Subs For Calculation of Earthing Within MEGER

PROJECT PAPER
ON
LOAD CALCULATION & SUB-STATION
DESIGN FOR ACADEMIC BUILDING-4,DIU
ASHULIA CAMPUS
Supervisor
(Md. Dara Abdus Satter)
Assistant Professor& Associate Head
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
&
Assistant Proctor
Daffodil International University
Prepared By
Md. Kawsar Ahmed Vobotosh Ray

ID:112-33-622 ID:112-33-643
Dept. of EEE Dept. of EEE
Daffodil International University Daffodil International University
© Daffodil International University i

LOAD CALCULATION & SUB-STATION DESIGN FOR
ACADEMIC BUILDING-4, DIU ASHULIA CAMPUS
A Project submitted to the Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department of

the Engineering Faculty, Daffodil International University (DIU) in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Electrical &Electronic Engineering.
Name: ID:
Md. Kawsar Ahmed 112-33-622
Vobotosh Ray 112-33-643
Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering (EEE)

102, Mirpur Road, Sukhrabad,
Dhaka-1207
JANUARY-2019
© Daffodil International University ii

DECLARATION
This is to certify that this project is my original work. No part of this work has
been submitted elsewhere partially or fully for the award of any other degree or
diploma. Any material reproduced in this project has been properly
acknowledged.
Students’ names & Signatures
....................................
Md. Kawsar Ahmed
112-33-622
....................................
Vobotosh Ray
112-33-643
© Daffodil International University iii

APPROVAL
The Project titled ―“Load calculation & sub-station design for academic
building-4, DIU, Ashulia campus” has been submitted to the following
respected members of the Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical &
Electronic Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Electrical and Electronic Engineering on by the
following students and has been accepted as satisfactory.
_______________
Supervisor
(Md. Dara Abdus Satter)
Assistant Professor & Associate Head
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
&
Assistant Proctor
_______________
© Daffodil International University iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At first I would like to thank the Almighty who has helped me for
completing the project. Then I must thank the people whose names are not
included in the list of acknowledgement but helped me to survey and
collect valuable information.
We want to pay our utmost respect to our honorable project Co-Supervisor,
Engr. Sheikh Mohammad Mostafa, Assistant Engineer (Senior Admin
Officer) Electrical, P&D, Daffodil International University who has given
me chance to work on our idea and taken care of every issues of
development that I will make possible with this concept.
We feel grateful to and wish our profound our indebtedness to supervisor

Md. Dara Abdus Satter, Assistant Professor & Associate Head Department
of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Assistant
Proctor Daffodil International University. Deep knowledge & keen interest
of our supervisor in the field of Electric power influenced us to carry out
this project. His endless patience, scholarly guideline, continual
encouragement, constant and energetic supervision, constructive
Criticism, valuable advice at all stage made it possible to complete this
project.
We are thankful to our honorable Md. Dara Abdus Satter, Assistant

Professor & Associate Head Department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Assistant Proctor Daffodil
International University who has given me inspiration to continue my
innovative work. With their encouragement and my hard work, this idea or
concept has brought to light.
© Daffodil International University v

ABSTRACT
To be a B.Sc. Engineer from Daffodil International University, We have to take
a four credit course as EEE-499 (Thesis/project). For our graduation we have
taken EEE-499 which is Project. Our Project title is “Load calculation & sub-
station design for academic building-4, DIU Ashulia campus ” We have
gathered practical knowledge about Substation, Sub-station Protection,
Different types of Protective relays, Bus-Bar System, Sub-Station Installation,
Layout Planning, Ring Main Unit (RMU),AVR, Busber Trunking system,
Genarator, Power Transformer, Distribution Transformer, Instrument
Transformer, Both CT, Isolator, Circuit Breaker, Fuse and Transformer
,Switchgear etc. Before doing this Project we had theoretical and practically
knowledge about substation. But now we feel that we have gathered knowledge
about this Equipment’s comparing to before. In sub-station section we saw the
whole process step by step. We learnt how to test a Transformer, What the
difference are between Transformer and Instrument Transformer we have also
learnt the use of CT and the reasons of using CT at high voltage range. We have
also strong knowledge about Substation switchgear HT, LT, PFI, Bus-bar
Trunking system and the use of circuit breaker and especially Load Calculation.
© Daffodil International University vi

Certification
This is to certify that this project and thesis entitled “LOAD CALCULATION & SUB-
STATION DESIGN FOR ACADEMIC BUILDING-4, DIU ASHULIA CAMPUS” is
done by the following students under my direct supervision and this work has been carried
out by them in the laboratories of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
under the Faculty of Engineering of Daffodil International University in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering. The presentation of the work was held on 29 January 2019.
Signature of the candidates
_____________________
Md. Kawsar Ahmed
112-33-622
________________________
Vobotosh Ray
112-33-643
© Daffodil International University vii

BOARD OF EXAMINERS
The project and thesis entitled “LOAD CALCULATION & SUB-STATION DESIGN
FOR ACADEMIC BUILDING-4, DIU ASHULIA CAMPUS” submitted by Md.Kawsar
Ahmed, ID No:112-33-622, Session: Summer 2019 has been accepted as satisfactory in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical
and Electronic Engineering on 19 January 2019.
____________________________
Dr. Engr. … Chairman
Professor
Department of EEE, DIU
____________________________
Dr. Engr. --- Internal Member
Professor
Department of EEE, DIU
© Daffodil International University viii

LIST OF FIGURE
Fig 1.3: Single Line Diagram of Substation………………......................................... 3
Fig 1.4.1.a: Step up Substation...................................................................................... 4
Fig 1.4.1.b: Step Down Substation……………………………………………………… 5
Fig 1.4.1.c: Primary Substation...................................................................................... 5
Fig 1.4.1.d: Secondary Substation……………………………………………………… 6
Fig 1.4.1.e: Distribution Substation................................................................................. 6
Fig 1.4.1.f: Industrial Substation ……………………………………………………… 7
Fig 1.4.2.a: Converter Substation ……………………………………………………… 8
Fig 1.4.2.b: High Voltage Substations ……………………………………………...…… 9
Fig 1.4.2.c: Outdoor Substation ,Indoor Substation…………………………………….. 10
Fig 1.4.2.d: Pole Mounted Substation ………………………………………………….. 10
Fig 1.4.2.e: Underground Substation………………………………………………… 11
Fig 2.4.2: Transformer part ..................................................................................... 27
Fig 2.4.7: Transformer over current……………………………………..…………… 41
Fig 3.5.1.2.a: Low Voltage Circuit Breaker………………………………..…….......... 47
Fig 3.5.1.2.b: Indoor Vacuum Circuit Breaker…………………………………..……… 49
Fig 3.5.1.2.c: Outdoor Circuit Breaker………………………………………….…… 49
Fig 3.5.2.5: Images of HT CTs………………………………………………………… 57
Fig 3.5.3.3: Indoor Potential Transformers…………………………………..………… 63
Fig 4.8.3: Copper Rod Electrode Earthing System…………………………...……… 75
Fig 5.3: Overview of LD bus-bar trunking system………………………..…………… 84
© Daffodil International University ix

Fig 5.4: Important planning information……………………………………………… 85
Fig 5.5.1: Z units , Offset knee . T units units LI…………………………………… 90
Fig5.5.2: Straight trunking units………………………………………………………… 91
Fig 5.6: Distribution board link………………………………………………………… 92
Fig 5.7: Busbar connection unit for distribution boards………………………………… 92
Fig 5.8.a: Bus-bar connection on the side and customer connection on the bottom…… 93
Fig 5.8.b: Bus-bar connection on the side and customer connection on the side………… 93
Fig 5.8.c: Bus-bar connection on the top and customer connection on the bottom…… 93
Fig 5.9.3a: Tap-off unit with switch disconnector with fuses up to 250 A and 400 A ….. 96
Fig 5.10: Incoming cable connection unit……………………………………………… 97
Fig 5.11: Connection unit for transformers and distribution boards…………………… 98
Fig 5.12: Coupling units………………………………………………………………… 99
Fig 5.13: End cap with hook, End cap with bolt, End Cap…………………………… 99
Fig 6.7.1: (2×3150)KVA Single Line Diagram Of DIU,Building-4 ASHULIA Campus.....134
Fig 6.7.2 (2×3150)KVA Layout Of DIU,Building-4 Campus………………………… 135
Fig 6.7.3 Circuit & Panel Diagram of HT Switchgear…………………………………… 135
Fig 6.7.5 5000A ATS Circuit & Panel Diagram………………………………………… 137
Fig 6.7.7 Synchronizing Panel for Generator…………………………………………… 140
Fig 6.7.8 Circuit & Panel Diagram LT Switchgear……………………………………… 144
Fig 6.7.10 Circuit & Panel Diagram of PFI…………………………………………… 147
© Daffodil International University x

LIST OF TABLE
Table 5.2: Comparison of bus-bar trunking systems and cable trunking……………… 83
Table 5.2.2.a: AL/Cu Bus-bar Sizes (Single System)………………………………… 87
Table 5.2.2.b AL/Cu Bus-bar Sizes (Double System)………………………………… 88
Table5.8: Planned (approx. 3 x phase clearance + 300 mm)…………………………… 107
Table5.14.1 Thermal characteristics: Standard………………………………………. 102
Table5.14.2:Current distribution factor………………………………………………… 103
Table 5.14.4 Rated Current and short Circuit current of standard transformers……… 104
Table 5.14.5 Technical data for LD System…………………………………………….. 105
5.15.2 Table Utilization factor……………………………………………………………... 107
5.15.4 The following tables show typical parameters of the BTS present on the market… 108
5.15.5 Technical data of BTS (CU)…………………………………………………… 109
5.17.1 Resistance and reactance per unit of length of copper cables………………… 111
5.17.2 Current carrying capacity of sqmm cable……………………………………… 111
5.17.3 Specific Voltage drop at cosƟ= 0.9 for copper cables:(cosƟ = 0.9. 0.85)……… 112
6.1.1 Transformer Information Table………………………………………………… 116
Table 6.2.a Correction factor………………………………………………………… 116
6.2.bTable of Voltage Drop…………………………………………………………… 122
6.6.1 Short Circuit Current for XLPE and PVC Insulated Cables…………………… 132
© Daffodil International University xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………….. iii
APPROVAL......................................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... vi
CERTIFICATION……………………………………………………………………….... vii
BOARD OF EXAMINERS……………………………………………………………….. vii
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLE…………………………………………………………………………. x
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER1 .
INTRODUCTION OF SUB-STATION 1-11

1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Function of Substations........................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Single Line Diagram of an Electrical Substation …………………………………………… 2
1.4. Types of Electrical Substations………………………………………………………… …... 3
1.4.1. Substation Types based on Application…………………………………………... 4
1.4.2. Substation Types based on Service……………………………………………..... 8
1.4.3. Substation Types based on Operating Voltage Levels…………………………..... 9
1.4.4. Substation Types based on Location/Design……………………………………… 9
Chapter 2 .
SUB-STATION COMPONENTS 12- 42

2.1. Lightning Arresters……………………………………………………………………………………………… 12-15
2.1.1. What is an electrical surge? ………………………………………………. 12
2.1.2. Types of Lightning Arresters……………………………………………… 13
2.1.3 Choosing the right AC Power Surge Arrester……………………………... 14
2.1.4. Lightning Arrestor Ratings……………………………………………….. 14
2.1.5 Selection of Lightning Arrestor……………………………………………. 15
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2.2 Fuse…………………………………………………………………………………. 16-23
2.2.1 What are fuses? ....................................................................................................... 16
2.2.2 Why do we Need Fuse? ................................................................................ 16
2.2.3 How Does Fuse work? .. ................................................................................ 17
2.2.4 Characteristics of Fuses…………………………………………………….. 17
2.2.5 Classification of Fuses……………………………………………………… 19
2.3 Isolator………………………………………………………………………………. 24-26
2.3.1 Definition of Isolator………………………………………………………. 24
2.3.2 Types of Electrical Isolators………………………………………………. 24
2.3.3 Operation of Electrical Isolator…………………………………………… 26
2.4 Transformer………………………………………………………………………… 26-39
2.4.1 Electrical Transformer…………………………………………………….. 26
2.4.2 Transformer parts…………………………………………………………. 27
2.4.3 Types of Transformers…………………………………………………….. 27
2.4.4 Working principle…………………………………………………………. 29
2.4.5 Transformer vector group………………………………………………… 30
2.4.6 Application of Transformer according to Vector Group…………………. 33
2.4.7 Transformer Protection……………………………………………………. 39
Chapter 3 .
SWITCHGEAR 43-65
3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 43-66
3.2 What is Switchgear? ................................................................................................. 43
3.3 Essential Features of Switchgear ………………………………………………….. 43
3.4 Classification of Switchgear ………………………………………………………. 44
3.5 Switchgear Equipment …………………………………………………………….. 45
3.5.1 Circuit Breaker……………………………………………………………… 45-46
3.5.1.1 What is Circuit Breaker? …………………………………….….…...... 45
3.5.1.2 Types of Circuit Breakers……………………………………….……... 46
3.5.2 Current Transformer (CT) ……………………………………………..…… 55-59
3.5.2.1 Definition………………………………………………………………. 55
3.5.2.2 Construction……………………………………………………………. 55
3.5.2.3 Working principle………………………………………………………. 55
3.5.2.4 CTR (CURRENT TRANSFORMER RATIO)………………………… 56
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3.5.2.5 Effect of Number of Turn of Primary Winding………………...……… 56
3.5.2.6Type of Current Transformer……………………………………..……. 57
3.5.2.7 Important Teams Related With CT……………………………..……… 58
3.5.2.8 Application of CTs…………………………………………..…………. 58
3.5.2.9 Knee Point Saturation Voltage…………………………….……....…… 59
3.5.3 Potential Transformer (PT) ……………………………………………………. 59-65
3.5.3.1 What is Potential Transformer? ………………………...……………… 60
3.5.3.2 Construction…………………………………………………..………… 61
3.5.3.3 Types of Voltage or Potential Transformers…………………………… 61
3.5.3.4 Errors in Voltage Transformer……………………………..…………… 63
3.5.3.5 Applications of Voltage Transformers………………………………….. 65
Chapter 4 .
EARTHING SYSTEM 67-80

