DRRR - Q2 - Week 1

WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction 11/12 Quarter 2, Week 1
LANDSLIDES AND SINKHOLES
Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________
Most Essential Learning Competencies:

The learners are able to:
1. Discuss the different geological hazards (DRR11/12-IIa-b-27)
2. Analyze the causes of geological hazards (DRR11/12-IIa-b-28)
3. Recognize signs of impending geological hazards (DRR11/12-IIa-b-29)
Learning Objective:
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Identify Landslides and Sinkholes and determine their respective impacts
2. Analyze the causes of Landslides and Sinkholes
3. Recognize signs of impending Landslides and Sinkholes
Key Concepts
Landslide
• the mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due to gravity.
• Landslides are a downward movement of geological materials such as soil and rock.
Causes of Landslides
• Landslides occur when the sum of downward driving forces (gravity, seepage,
earthquake forces, etc.) is greater than the sum of the resisting forces (strength of the
material, lateral confining forces due to retaining wall.
• Landslides occur in response to a variety of both natural and manmade triggering
events, such as earthquakes, heavy rainfall, volcanic activity, or road and building
construction.
Landslide triggers
Natural triggers Landslide triggering conditions
Intense rainfall Steep Slopes
Weathering of rocks Weakening of slope material
Ground vibrations created during Weathering of rocks
earthquakes
Overloading on the slope
Volcanic activity
Manmade triggers
Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City Division
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Types of landslide
• Landslides can be group based on the materials involved in the mass movement and its
velocity. The general types of landslides are slumps, rockfall and topples,
mudslides, debris slides and flow, and creep.
o Slumps – a type of landslide where the soil is involved. They can travel short
distances and vary from rapid to very rapid.
o Debris slides and flow – when debris from rockfalls and slumps mix with water,
they can transform into debris slide that can travel great distances. Sometimes
debris slides carry logs, trees or even houses made out of light materials.
o Rockfall and topples – involved rocks, are extremely rapid and can travel great
distance. They usually occur in a cliff or steep slopes where rocks basically fall
out or roll over in great speed.
o Creep – are generally slow, involve soil, and travel short distances. Creeps create
soil ripples that looks like miniature folds or small wave-like figures along the
slopes. Aside from that, you will also notice that trees, fences and electrical post
on the areas tend to lean or tilt to the downward direction of the slope, implying

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that area is affected with geological creep movement. Usually occur on gentle to
moderate slopes.
o Mudslides – generally involved saturated soils moving at extremely rapid

velocities and travel great distance.
MOVEMENT MATERIALS VELOCITY

Slump Soil Rapid to very rapid
Debris slide Rocks, soil, water Extremely rapid
Rockfall and topple Rocks and dry soil Extremely rapid
Creep Soil Very slow to slow
Mudslide Soil, water Extremely rapid
How can I protect myself from landslide?
• Learn your Surrounding – Investigate your area, whether landslide already occurred in
the past or not. Areas that are typically considered safe from landslides include areas
that have not moved in the past; relatively flat areas away from sudden area changes in
slope; and areas at the top or along ridges, but set back from the edge of slopes.
• Know your Hazards – People can reduce their personal risk by learning about local
landslide hazards and taking steps to reduce those hazards such as developing
evacuation plan, discuss with your family and community about landslide hazards.
• Heighten your Observation – Landslides are usually isolated events occurring without
public warning. If you live in a landslide-prone area, be alert, particularly during periods
of heavy rainfall or after wildfire. If you see signs of a landslide or suspect a landslide
may occur, you yourself must make the decision to evacuate.
• Monitor your local news – Use local radio and television station for possible
announcements about evacuation and safety protocols from your LGUs and community.

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Sinkholes
• Depressions or openings in the ground surface as the result of a collapse in the ceiling
of an underground cavity or cavern.
• Sinkhole is an area of ground that has no natural external surface drainage – when it
rains, all the water stays inside the sinkhole and typically drains into the subsurface.
• Sinkholes can vary from a few feet to hundreds of acres and from less than 1 to more
than 100 feet deep.
• Sinkholes typically develop slowly, but can also form suddenly when a collapse occurs.
Types of Sinkholes
• Types of sinkholes are based on how they formed or occurred. The three types of
sinkholes are: Dissolution sinkholes; Cover-subsidence sinkholes; and Cover-
collapse sinkholes.
o Dissolution sinkholes – occur where there is little soil or vegetation over the
soluble rock. Aggressive dissolution occurs where flow is focused in pre-existing
openings in the rocks, such as long joints, fractures, and bending planes, or in
the zone of water table fluctuations where the ground water is contact with the
atmosphere. They typically develop gradually.
o Cover-subsidence sinkholes - tend to develop gradually where the covering

sediments are permeable and contain sand.

