Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 74 views

    Chlamydia: Rickettsia

    Uploaded by

    Luqman Al-Bashir Fauzi
    Rickettsia, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma are all obligate intracellular parasites. Rickettsia reside in the cytosol of host cells and are associated with arthropod vectors. Chlamydia exist in two forms, the infectious elementary body and the metabolically active reticulate body, and cause diseases like trachoma and pneumonia. Mycoplasma are the smallest self-replicating organisms and lack cell walls; they can cause atypical pneumonia and genitourinary infections.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chlamydia: Rickettsia

    Uploaded by

    Luqman Al-Bashir Fauzi
    74 views6 pages
    Rickettsia, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma are all obligate intracellular parasites. Rickettsia reside in the cytosol of host cells and are associated with arthropod vectors. Chlamydia exist in two forms, the infectious elementary body and the metabolically active reticulate body, and cause diseases like trachoma and pneumonia. Mycoplasma are the smallest self-replicating organisms and lack cell walls; they can cause atypical pneumonia and genitourinary infections.

    Original Title

    21.3.11

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Rickettsia, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma are all obligate intracellular parasites. Rickettsia reside in the cytosol of host cells and are associated with arthropod vectors. Chlamydia exist in two forms, the infectious elementary body and the metabolically active reticulate body, and cause diseases like trachoma and pneumonia. Mycoplasma are the smallest self-replicating organisms and lack cell walls; they can cause atypical pneumonia and genitourinary infections.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    74 views6 pages

    Chlamydia: Rickettsia

    Uploaded by

    Luqman Al-Bashir Fauzi
    Rickettsia, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma are all obligate intracellular parasites. Rickettsia reside in the cytosol of host cells and are associated with arthropod vectors. Chlamydia exist in two forms, the infectious elementary body and the metabolically active reticulate body, and cause diseases like trachoma and pneumonia. Mycoplasma are the smallest self-replicating organisms and lack cell walls; they can cause atypical pneumonia and genitourinary infections.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 6

    RICKETTSIA

     Gram negative [Cell wall (+))


     Pleomorphic
     Obligate intracellular parasite
     Reside in cytosol of host cell
     Associated with an arthropod vector
     E.g:
    - R. prowazeki = epidemic typhus
    - R. typhi – murine typhus
    - O. tsutsugamushi – scrub typhus, etc.

    CHLAMYDIA

     Gram negative
     Pleomorphic
     Non-motile
     Obligate intracellular parasit
     E.g
    - C. trachomatis – conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
    - C. psittaci – pisttacosis
    - C. pneumoniae – pneumonia, etc.

    MYCOPLASMA

     Gram ?
     Exceedingly pleomorhpic [cocci, club, helix, doughnut]
     Naturally lacks a cell wall
     E.g
    - M.pneumoniae = atypical pneumonia (Eaton agent)
    - U. urealyticum = non-gonococcal urethritis, etc

    CHLAMYDIA
    Order: Chlamydiales

    Family: Chlamydiaceae

    Genus: Chlamydia & Chlamydophila (new!)

    Species: C. trachomatis, psittaci, pneumonia, oecorum

    C. TRACHOMATIS – 3 Biovariations

    1. Those causeing trachoma & inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) : 14 serovars (A-K)

    2. Those causing lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) : 3 serovars (L 1, L2, L3)

    3. Those causing mouse pneumonitis (MoPn)


    CHLAMYDIA

    Exist in 2 forms:

    1. Elementary body (EB)


    2. Reticulate body (RB)

    EB

     Extraceullular
     Metabolically inert
     Infectious partical
     Small (300-350 nm)
     G (-) bacteria

    RB

     Infection of host by EB -> in cell


      800-1000nm
     Non-infectious
     Metabolically active
     Binary fission

    The 4 spp can be differentiated on the basis of:-

    1. Growth
    2. Nucleic acid profile
    3. Presence of plasmids
    4. Antigenicity
    5. Inclusion bodies (morpholigcally different)

    E.g = C.trachomatis produces a glycogen matrix in its inclusion bodies, which stain brown with iodine

    HUMAN CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS

    Trachoma C. trachomatis serovar A, B, Ba, C


    Inclusion conjunctivitis C. trachomatis D->K
    Opthalmia neonatorum C. trachomatis D->K
    Urethritis, epididymitis, proctatis (in male) C. trachomatis D->K
    Urethritis, cervicitis, proctitis, saphingitis, C. trachomatis D->K
    perihepatitis, peri-appendicitis, infertility (in
    females)
    Abortion, stillbirth C. Psittaci
    Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) C. trachomatis L1->L3
    Pneumonitis (infants) C. trachomatis D-> K
    Pharyngitis, pneumonia C. Pneumoniae
    Psittacosis (ornithosis) C. Psittaci (avian strains)
    Pneumonia C. Psittaci (ovine strains)
    DIAGNOSIS

