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    Arbovirus

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    Luqman Al-Bashir Fauzi
    The document defines arboviruses as viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors, mainly insects. It provides classifications of major arbovirus families and genera. Important arboviruses that cause diseases in humans are discussed, including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses. Dengue virus and the diseases it causes, dengue fever (DF), dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) are examined in depth.

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    Arbovirus

    Uploaded by

    Luqman Al-Bashir Fauzi
    39 views4 pages
    The document defines arboviruses as viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors, mainly insects. It provides classifications of major arbovirus families and genera. Important arboviruses that cause diseases in humans are discussed, including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses. Dengue virus and the diseases it causes, dengue fever (DF), dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) are examined in depth.

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    The document defines arboviruses as viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors, mainly insects. It provides classifications of major arbovirus families and genera. Important arboviruses that cause diseases in humans are discussed, including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses. Dengue virus and the diseases it causes, dengue fever (DF), dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) are examined in depth.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    39 views4 pages

    Arbovirus

    Uploaded by

    Luqman Al-Bashir Fauzi
    The document defines arboviruses as viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors, mainly insects. It provides classifications of major arbovirus families and genera. Important arboviruses that cause diseases in humans are discussed, including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses. Dengue virus and the diseases it causes, dengue fever (DF), dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) are examined in depth.

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    ARBOVIRUSES (Arthropod-Borne viruses)

     Originally defined as:


    “Viruses transmitted by arthropod (mainly insect) vectors”
     1985 W.H.O criteria:
    “Arboviruses: those maintained in nature through biological transmission between
    susceptible vertebrate hosts by haematopahous arthropods. They multiply and produce
    viraemia in vertebrate, multiply in the tissues of arthropods and are passed on to new
    vertebrates when arthropod takes a subsequent blood meal after a period of extrinsic
    incubation.”
     International Catalogue of arboviruses
    - The term “arbovirus” jas NO taxonomic significance
    - 535 heterogenous groups of viruses
    - Under 7 taxonomic families
    - Many are zoonotic viruses that do not require an arthropod vector!

    ARBOVIRUSES

    Toga Alphavirus
    Ungrouped
    Flavi Flavivirus
    Bunya Bunya
    Phlebo
    Nairo
    Uukuu
    HantavirusOrbovirus

    Coltovirus

    Unassigned

    Vesiculovirus

    SOME IMPORTANT ARBOVIRUSES

    Family: Togaviridae

    Genus: Alphavirus

    No. of members: 28 (mosquito-borne)

    Some important members:-

     Western equine encephalitis (WEE)


     Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)
     Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)
     Chikugunya
     Ross river
    Genus: Rubivirus, spp. Rubella virus (not ar-bo)

    Family: Flaviviridae

    Genus: Flavivirus

    Amount of members: ~80

    Some important members:-

    A. Mosquito-borne
    - St. Louis encephalitis
    - Japanese B encephalitis
    - Murray Valley encephalitis
    - Yellow Fever
    - Dengue
    - Ilheus
    - West Nile
    B. Tick-borne
    - Louping ill
    - Powassan
    - Tick-borne encephalitis
    - Kyasanur-Forest
    - Omsk Haemorrhagic fever

    Genus: Hepacivirus

    Family: Bunyaviridae

    Genus: Bunyavirus

    Amount of members: 212

    Some important members:

     La Crosse
     Snowshoe hare
     Oropouche

    Genus: Phlebovirus

     Rift valley fever


     Punta Toro
     Sandfly fever
     Tascana

    Genus: Nairovirus

     Crimeas-Congo haemorrhagic fever


    Genus: Hantavirus

     Sin Nombre (not ar-bo)

    Family: Rhabdoviridae

    Genus: Lyssavirus

    Species: rabies virus (not ar-bo), 1 serotype

    Other spp: Lagosm Mokota, Duvenhage, Kotonkan, Obodhiang

    Important diseases caused by Arboviruses:-

     Yellow fever
     Dengue / DHF
     Japanese encephalitis
     Rubella (not ar-bo)
     Hepatitis C (not ar-bo), also Hep-G
     Rabies (not ar-bo)

    DENGUE & Dengue haemorrhagic gever & Dengue shock syndrome (DF, DHF, DSS)
    History

     1780: Breakbone fever outbreak in Philadelphia, USA


     1800’s: sporadic outbreaks
     1934: Floridal 1945 – New Orleans
     1897: Australia – Clinical description of dengue complicated by haemorrhages, shock and
    death in outnreaks
     1928 – Greece, 1931 – Formosa
     1903: Mosquito-borne transmission of infection by Aedes aegypti demonstrated.
     1944: Sabin
    - Isolated virus
    - Failure of 2 viral strains to cross protect humans
    = evidence of serotypes
     1956: Hammond characterized 2 more
     After WWII: Start of a PENDEMIC with intensidied transmission of multiple viral serotypes in
    SEAsia -> Outbreaks of DHF – DSS
     In last 2 decades – similar patterns of intensified transmission and  DHF-DSS in:
    - SE Asia
    - Americas
    - Oceania
     Due to:
    - Urbanization
    - Population growth
    -  mobility
     If virus introduced into susceptible population (usually by viraemic travelers) epidemic attack
    rates can reach 50-70%!!!
     Cross protective immunity among serotypes = LIMITED!
    = Epidemic transmission recurs (Pak Nasa: actually, it doesn’t recur. It ‘occurs’) when novel
    serotype introduced.
     Secondart infections predispose to DHF
    = Virtually all DHF cases are in children with secondary infections
    - Relative risk in secondary infection to develop DHF = 100x
     Infants (<1 year old) – DHF!
    (Abs -> Maternal)
     DHF in primarily infected persons – rare and anecdotal. ? contributory role of viral strain &
    host factors like rate, specific HLA type, etc
     DHA slightly predominant in
    - Girls
    - Well nourished children
     SEA
    = Hyperendemic areas, dengue infection rate : 5-10%
    = DHF incidence rate: 10-300/100,000
    = DHF usually in children < 15 years, but age range is increasing
     World
    = Population at risk: 3 billion
    = 100 million dengue cases annually
    = 500 thousand DHF cases annually

    Cuba
     Early 1970’s
    - A. aegypti neatly eradicated
    - Control efforts decreased
     Late 70s – A. aegypti reestablished
     Before 1977 – Only D-2 & D-3 viruses (+), DHF (-)
     1977 – D-1 virus introduced
     1981- D-4 virus introfuced
     1981 – Novel D-2 strain introduced
    - 116,143 hospitalizations = 10,000 DSS
     1997 - ? last outbreak after intense mosquito control programme!

    Anecdotes:-

    1. Transmission via accidental needlestick: 1


    2. From BM donor: 1
    From blood donors: ??

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