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o Cover-collapse sinkholes tend to develop abruptly and cause catastrophic
damages. They occur where the covering sediments contain significant amounts
of clay.
Causes of Sinkholes
• They are naturally occurred in areas underlain by soluble carbonate or evaporated rocks
like limestone, dolomite, gypsum, and salt.
• Lowering of groundwater levels can cause a loss of support of the soft materials in the
rocks spaces that can lead to collapse
• Changing groundwater gradients (due to removing or introducing water to the system)
can cause loose materials to flush quicker from the voids and the surface to collapse in
response.
• Any changes to the hydrologic system (putting more water in or taking it out) causes the
system to become at least temporarily unstable and can lead to sinkholes.
• Sinkholes occur in response to a variety of both natural and manmade triggering events,
such as earthquakes, heavy rainfall, volcanic activity, or road and building construction.
How can I protect myself from Sinkhole?
• Ask assistance from your local government unit and community for land survey within
your area. They use scientific methods in identifying possible sinkhole which have not
yet collapsed.
• Report changes on the ground such as sinking roadways to the local government unit.
• Discuss with your community about sinkhole awareness, especially if your local
community is known for occurring sinkholes. Make disaster plan for mitigating possible
disaster induced by sinkholes.
Danger of Landslides and Sinkholes
Landslides can cause risk on both living and non-living things. These effects can be
narrowed down into this following impacts below:

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• Destruction of landscape and topography – As landslide occurs, it changes the
topography of land, altering its original features and functions, which affects the
environment as a whole.
• Property damage – Because of the devastating force produced by landslide, it can destroy
houses, farms, buildings, and other land establishments near or within the affected
area.
• Injury and Death – Landslides can be unpredictable sometimes, with limited knowledge
and awareness, landslides can devastate lives of people and animals.
• Negative Economic effects – Include the cost of repair structures, loss of property value,
disruption of transportation routes, medical cost in the event of injury, and indirect
costs, such as lost timbers, agricultural crops and fish stocks.
Impending Signs of Landslides and Sinkholes
• As the landslide mass slowly moves down, it pushes the ground at the bottom or toe of
the slope and causes it to bulge.
• Water seeping down a slope is one of the most common sources of landslides, and is
manifested by water collecting or emerging at the bottom or toe of the slope.
• Tilted vertical objects like trees, post, and fences is evidence that a slope is moving. A
forward tilt into the prone position indicates that the landslide is shallow and
translational. A back tilt into the recumbent/reclining position indicates that the
landslide is rotational and relatively deep seated.
• Downward movement of the materials near the surfaces of the slope results in the
formation of tension cracks on the slope surface.
The following signs are normally caused by ground surface movements which can result
either from geological hazards such as landslides and formation of sinkholes.
• Ground movements cause underground pipes to break

• Ground movements causes the foundation of buildings and other structures made from
concrete to break.
• Ground movements results in tilting and differential settlements in structures. These
cause hinges to the misaligned and make doors difficult to open. These can also cause
auxiliary structures, such as exterior stairways to separate from the main structure.

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Exercises / Activities
- Activity 1. You Name It!
- What you need: A separate sheet of paper, pen
- What to do: Identify the following images of what type of landslide and sinkhole shown
below. Try to observe what materials that are involved shown in the images. Discuss some
possible impact that can be created by such type of landslide and sinkhole. Write your
answer in a separate sheet of paper.
Type of
Image Material Impacts
Landslide/Sinkhole
1.)
2.)

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3.)
4.)
5.)

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- Activity 2. Tell-tale Signs of an Impending Landslide and Sinkholes
- What you need: A separate sheet of paper, pen
- What to do: The Activity is divided into two (2) parts. In Part A, try to match the
descriptions found in the box provided, to the signs of a landslides shown at the picture
below. In Part B, by using the image provided, identify five (5) possible signs of sinkholes.
Part A: Tell-tale signs of impending Landslide

Signs of an impending landslides:
a. Tension cracks on slope f. Cracks on building

b. Leaning trees on retaining wall g. Gap between stairs and buildings
c. Water puddles at bottom of slopes h. Cracks on surface of pavement
d. Door or windows hard to open i. Damage pipes.
e. Bulging at the foot of slopes j. Rocks appear on road near slope or cliff
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9 10

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Part B: Tell-tale signs of impending Sinkhole
- Activity 3. The landslide Incident of Naga, Cebu City