4.1What is Grounding or Earthing? ……………………………………………………. 67
4.2 Difference between Earthing, Grounding and Bonding……………………………. 67
4.3 Purpose of Earthing…………………………………………………………............ 68
4.4 Components of Earthing System…………………………………………………… 68
4.5 Earth Continuity Conductor or Earth Wire…………………………………………. 69
4.6 Earthing Electrode or Earth Plate ………………………………………………….. 70
4.7 Earth Plate or Earth Electrode Size for Small installation………………………...... 72
4.8 Methods of Earthing | Types of Earthing………………………………………… 72-76
4.8.1 Plate Earthing……………………………………………………………... 72
4.8.2 Pipe Earthing……………………………………………………................ 74
4.8.3 Rod Earthing……………………………………………………………… 75
4.8.4 Earthing through the Waterman…………………………………………... 75
4.8.5 Strip or Wire Earthing…………………………………………………….. 76
4.9 General method of Earthing / Proper Grounding Installation (Step by Step) ……… 76
4.10 SI specification for Earthing…………………………………………………….…. 77
4.11 Measurement of Earth Resistance by use of Earth Tester………………………... 77
4.11.1 Measurement of Earth Resistance (Three point method)………………. 78
4.11.2 Measurement of Earth Resistance (Three point method)………………. 78
4.11.3 Four Point Method……………………………………………………… 79
4.12 GI Earthing Vs Copper Earthing………………………………………………….. 79
© Daffodil International University xiv

4.13 Pipe Earthing Vs Plate Earthing…………………………………………………... 79
4.14 Maximum allowable Earth resistance…………………………………………....... 80
Chapter 5 .
BUS-BAR TRUKING SYSTEM 81-115

5.1 Busbar trunking systems (BTSs)…………………………………………………… 81-82
5.1.1 Busbar trunking systems are subject to the following Standards………… 81
5.1.2 BTSs consist of……………………………………………………………. 81
5.1.3 Dimensioning of a BTS…………………………………………………… 82
5.2 A comparison of busbar trunking systems and cable trunking……………………… 83
5.3 System description…………………………………………………………………... 84
5.4 Important planning information………………………………………………… 85-87
5.4.1 Selection example……………………………………………………….. 86
5.4.2 Sizes……………………………………………………………………… 87
5.5 Structure of the busbars ………………………………………………………… 88-90
5.5.1 Junction units…………………………………………………………….. 89
5.5.2 Straight trunking units……………………………………………………............. 91
5.6 Distribution board connection for distribution boards……………………………... 91
5.7 Installation of the bus-bar connection unit…………………………………………. 92
5.8 Connection unit for transformers and distribution boards………………………...... 92
5.9 Tap-offs for power distribution………………………………………………….. 93-96
5.9.1 Characteristics of tap-off units…………………………………………….. 93
5.9.2 Tap-off units………………………………………………………………. 94
5.9.3 Tap-off units with fuse base up to 630 A………………………………… 95
5.9.4 Tap-off units with circuit-breaker up to 1250 A………………………....... 96
5.9.5 Tap-off units with circuit-breaker………………………………………….. 96
5.10 Incoming cable connection unit…………………………………………………….. 97
5.11 Connection unit for transformers and distribution boards………………………….. 98
5.12 Coupling units………………………………………………………………………. 98
5.13 Additional equipment……………………………………………………………….. 99
5.14 CALCULATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 100-103
5.14.1 Determining the Voltage drop……………………………………………………………….. 101
5.14.2 Voltage Drop (outgoing)…………………………………………………. 102
5.14.3 Calculation of voltage drop for unevenly distributed load………………. 103
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5.15 Planning example…………………………………………………………………106-109
5.15.1 Determining the rated current per floor…………………………………… 106
5.15.2 Determining the rated current of the trunking run……………………….... 107
5.15.3 Load current calculation for three-phase system………………………….. 108
5.15.4 Choice of BTS current carrying capacity…………………………………. 108
5.15.5 Technical data of BTS (CU)………………………………………………. 109
5.16 BTS Testing…………………………………………………………………………. 110
5.17 Voltage drop calculation for outgoing cable……………………………………. 110-115
5.17.1 Resistance and reactance per unit of length of copper cables…………….. 111
5.17.2 Current carrying capacity of sqmm cable…………………………………. 111
5.17.3 Specific Voltage drop at cos𝜃 = 0.9 for copper cables……………………. 112
Chapter 6 .
DIU SUB-STATION 116-149

6.1 HT Side Equipment Selection & Calculation …………………………………… 116-118
6.1.1 Transformer Information………………………………………………….. 116
6.1.2 Primary Current of Transformer…………………………………………… 116
6.1.3 Short CKT Primary Current of Transformer………................................... 117
6.1.4 HT Cable Calculation and Selection (Indoor to Outdoor Sub-Station)… . 118
6.1.5 Cable Short CKT Current………………………………………………….. 118
6.1.6 HT Cable Calculation and Selection (Source to Outdoor Sub-Station)…… 118
6.2 Underground Cable Calculation and Selection for Tx (HT Side)……………………. 118
6.3 Protection of Primary Side of Transformer……………………………………… 123-124
6.3.1 Circuit Breaker Selection for Tx Primary Side (Indoor Sub-Station)……… 123
6.3.2Circuit Breaker/Fuse Selection for Tx Primary Side (Outdoor Sub-Station)… 124
6.3.3 Lighting Arrester Selection…………………………………………………... 124
6.4 LT Side Equipment Selection & Calculation………………………………………125-127
6.4.1 Secondary Current of Transformer……………………………………… 125
6.4.2 Short CKT Current of Transformer Secondary Side……………………… 125
6.4.3 LT Cable Calculation and Selection………………………………………… 125
6.4.4 Circuit Breaker Selection for Tx Secondary Side (Indoor Sub-Station)…… 126
6.4.5 Bus-bar Calculation for LT Panels………………………………………… 126
6.4.6 Available Busbar Size……………………………………………………… 127
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6.5 P.F.I/A.P.F.C calculation ………………………………………………… 127-129
6.5.1 KVAR Selection for 3150 KVA Transformer………………..…………… 127
6.5.2 Current Calculation for PFI Line……………………………..….………… 128
6.5.3 Calculation of PFI Incoming circuit Breaker ………………..…………… 128
6.5.4 Bus-bar Calculation for P.F.I……………...…………………..…………….. 129
6.5.5 Incoming Cable Selection for PFI………………………………….………... 129
6.6 Outgoing of load lone current, Circuit Breaker and Cable Selection …………… 130-145
6.6.1 Short Circuit Current for XLPE and PVC Insulated Cables…….…… … 132
6.7 Circuit & Panel Diagram For DIU,Building-4,Ashulia Campus…….…… 134
6.7.1 (2×3150)KVA Single Line Diagram Of DIU, Building-4 Ashulia Campus… 134
6.7.2 (2×3150) KVA Layout Of DIU, Building-4 Cam…………….………………135
6.7.3 Circuit & Panel Diagram of HT Switchgear………………………………….135
6.7.4 HT panel shall comprising of …………………..…………………………….136
6.7.5 5000A ATS PANEL…………………………………………………………..137
6.7.6 ATS panel shall comprising of ………………………………….……………138
6.7.7 Synchronizing Panel for Generator……………………………...……………140
6.7.8 Circuit & Panel Diagram LT Switchgear………………………...…………...144
6.7.9 LT panel shall comprising of ……………………………………...…… 145
6.7.10 Circuit & Panel Diagram of PFI……………………………………………… 147
6.7.11 PFI panel shall comprise of ……………………………….………………… 148
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………. 150

CONCLUTION……………………………………………………………………………..152
REFERENCE………………………………………………………………………………. 153
© Daffodil International University xvii

CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION OF SUB-STATION
1.1 Introduction
An electrical substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars,

switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries etc. These components are connected in a definite
sequence such that a ckt. Can be switched off during normal operation by manual command
and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-ckt.
Basically an electrical substation consists of number of incoming ckt. And outgoing ckt.
Connected to common Bus-bar systems. A substation receives electrical power from
generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers elect. Power via the outgoing
transmission lines.
1.2 Function of Substations
The substations apart from the distribution of the electricity have many other functions as
follows:
1. Step up and step down of the voltage for transmission and distribution: As for the
same power transmitted at a higher voltage the current is lower it results in lower
transmission losses, hence is the need of stepping up and stepping down the voltage.
2. Switching and isolating the circuits for maintenance: Switching is also an important
function of substations. Closing down a feeder circuit when the load demands are high
needs to be done for the safety of the generating plants. Switching high voltages is a
dangerous work, and special circuit breakers like air circuit breakers and oil circuit
breakers for quenching the arcs have to be used.
3. Load shedding: When the power demand is more than the supply, the substations do
load shedding on distribution circuits to maintain balance.
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1
4. Correction of power factors circuits: The power factor has to be kept at the correct
value when reactive loads are there to protect the generating plant and increase
efficiency.
5. Safety devices like circuit breakers and fuses: These safety devices are provided for
protecting the machineries on the distribution circuit as well as in the substation
against high short circuit currents.
6. It contains bus bars for splitting the power for distribution: Thick bars of copper to
which various distributing circuits are connected by nuts and bolts are known as bus
bars.
1.3. Single Line Diagram of an Electrical Substation
The single line diagram of the 33kv substation is depicted in the figure below. The
connection of the substation is divided as
 Incoming or power feeder connection (33kv Incoming Line)

 Power transformer connection via Lighting Arrestor & Busbar
 Voltage transformer connection for control and metering.
 Outgoing feeder for feeding the other subsequent substations or switchgear.
 Circuit Breaker & Isolator between the incoming and the outgoing lines.

2
Fig1.3: Single Line Diagram of Substation
On the incoming 33kv incoming feeder line side, the transformer is connected to the bus bar
and the lightning or surge arresters are connected as a phase to the ground as the initial
connection equipment. A circuit breaker is connected between the 11kv bus-bar and each
incoming and outgoing circuit with the support of the isolator being provided on each side of
the circuit breaker.
1.4. Types of Electrical Substations
There are numerous types of electrical substations depending on its nature and power
tackling capacities. Classification of Substations broadly falls under the following 4
categories based on various aspects
1. Substation Types based on Application

2. Substation Types based on Service
3. Substation Types based on Operating Voltage Levels
4. Substation Types based on Location/Design

3
1.4.1 Types of Substations based on Applications
The following is the classification of substations based on the application aspect.
1) Step-up Substation:
The step-up substations are linked to generating stations directly as generation is achieved in
lower voltages. Hence, these voltages are needed to be stepped-up for economical
transmission of electrical energy over greater distance. The step-up substation may have
circuit breakers which are utilized for transmission and generation circuits in the case when
required to be shut down. The specified voltages which are leaving the step-up transmission
are to be analyzed through customer‘s needs.
Fig1.4.1.a: Step up Substation
2) Step-down Substation:
The step-down substations are linked with load centers as there is a requirement of different
voltage levels for various loads. The step-down substations are capable to change the voltage
levels of transmission to usually 69kv. The lines of the substation are then serving as a source
to that of the distribution substation. Moreover, some of the power is tapped from the
substation line to be used for industrial purposes in the way.

4
Fig1.4.1.b: Step Down Substation
3) Primary Substation:
The primary grid substations are linked with bulk load centers alongside primary lines of
transmissions. The voltages are stepped-down at various voltage ranges for purpose of
secondary transmission.
Fig1.4.1.c: Primary Substation
4) Secondary Substation:
The secondary substations are lined alongside secondary transmission lines adjacent to loads.
The voltages here are further stepped-down for purpose of distribution.

5
Fig1.4.1.d: Secondary Substation
5) Distribution Substation:
The distribution substations are located at the lace where voltages of primary distribution are
being stepped-down. These voltages are for consumers to use for their actual loads. These
substations are having high-voltage bearable wires and conductors having one neutral to
ground and 4 live wires. The 3 phased voltage is of 34500 volts amid conductors and wires
and the voltage is about 19920 volts in single phase when it is considered amid neutral to
ground and conductor. Depending on the type of equipment used / Configuration, the
substations could be classified as
Fig1.4.1.e: Distribution Substation
 Conventional – Outdoor type with air-insulated equipment

 Indoor type with air-insulated equipment
 SF6 Gas Insulated Substation
o Outdoor type with gas-insulated equipment
o Indoor type with gas-insulated equipment
 Composite Substation or Hybrid Substation combination of above two.

6
6) Mobile Substation:
The mobile substations are only for a dedicated purpose and are temporary in nature i.e.
mainly for giant constructions. A mobile substation is supposed to fulfill power requirements
of the under-construction structures. These substations are a source of temporary electrical
supply and its maintenance is very easy. It has vibrant protection from blackouts, fires,
weather disturbance, and sabotage etc.
Mobile Substation
7) Industrial Substation:
The industrial substations are also known as bulk substations and are traditionally referred to
as distributive substation, however, these are for dedicated consumers only e.g. industries
requiring bulk power to be supplied.
Fig1.4.1.f: Industrial Substation

7
8) Mining Substation:
The mining substation is of a distinct kind and is needed to be designed carefully as an

increased level of precautionary safety measures are to be taken for the operation of its
electrical energy. This substation is dedicated for the control of electrical power supply from
the surface to mine power station lying underground.
1.4.2. Types of Substations based on Service
Converter Substations–
As the name suggests, Converter substations contain equipment that changes the frequency of
current from higher to lower and can also convert AC to DC or the reverse also.
Fig1.4.2.a: Converter Substation
Switching Substations–
A key function of this switching station includes switching the power line without altering the
voltages as they are placed in between the transmission lines. It also isolates the faulted
portion of the systems and de-energizes faulted equipment which helps the grid operate with
stability.

8
Collector substations–
These substations are primarily used in distributed power generation projects like wind farms,
hydroelectric projects etc. where power flow from multiple power sources can be collected
and distributed to the grid by stepping up the transmission voltage.
1.4.3. Types of Substations by Operating Voltage Levels
The substations classification below is based on the voltage levels they operate and may vary
from region to region
1. High Voltage Substations (HV Substations) – Involving voltages between 11 KV

and 66 KV.
2. Extra High Voltage Substations (EHV)– Involving voltages between 132 kV and
400 kV.
3. Ultra High Voltage(UHV) – Operating voltage above 400 KV.
4. Direct-current high voltage (dc HV) – ±250 kV, ±400 kV, ±500 kV
Fig1.4.2.b: High Voltage Substations
1.4.4. Types based on Locality / Design
The following are types of substations based on locality.
 Outdoor Substation: The outdoor substations are constructed in the open air. These
are also known as a 66KV substation, 132KV substation, 220KV substation, and
400KV substation etc. These days gas insulated substations are built for high voltage
systems.

9
Fig1.4.2.c: Outdoor Substation
 Indoor Substation: The indoor substations are generally of lower voltages and are
built under a roof or closed compartment. These substations are also known as 11KV
substations and 33KV substations etc.
Fig1.4.2.d: Indoor Substation
 Pole Mounted Substation: The pole mounted substations are majorly distribution
substations which are constructed on the structure of two, four, or sometimes six or
more poles. In such substations, there is a need of mounting distribution transformers
over poles alongside isolator switches. The single pole is also known as H pole and 4
pole structures are more relevant which are operating at 25KVA, 125KVA, and
225KVA.

