English for Academic and Professional Purposes MODULE 3-6

Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021 QUARTER 3

WEEK 3-6
Student’s Name:
Year Level & Section:

English for
Academic and
Professional
Purposes

Subject Teacher: Ms. Juvelyn A. Abugan

Contact no: 0975-931-8956
Home Phone no: (035) 523-8272
Facebook/Messenger: Juvelyn Adalim Abugan
Email address: juvelynabugan22@gmail.com
ms.juvelynabugan.saa@gmail.com
 LESSON: Text Structure

Structure is an important feature of academic writing. A well-structured text

enables the reader to follow the argument and navigate the text. In academic
writing, a clear structure and a logical flow are imperative to a cohesive text.
Meaning is actually mapped onto the structure of language.

In this module, you determine the way an author arranges information in his
writing. Also, this helps you understand meaning and gather information while
reading the text and consequently provides ideas that enable you to organize your
thoughts as you write your own.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

 use knowledge of text structure to glean the information you need.
(CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Iac-4)
 uses various techniques in summarizing a variety of academic texts
(CS_EN11/12A)EAPP-Ia-c-5
 states the thesis statement of an academic text ( CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-6 7)
 paraphrases/ explains a text using one’s own words (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-7 8.)
 outlines reading texts in various disciplines (CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-Ia-c-8)
Learning Objectives:
 Identify the text structure used in the academic texts;
 Write essays and/or articles using specific text structure; and,
 Use different text structures for blogging on important events, places, concepts and
ideas.
 LETS TRY!
To be guided with your journey in this module, let us start by working on this
pre - test.

Directions: Read the passages and determine how each is mainly structured. Choose
your answer from the list of words below and write the letter of your choice on the
space provided before the number.

a. cause - effect b. compare - contrast c. sequence

d. descriptive e. question – answer f. problem- solution

1. Apple’s newly unveiled flagship is the iPhone XS which comes hot of the
heels of Sony’s latest contender, the Xperia XZ3. They’re both attractive, but which
is best? Let’s take a closer look. Both phones are prone to cracks and scratches
because of all that glass. But, they differ in water-resistant capacity. iPhone XS has
IP68 rating allows them to be submerged for up to half an hour in up to 2 meters of
water. While, the Xperia XZ3 has an additional IP65 rating which covers jets of
water from any direction. With these, Japanese manufacturer Sony has struggled to
gain a foothold in the smartphone market, while its American competitor iPhone
has dominated.

2. Since I made it to the Hjm onor roll every quarter this year, my mom is
going to buy me a new phone for my birthday. So, I feel so excited whether to get an
iPhone or a Galaxy. Getting one would give me a chance to go through my old music
collection. That would be cool. It’s worth a shot.

3. What type of plant is a corn? Corn belongs to a family of grass. It is a

grass with seeds called kernels. Very few kernels grew on wild corn grass. It took
thousands of years of choosing the corn grass plants with the biggest seeds, or
kernels, to make what we enjoy today as corn on the cob. Now, we all know that corn
is a grass.

4. The foundation of every pizza is the crust, and good crust comes from
good dough. In making a dough, start by adding your yeast sachet to a cup of warm
water. Let the yeast activate, then add two cups of flour, two tablespoons of olive oil,
two teaspoons of sugar, and a teaspoon of salt. Mix all of those together and wait
half an hour for the dough to rise. Now, you’re ready to roll the dough out!

5. The purpose of any artwork is to communicate a message - to comment,

scream or sing about the world in which we find ourselves in. If there is no emotion
behind the work, there is no driving force – nothing to direct and shape your decision
making. So, why do you want to create an artwork? What is your purpose in doing
such?
 6. Thousands of people die each year in car accidents involving drugs or
alcohol. Lives could be saved if our city adopts a free public vehicle service. By
providing such a service, we could prevent intoxicated drivers from endangering
themselves or others.