- What you need: Learning Activity Sheet, separate sheet of paper, pen
- What to do: Read the article below. Answer the following guide questions afterwards.
Philippines Struck by Another Deadly Landslide, Days After Typhoon
By Felipe Villamor
September 20, 2018
MANILA — A landslide struck a village in the central Philippines on Thursday, burying

up to 25 homes and killing at least 12 people. Officials said heavy rains in the days
since Typhoon Mangkhut hit the country had contributed to the disaster.
People living at the village in Naga, a small city in Cebu Province, had evacuated before
the powerful typhoon arrived on Saturday. But they returned home after the storm largely
spared Cebu and other central islands, Superintendent Samuel Tadeo of the Philippine
Bureau of Fire Protection said.
Heavy rains over the past two days apparently saturated the soil of a slope above the
cluster of houses, causing it to give way, Mr. Tadeo told a Manila radio station, DZBB. “It
has been raining heavily here,” he said. “More than 20 to 25 houses have been buried.”
Rescue teams were trying to reach potential victims, but the work was “very dangerous,”
Mr. Tadeo said. “We have requested heavy equipment like a backhoe, so we can penetrate
further,” he said.

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By early evening, eight survivors had been rescued, but dozens of people were believed to
be missing, said Garry Cabotaje, a local official.
A regional newspaper, SunStar Cebu, posted images on Twitter of rescuers pulling a man
from rubble and recovered bodies wrapped in cloth, laid on church pews.
Naga’s police chief, Roderick Gonzales, said local officials had warned everyone to prepare
for Typhoon Mangkhut but that “their lives went back to normal” after the storm passed.
“They did not expect the landslide to happen,” he said of the residents. Evacuation orders
were issued Thursday for dozens of other villages near the site of the landslide.
Mr. Cabotaje said the disaster occurred on land owned by a quarrying company, and that
some of its employees were among the dead. Attempts to contact the company, Apo Land
and Quarry, were unsuccessful, but news reports quoted a spokesman as saying that
quarrying operations at the site had not yet begun.
Recovery efforts also continued Thursday at the site of another deadly landslide, in the
town of Itogon on Luzon Island, where up to 60 people who had sought shelter from
Typhoon Mangkhut are thought to have been buried in a church and in a bunkhouse for
miners.
As of late Wednesday, the typhoon was known to have killed 66 people in the Cordillera
region of Luzon, which includes Itogon, and 15 people elsewhere, including Manila, the
capital, according to the Philippine National Police. The toll was certain to rise.
In the days since the Itogon disaster, President Rodrigo Duterte’s government has said it
was considering tougher regulations on mining, which is believed to contribute to
landslides by destabilizing slopes in mountainous areas.
Mr. Duterte said on Tuesday that mining companies were “operating in this country
uncontrolled” and ordered officials to “take a second look” at mining concessions across
the mineral-rich Philippines.
- Guide Questions:
1. What was the underlying cause of the landslide that struck Naga, Cebu City? (3 points)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_____.
2. What was the mistake that the people did before the landslide? (3 points) _______________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. If you put yourself in their shoes, what would you do to mitigate or “lessen” the disaster
caused by the said landslide? Give at least one (1) action. (3 points) ______________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________.

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4. Do mining and quarrying really contribute to the occurrence of landslides? Explain your
answer in at least three (3) sentences. ___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________.
Rubric in Scoring item 4

Score
Criteria 3 2 1 0
Includes essential
Cover content in Content is
knowledge about
depth with details. minimal, or there No
Content the topic. Subject
Subject knowledge are several discussion.
knowledge appears
is excellent. factual errors.
to be good.
The concept is
The concept is The concept is
Clarity of written and No
clearly written and poorly written
Idea organized with discussion.
organized. and chaotic.
minimal errors
Sentence
Complete Complete sentence
structures are
Writing sentences, correct with minimal No
incomplete with
Skills grammar and grammar and discussion.
grammar and
spelling. spelling errors.
spelling errors
Reflection
If given a chance, what would you do to lessen if not completely eradicate, the danger of
landslides and sinkholes in your community? Write your 5-sentence answer in a separate sheet
of paper.______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________.
Score
3 2 1 0
Practical
Practical Practical
application is
application is application is
scientifically
Rubrics scientifically explained
explained No
explained consistent to the
consistent to the discussion.
consistent to the concepts, but
concept, but with
concepts, and has with
minimal
no misconception. misconceptions.
misconception.
References for learners:

Digitalatlas.cose.isu.edu. (n/d) What is Mass Movement? Retrieved from
https://digitalatlas.cose.isu.edu/geo/basics/massmvnt.htm
Cruden, D.M., Varnes, D.J., 1996. Landslide Types and Processes: Chapter 3 in Turner,
A.K, and Schuster, R.L., (Editors) 1996: Landslides - Investigation and mitigation. Special Report
247, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council. National Academy Press
Washington D. C, 1996, pp 36–75.

