Selection Guide: For Transformer Primary Fuses in Medium-And High-Voltage Utility and Industrial Substations
Selection Guide: For Transformer Primary Fuses in Medium-And High-Voltage Utility and Industrial Substations
Selection Guide: For Transformer Primary Fuses in Medium-And High-Voltage Utility and Industrial Substations
S&C Power Fuses — Types SMD-1A, SMD-2B, SMD-2C, SMD-3, and SMD-50
Outdoor Transmission (34.5 kV through 138 kV)
General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Application Principles
Fuse-Selection Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2
General
This information bulletin is a guide for the selection, former or when line-to-line or line-to-ground voltage exists
application, and coordination of S&C Type SMD® across the fuse. They also will detect or interrupt faults
Power Fuses when applied on the primary side of small regardless of whether the transformer is adjacent to the
to medium-sized transformers installed in utility and fuse or connected to it via a cable from a remote location,
industrial substations. For the purpose of this guide, and regardless of transformer winding connection. SMD
transformers having primary voltage ratings between Power Fuses are capable of handling the full range of tran-
34.5 kV and 138 kV, with medium-voltage (4.16 kV through sient recovery voltages associated with these conditions.
34.5 kV) secondaries, will be covered. They develop a positive internal gap of high dielectric
High-voltage power fuses provide a reliable and strength after circuit interruption, thereby preventing de-
economical means of protecting small to medium-sized structive re-ignitions when exposed to full system voltage.
transformers installed in utility and industrial substa- The “dropout” action of these power fuses provides the
tions. The considerable economies inherent in power-fuse additional benefit of visible air-gap isolation for the trans-
protection are possible, first, because the fuse itself is former after fuse operation.
much less costly than other types of protective equipment The close fusing necessary to provide superior protec-
and, second, because there is no need for such auxiliary tion for secondary-side faults is possible with S&C Type
equipment as station batteries, motor-driven switch op- SMD Power Fuses because: (1) they use silver or pre-ten-
erators, and protective relays. Further benefits of a com- sioned nickel-chrome fusible elements that are not dam-
pact fuse-protection package are low installation cost and aged by surges that may heat the element nearly to the
a space-saving design that will accommodate almost severing point; (2) they are available in a wide variety of
any structure. In addition, unlike relay-actuated protec- ampere ratings and speed characteristics especially suited
tive devices such as circuit breakers and reclosers, power to protecting transformers against very-low-magnitude
fuses have maintenance-free time-current characteristics. fault currents; and (3) they possess substantial peak-load
They require only minimal physical maintenance, such capabilities and surge capacities that are more than ad-
as the periodic checking of the condition of the fuse-unit equate to withstand transformer magnetizing inrush cur-
bore and occasional refinishing of fuse tubes exposed to rents and severe hot-load and cold-load pickup currents.
severe weathering. Close fusing with SMD Power Fuses, coupled with their
The transformer primary fuse should be selected to pro- exceptional low-current fault-interrupting performance,
vide both system and transformer protection. With respect ensures maximum protection for the transformer against
to system protection, the primary fuse should detect a a broad range of secondary-side fault currents, thus mini-
potentially damaging overcurrent condition and operate mizing the life-shortening thermal and mechanical stresses
promptly to isolate only the faulted segment, thereby mini- associated with prolonged transformer through-faults. In
mizing short-circuit stresses on the remainder of the sys- addition, the ability to fuse close to the full-load current
tem and limiting the extent of the service interruption to of the transformer facilitates coordination with source-
the smallest possible portion of the system. For transform- side protective devices by permitting the use of lower
er protection, the primary fuse should operate promptly in ratings or settings for faster response.
response to a bus or cable fault located between the trans- The selection of transformer primary-side protective
former and the nearest secondary-side overcurrent protec- devices and their ratings and settings has been a matter
tive device. It should further provide backup protection of considerable complexity. This publication provides
for the transformer in the event the secondary-side over- complete, simplified procedures for selecting the optimal
current protective device either fails to operate because of transformer primary fuse, taking into consideration all of
a malfunction, or operates too slowly because of incorrect the following factors associated with the application:
(higher) ratings or settings. • System voltage
To best achieve these objectives, group protection of • Available fault current
transformers is not generally recommended — each trans-
• Anticipated normal transformer loading schedule,
former should be individually protected. The ampere rat-
including daily or repetitive peak loads, and emergency
ing of a primary fuse selected to accommodate the total
peak loads
loading requirements of two or more transformers would
typically be so large that only a small degree of secondary • Inrush currents, including the combined effects
fault protection — and almost no backup protection — of transformer magnetizing-inrush current and the
would be provided for each individual transformer. In ad- energizing-inrush currents associated with connected
dition, with group protection of transformers, the degree loads — particularly following a loss-of-source voltage
of service continuity is significantly reduced because a (momentary or extended)
fault associated with any one transformer will result in the • The degree of protection provided to the transformer
loss of service to all transformers protected by the fuse. against damaging overcurrents
S&C Type SMD Power Fuses provide full fault-spectrum • Coordination with secondary-side and other primary side
protection for transformers. These fuses will detect and overcurrent protective devices
interrupt all faults — large, medium, and small (even down • Protection of the downstream conductors against dam-
to their minimum melting currents), regardless of whether aging overcurrents
the fault is on the primary or secondary side of the trans-
4
Application Principles
Select the Primary Fuse Rating . . . The interrupting rating of the transformer primary fuse
should be chosen with sufficient margin to accommodate
A transformer primary fuse must be selected for the voltage anticipated increases in the interrupting duty due to sys-
rating, the available fault current, and the continuous tem growth. Again, because fuses are available with a
current-carrying requirement of the transformer on wide variety of interrupting ratings, you should choose a
which it is to be applied. Because there are a multitude of primary fuse having an interrupting rating only as large as
voltage, short-circuit interrupting, and maximum ampere necessary to meet your present and future requirements.
ratings available, you should choose the most economical
primary fuse that will meet both your present and your
future requirements. In addition, from the wide variety of Ampere rating and speed characteristic. The am-
ampere ratings and speeds available, you should select pere rating and speed characteristic of the transformer
the primary fuse providing the optimum protection for the primary fuse should be selected to:
transformer against secondary-side faults. • Accommodate the anticipated normal transformer
Voltage rating. The maximum voltage rating of the loading schedule, including daily or repetitive peak
transformer primary fuse should equal or exceed the loads, and emergency peak loads
maximum phase-to-phase operating voltage level of the • Withstand the magnetizing-inrush current associated
system. S&C Type SMD Power Fuses are not “voltage with the energizing of an unloaded transformer, as
critical,” so they may be applied at any system operating well as the combined magnetizing- and load-inrush
voltage equal to or less than the maximum voltage rating of currents associated with the re-energization of a
the fuse. Moreover, these fuses operate without producing loaded transformer following either a momentary or
overvoltages that can cause spurious operation of surge extended loss of source voltage
arresters or damage transformer insulation. • Protect the transformer against damaging overcurrents
Short-circuit interrupting rating. The symmetrical • Coordinate with secondary-side as well as other
short-circuit interrupting rating of the transformer primary primary-side overcurrent protective devices
fuse should equal or exceed the maximum available
• Protect downstream conductors against damaging
fault current at the fuse location. When determining
overcurrents. These principles, which are examined
the interrupting rating of the primary fuse, you should
in greater detail in the following sections, provide
consider the X/R ratio of the system at the fuse location
the basic foundation of transformer primary fuse
because power fuses may have higher-than-nominal
selection
symmetrical interrupting ratings for those applications
where the X/R ratio is less than the value of 15 specified by
the applicable standard.▲ As a result, you may be able to
use a less expensive primary fuse having a lower nominal
symmetrical interrupting rating. Refer to your local S&C
Sales Office for these higher symmetrical short-circuit
interrupting ratings.
Accommodate Expected Loading Levels . . . time. Where emergency peak loads are contemplated, the
transformer primary fuse ultimately selected should have
In general, the transformer primary fuse should be selected an emergency peak-load capability at least equal to the
based on the anticipated normal transformer loading magnitude and duration of the emergency peak load. Refer
schedule, including daily or repetitive peak loads. The to S&C Information Bulletin 210-190 for emergency peak-
primary fuse ultimately selected should have a continuous load capability values.
loading capability, as differentiated from its ampere rating,
equal to or greater than this highest anticipated loading It is important to remember that a transformer primary
level. Typical transformer loading levels for a number of fuse should be selected to accommodate — not to interrupt
conditions (i.e., self cooled, forced air-cooled) are shown — emergency peak loads. This requirement may result in
in Table 1. Loadability recommendations for various S&C the selection of a primary fuse ampere rating larger than
Type SMD Power Fuses protecting specific transformers would be required for a similarly rated single transformer
are included in the selection tables on pages 51 to 122 of installed alone. Therefore, the degree of transformer
this document. protection provided by the primary fuse may be reduced.
Conditions may occur during which the transformer will
be loaded far in excess of the normal loading schedule.
Such emergency peak loading typically occurs when
one of two transformers (in a duplex substation, for
example) is compelled under emergency conditions to
carry the load of both transformers for a short period of
6
Application Principles
Withstand Inrush Currents . . . line). Note that the first peak of the inrush current for the
10-MVA substation transformer is significantly less, on a
Magnetizing-inrush current. When an unloaded distri- per-unit basis, than that of the 25-kVA distribution trans-
bution or power transformer is energized, a short-duration former. Note also that the inrush current for the 10-MVA
inrush of magnetizing current occurs that the transformer transformer decays more slowly.
primary fuse must be capable of withstanding without op-
erating. A conservative estimate of the integrated heating The inrush that occurs on any particular energization
effect on the primary fuse caused by this inrush current is will depend on, among other things, the residual magne-
roughly equivalent to a current having a magnitude of 12 tism in the transformer core as well as the instantaneous
times the primary full-load current of the transformer for value of the voltage when the transformer is energized. Be-
a duration of 0.1 seconds. A current having a magnitude of cause these two parameters are unknown and uncontrol-
25 times the primary full-load current of the transformer lable, the fuse must be sized to withstand the maximum
for 0.01 seconds is also frequently used. inrush that can occur under the worst-case energization.
The minimum melting time-current characteristic of the
The magnetizing inrush current for a 25-kVA, 7.62-kV, primary fuse should be such that the fuse will not operate
single-phase, pole top-style distribution transformer is as a result of this magnetizing-inrush current.
shown in Figure 1 (dotted line). This example is from a
laboratory test and is the highest inrush obtained for this
transformer. For purposes of comparison, the magnetiz-
ing inrush current for a 10-MVA, 115-kV, three-phase,
substation-class power transformer is also shown (solid
35
30
25-kVA, 7.62-kV single-phase
Magnetizing Inrush Current, Per Unit
distribution transformer
25
20
10-MVA, 115-kV three-phase
substation transformer
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time, Milliseconds
Figure 1. Magnetizing inrush currents for a 25-kVA single-phase distribution transformer (dotted line) and for a 10-MVA three-phase
substation transformer (solid line). Note: 1 per-unit current is equal to transformer rated full-load current.