7. Ice-cream is a delicious frozen treat that comes in a many different colors

and flavors. Two of my favorite flavors are strawberry and chocolate. These flavors
are delicious. I love the strawberry flavor for the granules of the fruit slowly melts in
my mouth as I savor the taste. Also, chocolate flavor is mouth – watering for it gives
you a bitter – sweet and creamy tastes. Even though more chocolate ice-cream is
sold across the country than strawberry, each flavor tastes great inside of a milk
shake.

8. People of all ages benefit from regular physical activity. Physical activity
leads to improved physical fitness. Consequently, it helps the body systems to
function at their optimal efficiency associated with an individual’s ability to work
effectively, to enjoy leisure time, to resist disease and to respond easily to emergency
situations.

9. Linux and Windows are both operating systems. Computers use them
to run programs. Linux is totally free and open source, so users can improve or
otherwise modify the source code. Windows is proprietary, so it costs money to use
and users are prohibited from altering the source code.

10. If you use too much effort in pitching the ball without rest, a serious
elbow or shoulder may be on the horizon. If you complain of elbow or shoulder pain,
see a physician familiar with sports injuries. But then, it is recommended to warm
up properly by doing body stretching, running and gradual pitching to prevent
injuries. Of course, do not play all year round because your body needs to recover
from the physical demands of playing.
 While most pieces of non- academic texts
follow the same or similar general
organizational patterns, different academic
texts can have different text structures. An
academic text may present a main idea and
then details, a cause and then its effects, an
effect and the causes, two different views of a
topic, etc. Therefore, it is important that you
can recognize common text structures
found in academic texts.
Recognizing common text structures found in
academic texts helps you monitor your
comprehension.
Activity 1: Bring Down Your Memory Lane!

Directions: Read the selection entitled ‘From the Autopsy Surgeon’s Report’. Pick –
out at least five (5) academic terms used in the discipline and write their specific
meaning. Write your answers in the table.

From the Autopsy Surgeon’s Report

Death occurred from the effects of asphyxia, cerebral anemia, and shock. The
victim’s hair was used for the constriction ligature. Local marks of the ligature
were readily discernible: there were some abrasion and a slight ecchymosis in
the skin. But, I found no obvious lesion in the blood vessels of the neck.
Cyanosis of the head was very slight and there were no pronounced
hemorrhages in the galea of the scalp. I should judge that very great
compression was effected almost immediately, with compression of the arteries
as well as of the vein, and that the superior laryngeal nerve was traumatized in
the effect of throwing the victim into profound shock. The lungs revealed
cyanosis, congestion, over aeration, and sub pleural petechial hemorrhages.

Specific Meaning
Academic Term (Operational Meaning in the Discipline)
 With your learning experiences in Module 1, you have learned that
understanding the meaning of words as used in context is very important in
gleaning information. Now, I am sure that you want to learn some other ways of
understanding and appreciating academic texts. With that, let us gain knowledge on
how thoughts are organized in academic texts. Let us begin our learning journey in
Module.

Activity 1: Pick me out!

Direction: Pick out the signal words from the list and classify them accordingly using
the boxes below.

and similarly consequently so finally

according to for example to start with or to address

Compare - Contrast Problem - Solution

Cause - Effect Descriptive

Sequence Question - Answer

How do you classify the signal words? Indeed, you are encouraged to think
about the meaning of signal words in the activity.

Don’t you know that signal words play an important role in organizing your
thoughts? All words are powerful, but some words have superpower. Consider words
and phrases indicate connections of ideas like however, in addition, in contrast, as
a result, furthermore, specifically, currently, while, eventually, in the same way,
later, next, and on the contrary. These are signal words and they are sentence
superheroes which help you in understanding and organizing academic texts.
 Thus, you have to take note that in reading academic text you have to slow
down when you see signal words and think about what is coming next. The same
advice applies when you write, but be careful – not all signal words are equal even
those in the same category. To reinforce these ideas, let us learn how signal words
help in understanding someone’s thoughts and organizing your own.

Have you ever wonder how are the thoughts in academic texts organized? Now,
let us learn how academic texts are structured.

