2 = 3 I 2 R 2 η=
Pin
VERİM

Pag = Pin Pout = P mecj= P ag (1− s )

P2 = sP ag

Pout
ηideal = = (1− s )
Pin
A three-phase, 460 V, 60 Hz, six-pole wound-rotor induction motor
drives a constant load of 100 N - m at a speed of 1140 rpm when
the rotor terminals are short-circuited. It is required to reduce the
speed of the motor to 1000 rpm by inserting resistances in the
rotor circuit. Determine the value of the resistance if the rotor
winding resistance per phase is 0.2 ohms. Neglect rotational
losses. The stator-to-rotor turns ratio is unity.
Example The following test results are obtained from three
phase 100hp,460 V, eight pole star connected induction machine
No-load test : 460 V, 60 Hz, 40 A, 4.2 kW. Blocked rotor test is
100V, 60Hz, 140A 8kW. Average DC resistor between two stator
terminals is 0.152 
(a) Determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit.
(b) The motor is connected to 3 , 460 V, 60 Hz supply and runs
at 873 rpm. Determine the input current, input power, air
gap power, rotor cupper loss, mechanical power developed,
output power and efficiency of the motor.
(c) Determine the speed of the rotor field relative to stator
structure and stator rotating field
 Solution: From no load test:
460 / 3
 a  Z NL = = 6.64 Ω
40
PNL 4200
R NL = 2
= 2
= 0.875 Ω
3*I1 3*40
X NL = 6.64  0.875 = 6.58Ω
2 2

X 1 + X m= 6 . 58 Ω
From blocked rotor test:

8000 0 . 152
RBL = 2
= 0.136Ω R1 = = 0 . 076 Ω
3*140 2
100 / 3
Z BL = = 0.412Ω
140
 X BL = 0.4122  0.1362 = 0.389Ω '
X 1 + X 2 = 0 . 389
' 0 . 389
X 1= X 2= = 0 . 1945 Ω
2
X m= 6 . 58− 0 . 1945= 6 . 3855
R= R BL− R1 = 0 . 136− 0 . 076= 0 . 06 Ω
2
'  0.1945+6.3855 
R =
2  *0.06 = 0.0637
 6.3855 
0.076  j0.195  j0.195 

j6.386  0.0637
 120f 120*60
 b  ns = = = 900rpm
n s − n 900− 873 P 8
s= = = 0 . 03
ns 900
R 2' 0 . 0637
= = 2 .123
s 0 . 03

Input impedance
Z1 = 0.076 + j0.195 +
 j6.386 2.123+ j0.195
= 2.121 27.16o Ω
2.123+ j  6.386 + 0.195

V1 460/ 3
I1 = = = 125.22 27.16o

Z1 2.12 27.16o
Input power:

460
Pin = 3* *125.22 cos  27.16  = 88.767 kW
o

3
Stator Cu losses: 2
Pst = 3*125.22 *0.076 = 3.575 kW
Air gap power P
ag = 88 . 767− 3 . 575= 85 .192 kW

Rotor CU losses
P2 = sPag = 0.03*85.192 = 2.556 kW
Mechanical power developed:
Pmech = (1− s ) Pag = (1− 0 . 03 )∗85 . 192= 82 . 636 kW

Pout = P mech − Prot

From no load test: Prot = PNL  3I12 * R1 = 4200  3*402 *0.076 = 3835.2 W

Pout = 82.636*103  3835.2 = 78.8 kW

Pout 78.8
η= *100 = *100 = 88.77
Pin 88.767
 Example A three phase, 460 V 1450 rpm, 50 Hz, four pole
wound rotor induction motor has the following parameters per
phase ( R1 =0.2, R2 =0.18 , X 1  X 2 =0.2, X m =40). The

rotational losses are 1500 W. Find,

(a) Starting current when started direct on full load voltage.
Also find starting torque.
(b) (b) Slip, current, power factor, load torque and efficiency
at full load conditions.
(c) Maximum torque and slip at which maximum torque will
be developed.
(d) How much external resistance per phase should be
connected in the rotor circuit so that maximum torque
occurs at start?
 460
V1 = = 265.6 V / phase
3
Z1 = 0.2+ j0.2+

j 40* 0.18+ 0.2  = 0.55 46.59oΩ
0.18+ j 40.2
V1 265.6
I st = = o
= 482.91 46.3 Ω
o