10
Fig1.4.2.e: Pole Mounted Substation
 Underground Substation: The underground substations are built in ground or

subversive. These substations are built in congested places where building open
air/outdoor substations are not possible. However, the design of such substations is
very complex. The usual voltage level of such substation varies from 34500/19920 to
about 4160/2400 volts.
Fig1.4.2.f: Underground Substation

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CHAPTER 2
SUB-STATION COMPONENTS
2.1. Lightning Arresters
2.1.1. What is an electrical surge?
A "surge" on an electrical system results from energy being impressed on the system
at some point, which can result from lightning strikes or system operations. The impressed
energy travels throughout the system in the form of waves, with speed and magnitude that
vary along with the parameters of the system.
A "surge" on an electrical system results from energy being impressed on the system at some
point, which can result from lightning strikes or system operations. Photo: Schnider
Electric.
Each type of surge can affect the surge arrester and insulation system in a different manner.
Lightning results in a fast rate of rise because it's a true source of coulomb energy, while
switching operations result in a relatively slow rate of rise because it's energy is stored in the
magnetic fields of the system.
Along with surge phenomena, a system can also experience a longer term overvoltage from
electrical faults. Depending on the configuration and grounding of the system, a single line-
to-ground fault will cause system voltage on the unaffected phases to escalate.

12
2.1.2Types of Lightning Arresters
The lightning arrestor is mainly classified into twelve types. These types are;
1. Road Gap Arrester 7. Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester

2. Sphere Gap Arrester 8. Valve Type Lightning Arresters
3. Horn Gap Arrester 9. Thyrite Lightning Arrester
4. Multiple-Gap Arrester 10. Auto valve Arrester
5. Impulse Protective Gap 11. Oxide Film Arrester
6. Electrolytic Arrester 12. Metal Oxide Lightning Arresters
Types of Lightning Arrestors according to Class
1. Station Class
 Station class arrestors are typically used in electrical power stations or substations and
other high voltage structures and areas.
 These arrestors protect against both lightning and over-voltages, when the electrical
device has more current in the system than it is designed to handle.
 These arrestors are designed to protect equipment above the 20 mVA range.
2. Intermediate Class
 Like station class arrestors, intermediate class arrestors protect against surges from
lightning and over-voltages, but are designed to be used in medium voltage equipment
areas, such as electrical utility stations, substations, transformers or other substation
equipment.
 These arrestors are designed for use on equipment in the range of 1 to 20 mVA.
3. Distribution Class
 Distribution class arrestors are most commonly found on transformers, both dry-type
and liquid-filled.
 These arrestors are found on equipment rated at 1000 kVA or less.
 These arrestors are sometimes found on exposed lines that have direct connections to
rotating machines.

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4. Secondary Class
 Secondary class lightning arrestors are designed to protect most homes and businesses
from lightning strikes, and are required by most electrical codes, according to, Inc., an
electrical power protection company.
 These arrestors cause high voltage overages to ground, though they do not short all
the over voltage from a surge. Secondary class arrestors offer the least amount of
protection to electrical systems, and typically do not protect solid state technology, or
anything that has a microprocessor.
2.1.3Choosing the right AC Power Surge Arrester
AC power surge protectors are designed to cover all possible configurations in low voltage
installations. They are available in many versions, which differ in:
 Type or test class (1 , 2 or 3)

 Operating voltage (Uc)
 AC network configuration (Single/3-Phase)
 Discharge currents (Iimp, Imax, In)
 Protection level (Up)
 Protection technology (varistors, gas tube-varistor, filter)
 Features (redundancy, differential mode, plug-in, remote signaling…)
The surge protection selection must be done following the local electrical code requirements
(i.e. minimum rating for In) and specific conditions (i.e. high lightning density).
2.1.4. Lightning Arrestor Ratings

The Rating of lightning arrestor are given below,
1. Normal or rated voltage: It is designated by the maximum permissible value of power

frequency voltage which it can support across its line and earth terminal while still
carrying effectively and without the automatic extinction of the follow up current. The
voltage rating of the arrestors should be greater than the maximum sound phase to
ground voltage.

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2. Normal Discharge current: It is the surge current which flows through the LA after
the spark over, expressed in crest value (peak value) for a specified wave shape.
Example 10, 5, 2.5, 1.5, 1 kA rating.
3. Power frequency spark over voltage: It is the RMS value of the power frequency
voltage applied between the line and earth terminals of the arrestor and earth which
causes spark over of the series gap. As per IS 3070, the recommended spark over
voltage is 1.5 times the rated voltage.
There are also other ratings like maximum impulse spark over voltage, residual or discharge
voltage, maximum discharge current etc
2.1.5 Selection of Lightning Arrestor

For the protection of substation above 66KV an arrestor of 10kA rating is used.
Voltage rating of LA = Line to line voltage × 1.1 × coefficient of earthing.
Power frequency spark over voltage = 1.5 ×Voltage rating of LA
(Assuming coefficient of earthlings equals 0.8 for effectively earthed system)
For 220KV side:
Voltage rating = 1.1 × 220 × 0.8 = 193.6KV

Power frequency spark over voltage = 1.5 ×193.6 = 290.4KV
Rated discharge current = 10 Ka
For 110KV side:
Voltage rating = 1.1 × 110×0.8 = 96.8KV

Power frequency spark over voltage = 1.5 × 96.8 = 145.2KV
Rated discharge current = 10kA
For 66kV Side
Voltage rating = 1.1 × 66×0.8 = 58.08kV

Power frequency spark over voltage = 1.5 × 58.08 = 87.12kV
Rated discharge current = 10kA

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For 11 KV side:
Voltage rating = 1.1× 11×0.8 = 9.68KV

Power frequency spark over voltage = 1.5×9.68 = 14.52KV
Nominal discharge current = 5kA
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.2Fuse
2.2.1 What are fuses?
Fuses are the protectors; these are the safety devices which are used to protect the home
appliances like televisions, refrigerators, computers with damage by high voltage. The fuse is
made up of thin strip or strand of metal, whenever the heavy amount of current or an
excessive current flow is there in an electrical circuit, the fuse melts and it opens the circuit
and disconnects it from the power supply. Also, it works as a circuit breaker or stabilizer
which protects the device from damage. In the market, many types, features, and design of
fuses are available nowadays. Their strips are made up of aluminum, copper, zinc & it is
always connected in series with the circuit to protect from overcurrent in the running
cables. Here is the basic circuit diagram & symbol of the fuse.
2.2.2 Why do we Need Fuse?
Fuses are used for the prevention of home appliances from the short circuit and damage by
overload or high current etc. If we don‘t use fuses, electrical faults occur in the wiring and it
burns the wire and electric appliances and may starts fire at home. The lives of television,
computers, radios and other home appliances may also put at risk. When the fuse goes, a
sudden spark occurs which may lead to turning your home into sudden darkness by
disconnecting the power supply which saves any further mishappenings. That‘s why we need
fuses to protect our home appliances from harm.

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2.2.3 How Does Fuse work?
The fuses work on the principle of the heating effect of the current. It‘s made up of thin
strip or strand of metallic wire with noncombustible material. This is connected between the
ends of the terminals. Fuse is always connected in series with the electrical circuit.
When the excessive current or heat is generated due to heavy current flows in the circuit, the
fuse melts down due to the low melting point of the element and it opens the circuit. The
excessive flow may lead to the breakdown of wire and stops the flow of current. The fuse can
be replaced or changed with the new one with suitable ratings. The fuse can be made up of
the element like zinc, copper, silver &aluminum. They also act as a circuit breaker which is
used to break the circuit when the sudden fault occurs in the circuit. This is not only a
protector but it is also used as a safety measure to prevent humans from hazards. So, this is
how the fuse operates. Here is the figure is shown fuse operation, fuse barrel(container), fuse
link.
2.2.4 Characteristics of Fuses
There are some of the important characteristics of the fuses in the electrical and electronic
system which is as follows:-
 Current Rating: The continuously conducting maximum amount of current holds the
fuse without melting it is termed as current ratings. It is the current carrying capacity,
which is measured in Amperes. This is the thermal characteristics.
Current(Cin)=75%Current (rating)

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 Voltage Rating: In this characteristic, the voltage connected in series with fuse does
not increase voltage rating. i.e.,
V(fuse) >V(open ckt)
 I2t Rating: This is the amount of energy which is carried by fuse element when there
is an electrical fault or some short circuit happens. It measures the heat energy(energy
due to current flow) of fuse & it is generated when fuse has blown.
 Interrupting or Breaking Capacity: It is the maximum rating of current without

harm interrupt by the fuse is known as breaking or interrupting capacity of the fuse.
Breaking capacity > maximum rated voltage
Breaking capacity <short ckt current
 Voltage Drop: When excessive current flows, the fuse element melts and opens the
circuit. Due to this resistance change and the voltage drop will become lesser.
 Temperature: In this, the operating temperature will be higher , therefore the current
rating will be lesser, so the fuse melts.

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Fuse characteristic
This graph shows the temperature versus the current carrying capacity of the fuse. In this
process, at the point where three lines meet at 25 degrees Celsius, the current carrying
capacity of the fuse will be 100% and after some time the current capacity decreases at slow
blow fuse, it will also decrease up to 82% at 65 degrees C. This results that, increase in
temperature will decrease the current carrying capacity of the fuse.
2.2.5 Classification of Fuses
Now we are discussing about different types of fuses. They are divided into two parts AC
Fuses & DC Fuses. Further, they are divided into many categories given in the flowchart
below:-
Different Types of Fuses
Fuses are invented first by ―Thomas Alva Edison‖ but nowadays many types of fuses are
available in the market. Generally, there are two types of fuses:-
 DC Fuses: DC fuses have larger in size. DC supply has constant value above 0V so it
is hard to neglect and turn off the circuit and there is a chance of an electric arc
between melted wires. To overcome this, electrodes placed at larger distances and
because of this the size of DC fuses get increased.

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 AC Fuses: AC fuses are smaller in size. They oscillated 50-60 times in every second
from minimum to maximum. So there is no chance of Arc between the melted wires.
Hence they can be packed in small size.
AC fuses are further categorized into two parts, i.e., Low voltage fuses and High voltage
fuses.
1. Low Voltage Fuses (LV)
 Cartridge Type Fuses: It is the type of fuses in which they have totally closed
containers & has the contact i.e., metal besides.
Cartridge Type Fuses are of two types:-
1. D-Type Cartridge Fuses:- It is composed of the cartridge, fuse base, cap & adapter
ring. The fuse base has the fuse cap, which is fitted with the fuse element with
cartridge through adapter ring. The circuit is completed when the tip of the cartridge
makes contact with the conductor.
2. Link Type Or HRC(High Rupturing Capacity) Fuses:- In this type of fuse, the flow
of current by fuse element is given under normal condition. To control the arc which
is produced by fuse blown we use the fuse which is made up of porcelain, silver
&ceramic. The fuse element container filled with silica sand. The HRC type is again
divided into two parts that are:-
 Blade Type/Plug-in Type:- The body of this fuse is made up of plastic and it is easily
replaceable in the circuit without any load.

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 Bolted Type:- In this type of fuse, the conducting plates are fixed to the fuse base.
 Rewireable/ Kit-Kat Type:- In this type of fuse, the main advantage is that the fuse
carrier is easier to remove without having any electrical shock or injury. The fuse base
acts as an incoming and outgoing terminal which is made up of porcelain & fuse
carrier is used to hold the fuse element which is made up of tin, copper, aluminum,
lead, etc. This is used in domestic wiring, small industries etc.
 Striker Type Fuses:- In this type of fuse, it is used for closing and tripping the
circuit. They are having enough force and displacement.
 Switch Type Fuses:- In this type of fuse, basically metal enclosed of a switch and a
fuse and is far used for low and medium voltage level.
 Drop Out Fuses:- In this type of fuse, the melting of fuse causes the element to drop
under gravity about its lower support. They are made for the protection of outdoor
transformers.

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2. High Voltage Fuses (HV):
All types of high voltage fuses are used upon the rated voltage up to 1.5 Kv to 138 Kv. High
voltage fuses are used to protect the instrument transformers & small transformers. It is made
up of silver, copper & tin. When heat generated, the arc produces which causes the boric acid
to evolve high amount of gases. That‘s why these are used in outdoor places.
These are of three types which are as follows:-
 Cartridge Type HRC Fuses:- It is similar to low voltage type, only some designing features are
different.
Cartridge Type HRC Fuses
 Liquid Type HRC Fuses:- These are used for circuit up to 100A rated current&
systems up to 132Kv. These fuses have the glass tube filled with carbon tetrachloride.
The one end of the tube is packed and another is fixed by phosphorous bronze wire.
When fuse operation starts, the liquid uses in the fuse extinguish the arc. This increase
the short circuit capacity.