Common Text Structures

Text structure is how information in a text is organized. Being able to identify
the structure of a text can greatly increase students' comprehension of the material
being read. According to Taylor (1992), students who are taught to identify the
structure of expository and narrative texts have been found to have better
comprehension than students who have not received such instruction. The following
are the six basic structures that are commonly found in textbooks and/or academic
texts.

1. Compare-Contrast Structure. This type of text structure examines the

similarities and differences between two or more people, events, concepts, ideas, etc.
The selection below uses compare and contrast sentence structure.

Example:
Most mobile phones sold today have an operating system that is either
designed by Apple or Google. Both of these operating systems allow users to connect
to application stores and download applications. However, one major difference
between these two operating systems is that Apple makes the iOS operating system
powering their iPhones and iPads. In other words, the iOS operating system only
appears on products created by Apple. On the other hand, Google makes the Android
operating system that can be found on many different mobile phones and tablets like
Samsung, Sony and LG. So, which operating system do you prefer - Android or iOS?

Obviously, the sample text presents a compare - contrast structure. How do the
signal words help in developing the structure of the text? How are the similarities
and differences of mobile phone’s operating system elaborated? Analyze the graphic
organizer that follows to further understand the structure of the text.
 Apple Google

Apple makes the iOS Apple and Google makes the

operating system Android operating
Google operating
powering their iPhones system that can be
systems allow
and iPads. It only found on many
appears on Apple users to connect to different mobile
products. application stores phones like
and download
Samsung, Sony and
applications. LG.

2. Cause-Effect Structure. This structure presents the causal relationship

between a specific event, idea, or concept and the events, ideas, or concept that
follow. An action and its results are explained.

Example:
In the Philippines, it is the brown race that constitutes the majority and the
white or mestizo is the minority. It follows, therefore, that the mean and measure in
judging beauty is the Malay skin, hair, eyes, nose, lips, body, and stance. As a
result, film producers and directors consciously build up stars whose dominant
features are Malay like Nora Aunor, Angel Locsin, John Lloyd Cruz and Daniel
Padilla.

If the text uses cause – effect structure, what do you think is the cause? How
about the effect? Have you spotted some signal words which help to elaborate the
causal relationship of ideas? The causal relationship presented in the text is
simplified in the following graphic organizer:

Cause Effects
The mean and measure in
judging beauty is the
In the Philippines, Malay skin, hair,
it is the brown eyes, nose, lips, body,
race that and stance.
constitutes the Film producers and
majority and the directors consciously build
white or mestizo up stars whose dominant
is the minority. features are Malay like
Nora Aunor, Angel Locsin,
John Lloyd Cruz and
Daniel Padilla.
3. Sequence Structure. This text structure gives readers a chronological order of
events or a list of steps in a procedure.

Example:
Egg is good for our health. One of the simplest recipe for egg is omelette. It
sounds like an expensive dish but actually it is very affordable and easy to cook. To
make an omelette like a pro, precook the toppings such as minced onions and garlics,
shred cheese, sliced tomatoes and other fresh herbs. Next, crack the eggs into a bowl
and add a splash of water. The steam from the water makes the omelette light and
fluffy. Then, whisk the egg-water mixture vigorously with a fork until the whites and
yolks are completely blended. After that, heat the pan and add enough oil or butter
in it. Pour the egg mixture into the hot pan and let the egg set along the edges. After
few seconds, sprinkle the precooked toppings. Don’t forget then to season with salt
and pepper. That’s it! You have made the perfect omelette for breakfast.

How is the text mainly structured? Yes, you are right! The text uses sequence
structure. It presents the list of steps on how to make a perfect omelette for
breakfast. Take a look in the following graphic organizer to learn sequence structure
in details.

Heat the pan

and add
Whisk the
enough oil or
egg-water
butter in it.
mixture until
Crack the the whites
eggs into a and yolks are
bowl and add blended.
a splash of
Precook the water. Pour the egg
toppings. mixture into
the hot pan
Sprinkle the and let the egg
precooked set along the
Don’t edges.
toppings.
forget then
to season
with salt
and pepper.
4. Descriptive Structure. This type of text structure describes something in
order of space and how something looks. It features a detailed description of
something to give the reader a mental picture.