The integrated RMS equivalent of the inrush current “rule-of-thumb” inrush points will avoid unnecessary fuse
for the 10-MVA substation transformer (from Figure 1) is operation, but it can occasionally cause coordination
shown in Figure 2, along with the “rule-of-thumb” inrush problems with source-side protective devices, or it may
points previously mentioned. Observe that the inrush compromise the degree of protection for the transformer
points are higher than the actual RMS equivalent of the because of the large rating selected. On these occasions,
inrush current and are thus a conservative estimate of the use of a smaller fuse rating is desirable and can be
the inrush current. Sizing the transformer primary fuse justified by using a better estimate of the heating equivalent
such that its minimum melting curve is above these of the magnetizing inrush current.
1000
100
Primary fuse
(80E-ampere
Standard Speed)
10
Time, Seconds
12 × at 0.1 second
0.1
True RMS
equivalent of
magnetizing inrush
25 × at 0.01 second
0.01
10 100 1000 10000
Current, Amperes
Figure 2. True RMS equivalent of the magnetizing inrush current for the 10-MVA
transformer, from Figure 1, shown with “rule-of-thumb” inrush points and an
80E-ampere Standard Speed S&C power fuse minimum melting curve.
8
Application Principles
Magnetizing inrush currents also depend on the fault current; a strong source will be able to supply a high
transformer rating and the available fault current. Because fault current and will result in a lower ratio of full-load
of the voltage drop across the source impedance during current to fault current.
the inrush period, the inrush current will be less when the “Hot-load” pickup. The transformer primary fuse
transformer is supplied from a weak source as compared must also be capable of withstanding the inrush current
to a strong source. Also, for small overhead-distribution that occurs when a transformer that is carrying load
transformers, the peak inrush current can be as high as experiences a momentary loss of source voltage followed
30 times the rated RMS current; for larger substation-class by re-energization (such as occurs when a source-side
power transformers, the inrush peak will be lower, but circuit breaker operates to clear a temporary upstream
the inrush duration will be longer. Figure 3 illustrates the fault and then automatically recloses). In this case,
maximum RMS equivalent magnetizing inrush currents the inrush current consists of two components: the
as a function of transformer size. Note that the per-unit magnetizing-inrush current of the transformer, and the
inrush current is lower for larger transformer sizes. (Actual inrush current associated with the connected loads.
amperes of inrush current are, of course, higher for the The ability of the primary fuse to withstand combined
larger transformers). The strength of the source relative to magnetizing- and load-inrush current is referred to as hot-
the transformer full-load current is indicated by the ratio load pickup capability.
of the transformer full-load current to the system available
100 100
I ILOAD
Ratio = LOAD Ratio =
IFLT IFLT
Per-Unit RMS Equivalent Magnetizing
0.000 0.01
0.005 0.01 0.02
0.02
10 10
Figure 3. RMS equivalent magnetizing inrush currents at 0.1 second (left) and at 0.01 second (right), in per unit of
transformer rated full-load current, shown as a function of transformer size (kVA rating) with source strength indicated
as a parameter. A strong source will have a lower ratio of rated load current to available fault current.
The integrated heating effect on the transformer pri- Preload and ambient-temperature adjustments.
mary fuse caused by the combined magnetizing- and Minimum melting time-current characteristic curves for
load-inrush current is equivalent to a current having a medium- and high-voltage power fuses are determined in
magnitude of between 12 and 15 times the primary full- accordance with the appropriate standard▼, which speci-
load current of the transformer for a duration of 0.1 sec- fies testing of fuses at an ambient temperature of 77ºF
onds. The specific multiple of primary full-load current is (25ºC), and with no initial load. In practice, every fuse is
a function of several factors, including the transformer carrying a load, which raises the temperature of the fus-
load immediately preceding the momentary loss of source ible element and thus reduces its melting time for a giv-
voltage, the number of reclose operations attempted, and en value of current. To ensure the transformer primary
the available fault current. The hot-load pickup inrush fuse can withstand hot-load pickup current (and to pro-
current for a single reclose operation of the line-terminal vide precise coordination between the primary fuse and
circuit breakers serving the transformer is illustrated in load-side circuit breakers and reclosers), it is necessary
Figure 4. The minimum melting time-current characteris- to adjust the published minimum melting time-current
tic curve of the primary fuse, adjusted to reflect the pre- characteristic curve of the primary fuse to reflect the re-
outage load current and elevated (or reduced) ambient duced melting time for each specific level of fuse loading.
temperatures, if applicable, should exceed the magnitude ▼ IEEE Standard C37.46, “Specifications for Power Fuses and Fuse
and duration of the combined inrush current. Disconnecting Switches.”
18
Combined Magnetizing- and Load-Inrush Current
17
as a Multiple of Transformer Full-Load Current
16
15
14
13
12
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Load Current , Percent of Transformer Full-Load Current
Figure 4. Curve for determining the magnitude of combined magnetizing- and load-inrush current for a single reclose
operation.
10
Application Principles
Figure 5 illustrates a typical curve used for making such adjusted. As a point of information, the fact that the pri-
an adjustment. Figure 6 illustrates a similar curve used to mary fuse will operate more quickly when preloaded as
adjust the minimum melting time-current characteristic decribed in Figure 7 does not mean that the fuse will clear
curve of the primary fuse for ambient temperatures above the fault more quickly. No adjustments need be made to
or below 77ºF (25ºC). Figure 7 on page 12 illustrates the the published total clearing time-current characteristic
minimum melting time-current curve of a primary fuse so curve of the primary fuse.
100
on Time-Current Characteristic Curves
Melting Time, Percent of Time Shown
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Load Current, Percent of Fuse Ampere Rating
150
on Time-Current Characteristic Curves
Melting Time, Percent of Time Shown
130
110
90
70
50
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ambient Temperature, Degrees Centigrade
Figure 6. Curve for determining TCC adjustment factor for ambient temperatures above or below 77°F
(25°C).
1000
100
Published total-
clearing curve
10
Time, Seconds
Published
minimum-
melting curve
Minimum-melting
curve adjusted for
pre-outage load
0.1
0.01
10 100 1000 10000
Current, Amperes
Figure 7. Minimum melting and total clearing curves for a 100E-ampere Very-Slow Speed fuse, with the
minimum melting curve adjusted to reflect the reduced melting time resulting from an assumed pre-fault load
current of approximately 80 amperes.
12
Application Principles
“Cold-load” pickup. The final type of “inrush” current at any given time. After an extended loss of power, how-
to which the transformer primary fuse will be exposed is the ever, many of these thermostatically controlled devices
long-duration overcurrent that occurs because of the loss will be outside of their respective setpoint limits so that,
of load diversity following an extended outage (30 minutes when power is restored, all of the thermostats will simul-
or more). These long-duration overcurrents are referred taneously demand power for their controlled equipment.
to as cold-load pickup. The cold-load pickup phenomenon Typical cold-load inrush current profiles from a number
is typically associated with utility distribution loading of utilities are shown in Figure 8. These curves are typical
practices where the transformers are sized for the average of distribution transformers serving residential-type loads.
peak load instead of the maximum expected peak load, Most peak loads seen by these transformers are associ-
thereby exposing the transformers to overcurrents of up ated with central or large room-type air conditioners or
to 30 minutes duration following re-energization. This electric heating equipment having cyclical characteristics.
phenomenon occurs because many electrical loads, such As can be seen in this figure, the feeder current can remain
as air conditioners, refrigerators, and electric space heat- significantly higher than the nominal current, calculated
ers, are thermostatically controlled; they cycle on and off based on the total kVA rating of connected transformers,
at random times relative to each other such that only a frac- for quite a long time.
tion of the total possible load is connected to the system
■ Utility A
■ Utility B
■ Utility C
5 ■ Utility D
■ Utility E
■ Utility F
Multiples of Nominal Load Current
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time, Seconds
Figure 8. Cold-load pickup current profiles.
The integrated heating effect of the cold-load current an extended outage is no more severe than the inrush
profiles shown in Figure 8 on page 13, for thermally re- currents encountered under hot-load pickup conditions.
sponsive devices such as fuses, is illustrated in Figure 9 Accordingly, cold-load pickup need not be considered
on page 15. For simplicity, cold-load inrush currents are when selecting the ratings of primary fuses for transform-
usually represented by the following equivalent multiples ers applied on industrial, commercial, and institutional
of transformer nominal full-load current: power systems.
• 6 × nominal load current for one second
• 3 × nominal load current for up to 10 seconds, and
Protect Transformer Against Damaging
Overcurrents . . .
• 2 × nominal load current for up to 15 minutes.
The most important application principle to be considered
The ability of the transformer primary fuse to with- when selecting a transformer primary fuse is that it must
stand the combined magnetizing- and load-inrush current protect the transformer against damage from mechani-
associated with an extended outage is referred to as its cal and thermal stresses resulting from a secondary-side
cold-load pickup capability. Here again, the cold-load fault that is not promptly interrupted. A properly selected
inrush will be affected by the source impedance and, if primary fuse will operate to clear such a fault before the
the source is weak, the use of a smaller fuse rating may magnitude and duration of the overcurrent exceed the
often be justified. through-fault current duration limits recommended by the
In contrast to transformers serving primarily residential- transformer manufacturer or published in the standards.
type loads, transformers serving industrial, commercial, In the absence of specific information applicable to an in-
or institutional type loads are frequently sized to accom- dividual transformer, the primary fuse should be selected
modate the maximum peak demand load without being in accordance with recognized guidelines for maximum
overloaded. As a result, these transformers are actually permissible through-fault duration limits. Curves repre-
loaded to only a small fraction of their rated power — senting these limits can be found in IEEE Standard C37.91,
perhaps only one-half or less. For this reason, and for the “IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power
requirement for an orderly re-starting of equipment, the Transformers,” and IEEE C57.109, “IEEE Guide for Liquid-
combined magnetizing- and load-inrush currents associ- Immersed Transformer Through-Fault Current Duration.”
ated with the energizing of these transformers following
14
Application Principles
1000
2 pu @ 15 min.
Integrated “equivalent
current” curve
100
Pennsylvania Power & Light
10
Time, Seconds
3 pu @ 10 sec.
Duquesne Light—
one-hour outage
6 pu @ 1 sec.
0.1
Duquesne Light—
one-hour outage,
off-peak
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Current, Per Unit
Figure 9. Integrated equivalent-current curves for some of the cold-load pickup current profiles shown in
Figure 8 on page 12. Industry “rule-of-thumb” points are also shown.