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Liquid Type HRC Fuse
 Expulsion Type HRC Fuses:- It is the escapable fuse, in which expulsion effect of
gases produced by internal arcing. In this, the fuse link chamber is filled with boric
acid for expulsion of gases.
 Resettable Fuses:- It is the type of fuse, commonly known as self-resetting fuses

which uses a thermoplastic conductive type thermistor known as Polymeric Positive
Temperature Coefficient (PPTC). If a fault occurs. Current increases, temperature also
increase. The increase in resistance is due to increase in temperature. The applications
where it is used are military and aerospace where replacement is not possible.
Resettable Fuses

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2.3 Isolator
2.3.1 Definition of Isolator
Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be visible
physically from outside of the breaker and that is why it is recommended not to touch any
electrical circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker. So for better safety, there must be
some arrangement so that one can see the open condition of the section of the circuit before
touching it. The isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of the circuit from the
system as when required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe
maintenance works. So the definition of isolator can be rewritten as an isolator is a manually
operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical power. Isolators are used
to open a circuit under no load. Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from
the other and is not intended to be opened while current is flowing in the line. Isolators are
generally used on both ends of the breaker so that repair or replacement of circuit breaker can
be done without any danger.
2.3.2 Types of Electrical Isolators
There are different types of isolators available depending upon system requirement such as
1. Double Break Isolator

2. Single Break Isolator
3. Pantograph type Isolator.
Depending upon the position in the power system, the isolators can be categorized as
1. Bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with main bus
2. Line side isolator – the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder
3. Transfer bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with transfer bus.
Constructional Features of Double Break Isolators
Let's discuss constructional features of Double Break Isolators. These have three stacks of
post insulators as shown in the figure. The central post insulator carries a tubular or flat male

24
contact which can be rotated horizontally with a rotation of central post insulator. This rod
type contact is also called moving contact.
The female type contacts are fixed on the top of the other post insulators which fitted at both
sides of the central post insulator. The female contacts are generally in the form of spring-
loaded figure contacts. The rotational movement of male contact causes to come itself into
female contacts and isolators becomes closed. The rotation of male contact in the opposite
direction makes to it out from female contacts and isolator becomes open.
Rotation of the central post insulator is done by a driving lever mechanism at the base of the
post insulator, and it is connected to operating handle (in case of hand operation) or motor (in
case of motorized operation) of the isolator through a mechanical tie rod.
Constructional features of Single Break Isolators
The contact arm is divided into two parts one carries male contact and other carries female
contact. The contact arm moves due to rotation of the post insulator upon which the contact
arms are fitted. Rotation of both post insulators stacks in opposite to each other causes to

25
close the isolator by closing the contact arm. Counter rotation of both post insulators stacks
open the contact arm and isolator becomes in off condition. This motorized form of this type
of isolators is generally used, but an emergency hand driven mechanism is also provided.
2.3.3 Operation of Electrical Isolator
As no arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be operated when there is no

chance current flowing through the circuit. No live circuit should be closed or open by
isolator operation. A complete live closed circuit must not be opened by isolator operation,
and also a live circuit must not be closed and completed by isolator operation to avoid huge
arcing in between isolator contacts. That is why isolators must be open after circuit breaker is
open, and these must be closed before circuit breaker is closed. The isolator can be operated
by hand locally as well as by motorized mechanism from a remote position. Motorized
operation arrangement costs more compared to hand operation; hence decision must be taken
before choosing an isolator for the system whether hand operated or motor operated
economically optimum for the system. For voltages up to 145 KV system hand operated
isolators are used whereas for higher voltage systems like 245 KV or 420 KV and above
motorized isolators are used.
2.4 TRANSFORMER
2.4.1Electrical Transformer
Definition: The transformer is the static device which works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction. It is used for transferring the electrical power from one circuit to
another without any variation in their frequency. In electromagnetic induction, the transfer of
energy from one circuit to another takes places by the help of the mutual induction. i.e the
flux induced in the primary winding is linked with the secondary winding.

26
2.4.2 Transformer parts:
Fig2.4.2.a: Transformer part
2.4.3 Types of Transformers
There are two basic Types of Transformers
1. Single Phase Transformer
2. Three Phase Transformer
Below are the more types of transformer derived via different functions and operation etc.
Types of Transformers w.r.t Cores
 Core Type Transformer
 Shell Type Transformer

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 Berry Type Transformer
Types of Transformer w.r.t uses
 Large Power Transformer
 Distribution Transformer
 Small Power Transformer
 Sign Lighting Transformer
 Control & Signaling Transformer
 Gaseous Discharge Lamp Transformer
 Bell Ringing Transformer
 Instrument Transformer
 Constant Current Transformer
 Series Transformer for Street Lighting
Types of Transformer w.r.t cooling
 Self-Air Cooled or Dry Type Transformer
 Air Blast-Cooled Dry Type
 Oil Immersed, Self Cooled (OISC) or ONAN (Oil natural, Air natural)
 Oil Immersed, Combination of Self Cooled and Air blast (ONAN)
 Oil Immersed, Water Cooled (OW)
 Oil Immersed, Forced Oil Cooled
 Oil Immersed, Combination of Self Cooled and Water Cooled (ONAN+OW)
 Oil Forced, Air forced Cooled (OFAC)
 Forced Oil, Water Cooled (FOWC)
 Forced Oil, Self Cooled (OFAN)

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Types of Instrument Transformer
 Current Transformer
 Potential Transformer
 Constant Current Transformer
 Rotating Core Transformer or Induction regulator
 Auto Transformer
2.4.4Working principle:
A transformer works on the faraday‘s law of electromagnetic induction. A transformer

consists of a laminated magnetic core. It contains two magnetic core. When one of the
winding is connected called primary is connected to AC voltage V1 , an alternating flux of
the same frequency as that of supply voltage is set up in the magnetic core inducing emf of
self-induction E1 primary winding.
This alternating flux links with the other winding (secondary winding) inducing emf E2 in
this winding at the same frequency as that of the supply. This emf is known as emf of mutual
induction. If N1 and N2 are number of turns of primary and secondary winding then the ratio
is known as transformation ratio of transformer. If a load is connected across secondary
winding, a current flows in both the windings. Thus electrical power is transferred
magnetically from primary coil to secondary coil.

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2.4.5 Transformer vector group
Points to be consider while selecting of Vector Group
Vector Groups are the IEC method of categorizing the primary and secondary winding
configurations of 3-phase transformers. Windings can be connected as delta, star, or
interconnected-star (zigzag). Winding polarity is also important, since reversing the
connections across a set of windings affects the phase-shift between primary and secondary.
Vector groups identify the winding connections and polarities of the primary and secondary.
From a vector group one can determine the phase-shift between primary and secondary.
When the hour hand is at 1O‘Clockposition, the phase shift is -30 deg. Anti-clock wise
direction is negative. A connection designated by Dy 11 is delta-star transformer in which the
lv line voltage pharos is at 11 O‘ clock position that is a phase advance of +30deg. On the
corresponding line voltage on hv side.
Transformer vector group depends upon:
1. Removing harmonics: Dy connection – y winding nullifies 3rd harmonics, preventing it to

be reflected on delta side.
2. Parallel operations: All the transformers should have same vector group &
polarity of the winding.
3. Earth fault Relay: A Dd transformer does not have neutral. to restrict the
earth faults in such systems, we may use zig zag wound transformer to create a
neutral along with the earth fault relay..
4. Type of Non Liner Load: systems having different types of harmonics & non
linear Types of loads e.g. furnace heaters ,VFDS etc for that we may use
Dyn11, Dyn21, Dyn31 configuration, wherein, 30 deg. shifts of voltages
nullifies the 3rd harmonics to zero in the supply system.

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5. Type of Transformer Application: Generally for Power export transformer
i.e. generator side is connected in delta and load side is connected in star. For
Power export import transformers i.e. in Transmission Purpose Transformer
star star connection may be preferred by some since this avoids a grounding
transformer on generator side and perhaps save on neutral insulation. Most of
systems are running in this configuration. May be less harmful than operating
delta system incorrectly. Yd or Dy connection is standard for all unit
connected generators.
There are a number of factors associated with transformer connections and may be useful in
designing a system, and the application of the factors therefore determines the best selection
of transformers.
For example:
For selecting Star Connection:
A star connection presents a neutral. If the transformer also includes a delta winding, that
neutral will be stable and can be grounded to become a reference for the system. A
transformer with a star winding that does NOT include a delta does not present a stable
neutral.
Star-star transformers are used if there is a requirement to avoid a 30deg phase shift, if there
is a desire to construct the three-phase transformer bank from single-phase transformers, or if
the transformer is going to be switched on a single-pole basis (ie, one phase at a time),
perhaps using manual switches.
Star-star transformers are typically found in distribution applications, or in large sizes

interconnecting high-voltage transmission systems. Some star-star transformers are equipped
with a third winding connected in delta to stabilize the neutral.
For selecting Delta Connection:
 A delta connection introduces a 30 electrical degree phase shift.

 A delta connection ‗traps‘ the flow of zero sequence currents.

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For selecting Delta-Star Connection:
 Delta-star transformers are the most common and most generally useful transformers.
 Delta-delta transformers may be chosen if there is no need for a stable neutral, or if
there is a requirement to avoid a 30 electrical degree phase shift. The most common
application of a delta-delta transformer is as tan isolation transformer for a power
converter.
For selecting Zig zag Connection:

The Zig Zag winding reduces voltage unbalance in systems where the load is not equally
distributed between phases, and permits neutral current loading with inherently low zero-
sequence impedance. It is therefore often used for earthing transformers.
Provision of a neutral earth point or points, where the neutral is referred to earth either
directly or through impedance. Transformers are used to give the neutral point in the majority
of systems. The star or interconnected star (Z) winding configurations give a neutral location.
If for various reasons, only delta windings are used at a particular voltage level on a
particular system, a neutral point can still be provided by a purpose-made transformer called
a ‗neutral earthing.
For selecting Distribution Transformer
The first criterion to consider in choosing a vector group for a distribution transformer for a
facility is to know whether we want a delta-star or star-star. Utilities often prefer star-star
transformers, but these require 4-wire input feeders and 4-wire output feeders (i.e. incoming
and outgoing neutral conductors).
For distribution transformers within a facility, often delta-star are chosen because these
transformers do not require 4-wire input; a 3-wire primary feeder circuit suffices to supply a
4-wire secondary circuit. That is because any zero sequence current required by the
secondary to supply earth faults or unbalanced loads is supplied by the delta primary
winding, and is not required from the upstream power source. The method of earthing on the
secondary is independent of the primary for delta-star transformers.

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The second criterion to consider is what phase-shift you want between primary and
secondary. For example, Dy11 and Dy5 transformers are both delta-star. If we don‘t care
about the phase-shift, then either transformer will do the job. Phase-shift is important when
we are paralleling sources. We want the phase-shifts of the sources to be identical.
If we are paralleling transformers, then you want them to have the same the same vector
group. If you are replacing a transformer, use the same vector group for the new transformer,
otherwise the existing VTs and CTs used for protection and metering will not work properly.
There is no technical difference between the one vector groups (i.e. Yd1) or another vector
group (i.e. Yd11) in terms of performance. The only factor affecting the choice between one
or the other is system phasing, ie whether parts of the network fed from the transformer need
to operate in parallel with another source. It also matters if you have an auxiliary transformer
connected to generator terminals. Vector matching at the auxiliary bus bar.
2.4.6 Application of Transformer according to Vector Group
1.) Dyn11, Dyn1, YNd1, YNd11
 Common for distribution transformers.

 Normally Dyn11 vector group using at distribution system. Because Generating
Transformer are YNd1 for neutralizing the load angle between 11 and 1.
 We can use Dyn1 at distribution system, when we are using Generator Transformer
are YNd11.
 In some industries 6 pulse electric drives are using due to this 5thharmonics will
generate if we use Dyn1 it will be suppress the 5th harmonics.
 Star point facilitates mixed loading of three phase and single phase consumer
connections.
 The delta winding carry third harmonics and stabilizes star point potential.
 A delta-Star connection is used for step-up generating stations. If HV winding is star
connected there will be saving in cost of insulation.
 But delta connected HV winding is common in distribution network, for feeding
motors and lighting loads from LV side.

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2.) Star-Star (Yy0 or Yy6)
 Mainly used for large system tie-up transformer.

 Most economical connection in HV power system to interconnect between two delta
systems and to provide neutral for grounding both of them.
 Tertiary winding stabilizes the neutral conditions. In star connected transformers, load
can be connected between line and neutral, only if
(a) the source side transformers is delta connected or
(b) the source side is star connected with neutral connected back to the source neutral.
 In this transformers. Insulation cost is highly reduced. Neutral wire can permit mixed
loading.
 Triple harmonics are absent in the lines. These triple harmonic currents cannot flow,
unless there is a neutral wire. This connection produces oscillating neutral.
 Three phase shell type units have large triple harmonic phase voltage. However three
phase core type transformers work satisfactorily.
 A tertiary mesh connected winding may be required to stabilize the oscillating neutral
due to third harmonics in three phase banks.
3.) Delta – Delta (Dd 0 or Dd 6)
 This is an economical connection for large low voltage transformers.

 Large unbalance of load can be met without difficulty.
 Delta permits a circulating path for triple harmonics thus attenuates the same.
 It is possible to operate with one transformer removed in open delta or‖ V‖
connection meeting 58 percent of the balanced load.
 Three phase units cannot have this facility. Mixed single phase loading is not possible
due to the absence of neutral.
4.) Star-Zig-zag or Delta-Zig-zag (Yz or Dz)
 These connections are employed where delta connections are weak. Interconnection
of phases in zigzag winding effects a reduction of third harmonic voltages and at the
same time permits unbalanced loading.

34
 This connection may be used with either delta connected or star connected winding
either for step-up or step-down transformers. In either case, the zigzag winding
produces the same angular displacement as a delta winding, and at the same time
provides a neutral for earthing purposes.
 The amount of copper required from a zigzag winding in 15% more than a
corresponding star or delta winding. This is extensively used for earthing transformer.
 Due to zig-zag connection (interconnection between phases), third harmonic voltages
are reduced. It also allows unbalanced loading. The zigzag connection is employed for
LV winding. For a given total voltage per phase, the zigzag side requires 15% more
turns as compared to normal phase connection. In cases where delta connections are
weak due to large number of turns and small cross sections, then zigzag star
connection is preferred. It is also used in rectifiers.
5.) Zig-zag/ star (ZY1 or Zy11)
 Zigzag connection is obtained by inter connection of phases.4-wire system is possible

on both sides. Unbalanced loading is also possible. Oscillating neutral problem is
absent in this connection.
 This connection requires 15% more turns for the same voltage on the zigzag side and
hence costs more. Hence a bank of three single phase transformers cost about 15%
more than their 3-phase counterpart. Also, they occupy more space. But the spare
capacity cost will be less and single phase units are easier to transport.
 Unbalanced operation of the transformer with large zero sequence fundamental mmf
content also does not affect its performance. Even with Yy type of poly phase
connection without neutral connection the oscillating neutral does not occur with
these cores. Finally, three phase cores themselves cost less than three single phase
units due to compactness.
6.) Yd5
 Mainly used for machine and main Transformer in large Power Station and
Transmission Substation.
 The Neutral point can be loaded with rated Current.

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7.) Yz-5
 For Distribution Transformer up to 250MVA for local distribution system.

 The Neutral point can be loaded with rated Current.
2.4.6 Application of Transformer according according to Uses
Step up Transformer: – It should be Yd1 or Yd11.

Step down Transformer: – It should be Dy1 or Dy11.
Grounding purpose Transformer: – It should be Yz1 or Dz11.
Distribution Transformer: – We can consider vector group of Dzn0 which reduce the 75%
of harmonics in secondary side.
Power Transformer: – Vector group is deepen on application for Example: Generating
Transformer:Dyn1, Furnace Transformer: Ynyn0.
Why 30°phase shift occur in star-delta transformer between primary and secondary?
30 deg phase shift between line voltage and phase voltage
The phase shift is a natural consequence of the delta connection. The currents entering or
leaving the star winding of the transformer are in phase with the currents in the star windings.
Therefore, the currents in the delta windings are also in phase with the currents in the star
windings and obviously, the three currents are 120 electrical degrees apart.