Example:
Galileo was a thoughtful youth and doubtless carried on a rich and varied
reverie. He had artistic ability and might have turned out to be a musician or painter.
When he had dwelt among the monks at Valambros, he had been tempted to lead the
life of a religious. As a boy, he busied himself with toy machines and he inherited a
fondness for mathematics. All these facts are of record.

Can you picture out the subject described in the text? How is the subject
being described? To answer these questions, let us study the following graphic
organizer:

He was a thoughtful
youth and
doubtless.

He had an
He tempted artistic ae
to lead a bility. H
Galileo might have
religious life.
turned out
to br
usicia
mn
or painter.
He busied himself
with toy machines
and inhereted
fondness for
Mathematics.

5. Problem-Solution Structure. This type of structure sets up a problem or

problems, explains the solution, and then discusses the effects of the solution.

Example:
Dr. Ramos doesn’t want the eagles to vanish. These Philippine giant birds are
disappearing at an alarming rate. Dr. Ramos thinks that we should demand the
government to plan for immediate action in the preservation of this specie. He also
thinks that we should donate to Save the Eagles. Our donations will help to support
and empower those who are fighting the hardest to preserve the eagles. With this, we
can make a difference. We owe it to our helping and caring hands to do something.
 Based on the text, what is the problem discussed? What are the
recommendations drawn to address the problem? The graphic organizer below
shows the specific problem and solutions presented in the text:

Solutions
*Dr. Ramos thinks that we
Problem
should demand the
Eagles are government to plan for
disappearing at an immediate action in the
alarming rate. preservation of this specie.

*He also thinks that we

should donate to Save the
Eagles.

6. Question - Answer Structure. This text structure starts by posing a question

then goes on to answer that question.
Example:
Why do we have schools? Schools deal important role in the society and they
have three main functions. First, students learn skills that will help prepare them for
society. Writing, reading, and mathematics are essential in global market and
workplace and individuals likely learn these skills in schools. Second, schools serve
communities by providing safe havens for students in temporary living situations.
Third, schools provide a conducive environment for children to engage in productive
activities during many days of the year while their adult caretakers may be working.
These are the reasons why we have schools in our society.

Looking closely at the text, have you seen some signal words used in this
structure? Have you found these signal words - first, second and third? These signal
words are used to enumerate the answers of the question posted. Do the details in
the text support and provide answers to the question? Check out the graphic
organizer on the next page to help you find answer with the latter.
 Answer 1:
Students learn skills that will help prepare them for society.
Question:

Answer 2:
Schools serve communities by providing safe havens for
students in temporary living situations.
Why do
we have Answer 3:
schools?
Schools provide a conducive environment for children to
engage in productive activities during many days of the year
while their adult caretakers may be working.

At this stage, you should have several ideas on the common text structures
used in academic texts. Keep in mind these ideas because you are going to use your
knowledge on text structures for enhancing your skills in gleaning information.

Eventually, you are ready to prove your understanding about the topic and this
can be realized by getting involved in the following activities.

Activity 2: Spot the clues!

Directions: Read the text below. Circle the signal words used and determine the text
structure applied in the text.

Working on a computer may be easier and safer than working in a mine.

However, it doesn’t come without risks. Using a computer for a long time can lead to
poor eyesight, muscle loosening, back pain, and injuries to the hands and wrists. If
you find yourself working or playing on a computer quite regularly, take a few steps
to prevent these problems and you’ll thank yourself later. To address this, taking
frequent breaks when you are computing for a long time is recommended.
Specifically, you have to get up, walk around, stretch your hands and wrists, and
straighten your back every once and a while. Undeniably, it can be hard to pull
yourself away from your computer once you get into a zone, but your body will thank
you later if you do. Thus, make your health a priority and don’t worry so much about
what is happening on that little screen.
What is the structure used in the text?

Why do you think so?

It seems that you did it like a pro. So, challenge yourself for another one. Let us

continue!

Activity 4: Read to find out!