It is widely recognized that damage to transformers against through-faults only in the rare event of a fault be-
from through-faults is the result of thermal and mechani- tween the transformer and the feeder protective devices,
cal effects. The latter has gained increased recognition as or in the equally rare event that a feeder protective device
a major cause of transformer failure. Though the tempera- fails to operate or operates too slowly caused by an incor-
ture rise associated with high-magnitude through-faults is rect (higher) rating or setting. The time-current character-
typically quite acceptable, the mechanical effects are in- istics of these devices, therefore, should be selected by ref-
tolerable if such faults are permitted to occur with any reg- erence to the infrequent-fault-incidence protection curve.
ularity. Of special concern is the cumulative nature of cer- In addition, these time-current characteristics should be
tain mechanical effects, such as insulation compression, selected to achieve the desired levels of coordination with
insulation wear, and friction-induced displacement. The other source-side and load-side protective devices.
damage that occurs as a result of these cumulative effects Transformers with protected secondary conductors (for
is thus a function of not only the magnitude and duration example, cable, bus duct, or switchgear) will likely experi-
of through faults, but also the total number of such faults. ence an extremely low incidence of through-faults. In this
The through-fault protection curves found in the afore- instance, the feeder protective devices may be selected
mentioned standards take into consideration the fact that by reference to the infrequent-fault-incidence protection
transformer damage is cumulative and that the number of curve. The main secondary-side protective device (if ap-
through-faults to which a transformer can be exposed is plicable) and the transformer primary fuse should also
inherently different for different transformer applications. be selected by reference to the infrequent-fault-incidence
For example, transformers with secondary-side conduc- protection curve. Again, these time-current characteristics
tors enclosed in conduit or isolated in some other fashion, should be selected to achieve the desired levels of coordi-
such as those typically found in industrial, commercial, nation with other protective devices.
and institutional power systems, experience an extremely Most utility substation transformers protected by power
low incidence of through-faults. In contrast, transformers fuses fall within two of the four size categories defined
with secondary-side overhead lines, such as those found in in IEEE Standard C57.12.00, “IEEE Standard General
utility distribution substations, have a relatively high inci- Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power,
dence of through-faults, and the use of reclosers may sub- and Regulating Transformers”: Category II transformers
ject the transformer to repeated current surges from each (501-1667 kVA single-phase, 501-5000 kVA three-phase)
fault-clearing operation. Thus, for a given transformer in and Category III transformers (1668-10,000 kVA single-
these two different applications, a different through-fault phase, 5001-30,000 kVA three-phase). The applicable
protection curve applies, depending on the type of applica- through-fault protection curves for these two transformer
tion. For applications in which faults occur infrequently, categories are shown in Figures 10 on page 17 and 11 on
the through-fault protection curve should reflect primar- page 18.
ily thermal damage considerations because the cumula-
In each case, the left-side curve reflects both thermal
tive mechanical-damage effects of through-faults will not
and mechanical damage considerations and should be
likely be a problem. For applications in which faults oc-
used for selecting feeder protective device time-current
cur frequently, the through-fault protection curve should
characteristics for frequent-fault-incidence applications.
reflect the fact that the transformer will be subjected to
It is dependent upon the impedance of the transformer
both thermal and cumulative-mechanical damage effects
for fault currents above a fixed percentage of the maxi-
of through-faults.
mum possible (70% for Category II transformers, 50% for
In using the through-fault protection curves to select Category III transformers) and is keyed to the I2t of the
the time-current characteristics of primary-side protective worst-case mechanical duty (maximum fault current for
devices, you should take into account not only the inher- two seconds).
ent level of through-fault incidence but also the location of
The right-side curve reflects primarily thermal damage
each protective device and its role in providing transform-
considerations and should be used for selecting feeder
er protection. As just noted, substation transformers with
protective device time-current characteristics for infre-
secondary-side overhead feeders have a relatively high
quent-fault-incidence applications. This curve should also
incidence of through-faults. The secondary-side feeder-
be used for selecting a main secondary-side protective de-
protective devices are the first line of defense against such
vice (if applicable) and primary-fuse time-current charac-
faults, and thus their time-current characteristics should
teristics for all applications, regardless of the anticipated
be selected by reference to the frequent-fault-incidence
level of fault incidence.
protection curve. More specifically, the time-current char-
acteristics of feeder protective devices should be com- The degree of transformer protection provided by the
pletely below and to the left of the appropriate frequent- primary fuse should be checked for the level of fault
fault-incidence protection curve. current and type of fault (i.e., three-phase, phase-to-phase,
or phase-to-ground) producing the most demanding
Main secondary-side protective devices (if applicable)
conditions possible for each particular application,
and transformer primary fuses typically operate to protect
i.e., those for which the ratio of the primary-side line current
16
Application Principles
to transformer winding current is the lowest. For these ratio of per-unit primary-side line currents to the per-
situations, one or more primary fuses will be exposed to unit transformer winding currents for three common
a proportionately lower level of current than the windings transformer connections under a variety of secondary-
and, as a consequence, the primary fuse must be care- fault conditions.
fully selected to operate fast enough to avoid damage to
the transformer windings. Table 2 on page 20 lists the
1000 1000
100 100
10 10
Time, Seconds
Time, Seconds
12 10 8 7 6 5 4
1 1
Transformer impedance
0.1 0.1
0.01 0.01
10 100 1000 10000 10 100 1000 10000
Current, Percent of Transformer Self-Cooled Current, Percent of Transformer Self-Cooled
Full-Load Current Full-Load Current
Figure 10. Through-fault protection curves for liquid-immersed Category II transformers (501 kVA to 1667 kVA single-phase, 501 kVA to
5000 kVA three-phase.) Note: For fault currents from 70% to 100% of maximum possible, I2t = K where I is the symmetrical fault current in
per-unit of normal base current and K is a constant determined at maximum I with t = 2 seconds. Sample I2t = K curves have been plotted
for the transformer impedances noted.
1000 1000
100 100
10 10
Time, Seconds
Time, Seconds
12 10 8 7 6 5 4
1 1
Transformer impedance
0.1 0.1
0.01 0.01
10 100 1000 10000 10 100 1000 10000
Current, Percent of Transformer Self-Cooled Current, Percent of Transformer Self-Cooled
Full-Load Current Full-Load Current
Figure 11. Through-fault protection curves for liquid-immersed Category III transformers (1668 kVA to 10000 kVA single-phase, 5001 kVA to
30000 kVA three-phase.) Note: For fault currents from 50% to 100% of maximum possible, I2t = K where I is the symmetrical fault current in
per-unit of normal base current and K is a constant determined at maximum I with t = 2 seconds. Sample I2t = K curves have been plotted
for the transformer impedances noted.
18
Application Principles
1.0 1.0 0 0 0 0
1.0 0.87
0
0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0 1.0 0 0.87
1.0 1.0 0.50 0.50
1.0 0
Three-phase Phase-to-phase
secondary fault secondary fault
1.0 0.50 0
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
0
7
Figure 12. Relationship between the per-unit primary-side and secondary-side line currents and the associated per-unit transformer
winding currents for (a) grounded-wye grounded-wye, (b) delta delta, and (c) delta grounded-wye connected transformers for various
types of secondary faults. (Line current and winding current values are expressed in per unit of their respective values for a “bolted” three-
phase secondary fault.)
From Table 2, it is clear that a phase-to-phase secondary the per-unit primary-side line current to the per-unit
fault on a delta delta connected transformer and a phase- transformer winding current listed in Table 2. The shifted
to-ground secondary fault on a delta grounded-wye transformer through-fault protection curve will then be
connected transformer produce the most demanding in terms of the primary-side line current and, as such,
conditions possible for those particular transformer will be directly comparable with the total clearing time-
connections because the per-unit primary-side line current characteristic curve of the transformer primary
currents are less than the per-unit transformer winding fuse. For the grounded-wye grounded-wye connected
currents. Accordingly, to ensure proper transformer transformer, the per-unit primary-side line currents and
protection for these two situations, it is necessary to the per-unit transformer winding currents are the same,
“shift” the base transformer through-fault protection hence the base through-fault protection curve applies.
curve to the left (in terms of current) by the ratio of
Table 2. Relationship Between Per-Unit Primary-Side Line Current and Per-Unit Transformer Winding Current for Various
Types of Secondary Faults
① Line-current and winding-current values are expressed in per unit of their respective values for a “bolted” three-phase secondary fault.
20
Application Principles
1000
A Grounded-wye grounded-wye
connected transformer
100
C Delta grounded-wye
connected transformer
10
transformer
0.1
( )( )
1
.065
.58 , or 888% of the transformer full-load current.
0.01
10 100 1000 10000
Current, Percent of Transformer Self-Cooled Full-Load Current
Figure 13. Infrequent-fault incidence through-fault protection curves for various transformers.
Figure 13 on page 21 illustrates the base transformer this should not be a concern. However, efforts should be
through-fault protection curve applicable to a grounded- made to keep the current value at which the two curves
wye grounded-wye connected transformer (Curve A) intersect as low as possible to maximize protection for the
as well as through-fault protection curves adjusted to transformer against secondary-side faults.
reflect the two situations discussed previously. Curve B The through-fault protection curve for a delta grounded-
represents Curve A adjusted to reflect the reduced level of wye connected transformer can be used to illustrate
current (0.87 per unit) seen by two primary fuses during a these principles for primary-side fuses. See Figure 14 on
phase-to-phase secondary fault on a delta-delta connected page 23. The total clearing curves for primary fuses with
transformer. Similarly, Curve C represents Curve A a fusing ratio▲ of 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 all pass below the ANSI
adjusted to reflect the reduced level of current (0.58 per Point of the delta grounded-wye connected transformer’s
unit) seen by two primary fuses during a phase-to-ground through-fault protection curve. The total clearing curve
secondary fault on a delta grounded-wye connected for primary fuses with a fusing ratio of 2.5 or 3.0 pass
transformer. completely above and to the right of the transformer
Although the transformer through-fault protection through-fault protection curve and thus would not provide
curves are only a guide, they are recommended as a criterion any protection for the transformer for a phase-to-ground
against which to measure the degree of transformer secondary fault. Because the object of transformer
protection provided by the transformer primary fuse. To primary fusing is to provide protection for the transformer
meet this criterion for high-magnitude secondary-side for all types of secondary faults, primary fuses having total
faults, the total clearing time-current characteristic curve clearing curves that pass above the ANSI Point (such as a
of the primary fuse should pass below the point (historically primary fuse with a fusing ratio of 2.5 or 3.0 in Figure 14)
called the “ANSI” Point) on the appropriate through-fault would be considered unacceptable.
protection curve at the current level corresponding to The transformer primary fuse having the lowest fusing
the maximum three-phase secondary-fault current as ratio of the three fuses that pass beneath the “ANSI”
determined solely by the transformer impedance (i.e., Point would provide the maximum protection for the
an infinite source is assumed). Based on the design and transformer against secondary faults located between the
application of the primary fuse, as described below, the transformer and the secondary-side circuit breakers or
total clearing time-current characteristic curve of the reclosers — as well as maximum backup protection for
primary fuse will typically cross the transformer through the transformer in the event the secondary-side breakers
fault protection curve at some low level of current. or reclosers fail to operate, or operate too slowly due to
Another aspect of transformer protection involves incorrect (higher) ratings or settings. From Figure 14 on
low-current overloads. Medium- and high-voltage page 23, it may be seen that a primary fuse with a fusing
transformer primary fuses are not intended to provide ratio of 1.0 will provide protection for a delta grounded-
overload protection. For this reason, the minimum wye connected transformer against phase-to-ground
operating current of medium- and high-voltage power secondary faults producing currents as low as 235% of
fuses is required by the applicable standard★ to be the full-load current of the transformer as reflected to
significantly greater than the ampere rating. For the primary side. When the fusing ratio is 2.0, however,
example, the “E”-rated power fuses discussed in this protection for the transformer is provided only when
selection guide are required to operate at not less than secondary faults produce primary-side currents exceeding
200 or 220% of the ampere rating. Accordingly, the total- 700% of the transformer full-load current.
clearing time-current characteristic curve of the primary
★ IEEE Standard C37.46, “Specifications for Power Fuses and Fuse
fuse will cross the transformer through-fault protection
Disconnecting Switches.”
curve at some low level of current. Because the primary fuse
does not provide overload protection for the transformer, ▲ The fusing ratio is defined as the ratio of the transformer primary
fuse ampere rating to the transformer self-cooled full-load region.