36
But the currents entering or leaving the transformer on the delta side are formed at the point
where two of the windings comprising the delta come together – each of those currents is the
pharos sum of the currents in the adjacent windings.
When you add together two currents that are 120 electrical degrees apart, the sum is
inevitably shifted by 30 degrees.
The Main reason for this phenomenon is that the phase voltage lags line current by
30degrees.consider a delta/star transformer. The phase voltages in three phases of both
primary and secondary. you will find that in primary the phase voltage and line voltages are
same, let it be VRY (take one phase). But, the corresponding secondary will have the phase
voltage only in its phase winding as it is star connected. The line voltage of star connected
secondary and delta connected primary won‘t have any phase differences between them. So
this can be summarized that ―the phase shift is associated with the wave forms of the three
phase windings.
This is the HV Side or the Switchyard side of the Generator Transformer is connected in
Delta and the LV Side or the generator side of the GT is connected in Star, with the Star side
neutral brought out.
The LV side voltage will ―lag‖ the HV side voltage by 30 degrees. Thus, in a generating
station we create a 30 degrees lagging voltage for transmission, with respect to the generator
voltage.
As we have created a 30 degrees lagging connection in the generating station, it is advisable

to create a 30 degrees leading connection in distribution so that the user voltage is ―in phase‖
with the generated voltage. And, as the transmission side is Delta and the user might need
three phase, four-wire in the LV side for his single phase loads, the distribution transformer is
chosen as Dyn11.
There is magnetic coupling between HT and LT. When the load side (LT) suffers some dip
the LT current try to go out of phase with HT current, so 30 degree phase shift in Dyn-11
keeps the two currents in phase when there is dip.
So the vector group at the generating station is important while selecting distribution
Transformer.

37
Vector Group in Generating-Transmission-Distribution System
Generating TC is Yd1 transmitted power at 400KV, for 400KV to 220KV Yy is used and by
using Yd between e.g. 220 and 66 kV, then Dy from 66 to 11 kV so that their phase shifts can
be cancelled out. And for LV (400/230V) supplies at 50 Hz are usually 3 phase, earthed
neutral, so a ―Dyn‖ LV winding is needed. Here GT side -30lag (Yd1) can be nullify +30 by
using distribution Transformer of Dy11.
A reason for using Yd between e.g. 220 and 66 kV, then Dy from 66 to 11 kV is that their
phase shifts can cancel out and It is then also possible to parallel a 220/11 kV YY
transformer, at 11 kV, with the 66/11 kV (a YY transformer often has a third, delta, winding
to reduce harmonics).
If one went Dy11 – Dy11 from 220 to 11 kV, there would be a 60 degree shift, which is not
possible in one transformer. The ―standard‖ transformer groups in distribution avoid that kind
of limitation, as a result of thought and experience leading to lowest cost over many years.
Generator TC is Yd1, can we use Distribution TC Dy5 instead of Dy11?
With regards to theory, there are no special advantages of Dyn11 over Dyn5.
In Isolation Application: -In isolated applications there is no advantage or disadvantage by

using Dy5 or Dy11. If however we wish to interconnect the secondary sides of different Dny
transformers, we must have compatible transformers, and that can be achieved if you have a
Dyn11 among a group of Dyn5′s and vice versa.
In Parallel Connection: – Practically, the relative places of the phases remain same in
Dyn11 compared to Dyn5.
If we use Yd1 Transformer on Generating Side and Distribution side Dy11 transformer than -
30 lag of generating side (Yd1) is nullify by +30 Lead at Receiving side Dy11) so no phase
difference respect to generating Side and if we are on the HV side of the Transformer, and if
we denote the phases as R- Y-B from left to right, the same phases on the LV side will be R-
Y -B, but from left to Right.
This will make the Transmission lines have same color (for identification) whether it is input
to or output from the Transformer.

38
If we use Yd1 Transformer on Generating Side and Distribution side Dy5 transformer than -
30 lag of generating side (Yd1) is more lag by -150 Lag at Receiving side (Dy5) so Total
phase difference respect to generating Side is 180 deg (-30+-150=-180) and if we are on the
HV side of the Transformer, and if we denote the phases as R- Y-B from left to right, the
same phases on the LV side will be R- Y -B, but from Right to Left.
This will make the Transmission lines have No same color (for identification) whether it is
input to or output from the Transformer. The difference in output between the Dyn11 and
Dny5 and is therefore 180 degrees.
2.4.7 Transformer Protection–
The following protections are used to protect transformersup to 2000KVA, 11/0.415KV:

Over current & Short circuit (51): The relay operates when the primary current of the
transformer exceeds the limit set in the relay due to overload with inverse time
characteristics. Also there is provision for short circuit which trips the feeder instantly due to
short circuit. The relay used is CDAG 51.
Earth Fault (51N): The relay operates instantly when the fault current exceeds the limit set
in the relay. The relay used is CAG 14.
Transformer Differential (87T): The transformer feeder is protected from any faults that
occur in the primary side of the transformer by using this relay. The relay used is DTH 31.
This type of protection is used only in 11/6.6KV transformers.
WTI (49WTX/49WAX): The transformer is protected against increase in winding
temperature. The relay is activated by WTI, which gives alarm and also trips the breaker, if it
exceeds the limit. The relay used is VAA 34.
OTI (49TX/49AX):The transformer is protected against increase in oil temperature. The
relay is activated by OTI, which gives alarm and also trips the breaker, if it exceeds the limit.
The relay used is VAA 34.
Buchholz (63TX/63AX): The transformer is protected against internal faults by providing
Buchholz inside. The relay used is VAA 34.
The transformer can be switched on if it trips on over current, WTI and OTI after some
interval. If it trips on earth fault, the IR value of the transformer to be checked

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Transformer Over Current protection:
The over current protection required for transformers is consider for Protection of
Transformer only. Such over current protection will not necessarily protect the primary or
secondary conductors or equipment connected on the secondary side of the transformer.
When voltage is switched on to energize a transformer, the transformer core normally

saturates.
This results in a large inrush current which is greatest during the first half cycle
(approximately 0.01 second) and becomes progressively less severe over the next several
cycles (approximately 1 second) until the transformer reaches its normal magnetizing
current. To accommodate this inrush current, fuses are often selected which have time-current
withstand values of at least 12 times transformer primary rated current for 0.1 second and 25
times for 0.01 second. Some small dry-type transformers may have substantially greater
inrush currents.
To avoid using oversized conductors, over current devices should be selected at about 110 to
125 percent of the transformer full-load current rating. And when using such smaller over
current protection, devices should be of the time-delay type (on the primary side) to
compensate for inrush currents which reach 8 to 10 times the full-load primary current of the
transformer for about 0.1 s when energized initially.
Protection of secondary conductors has to be provided completely separately from any
primary-side protection.
A supervised location is a location where conditions of maintenance and supervision ensure
that only qualified persons will monitor and service the transformer installation. Over current
protection for a transformer on the primary side is typically a circuit breaker. In some
instances where there is not a high voltage panel, there is a fused disconnect instead.
It is important to note that the over current device on the primary side must be sized
based on the transformer KVA rating and not sized based on the secondary load to the
transformer.

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Over current Protection of Transformers >600V (NEC450.3A)
Fig2.4.7: Transformer over current
1) Unsupervised Location of Transformer (Impedance <6%)
OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (Primary Voltage >600V):
 Rating of Pri. Fuse at Point A= 300% of Pri. Full Load Current or Next higher
Standard size. or
 Rating of Pri. Circuit Breaker at Point A= 600% of Pri. Full Load Current or Next
higher Standard size.
 OverCurrent Protection at Secondary Side (Secondary Voltage <=600V):
 Rating of Sec. Fuse / Circuit Breaker at Point B= 125% of Sec. Full Load Current or
Next higher Standard size.
 OverCurrent Protection at Secondary Side (Secondary Voltage >600V):
 Rating of Sec. Fuse at Point B= 250% of Sec. Full Load Current or Next higher
Standard size. or
 Rating of Sec. Circuit Breaker at Point B= 300% of Sec. Full Load Current.
Example: 500KVA, 11KV/415V 3Phase Transformer having Impedance of Transformer

5%
 Full Load Current At Primary side = 750000/(1.732X11000) = 26.2A

 Rating of Primary Fuse = 3X26.2A = 78.6A, So Standard Size of Fuse = 80A.

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 OR Rating of Primary Circuit Breaker = 6X26.2A = 157.2A, So standard size of CB =
200A.
 Full Load Current at Secondary side = 500000/(1.732X415) = 695.6A.
 Rating of Secondary of Fuse / Circuit Breaker = 1.25X695.6A = 869.5A, so standard
size of Fuse = 1000A.

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CHAPTER 3
SWITCHGEAR
3.1 Introduction
The switchboard and switchgear are two important systems that control how power is
delivered to electrical circuits. The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. However,
it is important to note that they perform different functions and usually designed to work
together in series so as to provide the maximum coordination and protection.
Since the two have different functions and capabilities, they are suited for different types of
installations or at different stages of an electrical network. Whether to use switchgear, a
switchboard, or both, depends largely on the design and requirements of the power system.
To understand where each fits, we will have a look at their functions and differences.
3.2 What is Switchgear?
The apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting the electrical circuits and
equipment is known as switchgear.
The term ‗switchgear‘ is a generic term encompassing a wide range of products like circuit
breakers, switches, switch fuse units, off-load isolators, HRC fuses, contactors, earth leakage
circuit breakers (ELCBs), etc…
3.3 Essential Features of Switchgear

The essential features of switchgear are:
1. Complete reliability: With the continued trend of interconnection and the increasing
capacity of generating stations, the need for reliable switchgear has become of
paramount importance. This is not surprising because it is added to the power system
to improve the reliability. When fault occurs on any part of the power system, they
must operate to isolate the faulty section from the remainder circuit.

43
2. Absolutely certain discrimination: When fault occurs on any section of the power
system, the switchgear must be able to discriminate between the faulty section and the
healthy section. It should isolate the faulty section from the system without affecting
the healthy section. This will ensure continuity of supply.
3. Quick operation: When fault occurs on any part of the power system, the switchgear
must operate quickly so that no damage is done to generators, transformers and other
equipment by the short-circuit currents. If fault is not cleared quickly, it is likely to
spread into healthy parts, thus endangering complete shutdown of the system
4. Provision for manual control: Switchgear must have provision for manual control.
In case the electrical (or electronics) control fails, the necessary operation can be
carried out through manual control.
3.4 Classification of Switchgear
Switchgear can be classified on the basis of voltage level in to the following
1. Low voltage (LV) Switchgear

2. Medium voltage (MV) Switchgear
3. High voltage (HV) Switchgear
1. Low Voltage Switchgear
They are generally rated upto 1 kV (1000 V).
They includes low voltage circuit breakers, switches, off load electrical isolators, HRC fuses,
earth leakage circuit breaker, Residual Current Protective Devices (RCCB &
RCBO), miniature circuit breakers (MCB) and molded case circuit breakers (MCCB) etc i.e.
all the accessories required to protect the LV system.
The most common use of this is in LV distribution board.
2. Medium Voltage Switchgear
From 3 kV to 36 kV the system is categorized as medium voltage switchgear or MV

switchgear.

44
They are of many types. They may metal enclosed indoor type, metal enclosed outdoor type,
outdoor type without metal enclosure, etc. The interruption medium may be oil, SF and
vacuum.
The main requirement of MV power network is to interrupt current during faulty condition
irrespective of what type of CB is used in the system. Although it may be capable of
functioning in other conditions also.
A medium voltage switchgear, should be capable of,
1. Normal ON/OFF switching operation.

2. Short circuit current interruption.
3. Switching of capacitive currents.
4. Switching of inductive currents.
5. Some special application.
3. High Voltage Switchgear
The power system deals with voltage above 36kV, is referred as high voltage.
As the voltage level is high the arcing produced during switching operation is also very high.
So, special care to be taken during designing of high voltage switchgear.
High voltage circuit breaker, is the main component of HV switchgear, hence high voltage
circuit breaker should have special features for safe and reliable operation.
Faulty tripping and switching operation of high voltage circuit are very rear. Most of the time
these circuit breakers remain, at ON condition, and may be operated after a long period of
time. So CBs must be reliable enough to ensure safe operation, as when required.
3.5 Switchgear Equipment
3.5.1 Circuit Breaker
3.5.1.1 What is Circuit Breaker?
A circuit breaker is a switching device that interrupts the abnormal or fault current. It is a
mechanical device that disturbs the flow of high magnitude (fault) current and in additions
performs the function of a switch. The circuit breaker is mainly designed for closing or
opening of an electrical circuit, thus protects the electrical system from damage.

45
3.5.1.2 Types of Circuit Breakers
Circuit breakers are classified into different types based on the following criteria.
1. Based on the voltage level

1. Low voltage circuit breaker
2. Medium voltage circuit breaker
3. High voltage circuit breaker
2. Based on where is installed
1. Outdoor circuit breaker
2. Indoor circuit breaker
3. Based on the actuating mechanism
1. Spring Operated Circuit breaker
2. Pneumatic circuit breaker
3. Hydraulic circuit breaker
4. Based on the arc interrupting medium
1. Vacuum circuit breaker
2. SF6 circuit breaker
3. Oil circuit breaker
4. Air blast circuit breaker
5. Based on External characteristic design
1. Live tank circuit breaker
2. Dead tank circuit breaker
Circuit Breaker Types based on Voltage Level

Firstly we classify the circuit breakers according to the voltage levels they can operate on. So
there are three most used types of circuit breakers in this category. These are:
1. Low Voltage Circuit Breakers (< 1 kV)

2. Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers (1-72 kV)
3. High Voltage Circuit Breakers (> 72 kV)
1. Low Voltage Circuit Breakers
A low – voltage circuit breaker is one which is suited for circuits rated at 1000 volts or lower.

46
Fig3.5.1.2.a: Low Voltage Circuit Breakers
Low-voltage circuit breakers are common in domestic, commercial and industrial

applications. Most commonly used low-voltage circuit breakers are, miniature circuit breaker,
molded case circuit breaker, earth leakage circuit breaker, and Residual current protective
devices.
 MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)—rated current not more than 100 A.

 MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)—normal rated current is up to 2,500A with
the thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.
The characteristics of low-voltage circuit breakers are given by international standards such
as IEC 947. These circuit breakers are often installed in draw-out enclosures that allow
removal and interchange without dismantling the switchgear.
2. Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker
Medium-voltage circuit breakers rated between 1 and 72 kV may be assembled

into metal-enclosed switchgear lineups for indoor use, or may be individual
components installed outdoors in a substation.
The characteristics of MV breakers are given by international standards such as IEC 62271.
3. High Voltage Circuit Breaker
Electrical power transmission networks are protected and controlled by high-voltage

breakers.
The definition of high voltage varies but in power transmission work is usually thought to be
72.5 kV or higher, according to a recent definition by the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC).

