International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 3 Issue 12, December-2014

Modeling and Simulation of STATCOM

Parimal Borse Dr. A. G. Thosar Samruddhi Shaha
Electrical Engineering Department, Associate Professor Electrical Engineering Department,
Govt. College of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Department, Govt. College of Engineering,
Aurangabad Govt. College of Engineering, Aurangabad
Aurangabad, India Aurangabad Aurangabad, India
Aurangabad, India

Abstract:- This paper attempts to model and simulate Flexible should be generated and compensated properly to improve
Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) device, the power quality of input utility and to maintain voltage
namely, Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). The profile mains by using a FACTS devices such as SVC,
STATCOM a solid-state voltage source inverter and DC side STATCOM, UPFC, and IPFC. In this paper STATCOM is
capacitor is tied to a transmission line. A STATCOM injects used for reactive power compensation and to improve
an almost sinusoidal current, of variable magnitude, at the voltage profile.
point of connection. This injected current is almost in STATCOM is shunt connected reactive compensation
quadrature with the line voltage, thereby emulating an
device that is capable of generating and or absorbing
inductive or a capacitive reactance at the point of connection
with the transmission line. The functionality of the reactive power and its output can be varied to control the
STATCOM model is verified by regulating the reactive specific parameters of an electrical power system [4]. Use
current flow through it. This is useful for regulating the line of self-commutated pulse width modulation (PWM)
voltage. STATCOM model is verified by regulating reactive converters with an appropriate control scheme permits the
RT
power flow and is determined by using 6 pulses (two levels) implementation of STATCOM with a time response faster
IGBT based inverter. The mathematical modelling of than the fundamental power cycle. Solid-state IGBT
STATCOM is simulated in MATLAB software for 10kVA switching device is a relatively new technology in power
IJE

rating. electronics is employed in medium-to-high power ratings

Keywords: STATCOM, IGBT, Voltage Source Inverter, PWM-based FACTS devices[6].
PWM STATCOM can be voltage source inverter type or current
source inverter type. This paper discusses the VSI scheme.
I. NOMENCLATURE Basic block diagram of STATCOM is shown in Fig.1. The
VSI converts DC voltage across storage device into set of
FACTS Flexible Alternating Current three phase AC output voltage. These voltages are in phase
Transmission System and coupled with A. C. System through resistance and
STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator leakage reactance. STATCOM based on switching device
VSI Voltage Source Inverter can be GTO for high voltage, high power application or can
VA Voltage-Ampere be IGBT for low voltage, low power application. It is
GTO Gate Turn-offs Thyristor necessary to note that the size of dc capacitor in
IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor STATCOM is considerably smaller than the general ac
P Active Power capacitor for direct power factor compensation.
Q Reactive Power
PWM Pulse Width Modulation

II. INTRODUCTION

Now a days need of electricity is increasing in tremendous

way, hence VA loading is also increasing on power
transmission line that resulted into need of reactive power
compensation [2]. Most of the critical loads in an industrial
low voltage AC system have an unbalanced and/or
nonlinear characteristic because it is a single-phase rectifier
with a capacitor or thyristor-based three phase rectifier. The
unbalanced and nonlinear characteristic of the load has an
undesirable effect on the power quality of input utility Fig. 1 Basic block diagram of STATCOM
mains and adjacent load side [1]. Therefore, reactive power