22
Application Principles
1000
Fusing Ratio
■ 1.0
■ 1.5
■ 2.0
■ 2.5
■ 3.0
100
Through-fault
protection curve for
delta grounded-wye
connected transformer
1
Minimum primary-side
line current down to
which fuse will protect
transformer. (Fusing
ratio is 1.0)
0.1
Minimum primary-side
line current down to
which fuse will protect
transformer. (Fusing
ratio is 2.0)
0.01
100 1000 10000 100000
Current, Percent of Transformer Self-Cooled Full-Load Current
Figure 14. The effect of fusing ratios on the degree of protection provided a delta grounded-wye connected
transformer against a phase-to-ground secondary fault.
As mentioned before, an effort should be made to select load current, are listed in Table 3. The desired protection
a transformer primary fuse that will protect the transform- is obtained if the current value at which the total clearing
er against all types of secondary-side faults. The primary- time-current curve of the primary fuse and the transform-
side line-current values for various types of secondary- er through-fault protection curve intersect is less than the
side faults and for various transformer connections and applicable values as shown in Table 3.
impedances, expressed in percent of the transformer full-
5% 1730 2000
6% 1445 1670
8% 1085 1250
24
Application Principles
Coordinate with Other Protective There are applications, however, where a main secondary
Devices . . . protective device is commonly used for reasons other than
secondary-side fault protection, such as:
General. The most important aspect of transformer pri- • In circuits with a large number of feeders, where the
mary fusing is the provision of maximum protection for main secondary device serves as a “master” discon-
the transformer. It is also important, however, for the nect to permit rapid shutdown of all feeders in an
time-current characteristics of the primary fuse to be co- emergency
ordinated with the time-current characteristics of certain
• In circuits where overload protection is desired
other overcurrent protective devices on both the second-
because the combined load capability of the feeders
ary side and the primary side of the transformer.
exceeds the overload capability of the transformer
Coordination is defined as the selective operation of var-
• In situations where the secondaries of two supply
ious overcurrent protective devices, and, if properly ex-
transformers are connected through a bus-tie circuit
ecuted, will result in removal of the least-possible amount
breaker to isolate a faulted transformer from the
of load by the device clearing the fault while normal ser-
secondary-side bus
vice is maintained on the remainder of the circuit. The
following sections describe how proper coordination is The use of a main secondary-side circuit breaker or
achieved both between the transformer primary fuse and recloser does not alter the desirability of providing the
secondary-side protective devices and between the trans- maximum degree of protection for the transformer while
former primary fuse and source-side protective devices. obtaining coordination with secondary-side devices such
Figure 15 represents a portion of a simple radial circuit that the least-possible amount of load is removed in the
that serves to illustrate the principles of coordination event of a fault. This is best achieved by coordinating the
just described. A secondary fault at Point C on the feeder transformer primary fuse with the feeder circuit breaker
should be cleared by feeder protective device 2 before or recloser having the highest ampere rating or setting (or,
the transformer primary fuse 1 operates. In the same in the case of a duplex substation, with the bus-tie circuit
manner, a secondary fault at Point B, or a primary fault at breaker). A primary fuse so selected will have a smaller
Point A, should be cleared by the transformer primary fuse ampere rating than would be possible if the primary fuse
1 before another protective device even farther upstream were coordinated with the main secondary-side protective
begins to operate. device, thereby providing a higher degree of protection
for the transformer against secondary-side faults as well
For most applications, a main secondary-side protective
as superior backup protection for the transformer in the
device is considered economically unjustifiable because a
event a secondary-side circuit breaker or recloser fails to
properly selected primary fuse will provide the same de-
operate correctly.
gree of secondary-fault protection for the transformer as
would a main secondary-side circuit breaker or recloser. Lack of coordination between the transformer primary
Feeder protective
devices
Transformer-
primary fuse
1
Source Feeders
A B
2
Figure 15. Coordination between a transformer primary fuse and a feeder protective device. Refer to text.
fuse and the main secondary-side device is no problem be- Complete coordination between the two devices is ob-
cause the current range over which the two devices do not tained when the total clearing time-current characteristic
coordinate is very narrow, and even then it only occurs curve of the feeder circuit breaker lies below and to the
when: (1) a feeder fault is not cleared due to failure of a left of the minimum melting time-current characteristic
feeder circuit breaker or recloser, or (2) there is a second- curve of the transformer primary fuse for all current levels
ary-side bus fault. Either combination of circumstances is — from overload current up to the maximum three-phase
so rare that the primary fuse will seldom operate. Even if secondary fault-current level — with proper allowances
the primary fuse does operate, the results are no differ- made for the transformer connection (discussed later),
ent from that which ensues if only the main secondary for the prefault load current, and for elevated (or reduced)
breaker or recloser operates. In either case, the entire out- ambient temperatures (if applicable).
put of the transformer will be lost. Rapid operation of the Proper coordination between a transformer primary
transformer primary fuse will actually improve the degree fuse and a secondary-side circuit breaker is illustrated in
of transformer protection for the two situations men- Figure 16 on page 27. In this example, the transformer has
tioned above because the time required for the primary a base (OA) rating of 7500 kVA three phase, 69 kV primary,
fuse to operate will be less than the time required if the 12.47 kV secondary. The transformer has a forced-air (FA)
primary fuse and the main secondary-side protective rating of 9375 kVA (125%). The transformer impedance is
device were fully coordinated. The shorter operating time 7%, and the maximum three-phase secondary fault current
of the primary fuse results in a lesser accumulation of is 810 amperes (1000 MVA), as seen on the primary side
mechanical and thermal stresses on the transformer, of the transformer. The transformer is connected delta
thereby helping to preserve transformer operating life. grounded-wye.
Coordinating with non-reclosing secondary-side The transformer primary fuse is a 100E-ampere Slow
protective devices Speed SMD-1A Power Fuse rated 69 kV. The full-load
current of the transformer, based on the FA rating,
To establish coordination between the transformer pri-
is 78.4 amperes. At this level of transformer load-
mary fuse and a non-reclosing feeder protective device,
ing, the primary fuse will be loaded to 78.4% of rating
it is necessary to examine the relationship between the
(78.4 ÷ 100 = 0.784). The preload adjustment factor, which
minimum melting time-current characteristic curve of the
can be determined from Figure 5 on page 10, is 0.85.
primary fuse and the total clearing time-current character-
istic curve of the feeder circuit breaker (assumed). In so The secondary-side protective device is a Square D
doing, however, the time-current characteristic curves for Type FVR circuit breaker controlled by Westinghouse
both devices must be converted to equivalent currents ap- CO-9 (very inverse) induction-disk overcurrent relays. The
plicable to a common voltage (either primary side or sec- phase relay has a 360-ampere minimum pickup setting
ondary side). For this publication, the primary-side volt- and a time-dial of 3.0. The ground relay has a 240-ampere
age has been used. minimum pickup current and a time-dial setting of 2.5.
The coordinating time interval (CTI) for both relays is 0.15
26
Application Principles
1000
Primary fuse
(100E-ampere
Slow Speed)
100
Through-fault
protection curve for
delta grounded-wye
connected transformer
10
Time, Seconds
Phase relay
1
Ground relay
0.1
Magnetizing
inrush
Hot-load
pick up
Three-phase
secondary-side fault
(810 amperes)
0.01
10 100 1000 10000
Current, Amperes at 69 kV
Figure 16. Coordination between a transformer primary fuse and a medium-voltage non-reclosing feeder
circuit breaker.
seconds, consisting of 0.10 seconds for overtravel and 0.05 Coordinating with reclosing
seconds for tolerance. (It is assumed that the relays have secondary-side protective devices
been carefully field calibrated.) The circuit breaker total
A circuit breaker with a reclosing relay or an automatic
clearing time is 0.05 seconds (3 cycles).
circuit recloser has the intelligence necessary to sense
A check of coordination indicates a 100E Standard overcurrents, to interrupt those overcurrents, and to re-
Speed SMD-1A Power Fuse will not coordinate with the close automatically to reenergize the feeder. If the fault
phase relay described in Figure 16 on page 27 at the avail- is permanent instead of temporary, the recloser will “lock
able three-phase secondary-side fault current level of 810 out” after a preset number of reclosing operations (usu-
amperes. Simply put, the total clearing time of the second- ally three or four), thus isolating the faulted feeder from
ary-side circuit breaker is greater than the preload-adjust- the system. Most faults on overhead distribution feeders
ed minimum melting time of the primary fuse. However, a — perhaps as many as 80% — are temporary in nature and
Slow Speed SMD-1A Power Fuse will coordinate with the last only a few cycles to a few seconds at most. Automatic
phase relay. Refer to Figure 16. A 100E Very Slow Speed circuit reclosers, with their “trip-and-reclose” capability,
SMD-1A Power Fuse will also coordinate with the phase eliminate prolonged outages on distribution systems be-
relay, although the degree of transformer protection will cause of these temporary faults.
be reduced slightly.
Automatic circuit reclosers have dual timing capa-
If the fuse initially selected does not coordinate with the bilities that serve an important function in establishing
load-side protective device, then coordination should be coordination with other protective devices and in help-
rechecked, using a slower-speed fuse of the same ampere ing to limit areas affected by permanent faults. A typi-
rating. If coordination still cannot be obtained — even with cal recloser operating sequence to “lockout” is shown
the slowest available fuse (i.e., Very Slow Speed) — then in Figure 17. As illustrated, the first two fault-clearing
these alternatives should be considered before resorting operations are performed in accordance
to a fuse with a larger ampere rating, which would reduce with the “fast” timing characteristic to clear
the degree of protection afforded the transformer: temporary faults before any load-side protective
• Use more circuit breakers (feeders) on the secondary devices operate. The remaining operations to lock-
side of the transformer, thereby permitting the phase out incorporate a predetermined time delay, which
and ground relays to have lower minimum pickup allows protective devices nearer the fault to interrupt
currents permanent faults, thereby limiting the extent of the
• Eliminate the main-secondary circuit breaker if outage to the smallest possible portion of the system.
present and if used solely for overcurrent protection This scheme is often referred to as a “fuse saving” scheme
• Lower the time-dial settings of the load-side phase because fuses only respond to permanent faults within
or ground relays their zones of protection.