47
High-voltage circuit breakers are broadly classified by the medium used
to extinguish the arc:
1. Bulk oil circuit breaker
2. Minimum oil circuit breaker
3. Air blast circuit breaker
4. Vacuum circuit breaker
5. SF6 circuit breaker
6. CO2 circuit breaker
Circuit Breaker Types based on Installation
Another very important category is where to use the circuit breaker. This may seem a bit
weird at first, but when installing a breaker, you must have to take care if it will be used
inside your home or any other building or it has to be installed somewhere outdoors. This is
because the outer mechanical body of the breaker has to be designed accordingly for it to be
tough and protective to prevent the internal circuitry from damaging. So two more types can
be:
1. Outdoor circuit breaker

2. Indoor circuit breaker
Indoor Circuit breaker
Indoor Circuit breakers are designed for use only inside buildings or weather-resistant
enclosures. Generally, indoor circuit breakers are operated at a medium voltage with a metal
clad switchgear enclosure.

48
Fig3.5.1.2.b: Indoor Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Outdoor Circuit Breaker
Outdoor Circuit breakers are designed to use at outside without any roof. So these breakers
external enclosure arrangement will be strong compared to indoor breakers to withstand wear
and tear.
Fig:3.5.1.2.c: Outdoor Circuit Breaker

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Circuit Breaker Types based on Actuating Mechanism
There is another category which is based on the mechanism used to actuate the circuit
breaker, which specifies the mechanism of operation of the breaker, there are three further
types:
1. Spring operated circuit breaker

2. Pneumatic circuit breaker
3. Hydraulic circuit breaker
A spring-operated mechanism is one driven by the mechanical energy stored in springs.

Typically, the ―closing spring‖ is mechanically charged by a motor and is held in its
compressed position by a closing latch.
A hydraulic-operated mechanism uses pressurized gas to direct the flow of oil, thus actuating
the linkage(s) connected to the interrupter(s).
A pneumatic-operated mechanism uses compressed air as the energy source for closing and
tripping.
Circuit Breaker Types based on Interrupting Medium
Now considering the medium in which a circuit breaker can operate.

The most general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for arc extinction.
The medium used for arc extinction is usually oil, air, sulfur hexaﬂuoride (SF6) or vacuum.
Accordingly, circuit breakers may be classified into:
1. Oil circuit breaker which employs some insulating oil (eg., transformer oil) for arc
extinction
2. Air Blast circuit breaker in which high-pressure air-blast is used for extinguishing the
arc.
3. SF6 circuit breaker in which sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used for arc extinction.
4. Vacuum circuit breaker in which vacuum is used for arc extinction.

50
Circuit Breaker Types based on External Design
Based on their structural design the circuit breakers are classified as
1. dead tank circuit breakers and

2. Live tank circuit breakers.
A breaker which has its enclosed tank at ground potential is called as dead tank circuit
breakers.
Live tank and Dead tank circuit breaker
A Breaker which has its tank housing the interrupter is at potential above the ground is called
as a live tank circuit breaker.
Other Types of Circuit Breaker
The following are some other types of circuit breakers classified based on various criteria.
Interrupting medium– Air, Air blast, Magnetic blast, Vacuum, Oil circuit breaker, Gas
insulated circuit breaker (GIS)
According to service– Indoor or outdoor circuit breaker
Way of operation– Gravity opened, gravity closed and horizontal break circuit breaker
Action– Automatic and non-automatic circuit breaker
Method of control– Direct control or remote (manual, pneumatic or electrical) control
Way of mounting– Panel mounted rear of panel or remote from panel type.

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Tank construction– Separate tank for each pole type or one tank for all poles type, Live tank
or Dead tank
Contacts– Butt, Wedge, Laminated flat contacts
Important Circuit Breaker Types
Here is a brief description of the most important types of circuit breakers used in different
places.
Air Blast circuit breaker
3200A, 75KA, TP, 415V, 50Hz Air Circuit breaker (ACB)

with under voltage release and micro processor protection unit.
The micro processor protection unit meets the requirement of the IEC 947.2 standard.
This unit is powered by the current transformers & performs all the
necessary three or four pole overcurrent protection.
Standard Protection:
*Overload Relay Setting switch

*Short-Circuit & time delay rotary setting switches
*Earth Fault & time delay rotary setting switches
*Manual/automatic reset buttob (selactablea)
*Over load / short circuit trip curve symbol
*Earth fault protection curve symbol
* Healthy Light Emiting diod
*Multi-pin socket for text box / protable power box
ACB Auxiliary:
Shunt opening, Shunt closing Release, Under Voltage Release and Gear Motor.
Air blast circuit breakers employ a high-pressure air blast as an arc quenching medium.
Under normal condition, the contacts are closed. When a fault occurs contacts are opened and
an arc is struck between them. The opening of contacts is done by a flow of air blast
established by the opening of blast valve (located between air reservoir and arcing chamber ).

52
The air blast cools the arc and sweeps away the arching products into the atmosphere. Thus
the dielectric strength of the medium is increased, prevents from re-establishing the arc. The
arc gets extinguished and flow of current is interrupted.
The circuit breakers are classified on the basis the direction of air blast to the arc. They are
classified into:
1. Axial Blast Type – air blast is directed along the arc path.
2. Cross Blast Type – air blast is directed at right angles to the arc path.
3. Radial Blast Type – air blast is directed radially.
SF6 Circuit Breakers
In SF6 Circuit Breakers, sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is used as the arc quenching medium.
The sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to
absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high high-pressure sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas and an arc is struck between them. The gas captures the conducting
free electrons in the arc to form relatively immobile negative ions.
This loss of conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds up enough insulation strength to
extinguish the arc. The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breakers have been found to be very
effective for high power and high voltage service.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker:
01) 11KV HT SWITCHGEAR ( Vmax VCB)PANEL:
This specification covers the supply of 11KV indoor, metalclad, switchgear
according to IEC publication 298, BSS227,2631,3659 and VDE 0670 /6.
The medium voltage switchgear panel shall be used for secondary distri-
ibution sub – station up to 12KV and suitable for an ambient temperature

of 45 Deg. C and rated rupture capacity of 350 MVA complete with all
accessories , diagrams, levels, wiring & terminals.

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The 11KV, 350MVA rated switchboard would comply compulsory electricity
regulations by standards. All cubicles are fitted with security interlocks and
earthing switch.
The erection of the panel can be done directly on the leveled floor. Cable
trenches are necessary. Cables can easily installed from the bottom side
of the panel.
The design is done to allow safe operation in extremely tropical climate

conditions.
TECHNICAL DATA :
Service voltage : 11KV

Rated Voltage : 12 KV
Rated current of Busbars : 800A
Rated current of circuit breaker : 630A
INSULATION LEVEL :
Impulse withstand voltage 1.2 / 50 micro – sec : 75KV Peak)

Power frequency withstand voltage / 1 min. : 28KV rms.
In vacuum circuit breakers, the vacuum is used as the arc quenching medium. Vacuum offers
the highest insulating strength. So it has far superior arc quenching properties than any other
medium.
For example, when contacts of a breaker are opened in the vacuum, the interruption occurs at
first current zero with dielectric strength between the contacts building up at a rate thousands
of times higher than that obtained with other circuit breakers.
The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. For higher voltage
vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially viable.

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3.5.2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)
3.5.2.1 Definition–A current transformer is a device that is used to produce low ac current in
the secondary winding which is proportional to the high ac current in the primary winding.
It is used for both metering & protection system. So, with the help of CT, high value of
current can be measured easily by using low value meters.
3.5.2.2 Construction –
It consist of a primary winding & secondary winding. The primary winding may be a
conductor, strip etc whose current is to be reduced. The secondary winding is wounded on a
core. The number of turns of secondary winding depends on the primary current & output of
secondary current. Standard secondary output current is either 1A or 5A.
3.5.2.3 Working principle –
It works on the principle of transformer; It is just like a small step-up transformer which
reduces the current in secondary winding & increases the secondary voltage. In CT, primary
winding has few turns only such as either one turn or two turn etc.

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3.5.2.4 CTR (CURRENT TRANSFORMER RATIO)–
CTR stands for Current Transformer Ratio. It is the ratio between primary & secondary
current of a CT. For example, a CT is available of 100/5A where 100A represents maximum
value of primary current & 5A represents maximum value of secondary current. Value of
secondary current varies in proportion to the primary current. So, here CTR is 20 (100/5 =
20). It means primary current is 20 times greater than the secondary current.
For CT 400/5A, CTR = 80 (which is 400/5 = 80), it means primary current is 80 times greater
than secondary current. As CT is just like any other transformer, it must satisfy following
equation –
T.R = Np/Ns = Is/Ip
Where Np = No of turns of primary winding,
Ns = No of turns of secondary winding,
Ip = Current in primary winding,
Is = Current in secondary winding,
3.5.2.5 Effect of Number of Turn of Primary Winding –

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Fig3.5.2.5: Images of HT CTs
3.5.2.6 Type of Current Transformer–
There are three types of Current Transformer available – a) Wound CT, b) Toroidal CT & c)
Bar-type CT –
 Wound Current Transformer– The transformers primary winding is physically

connected in series with the conductor that carries the measured current flowing in the
circuit. The magnitude of the secondary current is dependent on the turn ratio of the
transformer.
 Toroidal Current Transformer– These do not contain a primary winding. Instead,
the line that carries the current flowing in the network is threaded through a window
or hole in the toroidal transformer. Some current transformers have a ―split core‖
which allows it to be opened, installed, and closed, without disconnecting the circuit
to which they are attached.
 Bar-type Current Transformer– This type of current transformer uses the actual
cable or bus-bar of the main circuit as the primary winding, which is equivalent to a
single turn. They are fully insulated from the high operating voltage of the system and
are usually bolted to the current carrying device.

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3.5.2.7 Important Teams Related With CT –
CT Burden – The burden of a CT is defined by the load of the device which is connected
with CT and impedance offered by the secondary winding of CT. It is represented by the
VA.The rated VA indicates the load that transformer can take.
The CT should never be 100% loaded as the burden of CT can increase with age due to
increase of resistance of connecting wires, change in temperature, loosening of connections
etc.
Accuracy of CTs – Accuracy defines the highest permissible percentage error at the rated
current. CTs are classified into two categories –a) metering CTs & protection CTs.
Metering CT – High accuracy CTs are used for metering as they have low saturation point.
CTs are available in following accuracy class – 0.1, 0.2, 0.5,1,3,5. These values indicate
percentage error at the rated primary current. It means a CT of 50/5A with 0.1 accuracy will
have a max error of 0.1 when 50A current passes through the primary.
Metering CTs are designed in such a way that CT is not damaged by high current during
fault. During fault, CT gets saturated & output stays in the range of measuring instruments.
Protection CT – Protection CTs have different characteristics than metering CT. Protection
CTs have high saturation point as it has to continuously sense fault current even during fault
also. These CTs have low accuracy & are classified as 5P10, 10P10 etc.
Example – CT with class 10P10 – Where first letter 10P indicates the maximum(10%)
percentage error & last number 10 indicates the number of times the rated current.
3.5.2.8 Application of CTs –
 Class 0.1 or 0.3 – for Process metering,

 Class 0.5 or 1.0 – for Commercial metering,
 Class 1 or 3 – for ammeters,
 Class 5P10 or 5P20 – for protection,

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3.5.2.9Knee Point Saturation Voltage –
Definition– It is defined as the voltage at which 10% increase in voltage of CT secondary

results in 50% in secondary current.
Let us understand this by this method – An AC voltage applied to the secondary of the CT
with primary open, when voltage increased by 10% which causes 50% increase in
magnetizing current. This happens because E2άØ (magnetic flux) as E2= 4.44 ØfT2 where Ø
is produced by exciting current (Ie). There is a nonlinear relationship between Ø &Ie, after a
certain period of exciting current, flux will not increase so rapidly further as the core of CT is
made up of CRGO steel material which has its own saturation level.
It is an important factor for protection CTs & protection CTs are also termed as PS
(Protection Class). This is related with the saturation of core. Knee point is very important for
differential & restricted earth fault protection schemes because there should not be
tripping of transformer when fault occurs outside the protection zone. Even If normal CTs are
provided with high accuracy (not PS rated) & fault occurs outside the protection zone, the
fault current will travel towards protected zone (from secondary side) then due to different
Knee point saturation voltage of both normal CTs, Power transformer may trip. That is whyit
is very important that for differential & REF protection only same PS rated should be used.
3.5.3 Potential Transformers
It is not an easy way to measure the high voltage and currents associated with power
transmission and distribution systems, hence instrument transformers are often used to step-
down these values to a safer level to measure. This is because measuring meters or
instruments and protective relays are low voltage devices, thereby cannot be connected
directly to high voltage circuit for the purpose of measurement and protection of the system.
In addition to the reduction of voltage and current levels, these transformers isolate the
measuring or protective circuit from the main circuit which is operating at high power levels.
The current transformers reduce the level of current to the instrument or relay operating
range, whereas potential transformers transforms the high voltage to a circuit operating low
voltage. In this article we are going to discuss in detail about the potential transformers.

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3.5.3.1 What is Potential Transformer
Potential transformer is a voltage step-down transformer which reduces the voltage of a high
voltage circuit to a lower level for the purpose of measurement. These are connected across
or parallel to the line which is to be monitored.
The basic principle of operation and construction of this transformer is similar to the standard
power transformer. In common, the potential transformers are abbreviated as PT.
The primary winding consists of a large number of turns which is connected across the high
voltage side or the line in which measurements have to be taken or to be protected. The
secondary winding has lesser number of turns which is connected to the voltmeters, or
potential coils of wattmeter and energy meters, relays and other control devices. These can be
single phase or three phase potential transformers. Irrespective of the primary voltage rating,
these are designed to have the secondary output voltage of 110 V.
Since the voltmeters and potential coils of other meters have high impedance, a small current
flows through the secondary of PT. Therefore, PT behaves as an ordinary two winding
transformer operating on no load. Due to this low load (or burden) on the PT, the VA ratings
of PTs are low and in the range of 50 to 200 VA. On the secondary side, one end is connected
to the ground for safety reasons as shown in figure.