IJERTV3IS120248 www.ijert.org 200

(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 3 Issue 12, December-2014

III. PRINCIPLE OF STATCOM OPERATION IV. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF STATCOM

STATCOM is to suppress voltage variation and control of A typical A. C. System is used in this paper to show
reactive power in phase with system voltage. It can performance of STATCOM. The basic configuration of
compensate for inductive and capacitive current linearly STATCOM is shown in Fig. 1 STATCOM consist of
and continuously. The terminal voltage Vbus is equal to sum resistance, leakage inductance, and VSI and DC capacitor.
of inverter voltage VSTATCOM and voltage across leakage Resistance and inductance acts as magnetic coupling to the
reactance VL and resistance in inductive and capacitive system. They provide isolation to inverter circuit and grid
mode. It means that if output voltage of STATCOM circuit. DC capacitor provides constant voltage, it acts as
VSTATCOM is in phase with bus terminal voltage Vbus and source. IGBT with anti parallel diode is used. IGBT
VSTATCOM is greater than Vbus STATCOM provide reactive performs converter action whereas Diode performs
rectification action.
power to the system. If VSTATCOM is smaller thanVbus ,
Following equations are used to calculate resistance,
STATCOM absorbs reactive power from power system. If
leakage inductance and DC side capacitance
VSTATCOM and Vbus is equal then no power will be
First order differential equation for the ac-side circuit of the
exchange, at that time STATCOM will operate in floating
STATCOM is
mode. Fig. 2 shows operating principle operation of
STATCOM. 𝑑𝐼 𝑠𝑎
= 1/𝐿𝑠 (−𝑅𝑠 ∗ 𝐼𝑠𝑎 + 𝐸𝑠𝑎 − 𝐸𝑡𝑎 ) ....... (3)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼 𝑠𝑏
= 1/𝐿𝑠 (−𝑅𝑠 ∗ 𝐼𝑠𝑏 + 𝐸𝑠𝑏 − 𝐸𝑡𝑏 ) ........ (4)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼 𝑠𝑐
= 1/𝐿𝑠 (−𝑅𝑠 ∗ 𝐼𝑠𝑐 + 𝐸𝑠𝑐 − 𝐸𝑡𝑐 ) ......... (5)
𝑑𝑡

These equations are converted on R-I frame of reference

(the synchronously rotating frame of reference) as follows
−𝑅𝑠
𝐼𝑠𝑅 𝑤0 𝐼 𝐸 𝐸𝑡𝑅
𝐿𝑠 𝑠𝑅
= + 1/𝐿𝑠 𝑠𝑅 .... (6)
𝐼𝑠𝑙 −𝑤0
−𝑅𝑠 𝐼
𝑠𝑙 𝐸𝑠𝑙 𝐸𝑡𝑙
𝐿𝑠
RT

STATCOM DC side equation is

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑐
= 1/𝐶𝑠 (𝐼𝑑𝑐 + 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ) ......... (7)
IJE

𝑑𝑡

Instantaneous powers at the ac and dc terminals of the

converter are equal, giving the following power-balance
Fig. 2 Operation principle of STATCOM equation:
𝑉𝑑𝑐 ∗ 𝐼𝑑𝑐 = 3/2(𝐸𝑠𝑅 ∗ 𝐼𝑠𝑅 + 𝐸𝑠𝑙 ∗ 𝐼𝑠𝑙 ) .......... (8)
Terminal voltage Vbus (AC side) is equal to sum of statcom
output voltage and voltage drop across line reactor and Where the constant 3/2 is reference frame transformation
resistance. constant. Based on the phasor diagram EsR and Esl is
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑠𝑅 = 𝐸𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠 = 𝐾𝑐𝑠 ∗ 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠 ........ (9)

VSTATCOM = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑇𝐶𝑂𝑀 𝐸𝑠𝑙 = 𝐸𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠 = 𝐾𝑐𝑠 ∗ 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠 ......... (10)

𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿 = 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

V. SIMULATION OF STATCOM IN MATLAB
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝐷𝐶 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 The Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) technique is used to
simulate the STATCOM with two level 6 IGBTs. The
General mathematical equation of STATCOM for active
STATCOM provides the required amount of reactive
power, reactive power and statcom output voltage may be
power to 12.8kW load.
given as:
The system parameters are used as follow,
𝑃 = (𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 × 𝑉𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑇𝐶𝑂𝑀 ÷ 𝑋𝐿 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
............... (1)
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠
𝑄 = 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 × − (𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 × 𝑉𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑇𝐶𝑂𝑀 ÷ 𝑋𝐿 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑋𝐿
............. (2)