• Use a transformer with a higher impedance rating
to reduce the level of fault current seen by the
primary fuse
• Accept incomplete coordination under certain
infrequent conditions on a calculated-risk basis
28
Application Principles
The fast timing characteristic is generally identified delayed (1A/2B), and two fast / one delayed (2A/1B).
as the “A” curve on the recloser’s published time-cur- Although it is possible to select recloser operating se-
rent characteristic curves. Time-delayed operations, quences that are either all fast or all delayed, this is gen-
which are usually referred to as “slow” or “delayed” op- erally not done except in unusual situations because of
erations, are given curve designations “B,” “C,” “D,” etc. difficulties that will be encountered in coordinating the
Time-current curves for a typical recloser are shown in recloser with other protective devices.
Figure 18. Note that the fast (A) curve specifies the max- Proper selection of the operating sequence and reclosing
imum clearing time for a single operation, with all varia- time intervals is vital to ensure all outages caused by faults
tions negative. By contrast, the slow or delayed curves are restricted to the smallest possible section of the feeder
specify average clearing times for a single operation, or lateral. Generally, the time-current characteristics and
variations are typically ±10% in terms of time, or ±0.01 operating sequence of a recloser are selected to coordi-
seconds, whichever is greater. nate with source-side protective devices. Then, after a
Operating sequences for reclosers are selected specific recloser size and operating sequence has been
primarily on the basis of providing protection against determined, protective equipment further out on the
temporary faults and coordination with other protective feeder are selected to coordinate with it.
devices. Typical sequences are: two fast / two delayed
(2A/2B), one fast / three delayed (1A/3B), one fast / two
100
10
Time, Seconds
D
0.1
C
B
0.01
10 100 1000 10000
Current, Amperes
When coordinating a transformer primary fuse with a ered. To achieve this end, adjustment factors are applied
load-side circuit breaker with a reclosing relay, or with a to the time-current characteristic curves of the circuit
load-side automatic-circuit recloser, the fault current flow- breaker or recloser instead of the transformer primary
ing through the fuse will be interrupted by the breaker or fuse — to generate an “equivalent” recloser lockout curve
recloser and then restored as the breaker or recloser goes as “seen” by the primary fuse. A number of different tech-
through its operating sequence. Initially, the temperature niques have been used over the years to develop recloser
of the fusible element in the primary fuse is determined lockout curves, each providing differing levels of accu-
by the pre-fault load current and by elevated (or reduced) racy. One method, sometimes referred to as the “Conser-
ambient temperatures (if applicable). When a fault is initi- vative Method,” involves simply ignoring the cooling that
ated, the temperature of the fusible element increases to- occurs during the reclosing time intervals and considering
wards its melting point. If the breaker or recloser opens only the heating of the primary fuse. Such a method, as the
before the fusible element reaches its melting point, the name suggests, yields very conservative results. A more
fuse will cool during the reclosing time interval (i.e., accurate method — sometimes referred to as the “Cool-
the breaker or recloser contacts are open). This current ing-Factor Method” — precisely defines the recloser lock-
cycling will continue until: out curve by reflecting both the heating and the specific
• The fault is cleared by a fast operation of the circuit cooling characteristics of the primary fuse as a function of
breaker or recloser, followed by a successful reclose the duration of each reclosing time interval. Cooling fac-
• A load-side fuse clears the fault during the recloser’s tor curves for S&C Type SMD Power Fuses are shown in
delayed operation Figure 20 on page 31.
• The recloser operates to lockout. Clearly, you would As shown in Figure 20, cooling factors for different fus-
like the recloser to operate to lockout before the es can vary substantially. For example, after a reclosing
transformer primary fuse operates. time interval of 2 seconds has elapsed, a Standard Speed
SMD Fuse Unit rated less than 40E amperes has lost 60%
Figure 19 illustrates the heating and cooling of a pri-
of its heat input as compared with a Slow Speed SMD Fuse
mary fuse subjected to multiple reclose operations
Unit (having the same ampere rating), which has lost only
When coordinating reclosers and fuses, the repeated 20% of its heat input.
heating and cooling of the fusible element must be consid-
Temperature of
fusible element
Time
Reclosing Reclosing
Load Fault Fault Fault
time interval time interval
Current
through
fuse
Figure 19. Heating and cooling of a fuse in series with a recloser during the recloser’s operating sequence.
30
Application Principles
1.2
Standard speed fuse units rated
7E – 40E amperes
1.0
Standard speed fuse units rated
50E – 300E amperes
0.8
Slow speed fuse units rated
15E – 300E amperes
Cooling Factor
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time, Seconds
Figure 20. Cooling factors versus time for various SMD Power Fuses.
Because the transformer primary fuse is located on the The transformer primary fuse is a 65E-ampere Standard
source side of the feeder circuit breakers or reclosers, Speed SMD-2B Power Fuse rated 115 kV. The full-load
the goal is to have the primary fuse not melt before the current of the transformer, based on its FA rating, is 47
breaker or recloser on the faulted feeder operates all the amperes. At this level of transformer loading, the primary
way to lockout. The maximum current value up to which fuse will be loaded to 72% of rating (47 amperes ÷ 65 am-
the primary fuse and breaker or recloser will coordinate is peres = 0.72). The preload adjustment factor, which can be
generally the lower of either: determined from Figure 5 on page 11, is 0.88.
a) The maximum interrupting capacity of circuit breaker, The secondary-side recloser is a Cooper Type VSML
recloser, or fuse electronically controlled vacuum recloser, rated 14.4 kV,
b) The intersection of the minimum melting curve of the 560 amperes continuous. The phase-trip pickup current is
primary fuse and the maximum equivalent operating 280 amperes, and the operating sequence is one fast (A),
curve of breaker or recloser (i.e., the “lockout” curve) three slow (C) operations. The reclosing time interval
between the fast operation and the first delayed operation
Example 1: Conservative Method. Coordination be-
is 0.5 seconds (instantaneous). Between the delayed op-
tween a transformer primary fuse and a secondary-side
erations, the reclosing time interval is 5 seconds.
recloser is illustrated in Figure 21 on page 33. In this ex-
ample, the transformer has a base (OA) rating of 7500 kVA As noted earlier, the most conservative approach to es-
three phase, 115 kV primary, 13.2 kV secondary. The trans- tablishing coordination between the transformer primary
former has an FA rating of 9375 kVA (125%). The trans- fuse and a feeder recloser would be to ignore the cooling
former impedance is 7.5%, and the maximum three-phase of the primary fuse during the reclosing time intervals and
secondary fault current is 478 amperes (2000 MVA), as simply sum the heating effect or heat input of each opera-
seen on the primary side of the transformer. The trans- tion. That is, the recloser lockout curve would be created
former is connected delta grounded-wye. by adding the total clearing times of the proper number
of fast and delayed operations at various current levels. Because the fuse must allow the recloser to operate to
While the conservative method will ensure coordination, lockout without melting, the recloser’s maximum equiva-
it may force the selection of a larger transformer primary lent lockout curve is calculated by adding up the individu-
fuse than otherwise would be necessary. A larger fuse, in al operating times of the one fast (A) curve and three slow
turn, will provide a reduced level of transformer protec- (C) curves at various current levels. As noted previously,
tion, and it may create coordination problems with devic- the published fast (A) curve is based on maximum clearing
es located even further to the source side of the fuse. time, but the delayed (C) curve is based on average clear-
The maximum equivalent lockout curve for a reclosing ing time and must be adjusted by its positive tolerance of
circuit breaker or recloser can be obtained by use of the 10%.
following equation: The recloser’s maximum’s equivalent lockout curve
can be calculated by using Equation 1:
n
T
j=1
Rj
(Equation 1) Tl =
TA + 3(1.1TC)
1–P
Tl =
1P
Where TA and TC are points from the published recloser A
and C curves, respectively, at the selected current I.
Tl = Point on the maximum equivalent lockout curve
of the recloser, at current (I) At the maximum three-phase secondary-side fault cur-
rent value of 478 A:
P = Reduction in the melting time of the fuse caused
by preloading, expressed as a decimal part of its TA = 0.025 second
total melting time TC = 0.14 second
TRj = Maximum clearing time at current (I) for the jth P = 0.12 (For 72% preload) (From Figure 5)
operation of the recloser 0.025 + 3[(1.1)(.14)]
Tl = = 0.55 seconds
n = Number of operations of the recloser 1 – 0.12
32
Application Principles
1000
Primary fuse
(65E-ampere
Standard Speed)
100
Through-fault
protection curve for
delta grounded-wye
connected transformer
10
Time, seconds
Miscoordination
Maximum equivalent
recloser “lockout” curve
1
Recloser
“C” curve
0.1
Recloser
“A” curve
Three-phase secondary-side
fault (478 amperes)
0.01
10 100 1000 10000
Current, Amperes at 115 kV
Figure 21. Source-side fuse/load-side recloser coordination using Conservative Method. The primary
fuse does not coordinate with the recloser.
TR1 C1 + TR2
Tl = (Equation 3)
(1 – P C1)
34
Application Principles
As noted earlier, the minimum melting time of the As the above example illustrates, including the effects
65E Standard Speed SMD-2B Power Fuse at 478 amperes of cooling of the transformer primary fuse during the
is 0.42 second. In this example, complete coordination re- reclosing time intervals often allows the selection of a
sults because the equivalent lockout time of the recloser, smaller primary fuse ampere rating, or a primary fuse
at 478 amperes (0.21 seconds), is well below the minimum with the same rating but having a faster speed charac-
melting time of the primary fuse, thereby illustrating the teristic, for better transformer protection. The Cooling-
advantages of the Cooling-Factor Method. Factor Method is particularly useful when the coordina-
tion with the secondary-side breaker or recloser is particu-
larly tight.
1000
Primary fuse
(65E-ampere
Standard Speed)
100
Through-fault
protection curve for
delta grounded-wye
connected transformer
10
Time, seconds
Maximum equivalent
recloser “lockout” curve
Recloser
“C” curve
0.1
Recloser
“A” curve
Three-phase secondary-side
fault (478 amperes)
0.01
10 100 1000 10000
Current, amperes at 115 kV
Figure 22. Source-side fuse/load-side recloser coordination using Cooling-Factor Method. Complete
coordination is achieved.