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En.wikipedia.org. (2018) Landslide. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide
En.wikipedia.org. (2020) List of Landslide. Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landslides
En.wikipedia.org. (n/d) Rockfall. Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockfall
Dnr.wa.gov. (2020) Landslides. Retrieved from

https://www.dnr.wa.gov/programs-and-services/geology/geologic-hazards/landslides
Varnes, D.J., 1978. Slope movement types and processes. In Schuster, R.L and Krizek,
R.J. (Editors) 1978: Landslides Analysis and control. Transportation Research Board Special
Report 176, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 11-33.
TheStar.com.my. (2020) MPAJ: Many private owners of hilly land don’t take timely action
to prevent landslide. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-
news/2020/06/30/mpaj-many-private-owners-of-hilly-land-dont-take-timely-action-to-prevent-
landslip
InspectApedia.com. (2015). Detection & Warning Signs of Imminent Sinkhole Collapse -

Visual & Other Clues Indicating the Risk of Developing Sinkholes. Retrieved from
http://inspectapedia.com/vision/Sink_hole_Detection.php
Nature Education. (2014). Lesson 8: Landslides Hazards. Retrieved from

http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/lesson-8-landslideshazards-8704578
U.S. Geological Survey. (2013). Landslide Preparedness. Retrieved from

http://landslides.usgs.gov/learn/prepare.php
Disaster Center. (2012) Talking About Disaster: A Guide for Standard Message. Retrieved
from
http://disastercenter.com/New%20Guide/Landslides.html#:~:text=Landslides%20cause%20pro
perty%20damage%2C%20injury,years%20after%20a%20slide%20event.&text=Water%20availabil
ity%2C%20quantity%2C%20and%20quality%20can%20be%20affected%20by%20landslides.
The New York Times. (2018). Philippines Struck by Another Landslide, Days After
Typhoon. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/20/world/asia/philippines-
landslide-naga-typhoon.html

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Activity 3
Possible answer:
1. Heavy rainfall induced by the Typhoon Mangkhut.
2. Answer can be varied: Local Government Unit did not conduct area inspection and
survey prior to the return of the residents in their village; the Villagers were hesitant to
go back to their village after the typhoon passed.
3. Answer can be varied: Inspect for possible hazards in the area; Conduct Community
Awareness for possible hazards in your local; Create Disaster Preparedness Plan;
Monitor Announcements from the Local Government Unit.
Activity 2
Activity 1 For Part A:
1. c
2. b
Type of 3. a
Image Materials Impacts
Landslide/Sinkhole 4. j
5. f
(possible 6. e
Answers can be
1. answers are Slump
varied, possible 7. d
soil and rock)
answers are: 8. g
(possible
Destruction of 9. h
answer are soil
2. Mudslide landscape and
and water, 10. i
topography, Property
saturated soil) For Part B:
damage, injury and
death, Negative Possible answers are:
3. Clay Cover-collapse Sinkhole - Appearance of holes on the
economic effect
ground
(possible - Tilting of fences
4. Creep Property damage
answer is soil) - Cracks on pavements
Property damage, - Cracks on houses
Soil and Destruction of - Sinking of portions of ground
5. Dissolution Sinkhole
Vegetation Landscape and - Trees tilt towards ground
Topography depressions
- Sudden decrease of water
elevation
Answer Key

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WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction 11/12 Quarter 2, Week 1

LANDSLIDES AND SINKHOLES

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

o Mudslides – generally involved saturated soils moving at extremely rapid

MOVEMENT MATERIALS VELOCITY

How can I protect myself from landslide?

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

o Cover-subsidence sinkholes - tend to develop gradually where the covering

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

• Ground movements cause underground pipes to break

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

Part A: Tell-tale signs of impending Landslide

a. Tension cracks on slope f. Cracks on building

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

- Activity 3. The landslide Incident of Naga, Cebu City

MANILA — A landslide struck a village in the central Philippines on Thursday, burying

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

Rubric in Scoring item 4

References for learners:

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

En.wikipedia.org. (2020) List of Landslide. Retrieved from

En.wikipedia.org. (n/d) Rockfall. Retrieved from

Dnr.wa.gov. (2020) Landslides. Retrieved from

InspectApedia.com. (2015). Detection & Warning Signs of Imminent Sinkhole Collapse -

Nature Education. (2014). Lesson 8: Landslides Hazards. Retrieved from

U.S. Geological Survey. (2013). Landslide Preparedness. Retrieved from

Author: For Propsero Luke Godfrey T. Caberte

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Name: _______________________ Section: