1. The output of an op-amp integrator can swing from +15 V to −15 V.

The step input

shown in Fig.1 is vi = 0 for t < 0 and switched at t = 0 to 5 V. The output
voltage vo = +15 V for t < 0. Plot the waveform.

Fig.1

Solution:

Therefore C=15

The time at which the output voltage vo = −15

Fig.1(b)
2. Obtain the output voltage of an op-amp summer shown in Fig.2

Fig.2

Solution:

3. Obtain the value of resistor R for the condition that both inputs V− and V+ should be amplified
by the same amount in Fig.3

Fig.3

Solution:
4. Obtain the voltage vo for the circuit of Fig.4.Calculate the gain if R1= R2= R3= 1K Ω and
R4=10Ω.

Fig.4

Solution: Writing node equations as

This illustrates that using only few kilo ohm resistances in the form of T-network
provides very large feedback resistance resulting into very large gain.
5. How much is the output voltage in the circuit of Fig. 5

Fig. 5

Solution:

Writing node equation at the inverting input terminal of the op-amp results as
 The time at wich the vo = −15

Solution:

Writing node equations at node v(−) of A1

Figure 15.100(b). Figure 15.100(b)

Now the waveform is plotted as in Fig. 15.100(b).

2. For the instrumentation amplifier shown in Fig. 15.101, using two ideal op-amps
verify the following equation

(GKP Univ. 1994).

Figure 15.101. Two op-amp instrumentation amplifier

 At node v(−) of A2

Subtracting this equation from previous one yields

Solution:

From Fig. 15.102

3. Show that the cross coupled differential voltage follower instrumentation amplifier
shown in Fig. 15.102 produces output voltage vo = (1 + a + b) (v2 − v1).

Figure 15.102. Three op-amp instrumentation amplifier

4. Obtain the voltage vo for the circuit of Fig. 15.103. (AMI 1992).

Solution:

Writing node equations as

Figure 15.103. Figure 15.103

This illustrates that using only few kilo ohm resistances in the form of T-network
provides very large feedback resistance resulting into very large gain.

5. Obtain the voltage gain vo/vi for Fig. 15.104(a).

Solution:

Figure 15.104(a). Figure 15.104(a)

Combining above equations yield

6. Obtain the voltage gain vo/vi for Fig. 15.104(b).

Solution:

Figure 15.104(b). Figure 15.104(b)

7. Obtain the voltage gain vo/vio for Fig. 15.105.

Solution:

Figure 15.105. Figure 15.105

8. Prove that the voltage gain and input resistance with feedback in Fig. 15.106 is

given by the expressions   and  , where Ri is the internal input resistance of

the op-amp

Solution:

Figure 15.106. Figure 15.106

This input resistance comes in parallel to the op-amp's internal input resistance Ri.

Hence, effective input resistance is equal to  .

9. Show that if Ri = ∞, Ro = 0 and A1 and A2 < 0 in Fig. 15.107, then vo = A2{A1(vf−v1)

+ v2}.

Figure 15.107. Figure 15.107

 Solution:

The output of first op-amp is expressed as (v1 − vf) A1 = Vo1

The output of the second op-amp is

Figure 15.108(a). Figure 15.108(a)

10. For the dc level shifter circuit shown in Fig. 15.108(a), determine the level shift
between input and output voltages.

Solution:

Figure 15.108(b). Figure 15.108(b)

11. Obtain the level shift Vo in Fig. 15.108(b).

Solution:

12. Draw the output wave shapes of the voltage follower using op-amp with 1 V/ms slew
rate with the square wave input shown in Fig. 15.109(a).

Solution:

It is seen from the wave shapes of vo that remarkable distortion occurs for slew rate
at high frequency. Fig. 15.109(b) is100 Hz signal that does not produce appreciable
distortion. A 10 kHz signal produces appreciable distortion as shown in Fig.
15.109(c). A 1 MHz signal becomes sawtooth wave as in Fig. 15.109(c).

Figure 15.109(a). Figure 15.109(a)

Figure 15.109(b). Figure 15.109(b)

Figure 15.109(c). Figure 15.109(c)

13. A square wave input of 8 V peak to peak magnitude and frequency 2 MHz is applied
to a voltage follower which produces the triangular output as shown in Fig. 15.110.
What is its slew rate?