36
Application Principles
Additional coordination considerations for delta For a phase-to-phase secondary fault not involving
grounded-wye connected transformers ground on a delta grounded-wye connected transformer,
the per-unit primary-side line current in one phase is the
Coordination between the transformer primary fuse and
same as that resulting from a three-phase secondary fault,
the feeder circuit breaker or recloser is typically checked
while the secondary-side line current is only 0.87 per unit
for the level of fault current and for the type of fault (i.e.,
of the three-phase secondary fault-current value (hence,
three-phase, phase-to-phase, or phase-to-ground) produc-
the ratio, as listed in Table 4, is l.0 ÷ 0.87, or 1.15). To com-
ing the most demanding conditions possible for the trans-
pensate for the line-current differential inherent to the
former in each application. From the standpoint of coordi-
delta grounded-wye connected transformer, it is generally
nation, the most demanding conditions possible are those
recommended that a 15% margin in terms of current (or
where the per-unit line current on the primary side of the
an equivalent margin in terms of time) be maintained be-
transformer is greater than the per-unit line current on the
tween the total clearing time-current characteristic curve
secondary side of the transformer. For this situation, the
of the feeder protective device and the minimum melting
primary fuse “sees” more current, on a relative basis, than
time-current characteristic curve of the transformer pri-
does the secondary-side breaker or recloser. Accordingly,
mary fuse. Refer to Figure 23 on page 38.
an allowance must be made before checking for proper
coordination between the two devices. Table 4 lists the
ratio of the per-unit primary-side line current to the per-
unit secondary-side line current for the same transformer
connections and types of secondary faults as illustrated in
Figure 12 on page 19.
Table 4. Relationship Between Per-Unit Primary-Side Line Current and Per-Unit Secondary-Side Line Current for Various
Types of Secondary Faults
① Primary-side and secondary-side line current values are expressed per unit of their respective values for a “bolted” three-phase secondary
fault.
1000
Primary fuse
(100E-ampere slow
speed)
100
Through-fault
protection curve for
delta grounded-wye
connected transformer
10
Time, seconds
Phase
relay
T1
T2
Ground
relay
Magnetizing
inrush
0.1
Hot-load pickup
0.01
10 100 1000 10000
Current, amperes at 69 kV
Figure 23. Application of minimum time margin (equivalent to 15% current margin) between the minimum
melting curve of the transformer primary fuse and a medium-voltage circuit breaker (feeder or main) for a
delta grounded-wye connected transformer.
38
Application Principles
1000
Primary fuse
(100E ampere
slow speed)
100
10
Phase
relay
Time, seconds
Ground
relay
Maximum
available fault
current at
Minimum operating
transformer
time-current curves of
primary fuse
upstream circuit breaker
overcurrent relays
(adjusted for overtravel
and tolerance)
0.1
0.01
100 1000 10000 100000
Current, amperes at 69 kV
Figure 24. Coordination between a transformer primary fuse and an upstream circuit breaker.
40
Fuse-Selection Tables
Introduction to Fuse Selection Tables . . . characteristics and quality that make them especially suit-
ed for the simultaneous satisfaction of all of the selection
As described previously, the selection of a transformer pri- criteria. These time-tested fuses are available in a wide
mary fuse ampere rating and speed characteristic involves variety of ampere ratings and speeds, permitting close fus-
consideration of the following factors: ing for maximum protection and optimum coordination.
• Anticipated normal transformer loading schedule, And their time-current characteristics are precise, with
including daily or repetitive peak loads, and emer- only 10% total tolerance in melting current compared with
gency peak loads the 20% (or greater) tolerance of other fuses (20% and 40%
• Inrush currents, including the combined effects of respectively, in terms of time). Because of these narrow
transformer magnetizing-inrush current and the tolerances, S&C power fuses can be counted on to re-
energizing-inrush currents associated with con- spond faster than other fuses of comparable ampere rating
nected loads (i.e., hot-load pickup), and the long- and speed, resulting in better and more reliable protection
term overcurrent that occurs upon re-energizing for the transformer. Furthermore, these narrow tolerances
the transformer following an extended outage (i.e., allow the upstream protective devices to be set to oper-
cold-load pickup) ate faster for better system protection while still retaining
• The degree of protection provided to the transformer coordination.
against damaging overcurrents Exceptional care in the design and manufacture of
• Coordination with secondary-side as well as other S&C power fuses guarantees that they are accurate with
primary-side overcurrent protective devices respect to their minimum melting time-current character-
• Protecting downstream conductors against damaging istics not only initially, but also on a sustained basis —
overcurrents neither age and vibration nor surges that heat the element
nearly to the severing point will affect the characteristics
In the past, the task of selecting a transformer primary of these fuses. S&C power fuses possess sufficient load-
fuse ampere rating and speed involved complex graphical ing capability to easily accommodate daily or repetitive
solutions using time-current characteristic curves peak loads in excess of your normal transformer loading
published for the various overcurrent protective devices, schedule. And they have surge capacities that are more
taking into consideration the many adjustment factors than adequate to withstand any inrush currents they will
required by the manufacturers of those devices and the likely experience. This provides operating economies
particular transformer connection. because there is no need to replace unblown companion
The fuse selection tables located on pages 51 to 122 fuses on suspicion of damage following a fuse operation
of this document are based on the consideration of the . . . a performance characteristic not generally found in
aforementioned factors, and permit the selection of the other brands of power fuses.
optimal transformer primary fuse after just a few simple As a consequence of these performance characteristics,
calculations. The need to perform graphical coordination S&C power fuses allow you to fuse closer to the trans-
studies has been eliminated. The tables list, for each former full-load current than is possible with other fuses,
transformer, primary-fuse ampere ratings and speeds that providing the maximum degree of protection against
will accommodate the full range of loading levels normally secondary faults. They are thus better able to protect the
encountered and that will withstand the energizing-inrush transformer against damage caused by faults between
currents associated with each transformer shown. In the transformer and secondary-side circuit breakers or
addition, for each such fuse, the degree of transformer reclosers. They also supply backup protection
protection provided by the primary fuse is quantified in the event of the incorrect functioning of secondary-side
using S&C’s unique “Transformer Protection Index,” devices. In addition, the ability to fuse closer to the trans-
which indicates the level of secondary-fault current former full-load current facilitates coordination with
down to which the primary fuse will operate to protect upstream protective devices by allowing them to have
the transformer in accordance with the appropriate lower ampere ratings and/or settings for faster response.
transformer through-fault protection curve. Furthermore, Once the transformer primary fuse ampere rating and
each fuse ampere rating and speed listed in the tables has speed characteristic have been selected as outlined in the
been “precoordinated” with medium-voltage secondary- section entitled “How to Use the Fuse Selection Tables” on
side circuit breakers and reclosers. You need only refer to page 44, it is only necessary to determine the appropriate
these tables to select the optimal fuse ampere rating and power fuse type based on the voltage rating, short-circuit
speed to protect your transformer and coordinate with the interrupting rating (considering the maximum anticipated
appropriate secondary-side overcurrent protective device. available fault current at the fuse location), and maximum
S&C Type SMD Power Fuses possess the performance ampere rating required. As can be seen from Table 6 on
page 49, S&C Type SMD Power Fuses are offered in a mul- Coordination with secondary-side overcurrent
titude of voltage, short-circuit interrupting, and maximum protective devices. In general, this section of the fuse-
ampere ratings, allowing you to economically match the selection tables was developed by examining the rela-
power fuse to the load- and fault-current levels of your tionships that exist between the minimum melting time-
particular applications. Moreover, S&C Type SMD Power current characteristic curve of the transformer primary
Fuses are offered in a wide variety of mounting configu- fuse and the total clearing time-current characteristic
rations designed to accommodate the space and bus con- curves for medium-voltage secondary-side circuit break-
figuration requirements of many different station layouts. ers and reclosers. As explained previously, proper coordi-
Consult your nearest S&C Sales Office for help in making nation between the primary fuse and the secondary-side
the most economical selection. overcurrent protective device requires the consideration
of a number of factors. The assumptions made in consider-
Basis for Listings in the Fuse Selection ing these factors are outlined below.
Tables . . .
The maximum three-phase secondary-fault current level
The fuse selection tables referenced in this publication used in determining coordination between the transform-
were developed in accordance with the application princi- er primary fuse and the secondary-side circuit breaker or
ples previously discussed. In applying these principles as recloser is based on consideration of the source imped-
described, it was necessary to make certain decisions and ance and as the more dominant transformer impedance.
assumptions, all of which are outlined in detail below. For For the purpose of the fuse-selection tables, the source im-
easy access to this information, this discussion is arranged pedance is based on a variety of short-circuit MVA levels
in the following sections in the same order as it appears in up through: 2000 MVA at 34.5 kV, 2500 MVA at 46 kV, 3000
the fuse selection tables. MVA at 69 kV, 2000 MVA at 115 kV, and 2000 MVA 138 kV.
Transformer self-cooled ratings. Table 7 on page 50 Additional fault-current contribution by motors or other
serves as an index to the fuse-selection tables applicable secondary-side devices has not been considered, thus en-
to transformers having primary voltage ratings between suring that coordination between the transformer primary
34.5 kV and 138 kV, with medium-voltage (2.4 kV through fuse and the secondary-side protective device will be real-
34.5 kV) secondaries. The transformer ratings in Table 7 ized under all circumstances.
are listed on a self-cooled basis. The fuse-selection tables The Transformer Protection Index. The Trans-
are applicable to all transformers with the listed ratings former Protection Index is provided in the fuse-selection
even if they are equipped with cooling fans, if they have tables to enable you to evaluate the degree of transformer
increased temperature capability (e.g., 149ºF (65ºC) tem- protection provided by the transformer primary fuse
perature rise instead of 131ºF (55ºC) temperature rise), or ampere rating selected. As explained in the section entitled,
if they have both cooling fans and increased temperature “Protect Transformer Against Damaging Overcur-
capability. rents . . .” beginning on page 14, two objectives
The transformer impedances listed in Table 7 were must be achieved to obtain a comprehensive level
selected as being representative of transformers used in of protection for the transformer. First, the total-
utility and large industrial substations and were used in clearing time-current characteristic curve of the primary
preparing the fuse-selection tables. Transformers with fuse should pass below and to the left of the ANSI Point
special impedances are not within the scope of this publi- of the appropriate transformer through-fault protection
cation and thus have not been considered. curve and, second, the point at which the two curves in-
tersect should be at as low a multiple of the transformer
Prefault load. As mentioned previously, the time-cur-
primary full-load current as possible. The Transformer
rent characteristic curves for medium-voltage power fuses
Protection Index indicates how well these two objectives
are determined at 77ºF (25ºC) and with no initial load. In
are achieved. The presence of an index indicates that the
practice, every fuse is carrying some load that, in addition
first objective was achieved, whereas the absence of an in-
to ambient temperatures in excess of 77ºF (25ºC), raises
dex signifies the primary fuse does not provide protection
the temperature of the fusible element and hence reduces
for the transformer because the total clearing time-current
the melting time for a given value of current. This adjust-
curve of the primary fuse passes above and to the right of
ment must be considered when determining coordination
the ANSI Point. Accordingly, a smaller primary-fuse am-
between the transformer primary fuse and secondary-side
pere rating should be selected. The indexes indicate the
circuit breakers or reclosers and in calculating the hot-
percentage of the transformer primary full-load current
load pickup capability of the primary fuse.
down to which the primary fuse will operate to protect
the transformer in accordance with the appropriate trans-
former through-fault protection curve.