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Similar to the normal transformer, the transformation ratio is specified as
V1/V2 = N1/N2
From the above equation, if the voltmeter reading and transformation ratio are known, then
high voltage side voltage can be determined.
3.5.3.2 Construction
Compared to the conventional transformer, potential transformers or PTs use larger conductor
sizes and core. PTs designed for ensuring the greater accuracy and hence, at the time of
designing economy of the material is not considered as main aspect.
PTs are made with special high quality core operating at lower flux densities in order to have
small magnetizing current so that no load losses are minimized. Both core and shell type
constructions are preferred for PTs. For high voltages, core type PTs are used while shell type
is preferred for low voltages.
To reduce the leakage reactance, co-axial windings are used for both primary and secondary.
For reducing the insulation cost, low voltage secondary winding is placed next to the core.
And for high voltage PTs, high voltage primary is divided into sections of coils to reduce the
insulation between coil layers. For these windings, vanished cambric and cotton tape are used
as laminations. In between the coils, hard fiber separators are used.
These are carefully designed to have minimum phase shift between the input and output
voltages and also to maintain a minimum voltage ratio with variation in load. Oil filled PTs
are used for high voltage levels (above the range of 7KV). In such PTs, oil filled bushings are
provided to connect the main lines.
3.5.3.3 Types of Voltage or Potential Transformers
Majorly these are classified into outdoor and indoor potential transformers.
1. Outdoor Potential Transformers
These can be single or three phase voltage transformers available for different range of
operating voltages that are used for outdoor relaying and metering applications. Up to 33KV,

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these are of electromagnetic type single and three phase voltage transformers. Above 33KV
single phase outdoor potential transformers can be two types electromagnetic type and
capacitive voltage transformer (CVT).
Electromagnetic or Wound Type Conventional Potential Transformer
These are similar to the conventional oil filled wire wound transformers. The figure below
shows the electromagnetic type of PT wherein tap tank is connected to the line terminal. A
plug is provided on the tank to fill the oil and this tank is mounted on an insulator support.
At the base, ground terminal and oil drain plug is provided. In this, primary is connected
between the two phases or between one phase and ground. So one end of the primary is
connected to main line at the top and the other end is brought out at the bottom and is
grounded with other ground terminals.
The secondary terminals including earth terminal are located in the terminal box at the
bottom, further these are connected to the metering and relay circuits. These are used up to or
below 132 KV operating voltages due to insulation aspects.
Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVTs)
It is a capacitive potential divider connected between the phase of main line and ground.
These can be coupling capacitor or bushing type CVTs. These two types are electrically less
or more similar, but the difference is that the formation of capacitance which further decides
their rated burden (or load).
A coupling capacitor type consists of a stack of series connected capacitors which are made
up of oil-impregnated paper and aluminum foil. For desired primary and secondary voltages,
primary and secondary terminals are connected across the capacitors.
The bushing type CVT uses condenser type bushings provided with tapping. CVTs are also
used for power line carrier communication and hence more economical.
2.IndoorPotential Transformers
These are also available as single or three phase PTs which are of moulded, magnetic type.
The mounting mechanism can be fixed or drawout type. In this type of PTs, all parts of

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primary winding are insulated from earth at its rated insulation capacity. These are designed
to operate relays, measuring instruments, and other control devices in indoor service with
high accuracy.
Fig3.5.3.3: Indoor Potential Transformers
Based on the function, PT or voltage transformers are classified into metering voltage
transformers and protection voltage transformers.
3.5.3.4 Errors in Voltage Transformer
For an ideal voltage transformer, the voltage produced in the secondary winding is an exact
proportion to the primary voltage and are exactly in phase opposition. But in actual PTs this
is not so because of the presence of voltage drops in primary and secondary resistance and
also due the power factor of the burden on secondary. This causes to occurrence of ratio and
phase angle errors in voltage transformers. Let us know in detail.

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Errors in Voltage Transformer
Consider the phasor diagram of potential transformer shown above,
where
Io = No load current
Im = magnetizing component of no load current
Iu = Wattful component of no load current
Es and Ep = Induced voltages in secondary and primary windings respectively
Np and Ns = Number of turns in primary and secondary windings respectively
Ip and Is = Primary current and secondary current
Rp and Rs = Resistances of primary and secondary windings respectively
Xp and Xs = Reactance of primary and secondary windings respectively
β = Phase angle error
The primary induced voltage or EMF Ep is derived by subtracting the primary resistive
(IpRp) and reactive drop (IpXp) from the primary voltage Vp. And also, secondary terminal
voltage Vs is derived by subtracting secondary winding resistance drop (IsRs) and reactance

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drop (IsXs) vector ally from secondary induced EMF Es. Due to these drops nominal ratio of
the potential transformer is not equal to the actual ratio of the PT, hence introduces a ratio
error.
Ratio Error
The ratio error of the potential transformer is defined as the variation in actual ratio of
transformation from nominal ratio.
Percentage Ratio Error = (Kn – R) / R × 100
Where
Kn is the nominal or rated transformation ratio and is
Kn = Rated primary voltage / Rated secondary voltage
Phase Angle Error
In ideal PT, there should not exist any phase angle between the primary voltage and reversed
secondary voltage. But in practice, there exist a phase difference between Vp and Vs reversed
(as we can observe in above figure), thereby, introduces phase angle error. It is defined as the
phase difference between the primary voltage and reversed secondary voltage.
In order to reduce these errors such that the accuracy is improved by designing the
transformers in such a way that they windings have appropriate magnitudes of internal
resistance and reactances. In addition to this, the core should require minimum magnetizing
and core loss components of exciting current.
3.5.3.5 Applications of Voltage Transformers
 Electrical Metering systems

 Electrical protection systems
 Distance protection of feeders
 Synchronizing generators with grid
 Impedance protection of generators

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The class of potential transformers used for metering is called as measurement voltage or
potential transformers. On other hand PTs used for protection called as protection voltage
transformers. In some cases PTs are used for both metering and protection purposes, in such
cases, one secondary winding is connected to metering and other secondary winding is used
for protection.

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Chapter 4
EARTHING SYSTEM
4.1 What is Grounding or Earthing?
To connect the metallic (conductive) Parts of an Electric appliance or installations to the earth
(ground) is called Earthing orGrounding.
In other words, to connect the metallic parts of electric machinery and devices to the earth
plate or earth electrode (which is buried in the moisture earth) through a thick conductor wire
(which has very low resistance) for safety purpose is known as Earthing or grounding.
To earth or earthing rather, means to connect the part of electrical apparatus such as metallic
covering of metals, earth terminal of socket cables, stay wires that do not carry current to the
earth. Earthing can be said as the connection of the neutral point of a power supply system to
the earth so as to avoid or minimize danger during discharge of electrical energy.
4.2 Difference between Earthing, Grounding and Bonding.
Let me clear the confusion among earhing, grounding and bonding.
Earthing and Grounding is the same terms used for earthing. Grounding is the commonly
word used for earthing in the North American standards like IEEE, NEC, ANSI and UL etc
while, Earthing is used in European, Common wealth countries and Britain standards like IS
and IEC etc.The word Bonding used for jointing two wires (as well as conductors, pipes or
appliances together. Bonding is known as connecting the metallic parts of different machines
which is not considered to be carrying electric current during normal operation of the
machines to bring them at the same level of electric potential.

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4.3 Purpose of Earthing
1. Safety for Human life / Building /Equipment
 To save human life from danger of electricalshock or death by blowing a fuse i.e. To
provide an alternative path for the fault current to flow so that it will not endanger the
user
 To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under fault conditions.
 To ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not reach a dangerous potential.
 To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short circuit currents.
 To provide stable platform for operation of sensitive electronic equipment i.e. To

maintain the voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value so as to
prevent over current or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipment .
2. Over voltage protection
Lightning, line surges or unintentional contact with higher voltage lines can cause
dangerously high voltages to the electrical distribution system. Earthing provides an
alternative path around the electrical system to minimize damages in the System.
3. Voltage stabilization
There are many sources of electricity. Every transformer can be considered a separate source.
If there were not a common reference point for all these voltage sources it would be
extremely difficult to calculate their relationships to each other.
The earth is the most omnipresent conductive surface, and so it was adopted in the very
beginnings of electrical distribution systems as a nearly universal standard for all electric
systems.
4.4 Components of Earthing System
A complete electrical earthing system consists on the following basic components.

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 Earth Continuity Conductor
 Earthing Lead
 Earth Electrode
4.5 Earth Continuity Conductor or Earth Wire
That part of the earthing system which interconnects the overall metallic parts of electrical
installation e.g. conduit, ducts, boxes, metallic shells of the switches, distribution boards,
Switches, fuses, Regulating and controlling devices, metallic parts of electrical machines
such as, motors, generators, transformers and the metallic framework where electrical devices
and components are installed is known as earth wire or earth continuity conductor as shown
in the above fig.
The resistance of the earth continuity conductor is very low. According to IEEE rules,
resistance between consumer earth terminal and earth Continuity conductor (at the end)
should not be increased than 1Ω. In simple words, resistance of earth wire should be less
than 1Ω.
Size of the Earth Continuity Conductor or Earth Wire depends on the cable size used in the
wiring circuit.

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Size of Earth Continuity Conductor
The cross sectional area of the Earth Continuity Conductor should not be less than the half
of the cross sectional area of the thickest wire used in the electrical wiring installation.
Generally, the size of the bare copper wire used as earth continuity conductor is 3SWG. But
keep in mind that, don‘t use less than 14SWG as earth wire. Copper strip is also can be used
as earth continuity conductor instead of bare copper wire but don‘t go for it until manufacture
recommend it.
Size of the Earthing Lead
The size or area of earthing lead should not be less than the half of the thickest wire used in
the installation.
The largest size for earthing lead is 3SWG and the minimum size should not be less than
8SWG. If 37/.083 wire is used or the load current is 200A from the supply voltage, then it is
recommended to use copper strip instead of double earthing lead. The earth lead connection
methods is shown in the above fig.
Note: We will post additional article about Earth Plate size with simple calculations… Stay
tune.
4.6 Earthing Electrode or Earth Plate
A metallic electrode or plate which is buried in the earth (underground) and it is the last part
of the electrical earthing system. In simple words, the final underground metallic (plate) part
of the earthing system which is connected with earthing lead is called earth plate or earth
electrode.
A metallic plate, pipe or rode can be used as an earth electrode which has very low resistance
and carry the fault current safely towards ground (earth).

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Size of Earthing Electrode
Both copper and iron can be used as earthing electrode.
The size of earth electrode (In case of copper)
2×2 (two foot wide as well as in length) and 1/8 inch thickness.. I.e. 2‘ x 2‘ x 1/8‖.
(600x600x300 mm)
In case of Iron
2‘ x2‘ x ¼‖ = 600x600x6 mm
It is recommended to bury the earth electrode in the moisture earth. If it is not possible, then
put water in the GI (Galvanized Iron) pipe to make possible the moisture condition.
In the earthing system, put the earth electrode in vertical position (underground) as shown in
the above fig. Also, put a 1 foot (about 30cm) layer of powdered charcoal and lime
mixture around the earth plate (don‘t confuse with earth electrode and earth plate as both are
the same thing).
This action makes the possible increase in the size of the earth electrode which leads a better
continuity in the earth (earthing system) and also helps to maintain the moisture condition
around earth plate.
P.S: We will post Example calculation about Earth Electrode Sizing… Stay tune.

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Good to know:
Don’t use coke (after burning coal in the furnace to emit all the gases and other
components, the remaining 88% carbon is called coke) or stone coal instead of
charcoal (wood coal) because it causes to corrosion in the earth plate.
Since, the water level is different in the different areas; therefore, the depth for earth
electrode installation is also different in various areas. But, the depth for earth
electrode installation should not be less than 10ft (3 meter) and should below 1 foot
(304.8mm) from the constant water level.
Motors, Generator, Transformers etc should be connected from to earth electrode

two different places.
4.7 Earth Plate or Earth Electrode Size for Small installation
In small installation, use metallic rod (diameter = 25mm (1inch) and length = 2m (6ft) instead
of earth plate for earthing system. The metallic pipe should be 2 meter below from the
surface of ground. To maintain the moister condition, put 25mm (1inch) coal and lime
mixture around the earth plate.
For effectiveness and convenience, you may use the copper rods 12.5mm (0.5 inch) to 25mm
(1 inch) diameter and 4m (12ft) length. We will discuss the installation method of rod
earthing latter.
4.8Methods of Earthing | Types of Earthing
Earthing can be done in many ways. The various methods employed in earthing (in house
wiring or factory and other connected electrical equipment and machines) are discussed as
follows:
4.8.1 Plate Earthing:
In plate earthing system, a plate made up of either copper with dimensions 60cm x 60cm x
3.18mm (i.e. 2ft x 2ft x 1/8 in) or galvanized iron (GI) of dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 6.35

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mm (2ft x 2ft x ¼ in) is buried vertical in the earth (earth pit) which should not be less than
3m (10ft) from the ground level.
For proper earthing system, follow the above mentioned steps in the (Earth Plate
introduction) to maintain the moisture condition around the earth electrode or earth plate.

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4.8.2 Pipe Earthing:
A galvanized steel and a perforated pipe of approved length and diameter is placed vertically
in a wet soil in this kind of system of earthing. It is the most common system of earthing.
The size of pipe to use depends on the magnitude of current and the type of soil. The
dimension of the pipe is usually 40mm (1.5in) in diameter and 2.75m (9ft) in length for
ordinary soil or greater for dry and rocky soil. The moisture of the soil will determine the
length of the pipe to be buried but usually it should be 4.75m (15.5ft)

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4.8.3 Rod Earthing
it is the same method as pipe earthing. A copper rod of 12.5mm (1/2 inch) diameter or 16mm
(0.6in) diameter of galvanized steel or hollow section 25mm (1inch) of GI pipe of length
above 2.5m (8.2 ft) are buried upright in the earth manually or with the help of a pneumatic
hammer. The length of embedded electrodes in the soil reduces earth resistance to a desired
value.
Fig4.8.3: Copper Rod Electrode Earthing System
4.8.4 Earthing through the Waterman
In this method of earthing, the waterman (Galvanized GI) pipes are used for earthing purpose.
Make sure to check the resistance of GI pipes and use earthing clamps to minimize the
resistance for proper earthing connection.
If stranded conductor is used as earth wire, then clean the end of the strands of the wire and
make sure it is in the straight and parallel position which is possible then to connect tightly to
the waterman pipe.

