Monografia Abel Ccaso Lipa

Infectious diseases have killed millions of human beings throughout human history.
With
the discovery of antibiotics, this reality began to be modified and, in the eighties of the
20th century, it was possible to speak of a practically total victory against infections by
microorganisms. that's why gloally talking about diseases is something that is typical,
however, in some countries like Peru, it is necessary to address issues of great
importance, like typhoid fever or enteric fever, which is an infectious disease caused by
Salmonella enterica enteric subgroup serotype typhi which is the subject of what we are
going to see next and how to prevent it
Typhoid fever, also called typhoid, acute infectious disease caused by the
bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The bacterium usually enters the body
through the mouth by the ingestion of contaminated food or water, penetrates the
intestinal wall, and multiplies in lymphoid tissue; it then enters the bloodstream and
causes bacteremia.
The cause is the bacterium Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi
growing in the intestines and blood. Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or
water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Risk factors include poor
sanitation and poor hygiene. Those who travel in the developing world are also at
risk.Only humans can be infected.
Symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases. Diagnosis is by

either culturing the bacteria or detecting their DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow.
Culturing the bacterium can be difficult.Bone-marrow testing is the most accurate.
Most major epidemics of typhoid fever have been caused by the pollution of
public water supplies. Food and milk may be contaminated, however, by a human
carrier of the disease who is employed in handling and processing them; by flies; or by
the use of polluted water for cleaning purposes. Shellfish, particularly oysters, grown in
polluted water and fresh vegetables grown on soil fertilized or contaminated by
untreated sewage are other possible causes.
The prevention of typhoid fever depends mainly on proper sewage treatment,

filtration and chlorination of water, and exclusion of carriers from employment in food
industries and restaurants. In the early part of the 20th century, prophylactic vaccination
using killed typhoid organisms was introduced, mainly in military forces and institutions,
and contributed to a lowering of the incidence of the disease.
Transmission
Unlike other strains of Salmonella, no animal carriers of typhoid are known.

Humans are the only known carriers of the bacteria S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar
Typhi is spread through the fecal-oral route from individuals who are currently infected
and from asymptomatic carriers of the bacteria. An asymptomatic human carrier is an
individual who is still excreting typhoid bacteria in their stool a year after the acute stage
of the infection.
Preexposure Vaccination Against Typhoid Fever in High-risk Groups
Travelers to areas with a recognized risk of exposure to Salmonella Typhi should

be vaccinated against typhoid fever. The disease is endemic in many less well-
developed areas of the world that have poor sanitation and primitive water systems
CDC recommends typhoid vaccination for travelers to many Asian, African, and Latin
American countries like peru , but no longer recommends typhoid vaccination for
travelers to certain Eastern European and certain Asian countries. In recent years, most
US cases of typhoid fever reported in individuals who had traveled to southern Asia
(especially the Indian subcontinent including India, Bangladesh, or Pakistan) or Africa
Although risk is greatest for travelers who have prolonged exposure to possibly
contaminated food and beverages in areas with persistent typhoid epidemics or in
smaller cities and villages or rural areas outside usual tourist itinerary, even short-term
travel (<1 week) to high-incidence areas is associated with risk for typhoid fever. In
addition to vaccination, individuals traveling to areas with risk of typhoid fever should
use caution in selecting food and water in these areas since the vaccines are not 100%
effective and vaccine-induced immunity can be overwhelmed by a large inoculum of
Salmonella Typhi. (See Limitations of Vaccine Effectiveness under Cautions.
Vaccination against typhoid fever and other precautions (safe food and water
precautions, frequent handwashing) are especially important for travelers to high-risk
areas because fluoroquinolone-resistant and multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi have
become common or are reported with increasing frequency in many regions of the world
(e.g., Indian subcontinent, Africa).
The most recent information regarding geographic areas with a recognized risk of
typhoid fever and additional information on vaccination and other precautions for
prevention of typhoid fever are available from CDC at [Web] and [Web] Close contacts
of chronic typhoid carriers with intimate exposure (e.g., household contact) to a
documented Salmonella Typhi chronic carrier (defined as excretion of Salmonella Typhi
in urine or stool for >1 year) should be vaccinated against typhoid fever. Laboratory
personnel routinely exposed to cultures of Salmonella Typhi or specimens containing
the bacilli or who work in laboratory environments where these cultures or specimens
are routinely handled should be vaccinated against typhoid fever.

Monografia Abel Ccaso Lipa

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Infectious diseases have killed millions of human beings throughout human history.

Symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases. Diagnosis is by

The prevention of typhoid fever depends mainly on proper sewage treatment,

Unlike other strains of Salmonella, no animal carriers of typhoid are known.

Preexposure Vaccination Against Typhoid Fever in High-risk Groups

Travelers to areas with a recognized risk of exposure to Salmonella Typhi should

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