42
Fuse-Selection Tables
The indexes are listed in the fuse-selection tables for 3. Cold-load pickup capability—The ability of the
commonly used transformer connections. For delta transformer primary fuse to withstand the combined
grounded-wye connected transformers, the indexes are magnetizing- and load-inrush currents associated
based on a phase-to-ground secondary fault, which is with the re-energizing of the transformer following
the most demanding type of fault for this transformer an extended outage (30 minutes or more) (Cold-load
connection from a protection standpoint. For delta pickup capability is typically associated with utility
delta connected transformers, the indexes are based distribution transformer loading practices, where
on a phase-to-phase secondary fault, which is the most the transformers are often sized for the average peak
demanding type of fault for this transformer connection load instead of the maximum-expected peak load,
from a protection standpoint. Similarly, for grounded-wye thereby exposing the transformers to overcurrent of
grounded-wye connected transformers and for delta wye up to 30 minutes in duration following re-energization.
connected transformers with the secondary-side neutral In contrast, transformers applied in industrial,
grounded through an impedance, the indexes should be commercial, and institutional power systems are
based on a three-phase secondary fault. However, because usually sized to accommodate maximum peak-load
the indexes for these transformer connections (based on conditions without being overloaded. For this reason,
a three-phase secondary fault) are only slightly smaller the combined magnetizing- and load-inrush current
(better) than the indexes determined for delta-delta associated with the energizing of a transformer
connected transformers, for simplicity indexes for the following an extended outage is no more severe than
delta-delta connected transformer have been listed in the the inrush current encountered under hot-load pickup
fuse selection tables. conditions — where the primary fuse is loaded to
Loading capability. In general, loading capability the peak-load capability listed in the fuse selection
refers to the amount of load the transformer primary tables. As a consequence, cold-load pickup capability
fuse can pick up (even after a momentary or extended need not be considered when protecting transformers
loss of source voltage) without operating and carry on a serving industrial, commercial, and institutional power
continuous basis. Two loadability values are listed in the systems.)
fuse selection tables for each fuse ampere rating: the Ampere ratings. For each transformer kVA rating, the
minimum of the continuous peak-load capability and the hot- fuse-selection tables list a choice of fuse ampere ratings
load pickup capability, and the cold-load pickup capability. in all of three speed characteristics: S&C Standard Speed,
These three capabilities are discussed below: TCC No. 153; S&C Slow Speed, TCC No. 119; and S&C
1. Continuous peak-load capability—The ability of Very Slow Speed, TCC No. 176. The smallest ampere rating
the transformer primary fuse to carry on a continuous listed for each transformer kVA rating and for each speed
basis, daily, or repetitive peak loads regardless of characteristic provides a minimum loading capability for
duration. Continuous peak-load values for S&C Type any of the three conditions evaluated of at least 80% of the
SMD Power Fuses can be determined by referring to full-load current of the transformer.
S&C Information Bulletin 210-190. Elevated ambient temperature. An ambient
2. Hot-load pickup capability—The ability of the operating temperature not exceeding 40ºC is considered
transformer primary fuse carrying load to withstand to be typical for medium-voltage power fuse installations.
the combined magnetizing- and load-inrush currents The required adjustment (reduction) in melting time for an
associated with the re-energizing of the transformer ambient temperature of 40ºC would be very small—on the
following a momentary loss of source voltage order of 2% in terms of time, or 1% in terms of current—
(Specifically, hot-load pickup capability is the maximum and thus can be ignored.
transformer load current that, when used as the pre-
outage load current in adjusting the minimum melting
time-current characteristic curve of the primary fuse,
results in a fuse curve that passes above and to the
right of the point representing the magnitude and
duration of the combined magnetizing- and load-inrush
currents.)
How to Use The Fuse Selection Tables . . . to the transformer connection and impedance.
Entries greater than or equal to the TPI indicate
In using these tables, it is recommended that the the fault types for which transformer protection
transformer primary fuse be coordinated with the is provided in accordance with the appropriate
largest feeder circuit breaker or recloser instead of a through-fault protection curve. If protection is
main secondary-side protective device (if any). This not provided for the fault types listed, you may
will provide superior protection for the transformer wish to select a smaller primary-fuse ampere
and maintain the same degree of service continuity. rating to obtain a smaller TPI by adjusting the
Accordingly, you should follow the steps below as they settings of the phase and/or ground relay, as
apply to your largest feeder protective device. The follows:
examples on pages 45 and 47 illustrate the use of these
steps in selecting a primary fuse. • Lower the time-dial setting.
• Lower the minimum pickup current.
Non-Reclosing secondary-side protective device
• Use a different (faster) relay time-current
(circuit breaker)
characteristic.
Follow these steps to select the ampere rating of the
primary fuse for a transformer with a non-reclosing Return to Step 2.
secondary-side protective device (circuit breaker): STEP 5. In the line selected in Step 4 and in the column
STEP 1. Locate the appropriate selection table based on headed “Loading Capability . . .,” verify the listed
the applicable transformer kV rating. Refer to value is sufficient to meet your hot-load or cold-
page 50 for the index to selection tables. load pickup requirements. If not, read down the
STEP 2. Determine from published operating table in this column, stopping in the first line
characteristics, the maximum total clearing containing an adequate loading capability value.
time of the feeder circuit breaker having the Verify the entries in the secondary-side protective
largest (highest) ratings or settings [i.e., the total device ratings or settings columns and the
operating time of the phase or ground relay “Transformer Protection Index . . .” columns are
(which ever is longer) plus the interrupting time still acceptable. If not, you may wish to consider
of the circuit breaker] at the maximum three- reducing your loading requirements.
phase secondary-side fault current level. In this STEP 6. The primary-fuse ampere rating and time-
publication, the primary-side system voltage is current characteristic shown in the line selected
used. above are those recommended for your
STEP 3. Enter the table in the column entitled, application. Note: The TE values listed in the
“Secondary-side Circuit Breaker or Recloser — tables assume no preloading of the primary fuse.
Upper Limit for T E . . .,” in the specific column Verify coordination still exists by adjusting the
corresponding to the maximum three-phase TE value using the graph in Figure 5 on page 10.
secondary fault-current level. Select the first STEP 7. Verify the primary fuse selected in Step 6
line containing a “TE” entry equal to or larger coordinates with the upstream protective device.
than the value determined in Step 2. See page 38.
STEP 4. In the line selected in Step 3 and in the STEP 8. To select the type of primary fuse (i.e., SMD-1A,
“Transformer Protection Index . . .” column SMD-2B, SMD-2C, SMD-3, or SMD-50), refer to
corresponding to the transformer connection, Table 6 on page 48. Based on the system voltage,
determine the Transformer Protection Index interrupting duty, and maximum continuous
(TPI). If there is no TPI in this line, choose a current, note the power fuse types that can be used.
smaller transformer primary fuse ampere rating Your local S&C Sales Office will help you make the
as described below. Compare the TPI with the most economical selection.
entries listed in Table 5 on page 48 corresponding
44
Fuse-Selection Tables
Primary Fuse
80E Ampere, Very Slow Speed
SMD-2B Power Fuse
System Available Fault Level: 10,500 Amperes (2000 MVA)
115 kV
Transformer
12/16/20 MVA
Z = 8%
IFL = 60.2 Amperes at 115 kV (base) , 80.3 Amperes at 115 kV (OA/FA), 100.4
Amperes at 115 kV (OA/FA/FA)
12.47 kV
IFL = 556 Amperes at 12.47 kV (base)
Here is an example of outcomes to the steps described on STEP 7. Confirm that coordination is achieved based on
page 44: pre-loading the primary fuse under the
STEP 1. The index on page 50 lists Table 9 as applying to assumption that the transformer is operating at
transformers rated 115 kV three-phase, 12 MVA its top (20-MVA) rating. The preload adjustment
(base), 8% impedance. factor (see Figure 5 on page 11) is 0.64. The
adjusted minimum melting time of the
STEP 2. The maximum total clearing time (TE) for the
80E-ampere Slow Speed fuse is 0.35 seconds
phase relay for a maximum three-phase [0.54 second (from Step 3) × 0.64 = 0.35 seconds].
secondary-side fault (701 amperes at 115 kV) is Since this value is less than TE for the phase relay
0.42 seconds. determined earlier (0.42 seconds), the 80E
STEP 3. The appropriate entry in the column ampere Slow Speed fuse will not coordinate with
corresponding to a 2000-MVA system available the phase relay after all. An 80E-ampere Very
fault-current level is 0.54 seconds. Slow Speed primary fuse (TCC No. 176) will
STEP 4. The Transformer Protection Index (TPI) for the coordinate with the phase relay, even when
transformer in this example is 335%. A preloaded to a current level equal to the top
comparison of this value with the values listed in rating of the transformer. The adjusted minimum
Table 5 on page 48 indicates the primary fuse will melting time for the 80E-ampere Very Slow Speed
protect the transformer in accordance with the fuse is 0.79 second (from the table) × 0.64 = 0.51
through-fault protection curve against all types seconds.
of secondary faults. STEP 8. The recommended primary-fuse ampere rating
STEP 5. The primary fuse has a continuous and hot-load (80E amperes, Very Slow Speed, TCC No. 176)
pickup capability of 220% of the transformer full- coordinates with source-side overcurrent
load current, which is greater than the OA/FA/FA protective devices (not considered in this
rating of the transformer (167%). The primary example).
fuse has a cold-load pickup capability of 110% of STEP 9. From Table 6 on page 49, an S&C Power Fuse
the transformer full-load current. Type SMD-2B is available in the voltage rating
STEP 6. A primary-fuse rating of 80E amperes, Slow (115 kV), maximum ampere rating (250E), and
Speed, TCC No. 119 is conditionally interrupting rating (10,500 amperes symmetri-
recommended. cal) sufficient for the application in this example.
Reclosing secondary-side protective device primary fuse ampere rating to obtain a smaller TPI
(recloser) by adjusting the settings of the recloser, as follows:
Follow these steps to select the ampere rating of the primary • Lower the recloser’s minimum pickup
fuse for a transformer with a reclosing secondary-side current.
protective device (recloser): • Use a different (faster) time-current charac-
STEP 1. Locate the appropriate selection table based on the teristic curve for the delayed operation (e.g.,
applicable transformer kV rating. Refer to page 50 a “C” curve instead of a “D” curve or a “B”
for the index to selection tables. curve instead of a “C” curve).
STEP 2. Collect data. Return to Step 2.
STEP 3. STEP 7. In the line selected in Step 4 and in the column
(a) Determine from published operating characteris- headed “Loading Capability . . .,” verify the listed
tics, the maximum total clearing time of the feeder value is sufficient to meet your hot-load or cold-load
recloser having the largest (highest) ratings or set- pickup requirements. If not, read down the table in
tings for the fast (A) operation(s) at the maximum this column, stopping in the first line containing an
three-phase secondary-side fault current level. adequate loading capability value. Verify the entries
Next, for this same recloser, determine the nomi- in the secondary-side protective device ratings or
nal clearing time for the delayed (B,C, or D, etc.) settings columns and the “Transformer Protection
operations at the maximum three-phase second- Index . . .” columns are still acceptable. If not, you
ary-side fault current level. For this publication, the may wish to consider reducing your loading
primary-side system voltage is used. requirement.