     Culture
    - Embryonated eggs
    - Tssue culture
    McCoy cells treated with cycloheximide -> stain for inclusion bodies or EB
     Antigen detection
    - Immunofluorescence
    - ELISA (for antigen)
     Nucleic acid: PCR
     Serology:  IgM or IgG (very high titre)

    TREATMENT

    Doc: Tetracycline (adults), Erythromycin (babies)

    Others: Chloramphenicols, Quinolones

    PREVENTION

    Vaccine: Still (-)

    MYCOPLASMA
    [Greek; Mykes = fungus, Plasma = ‘moulded’]

    Class: Mollicutes (‘soft skins’)

    (4 orders, 5 families)

    Families:

    Mycoplasmataceae

    Entomoplasmataceae

    Spiroplasmataceae

    Acholeplasmataceae

    Anaeroplasmataceae

    Family: Mycoplasmataceae

    Genus:

    Mycoplasma (>100 spp)

    Ureaplasma (6 spp)

    MYCOPLASMA
     Smallest self-replicating microorganism
     Prokaryote
     Can grow in cell-free culture media
     Found in
    - Humans
    - Animals (cattle, goat, sheep, swine, birds, etc)
    - Plants
    - Insects
    - Soil
    - Sewage
     M.mycoides ssp. Mycoides isolated 100 years ago from cattle with pleuropneumonia
     Reproduction = binary fission
     Shape: pleomorphic (extreme!)
    - Coccoid
    - Coccbacillary
    - Ring
    - Dumb-bell
    - Helix
    - Branching
     Limited biosynthetic abilities
     Need rich growth medium
    - Animal serum
    - Sterol (compomnent of cell membrane)
     E.g bovine heart infusion broth
    + fresh yeast extract
    + horse serum
     Can grow in liquid or solid media
     Most facultatively anaerobic
     Condition for growth 95% N + 5% CO2
     Colony :
    - Fried egg appearance (bullseye)
    - Mycoplasma 1-2 micrometer
    - Ureaplasma 15-60 micrometer (T.plasma tiny)

    DISEASES

     Respiratory infections
    - Primary atypical pneumonia (Eaton agent)
     Extrapulmonary manifestations
    - Stevens-Johnson syndrome
    - Meningitis, encephalitis
    - Hemolytic anaemia
    - Myocarditis & pericarditis, etc
     Aetiology: Mycoplasma pneumonia & others
    Urogenital infections:

    Causes:

    - M. fermentans
    - M. Genitalium
    - M. Hominis *(important)
    - M. Penetrans
    - M. Pneumonia
    - M. Primatum
    - M. Salivarium
    - M. Spermatophilum
    - M. Ureaplasma urealyticum *

    [*most frequently]

    Man: NGU (non-gonococcal urethritis)

    Woman: Vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), salphingitis, infertility

    Newborn: Stillbirth, aborted fetuses, preterm labour

    URTI

    Joint infections – arthritis

    In immunocompromised

    DIAGNOSIS

     Complement fixation test 4 x  max 3/52


     Cold agglutinin test
     Western blot
     Culture & isolation
     PCR (Polymerase chain reaction)

    TREATMENT

    DOC:

     Tetracyclins (adults)
     Erythromycins (babies)

    Others:

     Chloramphenicol
     Chlarithromycin
     Azithromycin
     Quinolones

    JUST FOR FUN


    Giant bacteria

    1993: from content of a sturgeonfish

    Epulopiscium fishelsoni

    Length: 600 micrometer,

    Thickness: 80 micrometer

    [Visible to the naked eye]

    Compare with E.coli : 5 micrometer x 3 micrometer

    (1 million can be accommodated in an Ep. Fishelsoni)

    1996: Bigger – Baggjaton spp. (Gulf of Mexico)

    1999: Biggest so far – from ocean floor off Namibia:

    Thiomargarita namibiensis [Length: 750 mirometer]

    Packed with sulphur granules and forms chains – like strings of pearls on the ocean floor!]

    Smallest bacteria so far:

    Thermodiscuss spp. : 0.2 x 0.1 micrometer

    Among smallest:

    Rickettsia

    Chlamydia

    Mycoplasma

    You might also like