Direction: Read the text entitled Studying for a Test and answer the questions that
follow. Write your answers on the space provided.

Studying for a Test

Believe it or not, as important as it is, many students do not know how to study
for a test. Well, studying for a test is easy. The first that you must do is take out your
notes. Open your notes up to the section that you are supposed to review. Read what
you wrote in your notebook. When you are done, close your notebook and see if you
remember the ideas that you were studying. Still don’t remember? Open your
notebook back up a try again.
Source: www.ereadingworksheets.com

1. What does the author want to convey to the readers?

2. How does the author present his ideas?

3. What are the signal words used in the text?

4. How do the signal words help in organizing the author’s ideas?

 You’re doing great! How do you find the activities? Do they help you learn more

about the lesson? Indeed, the activities help you understand more about academic

text structures.

Activity Time!
Let us sum up the salient points discussed in this module. So, get ready to
figure them out!

Activity 5: Match to know!

Direction: Match the group of words in Column A to their meanings in Column B.

Write only the letter of your choice in the space provided.

Column A Column B
1. Compare – Contrast a. explains how to do it or how it
happens
2. Cause – Effect b. specifies only the consequences of the
action
3. Sequence c. starts by posing a question then
goes on to answer that question
4. Problem – Solution d. Shows what is in common and
what is different
5. Descriptive e. gives the reader a mental picture
6. Question – Answer f. discusses advantages and
disadvantages
g. presents the action and its result
h. suggests appropriate actions to
address certain issue
 Obviously, you are aware that our lives and our ways of living have drastically
changed when the COVID-19 pandemic came unexpectedly. Share your thoughts
and experiences about it. Try structuring your own text.

Activity 6: Structure your essay!

Direction: In the space provided, write an essay/article about COVID – 19 pandemic
using a specific text structure of your choice. You may use a separate sheet if
necessary.

Please be guided by the suggested criteria for scoring.

Criteria for Scoring:

Appropriate Use of Text Structure………20
pts. Mechanics......................................15 pts.
Creativity and Presentation....................15 pts.
Total........................................................50 pts.

_
Title
Check your skills on identifying text structures by answering the activity below:

Directions: Read the passages below and determine how each is mainly structured.
On a sheet of paper, answer the questions that follow and put the information from
each passage in an appropriate graphic organizer. Feel free to make changes of the
graphic organizer if necessary.

Passage 1
Earthquakes happen all over the world in areas called seismic zones. Seismic
zones occur where the plates of crust covering the Earth’s surface meet each other.
Inside the Earth, the mantle is always moving, which in turn moves the plates.
These plates push against each other, building up tension between them. When the
tension between plates becomes too great, they grind against each other, causing
the Earth’s surface to tremble and shake.

Passage 2
I have noticed that a lot of people are confused about mobile data and Wi-fi.
Some people think that they’re the same thing. Both mobile data and Wi-fi allow
you to connect to the internet. However, there are some important differences
between them. Mobile data is provided by the mobile phone company. Whereas,
Wi-fi is comes through cable or phone lines. Mobile data gives you internet access
anywhere that your phone can get a signal. But, you can only get Wi-fi access when
you are near a router. Customers are usually given a nearly unlimited amount of Wi-
fi data, like an all-you-can-eat buffet. On the other hand, mobile data is often sold in
limited portions, like an expensive restaurant. It is important to know which you are
using so that you aren’t charged additional fees for going over your mobile data plan
limits.
Passage 3
In the center of Luna’s Spoliarium painting are fallen gladiators being dragged
by Roman soldiers. At the left side, spectators ardently await their chance to strip
off the combatants of their metal helmets and other armory. In addition, emotions
are featured on the left and the right side presents a sober mood. It can be seen also
in the right side; an old man carries a torch perhaps searching for his son while a
woman weeps the death of her loved one.
Passage 4
The first step of changing oil in a car is to gather supplies. After you have
collected all of the tools and supplies, prepare your vehicle. Start the car and let it
run for one to two minutes to warm the oil and the engine. Then, find a flat surface
to jack the vehicle from the center under the engine. Next, locate the oil filter and oil
drain plug. Put on work gloves to protect your hands and position an oil drain pan
under the engine then remove the plug the rest of the way.
Passage 5
What is an ice cream headache? It is when a painful sensation resonates in
your head after eating something cold (usually ice cream) on a hot day. This pain is
produced by the dilation of a nerve in the roof of your mouth. The nerve center is
overreacting to the cold by trying to heat your brain. It is an ice cream headache
when you feel those sensations which have turned many smiles to frowns.