(b) Determine the cooling factors for the various STEP 8. The primary fuse ampere rating and time-current
available fuse unit speeds (e.g., Standard, Slow, characteristic shown in the line selected above are
Very Slow), and for the reclosing time intervals those recommended for your application.
being used. See Figure 20 on page 31. STEP 9. Verify that the primary fuse selected in Step 7
(c) Using the Preload Adjustment Curve shown in coordinates with the upstream protective device.
Figure 5 on page 11, determine preload factor “P.” See page 39.
This is the reduction in the melting time of the fuse STEP 10. To select the type of primary fuse (i.e., SMD-1A,
caused by preloading, expressed as a decimal part SMD-2B, SMD-2C, SMD-3, or SMD-50), refer to
of the melting time (i.e., 1.0 – the preload adjustment Table 6 on page 49. Based on the system voltage,
factor). interrupting duty, and maximum continuous
STEP 4. Based on the information determined above, current, note the power fuse types that can be used.
calculate TE for the various fuse unit speeds using Your local S&C Sales Office will help you make the
Equations 2 through 5a, depending on the specific most economical selection.
reclosing sequence being used. See page 34.
STEP 5. Enter the table in the column entitled, “Secondary-
side Circuit Breaker or Recloser — Upper Limit for
TE . . . ,” in the specific column corresponding to the
maximum three-phase secondary fault current
level. Select the first line containing a “TE” entry
equal to or larger than the values determined in
Step 2 for the various fuse speeds under
consideration.
STEP 6. In the lines selected in Step 3 and in the “Trans-
former Protection Index . . .” column corresponding
to the transformer connection, determine the
Transformer Protection Indices (TPIs). If there is
no TPI in these lines, choose a smaller transformer
primary fuse ampere rating as described below.
Compare the TPI to the entries listed in Table 5 on
page 48 corresponding to the transformer connec-
tion and impedance. Entries greater than or equal
to the TPIs indicate the fault types for which trans-
former protection is provided in accordance with
the appropriate through-fault protection curve. If
protection is not provided for one or more of the
fault types listed, you may wish to select a smaller
46
Fuse-Selection Tables
Primary Fuse
125E Ampere, Standard Speed
SMD-1A Power Fuse
System Available Fault Level: 17,500 Amperes (1000 MVA)
34.5 kV
Transformer
5000 kVA
Z = 6.5%
IFL = 83.7 Amperes at 34.5 kV (base)
12.47 kV IFL = 231.5 Amperes at 12.47 kV (base)
Recloser
Cooper Type VW (hydraulic control, vacuum interruption)
Maximum Continuous Current Rating: 560 Amperes
Trip Coil Rating: 140 Amperes
Operating Sequence: 2 Fast (A), 2 Slow (B)
Reclosing Time Intervals: Instantaneous, 2 Seconds
Here is an example of outcomes to the steps described on Standard Speed: TE = 0.30 sec. 125E Standard Speed
page 45: Slow Speed: TE = 0.53 sec. 125E Slow Speed
STEP 1. The index in Table 8 on page 51 lists applyies to Very Slow Speed: TE = 0.53 sec. 100E Very Slow Speed
transformers rated 34.5 kV three-phase, 5,000 kVA
(base), 6.5% impedance. STEP 5. The Transformer Protection Indices (TPIs) for the
fuses selected above are 375%, 405%, and 310%,
STEP 2.
respectively. A comparison of these values with the
(a) The published maximum total clearing time for the values listed in Table 5 on page 48 indicates that the
recloser fast (A) curve for a maximum three-phase primary fuse will protect the transformer in
secondary-side fault (1195 amperes at 34.5 kV) is accordance with the through-fault protection
0.05 second. The published nominal total clearing curve against all types of secondary faults.
time for the recloser slow (B) curve is 0.14 seconds.
STEP 6. The primary fuses selected above have a continuous
(b) Cooling factors (C1, C2, etc.) for the various and hot-load pickup capability of at least 175% of the
available fuse speeds, for an instantaneous and a full-load current of the transformer, which is more
2-second reclosing time interval, are: than sufficient for the application given that the
Standard Speed: 1.0 (Instantaneous) 0.58 (2 seconds) transformer is not equipped with fans. The
100E-ampere Very Slow Speed fuse has a somewhat
Slow Speed: 1.0 (Instantaneous) 0.80 (2 seconds) limited cold-load pickup capability of 105% of the
Very Slow Speed: 1.0 (Instantaneous) 0.95 (2 seconds) transformer full-load current. If cold-load pickup is
a concern, the 125E-ampere Standard Speed fuse or
(c) The preload adjustment factor is 0.90 (from
the 125E-ampere Slow Speed fuse should be used.
Figure 5). The factor “P” is 0.10 (1.0 - 0.90 = 0.10).
STEP 7. All of the recommended primary-fuse ampere
STEP 3. The calculated values for TE for the various fuse
ratings coordinate with source-side overcurrent
speeds using Equation 5 (two fast, two slow
protective devices (not considered in this example).
sequence) are:
STEP 8. From Table 6 on page 49, an S&C power fuse, Type
Standard Speed: TE = 0.28 seconds SMD-1A, is available in the voltage rating (34.5 kV),
Slow Speed: TE = 0.35 seconds maximum ampere rating (200E), and interrupting
Very Slow Speed: TE = 0.42 seconds rating (17,500 amperes symmetrical) sufficient for
the application in this example.
STEP 4. The appropriate entries in the column correspond-
ing to a 1000-MVA system available fault-current
level and conditionally recommended fuse ratings
are:
5% 1730 2000
6% 1445 1670
8% 1085 1250
48
Fuse-Selection Tables
Power Fuse
SMD-50 SMD-1A SMD-2B② SMD-2C② SMD-3
Type
Amperes MVA, Amperes MVA, Amperes MVA, Amperes MVA, Amperes MVA,
Fuse System 3-Phase 3-Phase 3-Phase 3-Phase 3-Phase
Sym.③ Asym. Sym.③ Sym.③ Asym. Sym.③ Sym.③ Asym. Sym.③ Sym.③ Asym. Sym.③ Sym.③ Asym. Sym.③
23 6 700 10 600 265 17 500 28 000 700 33 500 53 500 1300
34.5 27.6 6 700 10 600 320 17 500 28 000 840 33 500 53 500 1600
34.5 6 700 10 600 400 17 500 28 000 1000 33 500 53 500 2000
23 31 500 50 500 ****
27.6 6 000 9 600 **** 15 000 24 000 **** 31 500 50 500 ****
46
34.5 6 000 9 600 **** 15 000 24 000 **** 31 500 50 500 ****
46 5 000 8 000 400 13 100 21 000 1000 31 500 50 500 2500
50
Fuse-Selection Tables
0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 315 315 205 115 7E Std. 153
0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.36 435 435 290 130 10E Std. 153
0.63 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.60 435 435 290 130 10E Std. 153
6.0% 5.0 0.83 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80 680 810 435 205 15E Std. 153
1.30 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.26 1.26 720 **** 435 195 15E Slow 119
1.61 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.55 990 **** 580 280 20E Std. 153
2.26 2.21 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.17 1200 **** 580 295 20E Slow 119
0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 315 315 205 115 7E Std. 153
0.44 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 435 435 290 130 10E Std. 153
0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 560 570 380 165 13E Std. 153
300 6.5% 5.0 0.97 0.92 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 680 810 435 205 15E Std. 153
1.54 1.51 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.49 720 **** 435 195 15E Slow 119
1.94 1.90 1.88 1.88 1.87 1.87 990 **** 580 280 20E Std. 153
2.72 2.66 2.64 2.63 2.63 2.62 1200 **** 580 295 20E Slow 119
0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 315 315 205 115 7E Std. 153
0.51 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 435 435 290 130 10E Std. 153
0.85 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 560 570 380 165 13E Std. 153
7.0% 5.0 1.13 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.10 680 810 435 205 15E Std. 153
1.80 1.77 1.75 1.75 1.74 1.74 720 **** 435 195 15E Slow 119
2.32 2.27 2.26 2.25 2.24 2.24 990 **** 580 280 20E Std. 153
3.25 3.18 3.16 3.15 3.14 3.14 1200 **** 580 295 20E Slow 119
0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 340 340 225 100 13E Std. 153
0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 395 400 260 125 15E Std. 153
0.47 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.44 395 420 260 115 15E Slow 119
0.57 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 530 565 350 165 20E Std. 153
500 6.0% 8.4 0.76 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73 550 630 350 175 20E Slow 119
0.92 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 665 800 435 205 25E Std. 153
1.03 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 695 890 435 215 25E Slow 119
1.21 1.17 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.14 915 **** 520 255 30E Std. 153
1.85 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1020 **** 520 280 30E Slow 119
① Self-cooled rating. OA/FA rating is 115% of nameplate. Select fuse Note: Refer to “How to use the Fuse Selection Tables” on page 44.
to have continuous peak-load capability greater than these values.
TABLE CONTINUED ▶
52
Fuse-Selection Tables
54
Fuse-Selection Tables
56
Fuse-Selection Tables
58
Fuse-Selection Tables
60
Fuse-Selection Tables
62
Fuse-Selection Tables
64
Fuse-Selection Tables
66
Fuse-Selection Tables
68
Fuse-Selection Tables
① Self-cooled rating. OA/FA rating is 115% of nameplate. Select fuse Note: Refer to “How to use the Fuse Selection Tables” on page 44.
to have continuous peak-load capability greater than these values.
● Index applies to wye-wye connected transformers only.
TABLE CONTINUED ▶
70
Fuse-Selection Tables
72
Fuse-Selection Tables
74
Fuse-Selection Tables
76
Fuse-Selection Tables
78
Fuse-Selection Tables
80
Fuse-Selection Tables
82
Fuse-Selection Tables
84
Fuse-Selection Tables
86
Fuse-Selection Tables
88
Fuse-Selection Tables
90
Fuse-Selection Tables
92
Fuse-Selection Tables
94
Fuse-Selection Tables
96
Fuse-Selection Tables
98
Fuse-Selection Tables
100
Fuse-Selection Tables
102
Fuse-Selection Tables
104
Fuse-Selection Tables
106
Fuse-Selection Tables
108
Fuse-Selection Tables
110
Fuse-Selection Tables
112
Fuse-Selection Tables
114
Fuse-Selection Tables
116
Fuse-Selection Tables
118
Fuse-Selection Tables
120
Fuse-Selection Tables
122
Information Bulletin 210-110
August 28, 2017
© S&C Electric Company 2005 -2017, all rights reserved
Supersedes Data Bulletin 210-110 dated August 17, 2015
Offices Worldwide ■ sandc.com