Solution:
 Figure 15.110. Figure 15.110

14. The 741 op-amp is used as an inverting amplifier with its gain = 50. What would be
the maximum input signal magnitude applied to it if its voltage gain is flat upto 100
kHz?

Solution:

The maximum input signal to get undistorted output should be   = 15.9 mV.

15. A peak to peak input signal of 500 mV has to produce a peak to peak undistorted
output voltage of 3 V with a rise time of 4 ms. Can 741 be used for such application?

Solution:

Rise time = 3 V (90% − 10%) = 3 V (0.90 − 0.10) = 2.4 V

The 741 cannot be used.

16. The characteristic of the diode is given by the relationship as ID = IS(eqV/ηKT – 1),
where V is the forward voltage and η is the ideality factor = 1 (Ge) and 2 (Si).
Express Vo as a function of Vi. What is the value of input voltage to result in output

voltage Vo = 0, if R = 100 KΩ, IS = 1 μA and   = 26 mV.

Figure 15.111. Figure 15.111

17. In the circuit of Fig. 15.112 the output voltage Vo is initially zero. The switch is
connected first to A to charge the capacitor C1 to the voltage V. It is then connected
to point B. This process repeats f times per second. Calculate (a) transfer of charge
per second from Ato B, (b) Derive the average rate of change of the output
voltage Vo, (c) If the switch and capacitor are removed and a resistor is connected
between point A and B, what will be the value of resistor to get the same average
rate of change the output voltage, (d) If the repetition rate of the switching action is
104 times per second, C1 = 100 pF, C2 = 10 pF and V = 10 mV, what is the average
rate of change of the output voltage?

Solution:

(a) When the switch changes from B to Af times per second, the charge
transferred to the capacitor C1 = Qf = C1Vf. The capacitor charges
exponentially, but the time constant of charging is zero and hence capacitor
charges instantaneously.

Figure 15.112. Figure 15.112

(b)

(c)
 Equating dVo yields as  , 

The integration of the steady input voltage gives ramp (rate of change)
voltage.

(d)

18. Show that the circuit in Fig. 15.113 simulates an inductance across its input
terminals.

Figure 15.113. Figure 15.113

Solution:

Figure 15.114. Figure 15.114

 Solution:

When input is changing from −12 V to +12 V, the capacitor gets charged to the
maximum voltage exponentially with the time constant = 12 K × 0.1 × 10−6 = 1.2
ms. In order to find out the time taken by the capacitor to reach final value = 12 V,

we have to see the following expression 

19. Draw the waveform of vo(t) as function of vi. Specifying the output voltage vo(t),
determine the voltage levels and time constants involved.

As the capacitor gets charged from −12 V to slightly above 0 V, the output amplifier
gets saturated.

When the capacitor is charged to +12 V, the capacitor starts discharging through
saturated transistor with a time constant = 100 × 0.1 × 10−6 = 0.01 ms

20. Show that circuit of Fig. 15.115 simulates an inductor i.e.   is inductive.

Figure 15.115. Figure 15.115

Solution:
21. How much is the output voltage in the circuit of Fig. 15.116.

Solution:

Writing node equation at the inverting input terminal of the op-amp results as

Figure 15.116. Figure 15.116

22. Obtain the value of resistor R for the condition that both inputs V− and V+ should be
amplified by the same amount in Fig. 15.117.

Figure 15.117. Figure 15.117

23. Derive a relationship between the input and output voltages for the circuit shown
in Fig. 15.118. Also obtain the output waveform for a symmetrical square wave
input voltage of amplitude Vp and frequency f.

Figure 15.118. Figure 15.118

Solution:
 If the input voltage is square wave, the output voltage is a triangular wave of
magnitude ±VP and frequency f.

24. Find out the value of two resistors used in a non-inverting op-amp to result in the
voltage gain of 21 dB.

Solution:

25. Obtain the transfer function between input and output voltages of Fig. 15.119.
What will be the value of the capacitor required to yield a phaseshift of 270° at a
frequency of 1 kHz with R = 10 K?

Figure 15.119. Figure 15.119

Solution:

The plots of magnitude and phase shift are shown in Fig. 15.120.

Figure 15.120. Phase and magnitude plot of given circuit

26. Obtain the transfer function between input and output voltages of Fig. 15.121.

Figure 15.121. Figure 15.121

Solution:

Phase shift = 180° − tan−1 ωCR − tan−1ωCR = 180° − 2 tan−1 ωCR

The plots of its magnitude and phase-shift are shown in Fig. 15.122.

Figure 15.122. Phase and magnitude plot of given circuit

27. What value of the resistance RB will provide balance of the bridge yielding Vo = 0
for RA = RC = RD = 1 KΩ. What will be the value of output voltage, if now RB is set to
0.5 K?

Figure 15.123. Figure 15.123

Solution:
28. Sketch the waveform of the output voltage for the circuit of Fig. 15.124. What
portion of the current io coming out from the operational amplifier flow as the load
current iL?

Solution:

Figure 15.124. Figure 15.124

Hence, io = 1mA cos 2π × 100t, now iL = io (max) − if = 1 mA − 0.1 mA = 0.9 mA

Hence, total iL(max) = 0.9 mA + 0.9 mA = 1.8 mA.

29. Determine the output voltage vo for the circuit shown in Fig. 15.125.

Figure 15.125. Figure 15.125

 Solution:

or, Vo = (2 − 1.99)1.99 = 0.02 V

30. Show that the system shown in Fig. 15.126 is a double integrator. In other words,

prove that the transfer gain is given  , assume an ideal op-amp.

Figure 15.126. Figure 15.126

Solution:

and Z2 are series elements and Z1 is shunt element.

31. Obtain the voltage transfer function between output and input voltages of Fig.
15.127. When switch is open, the opamp does not draw any current and hence I2 =
0.
 Solution:

Figure 15.127. Figure 15.127

When the switch is closed, the non-inverting input terminal is pulled to ground and
hence its gain

32. Obtain voltage gain under the control of voltage applied at the gate of the JFET
in Fig. 15.128. When control signal = 0, the JFET offers minimum drain resistance
and hence non-inverting input terminal is pulled to approximately ground.

Thus,  .

Solution:

Figure 15.128. Figure 15.128

When the control signal is high, it reduces the channel width and provides very large
resistance to provide open circuit, thus V1 = V2 =Vi.

33. Find the condition of input voltage for making the LED ON in Fig. 15.129.

Solution:
 Hence, LED will glow if Vi > 5 V.

Figure 15.129. Figure 15.129

34. What will be the value of input voltage Vi such that the LED in Fig. 15.130 starts
glowing.

LED will glow if Vi > 5 V.

Figure 15.130. Figure 15.130

35. An op-amp with a slew rate of 1.5 V/ms has been used as an inverting amplifier with
gain of 10. What is the maximum input signal if the frequency of input signal is 1
kHz?

36. Calculate the voltages V1 and VO in Fig. 15.131.

Figure 15.131. Figure 15.131

37. When will the output get saturated in Fig. 15.132?

 Figure 15.132. Figure 15.132

38. The switch was closed initially for 0.5 minutes and then opened. What will be the
input voltage if the output in Fig. 15.133 is initially 0 and −5.4 V after the switch is
opened.

Figure 15.133. Figure 15.133

39. A differential amplifier converted to difference amplifier has feedback and input
resistor of equal values as in Fig. 15.134. What will be the output, if inputs to
inverting and non-inverting terminals are 1.5sin ωt and 1.5 cos ωt.

Solution:

Figure 15.134. Figure 15.134

40. The integrator shown in Fig. 15.135 produces an output voltage = Vo = Vm sin

(100t + φ) in response to an input voltage of Vi = 0.1 sin(100t). What is the
maximum value of the output voltage?
 Figure 15.135. Figure 15.135

41. What is the relationship between resistors R and R1 and R2 in Fig. 15.136.

Solution:

Figure 15.136. Figure 15.136

Figure 15.137. Figure 15.137

42. The offset voltage to the circuit of Fig. 15.137 is 1 mV. How much output voltage
will be displayed?

Solution:
43. What would be the frequency of oscillation in Fig. 15.138, if   μF and R = 1 K?
What would be the minimum gain of the amplifier to sustain oscillations?

Figure 15.138. Figure 15.138

44. Calculate the ratio of ON duration to OFF duration of the output waveform of circuit
in Fig. 15.139.

Figure 15.139. Figure 15.139

45. Obtain CMRR for the circuit shown in Fig. 15.140.

 Figure 15.140. Figure 15.140

46. Obtain the output voltage of the amplifier shown in Fig. 15.141

Figure 15.141. Figure 15.141

47. The output voltage of Schmitt trigger drawn in Fig. 15.142 is limited to 10 V and −5
V connecting suitably chosen Zener diodes across the output. What are the upper
trip and lower trip voltages of the circuit?

Figure 15.142. Figure 15.142

48. Obtain the output voltage for input voltage vi = sinωt applied to the circuit in Fig.
15.143.

Solution:

For vi > 0 V, diode is reverse biased, no loop closes. vo = vi

For vi < 0 V, diode is forward biased, loop closes. vo = − vi

Figure 15.143. Figure 15.143

49. Obtain the output voltage of Fig. 15.144. What is the name of this circuit?

Solution:

For Vi > 0, D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse biased, Vo = 0.

For Vi < 0, D1 is reverse biased and D2 is forward biased,  . The circuit is a half
wave rectifier and conducts for negative half cycle only.

Figure 15.144. Figure 15.144

50. What is the ratio of current   in Fig. 15.145.

Figure 15.145. Figure 15.145

51. Obtain the value of RA such that VO =   in Fig. 15.146.

 Figure 15.146. Figure 15.146

52. What is the value of the output voltage in Fig. 15.147.

Figure 15.147. Figure 15.147

53. Show that   in Fig. 15.148 assuming all op-amps are ideal. Also show
that D represents a frequency dependent negative resistance.

Figure 15.148. Riordan circuit

The circuit of Fig. 15.148 can now be analyzed for its input impedance as

= negative conductance.

54. Find out the output voltage vo for the circuit in Fig. 15.149.
 Figure 15.149. Figure 15.149

55. Obtain the output voltage of an op-amp summer shown in Fig. 15.150.

Figure 15.150. Figure 15.150

56. Circuit of summing integrator

57. Circuit of summing differentiator

You are currently reading a PREVIEW of this book.

 CHAPTER -4
Wien bridge oscillator is an audio frequency sine wave oscillator of high stability and
simplicity. Before that let us see what is oscillator? An oscillator is a circuit that produces
periodic electric signals such as  sine wave or square wave. The application of oscillator
includes sine wave generator, local oscillator for synchronous receivers etc.
Here we are discussing wein bridge oscillator using 741 op amp IC. It is a low frequency
oscillator. The op-amp used in this oscillator circuit is working as non-inverting amplifier mode.
Here the feedback network need not provide any phase shift. The circuit can be viewed as a wien
bridge with a series RC network in one arm and parallel RC network in the adjoining arm.
Resistors Ri and Rf are connected in the remaining two arms.
Wien bridge oscillator Circuit Diagram
Components Required
1. Resistors (1KΩ, 1.5KΩ x2)
2. Potentiometer(4.7KΩ)
3. Capacitor(0.1µF x2)
4. 741 Op amp

Output Waveform

Working of Wein bridge Oscillator

 The feedback signal in this oscillator circuit is connected to the non-inverting input terminal
so that the op-amp works as a non-inverting amplifier.
 The condition of zero phase shift around the circuit is achieved by balancing the bridge, zero
phase shift is essential for sustained oscillations.
 The frequency of oscillation is the resonant frequency of the balanced bridge and is given by
the expression   fo = 1/2πRC
 At resonant frequency ( ƒo), the inverting and non-inverting input voltages will be equal and
“in-phase” so that the negative feedback signal will be cancelled out by the positive feedback
causing the circuit to oscillate.
 From the analysis of the circuit, it can be seen that the feedback factor β= 1/3 at the
frequency of oscillation. Therefore for sustained oscillation, the amplifier must have a gain of
3 so that the loop gain becomes unity.
  For an inverting amplifier the gain is set by the feedback resistor network Rf and Ri and is
given as the ratio -Rf/Ri.

Design
The required frequency of oscillation fo=1kHz

we have,

Take C=0.01µF, then R=1.6kΩ (Use 1.5kΩ standard)

Gain of the amplifier section is given by,

Take Ri=1kΩ, then Rf=2.2kΩ (Use 4.7kΩ Potentio meter for fine

corrections)

Wien bridge oscillator Frequency calculator

R1 and C1 in the series arm and R2 C2 in parallel arm of feedback circuit

Enter the Value of Resistor, R1     :in Ω

Enter the Value of Capacitor, C1  :in Farads
Enter the Value of Resistor, R2     :in Ω
Enter the Value of Capacitor, C2  :in Farads

Frequency of oscillation, F  :in Hz