Passage 6
Some students have poor attendance. The school has tried many ways of
addressing this such as teachers have sent letters and/or have talked to parents
immediately, school has scheduled parent/ teacher/ guidance counsellor/ school
prefect of discipline conferences with students who are habitually absent.
Hopefully, this will help more students get to school every day.

1. Which passage is cause - effect? Put information from the passage in the graphic

organizer.

Passage Number:

Effect
Cause

Effect

2. Which passage is sequence? Put information from the passage in the graphic
organizer.
Passage Number:
3. Which passage is problem-solution? Put information from the passage in the

graphic organizer.

Passage Number:

Solution
Problem

Solution

4. Which passage is compare-contrast? Put information from the passage in the

graphic organizer.

Passage Number:

What is being compared and contrast?

Similarities Differences
5. Which passage is descriptive? Put information from the passage in the graphic

organizer.

Passage Number:

Detail
Thing/Place/Event being Described

Detail

Detail

6. Which passage is question- answer? Put information from the passage in the

graphic organizer.

Passage Number:

Answer

Question
Answer Answer

Answer
Additional Activities
You have come this far. Let us celebrate by working with another fun - learning
activity. What a relief!

Activity 7: Let’s Blog!

Directions: Using different text structures, make a video blog or article blog featuring
the most influential persons or important events, places, concepts and ideas in your
field of interest. If you want to do a video blog, add sub – title in the video to determine
the text structures used. Post your blog in Youtube and send the link of the video to
your teacher for assessment. If you prefer to do an article blog, write it in a separate
paper and attach it here. Or, you may submit a copy of article blog to your teacher
in any platforms applicable.

Choose only one from the following possible topics for your blog:

1. Make a blog featuring your day at home coping the challenges brought by the
COVID -19 pandemic (for Academic Track Students)

2. Do a research and feature in a blog your favorite local artist (for Arts and Design
Track Students)

3. Inspire others by sharing in a blog your home workouts that you do to keep
healthy and fit while staying at home (for Sports Track Students)

4. Make a review blog on the specifications of cars or mobile phones from famous
brands, or you may do a cooking tutorial blog (for TVL Track Students)
 Rubrics for Scoring
Indicators/ 4 3 2 1
Scale
Organization The content of the The content of The content of the The content of the
blog has excellent the blog has blog has observed blog’ format and
formatting and appropriate random formatting organization of
very organized formatting and and some organized information are
presentation of well - organized infromation. confusing to the
information. presentation of viewer/reader.
information.
Ideas The blog The blog The blog The blog
communicates communicates communicates communicates
relevant relevant irrelevant irrelevant
information information information, or information, and
appropriately and appropriately to communicates communicates
effectively to the the intended inappropriately to inappropriately to
intended audience. the intended the intended
audience. audience. audience.
Conventions All of the writing Most of the Some of the writing Most of the writing
is done in writing is done is done in complete is not done in
complete in complete sentences. Some of complete
sentences. sentences. Most the capitalization sentences. Most of
Capitalization and of the and punctuation are the capitalization
punctuation are capitalization correct. and punctuation
correct. and punctuation are incorrect.
are correct.
Graphics The graphics go Most of the Few of the graphics The graphics do
well with the text graphics go with go with the text and not go with the
and there is a the text but few most of them create accompanying text.
good mix of text create distractions.
and graphics. distractions.

Clearly, you have actively engaged in various tasks that help you improve your
understanding of the target concepts, and at the same time, develop your skills in
reading and writing academic texts. Definitely, you are now ready to embrace your
next learning journey. Congratulations!