Basic Concepts in Communication

Basic Concepts in Communication: Background and Rationale
Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
Learning outcomes:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
 Describe the nature, elements and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in
various and multicultural contexts
 Recall the meaning, nature and importance of communication
 Demonstrate the elements and processes of communication
 Describe the principle and ethics of communication
Purposive Communication Process
Sender Expected
(Context and Audience outcome or
Purpose) action
• Audience – a group of people whose backgrounds, concerns, and interests may shape
the way a message is received
• Context – conditions that shape the contents of the message such as significant period,
or the sender’s background and experiences
• Purpose – a concrete set of objectives or reasons for addressing a specific audience in a
given context
This model shows how purposive communication process works wherein a sender needs to
consider the context and purpose in creating the message to be sent to the audience to achieve
an expected outcome or action. Thus, there is a need to think first of the expected outcome or
action to guide the sender in creating a message for the audience or the receiver.
Types of communication
Verbal communication includes the use of symbols that have universal meanings and can be
classified as spoken or written.
Nonverbal communication is an oversimplification to say that nonverbal communication is a
communication without words because written words are perceived as “verbal” but there is a lack
of sound element attached to it.
Classification of Verbal Communication
Oral communication consists of all spoken exchanges.
 Questions
 Comments
 Casual conversations
 Voicemail
 Conference calls
 Speeches
Written communications are printed messages.
 Memos
 Proposals
 E-mails
 Letters
 Training manuals
 Operating policies
According to the National Commission on Writing, 67% of salaried employees in large foreign
companies and professional state employees have some writing responsibility. Half of
responding companies reported that they take writing into consideration when hiring employees,
and 91% always take writing into account when hiring.
Types of Verbal Communications
1. Emotive - pertains to word choice. Specific diction is used to evoke emotion in the reader.
Word choice greatly effects how writing and speech is received. Different words can be
used to cause different reactions in the audience. Any words that cause an emotional
reaction are examples of emotive language. (writingexplained.org)
2. Evasive language is used when someone tries to avoid answering a question or is

interrogated about a subject. By verbally sidestepping the issues and concerns of a
problem, someone will have used evasive language that never directly addresses the
questions (www.quora.com).
3. Jargons are special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group
and are difficult for others to understand (www.dictionary.com).
4. Argot is the jargon or slang of a particular group or class (www.dictionary.com).
5. Abstract language is the ability to gain meaning from things that are not said, or from
things that are said in a different way. There are many ways to refer to "abstract
language:" inferential/figurative/implicit/non-literal language all include the same higher
order thinking (abschools.org)
6. Overly abstract - The use of equivocal words, relative words, slang, jargon, and overly
abstract language causes confusion and misunderstanding. ... Some euphemisms are
pretentious and confusing, while equivocation can be interpreted as deliberately
ambiguous (global.oup.com)
Emotive
Overly
Evasive
abstract
Abstract Jargon
Argot
Non-verbal behaviors/Elements of Non-verbal Communication

1. Vocalics/Paralanguage – refers to the use of volume, tone, pitch, and rate of speaking
to give additional meaning or emphasis to what is spoken
2. Proxemics – refers to the use of space to convey an idea or image
3. Chronemics – is an attitude of time which discloses information with others about status
and relationship with others. It is our self-concept.
4. Artifacts – refer to the things a person owns, uses, wears, and even discards convey
message about such person.
5. Movement – is one’s posture, gesture, facial expression, and body language
6. Silence – conveys meanings to the spectators that can be seen in a person who is quiet
yet busy, a person who is contemplating, grieving, not to be disturbed, or being in a
difficult situation. In a conversation between two individuals, a silent reply may signify the
receiver does not understand or may refuse to answer at all.
7. Touch – in some cultures is a symbol of affection but may not be allowed in certain
communities.
8. Clothes and personal appearance – provide a quick personal surveillance of the
person’s age, interest, personality, sex, attitude, social standing, or religious affiliation.
9. Symbols – are general graphical presentation so that people will be guided accordingly
such as traffic signs, mathematical problems, medical, and other fields of specialty
(Rasel, 2013).
Functions of Non-verbal Communication
Substituting Reinforcing Regulating Contradicting

Functions Functions functions functions
Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
A person may
• Traffic • Pointing • Hand say “You can’t
officers and signs of do anything
• Traffic nodding drivers right” in a
of head mean tone but
signs • Raising of follow that up
• “Come while hand with a wink.
here” speaking

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Basic Concepts in Communication: Background and Rationale

Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics

2. Evasive language is used when someone tries to avoid answering a question or is

Non-verbal behaviors/Elements of Non-verbal Communication

Substituting Reinforcing Regulating Contradicting

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