IJERTV3IS120248 www.ijert.org 201

(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 3 Issue 12, December-2014

TABLE NO. 1 System Parameters

Sr. No. Parameters Values
1 Supply Voltage 440 V
2 Supply frequency 50 Hz
3 Angular frequency 314 rad/s
4 Coupling Resistance 1Ω
5 Coupling Inductance 5.62 mH
6 DC Capacitor 680uF
7 Modulation Index 0.8
9 Load Resistance 6.83Ω
10 Load inductance 24mH

Fig. 4 voltage and current waveform without STATCOM

After inserting the STATCOM in circuit, Fig. 5.1 shows

the capacitor current and voltage waveform. As initially
capacitor takes large current up to 50A and capacitor is pre-
charged with 700V, after that capacitor settle down with
voltage 900V.
RT
IJE

Fig. 5.1 Capacitor voltage and current waveform

Fig. 3 STATCOM by using 6 pulses IGBT based Inverter
Fig. 5.2 shows the waveform of STATCOM voltage and
The three phase reference voltages of the STATCOM are current. By using 6 pulses IGBT STATCOM voltage settle
generated by multiplying the peak value of the grid voltage down up to 600V.
and modulation index (𝑀. 𝐼).The 6 pulses for the switching
devices of the STATCOM are generated by using PWM
technique. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a modulation
technique that controls the width (in time) of an electrical
pulse, formally the pulse's duration, based on modulator
signal information.
Fig. 4 shows the waveform of voltage and current
waveform having 3 phase load is directly connected to 3
phase source.

Fig. 5.2 STATCOM voltage and current

Fig. 5.3 Voltage and Current waveform at load side- Lagging

compensation mode

IJERTV3IS120248 www.ijert.org 202

(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 3 Issue 12, December-2014

VI. CONCLUSION

In this paper, basic principle of STATCOM operation and

the functions of each component are explained. Basic
operating characteristics of STATCOM are verified by the
simulation. It is observed that by appropriate reactive shunt
compensation steady state transmittable power is increased
and voltage profile in the line also maintained. The
mathematical modelling of STATCOM in MATLAB is
Fig. 5.4 Voltage and Current waveform at load side- Leading simulated and effect of 6 pulse IGBT based STATCOM are
compensation mode discussed. By using the STATCOM 10 kVAr reactive
power is supplied to 12.8 kW load.
Fig. 5.3 and 5.4 shows voltage and current waveform at
load side. It is verified that STATCOM being operated as VII. REFERRANCES
inductive or capacitive load depending on operating mode.
Fig. 5.5 shows the active and reactive power response by [1] Parmar Hiren S., Vamsi Krishna.K, Ranjit Roy, “Shunt compensation
for power quality improvement using STATCOM controller”,
the load. Total 10kVAr reactive power is compensated. It ACEEE International Journal on Electrical and Power Engineering,
shows as an inductive load STATCOM generates reactive Vol.1, No.2, July 2010.
power and provides constant reactive power to load. [2] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS”, IEEE Press,
1999
[3] K. K. Sen, ”STATCOM- STATIC synchronous compensator, Theory,
modelling and applications” , IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 2, pp.
1177-1183, Feb. 1999.
[4] R. M. Mathur and R. K. Varma, “Thyristor based FACTS Controllers
for Electrical Transmission Systems”, IEEE Power Engineering
Society, Sponsored, Wiley Inter Science, 2002.
[5] S. K. Sethy and J. K. Moharana, “Modelling, Design and Simulation of
Current and Voltage Linear Controller of a STATCOM for Reactive
Power Compensation”, NSPEES-12, Sept.29-30,
RT
[6] M.H. Rashid, Power electronics hand book, in “Multilevel Converter
and VAR Compensation”, ed. by A. Draou, A. Tahri(Academic Press
Harcourt Science and Technology Company, Tokyo, 2001), pp. 599–
627
IJE

Fig. 5.5 active and reactive power of load

Fig. 5 STATCOM by using 6 pulses IGBT based Inverter

IJERTV3IS120248 www.ijert.org 203

(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)