I1 0.55 46.59
1500− 1450
s= = 0 . 0333
1500
'
R2 0. 18
= = 5.4
s 0 . 0333
j 40   5.4+ j0.2
Z1 = 0.2+ j0.2+ = 4.959 10.83oΩ
5.4+ j 45.4
 265.6
I1FL = o
= 53.56 10.83o
A
4.95910.83
o
Then the power factor is: cos 10.83  0.9822 lag.
1500
 sys  * 2  157.08 rad / sec .
60
265.6 *  j 40 
Vth   264.275 0.285o V
0.2  j 40.2
Then,
j 40 * 0.2  j 0.2 
Z th   0.28143245.285o  0.198  j 0.2 
0.2  j 40.2
3* 264.275 *5.4
2

T= = 228.68 Nm
157.08* 0.198+5.4 + 0.2+0.2
2 2
Then, Pag  T *  sys  228.68 *157.08  35921.1W
Then, P2  sPag  0.0333 * 35921.1  1197 W

And, Pm  1  s Pag  34723.7W

Then, Pout  Pm  Prot  34723.7  1500  33223.7W

Pin  3 * 265.6 * 53.56 * 0.9822  41917 W

Pout 33223.7
Then,     79.26 %
Pin 41914
3*  264.275
2

Tm = = 862.56 Nm
 
1/2
2*188.5 0.198+ 0.1982 +  0.2 + 0.2 
2

 
0 .18
sT = = 0 . 4033
2 1 /2
max
[0 . 1982 +(0 . 2+0 . 2 ) ]
 R2  Rext

(d) sTmax  1 
0.198 2
 0.2  0.2 
2 1/ 2

Then, R2  Rext

  0.446323
  0.446323  0.18  0.26632 
Then, Rext
E x a m p le 5 .6 T h e r o to r c u r r e n t a t s ta r t o f a th r e e -p h a s e , 4 6 0 v o lt,
1 7 1 0 r p m , 6 0 H z , fo u r p o le , s q u ir r e l-c a g e in d u c tio n m o to r is s ix
tim e s th e r o to r c u r r e n t a t fu ll lo a d .
(a ) D e te r m in e th e s ta r tin g to r q u e a s p e r c e n t o f fu ll lo a d to r q u e .
(b ) D e te r m in e th e s lip a n d s p e e d a t w h ic h th e m o to r d e v e lo p s
m a x im u m to r q u e .
(c ) D e te r m in e th e m a x im u m to r q u e d e v e lo p e d b y th e m o to r a s
p e r c e n t o f fu ll lo a d to r q u e .
Note that the equivalent circuit parameters are not given. Therefore equivalent circuit
parameters cannot be used directly for computation.)a) The synchronous speed is

2 2
I 2 R2 I 2 R2
T= α
sω syn s
 Example 4.9 A 4 pole 50 Hz 20 hp motor has, at rated voltage
and frequency a starting torque of 150% and a maximum torque of
200 % of full load torque. Determine (i) full load speed (ii) speed
at maximum torque.
Solution:
Tst Tmax Tst 1.5
 1.5 and  2 then,   0.75
TFL TFL Tmax 2
Tst 2 sTmax
  0.75
2
Tmax 1  sTmax
2
Then, 0.75 sTmax  2 sTmax  0.75  0

Then sTmax  2.21525 (unacceptable) Or sTmax  0.451416

 2 2
Tmax 
sTmax sFL
 2
TFL 2sTmax * s FL
But sTmax  0.451416

Tmax 0.4514162  s FL
2
Then  2
TFL 2 * 0.451416 * s FL
2
s FL  4 * 0.451416 s FL  0.451416 2  0
2
s FL  1.80566 s FL  0.203777  0
s FL  1.6847 (unacceptable) or s FL  0.120957
 120 * 50
ns   1500 rpm
4
then (a) nFL  1 s FL  * ns

nFL  1  0.120957  *1500  1319 rpm

 
(b) nTmax  1  sTmax * ns  1  0.451416 *1500  823 rpm
 Example 4.10 A 3, 280 V, 60 Hz, 20 hp, four-pole induction
motor has the following equivalent circuit parameters.
R1  0.12 , R2  0.1 , X 1  X 2  0.25 , and X m  10 
The rotational loss is 400 W. For 5% slip, determine (a) The
motor speed in rpm and radians per sec. (b) The motor current. (c)
The stator cu-loss. (d) The air gap power. (e) The rotor cu-loss. (f)
The shaft power. (g) The developed torque and the shaft torque.
(h) The efficiency.
Çözüm:

120 * 60 1800
ns   1800 rpm ,  s  * 2  188.5 rad / sec
4 60
 0.12  j0.25  j0.25 

j10  0 .1
2
0.05

Z1  0.12  j 0.25  Re  X e
j10 * 2  j 0.25
Z1  0.12  j 0.25   2.131423.55o 
2  j10.25
208
V1   120.1 V
3
120.1
I1   2 .1314  23 . 55 o
A
2.131423.55 o

2
(c) P1  3 * 56.3479 * 0.12  1143.031W
 
(d) Ps  3 *120.1 * 56.3479 * cos  23.55
o
  18610.9794 W
Pag  Ps  P1  17467.9485 W
(e) P2  sPag  0.05 *17467.9785  873.3974 W

(f) Pm  1  s  Pag  16594.5511W

Pag 17467.9485
(g) T    92.6682 N .m
188.5 188.5
Pshaft 16194.5511
Tshaft    85.9127 Nm
188.5 188.5
Pshaft
(h)   *100  87.02%
Ps
 Example 4.11 A 30, 100 WA, 460 V, 60 Hz, eight-pole induction
machine has the following
equivalent circuit parameters:
R1  0.07 , R2  0.05 , X 1  X 2  0.2  , and X m  6.5 
(a) Derive the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the
induction machine.
(b) If the machine is connected to a 30, 460 V, 60 Hz supply,
determine the starting torque, the maximum torque the machine
can develop, and the speed at which the maximum torque is
developed.
(c) If the maximum torque is to occur at start, determine the
external resistance required in each rotor phase. Assume a
turns ratio (stator to rotor) of 1.2.
 Xm 6.5
Solution: Vth  * V1  * 265.6  257.7 V
X1  X m 0.2  6.5

Rth  jX th 
 j 6.5 *  j 0.2  0.07   0.06589  j 0.1947 
0.07  j 0.2  j 6.5
0.06589 j0.1947  j0.2 

257.7V 0.05
s

3 * 257.7 2 * 0.05
(b) Tst   624.7 Nm

94.25 0.06589  0.05  0.1947  0.2
2 2

3 * 257.7 2
Tmax 

2 * 94.25 0.06589  0.06589 2  0.1947  0.22 
 2267.8 Nm
0.05
sTmax   0.1249
0.06589 2  0.1947  0.2  2
 Speed in rpm for which max torque occurs
 
= 1  sTmax * ns  1  0.1249 * 900  787.5 rpm

R2
(c) sTmax   R2
R12   X 1  X 2  2

sstart  1 1
or R2 start
 * R2  * 0.05  0.4 
sTmax 0.1249

Then Rext  0.4  0.05 / 1.2 2  0.243 