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4.8.5 Strip or Wire Earthing:
In this method of earthing, strip electrodes of cross-section not less than 25mm x 1.6mm (1in
x 0.06in) is buried in a horizontal trenches of a minimum depth of 0.5m. If copper with a
cross-section of 25mm x 4mm (1in x 0.15in) is used and a dimension of 3.0mm 2 if it‘s a
galvanized iron or steel.
If at all round conductors are used, their cross-section area should not be too small, say less
than 6.0mm2 if it‘s a galvanized iron or steel. The length of the conductor buried in the
ground would give a sufficient earth resistance and this length should not be less than 15m.
4.9 General method of Earthing / Proper Grounding Installation

(Step by Step)
The usual method of earthing of electric equipments, devices and appliances are as follow:
1. First of all, dig a 5x5ft (1.5×1.5m) pit about 20-30ft (6-9 meters) in the ground. (Note
that, depth and width depends on the nature and structure of the ground)
2. Bury an appropriate (usually 2‘ x 2‘ x 1/8‖ (600x600x300 mm) copper plate in that pit
in vertical position.
3. Tight earth lead through nut bolts from two different places on earth plate.
4. Use two earth leads with each earth plate (in case of two earth plates) and tight them.
5. To protect the joints from corrosion, put grease around it.
6. Collect all the wires in a metallic pipe from the earth electrode(s). Make sure the pipe
is 1ft (30cm) above the surface of the ground.
7. To maintain the moisture condition around the earth plate, put a 1ft (30cm) layer of
powdered charcoal (powdered wood coal) and lime mixture around the earth plate of
around the earth plate.
8. Use thimble and nut bolts to connect tightly wires to the bed plates of machines. Each
machine should be earthed from two different places. The minimum distance between
two earth electrodes should be 10 ft (3m).

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9. Earth continuity conductor which is connected to the body and metallic parts of all
installation should be tightly connected to earth lead.
10. At last (but not least), test the overall earthing system through earth tester. If
everything is going about the planning, then fill the pit with soil. The maximum
allowable resistance for earthing is 1Ω. If it is more than 1 ohm, then increase the size
(not length) of earth lead and earth continuity conductors. Keep the external ends of
the pipes open and put the water time to time to maintain the moisture condition
around the earth electrode which is important for the better earthing system.
4.10SI specification for Earthing
Various specifications in respect to earthing as recommended by Indian Standards are given

below. Here are few;
 An earthing electrode should not be situated (installed) close to the building whose
installation system is being earthed at least more than 1.5m away.
 The earth resistance should be low enough to cause the flow of current sufficient to
operate the protective relays or blow fuses. It‘s value is not constant as it varies with
weather because it depends on moisture (but should not be less than 1 Ohm).
 The earth wire and earth electrode will be the same material.
 The earthing electrode should always be placed in a vertical position inside the earth
or pit so that it may be in contact with all the different earth layers.
4.11 Measurement of Earth Resistance by use of Earth Tester
For measuring soil resistivity Earth Tester is used. It is also called the “MEGGER”.
 It has a voltage source, a meter to measure Resistance in ohms, switches to change

instrument range, Wires to connect terminal to Earth Electrode and Spikes.
 It is measured by using Four Terminal Earth Tester Instrument. The terminals are
connected by wires as in illustration.
 P=Potential Spike and C=Current Spike. The distance between the spikes may be 1M,
2M, 5M, 10M, 35M, and 50M.

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 All spikes are equidistant and in straight line to maintain electrical continuity. Take
measurement in different directions.
 Soil resistivity =2πLR.
 R= Value of Earth resistance in ohm.
 Distance between the spikes in cm.
 π = 3.14
 P = Earth resistivity ohm-cm.
 Earth resistance value is directly proportional to Soil resistivity value
4.11.1 Measurement of Earth Resistance (Three point method)
4.11.2 Measurement of Earth Resistance (Three point method)
n this method earth tester terminal C1 and P1 are shorted to each other and connected to the
earth electrode (pipe) under test. Terminals P2 and C2 are connected to the two separate
spikes driven in earth. These two spikes are kept in same line at the distance of 25 meters
and 50 meters due to which there will not be mutual interference in the field of individual
spikes.
Normally, the length of wires should be 10 and 15 meters or in proportion of 62% of „D‟.
Suppose, the distance of Current Spike from Earth Electrode D = 60 ft, Then, distance of
Potential Spike would be 62 % of D = 0.62D i.e. 0.62 x 60 ft = 37 ft.

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4.11.3 Four Point Method
In this method 4 spikes are driven in earth in same line at the equal distance. Outer two
spikes are connected to C1 & C2 terminals of earth tester. Similarly inner two spikes are
connected to P1 & P2 terminals. Now if we rotate generator handle with specific speed, we
get earth resistance value of that place.
In this method error due to polarization effect is eliminated and earth tester can be operated
directly on A.C.
4.12GI Earthing Vs Copper Earthing
 As per IS 3043, the resistance of Plate electrode to earth (R) = (r/A) X under
root(P/A).
 Where r = Resistivity of Soil Ohm-meter.
 A=Area of Earthing Plate m3.
 The resistance of Pipe electrode to earth (R) = (100r/2πL) X loge (4L/d).
 Where L= Length of Pipe/Rod in cm
 d=Diameter of Pipe/Rod in cm.
 The resistivity of the soil and the physical dimensions of the electrode play important
role of resistance of Rod with earth.
 The material resistivity is not considered important role in earth resistivity.
 Any material of given dimensions would offer the same resistance to earth. Except the
sizing and number of the earthing conductor or the protective conductor.
4.13Pipe Earthing Vs Plate Earthing
 Suppose Copper Plate having of size 1.2m x 1.2m x 3.15mm thick. soil resistivity of
100 ohm-m,
 The resistance of Plate electrode to earth (R)=( r/A)X under root(π/A) =
(100/2.88)X(3.14/2.88)=36.27 ohm
 Now, consider a GI Pipe Electrode of 50 mm Diameter and 3 m Long. soil resistivity
of 100 Ohm-m,
 The resistance of Pipe electrode to earth (R) = (100r/2πL) X loge (4L/d) =
(100X100/2X3.14X300) X loge (4X300/5) =29.09 Ohm.

79
 From the above calculation the GI Pipe electrode offers a much lesser resistance than
even a copper plate electrode.
 As per IS 3043 Pipe, rod or strip has a much lower resistance than a plate of equal
surface area.
4.14Maximum allowable Earth resistance
 Major power station = 0.5 Ohm

 Major Sub-stations = 1.0 Ohm
 Minor Sub-station = 2 Ohm
 Neutral Bushing = 2 Ohm
 Service connection = 4 Ohm
 Medium Voltage Network = 2 Ohm
 L.T.Lightening Arrestor = 4 Ohm
 L.T.Pole = 5 Ohm
 H.T.Pole = 10 Ohm
 Tower = 20-30 Ohm

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Chapter 5
Busbar Trunking System
5.1 Busbar trunking systems (BTSs)
In electrical installations for industrial environments, busbar trunking systems(BTSs)
optimize the power distribution despite the inevitable modifications that are carried out
(additions, displacements, replacement of loads) and to facilitate maintenance work and
safety verifications.They are mainly used for:
 supplying sources of light, safety and low power distribution;
 Lighting lines (medium power);
 Power supply and distribution (medium and large power);
5.1.1 Busbar trunking systems are subject to the following Standards:
- IEC 60439 – 1 ―Low-voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies – Part 1:

Type-tested and partially type-tested assemblies‖
- IEC 60439 – 2 ―Low-voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies – Part 2:
Particular requirements for busbar trunking systems (bus ways)‖.
5.1.2 BTSs consist of:
Conductors/busbars;
Coupling: electrical and mechanical connecting elements for different elements;
Straight elements: base elements of the line for carrying energy from the source to the loads;
Routing elements: flexible joints for the creation of curves or overcoming Obstacles,
horizontal and vertical angles, tee joints and cross elements to Create any type of route;
Pull boxes: elements that enable lamps or operating machines to be supplied Directly with
integrated protection (fuses or circuit breakers);
Suspensions/accessories: hanging and fixing elements for BTS and for any Support required
for special loads (lighting components, etc),

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5.1.3 Dimensioning of a BTS
To dimension a BTS, the load current must be determined using the following data:
Power supply
o General type of load supply:

 single-phase
 Three-phase.
o Type of BTS supply:
 from one end;
 from both ends;
 Central power supply.
o Rated voltage
o Short-circuit current at the supply point
o Ambient temperature.
Loads
 Number, distribution, power and cosϕ and type of loads supplied by the same
BTS
BTS geometry
Type of installation:
 Flat,
 edge-on,
 vertical,
Length.
NOTE: BTSs shall be placed at a distance from the walls and the ceilings in such a way as to
enable visual inspection of connections during assembly and to facilitate insertion of the
branch units.
If possible, it is preferable to install the BTS edge-on so as to improve mechanical resistance
and reduce any possible deposit of powder and polluting substances that might affect the
level of internal insulate
 supplying moving equipment (bridge cranes),

82
5.2 A comparison of busbar trunking systems and cable trunking
Table 5.2: Comparison of busbar trunking systems and cable trunking
Feature Busbar trunking unit Cable trunking

Type-tested system x —
Mechanical safety High Low
Fire load Low High
Thermal characteristics Ambient temperature Cable loads are related to +30
compliant with IEC / EN 61439- °C in accordance with DIN
1 and-6 max. +40°C and +35°C 57298-4, Chap. 5.3.3.1 /
average over 24 hours DIN VDE 0298-4/2.88.
Protective devices for loads In the tap-off unit: facilitating Centrally in the distribution
direct and immediately board: this means
traceable assignment to load that assignment to the load
locally. cannot be verified directly. You
have to rely on the cable
and load being labeled
correctly
Space requirements Low High,
Planning and configuration Quick and easy using computer- Configuration is time-
assisted planning tools consuming and complex
Configuration is time- (distribution board and cable
consuming and complex dimensioning, cable diagrams,
(distribution board and cable etc.
dimensioning, cable diagrams,
etc.)
Dimensioning (current, voltage Complex Very complex
drop, neutralization conditions)
Troubleshooting expenditure Low High
Fireproof barrier Type-tested, factory-built Dependent upon installation
quality on site
Electromagnetic interference Low Relatively high for standard
cables
Installation Few installation accessories and Extensive installation
tools, short installation times accessories and numerous
tools, long installation time
Weight Weighs up to 1/3 of Up to 3 times the weight of the
comparable cable weight busbar trunking system
Halogen-free, All tap-off units are halogen- Standard cables are not
PVC-free free and PVC-free. halogen-free and
PVC-free.

83
5.3System description
① Additional equipment ④ Junction units
② Tap-off unit‟s ⑤ Infeeds
③ Straight trunking units ⑥ Distribution board connection units
Fig 5.3: Overview of LD busbar trunking system
The LD busbar trunking system is used for both power transmission and distribution. The
system offers a high short-circuit rating and is particularly suited for the connection of
transformers to low-voltage main distribution boards and sub-distribution boards.In
applications where high powers are required, conventional systems frequently require the use
of parallel cables. The LD system offers optimal power distribution for both horizontal and
vertical busbar runs. Coded plug-in tap-off units up to 1250 A that meet extremely high
safety standards are available for this purpose.

84
5.4Important planning information:
The nominal mounting position of the busbar trunking system is horizontal and edgewise for
The busbars. In very rare cases, due to a specific trunking run or the option of connecting
tap-off units on the side, the busbars might have to be laid flat. The resulting increase in the
Internal heat rise of the system necessitates a reduction in rated current. The same applies to
vertical height rises > 1.3 m (see the table in the chapter "Type code (Page 108)").
The LD busbar trunking system is a ventilated system. When the degree of protection is
Increased from IP34 to IP54 (enclosed system), the rated current must be derated as
Specified in the tables in the next chapter
Fig 5.4: Important planning information

85
5.4.1 Selection example
A rated current of 2500 A is calculated for a project. Aluminium conductors shall be used. A
4-pole system also has to be used. The cross section of the protective conductor needs to
be equal to the cross section of the phase conductor. The required degree of protection is
IP34. The mounting position is horizontal, edgewise, without height rises. Use of the above
table results in the selection of the following type:
LDA 5423
Selection example
A rated current of 2500 A is calculated for a project. Aluminum shall be used as the
conductor material, and Mylar as the insulation material. A 5-pole system has to be used.
The cross section of the neutral conductor needs to be equal to the cross section of the
phase conductor.
The following type is obtained:
LI-AM25005B

86
5.4.2 Sizes
Sizes are dependent upon rated current and conductor material. In total, there are ten sizes.
Six sizes are set up as single systems and three as double systems for the version with
aluminium and copper.
Single systems comprise one enclosure with between 3 and 6 aluminium or copper bars.
Double systems have between 6 and 12 bars in two enclosures.
The precise number of bars is determined by the required conductor configuration.
Sizes (H x W), single system
Table 5.2.2.a: AL/Cu Bus-bar Sizes(Single System):

Height H [mm] System
111 LI-A.800
132 LI-A.1000
146 LI-A.1250
182 LI-A.1600
230 LI-A.2000
297 LI-A.2500
The width W is always 155 mm.
Table5- 2 CU system

111 LI-C.800
132 LI-C.1000
146 LI-C.1250
182 LI-C.1600
230 LI-C.2000
297 LI-C.2500

87
The width W is always 155 mm
Sizes (H x W), double system
Table 5.2.2.b:AL/Cu Bus-bar Sizes(Single System):

182 LI-A.3200
230 LI-A.4000
297 LI-A.5000
The width W is always 410 mm
Table5- 4 CU system
174 LI-C.4000
213 LI-C.5000
280 LI-C.6300
The width W is always 410 mm.
5.5Structure of the busbars:

The bars in the LI busbar system are usually tinned and enclosed in a sleeve made of highly
resistant insulating material. The LI-A system features aluminum conductors and the LI-C
system copper conductors. In addition to tinning, aluminum bars are also coated with a layer
of nickel.
① Aluminum bar (LI-A), copper bar (LI-C)

②Nickel layer, tinning (LI-A), tinning (LI-C)
③Insulating material sleeve with high heat resistance or epoxy resin coating and insulating
material sleeve with high heat resistance (on request)

88
5.5.1 Junction units:
Junction units for horizontal installation, horizontal and vertical installation:
Fig 1: Elbow LI
Length System
X = 0.48… 1.90m LI-A.0800… LI-A.2500
FY= 0.27m LI-C.1000 … LI-C.3200
Y = 0.48… 1.90m
FY = 0.27 m
X = 0.74… 1.90m LI-A.3200… LI-A.5000
FY= 0.525m LI-C.4000… LI-C.6300
Y = 0.74… 1.90m
FY = 0.525 m

89
Fig 5: Knee offset LI Fig 3: Elbow Offset LI
Fig 6: T unit LI
X = 0.74… 1.20 m / Y= 0.56… X / Y min = 0.60m Z = X = 0.62… 1.20 m / Y=

1.20m 0.430m 0.74… 1.20m, Z = 0.95 …
Z=0.89…1.20m Z = 0.413 m Max. X, Y = 1.20 m
Max. X + Y + Z = 3000 mm 1500mm
LI-A.4000 , LI-C.5000 Max. X + Y + Z = 2500 mm LI-A.4000/ LI-C.5000
LI-A.4000, LI-C.5000
Fig 5.5.1: Z units , Offset knee . T units units LI
Length System
X/Y min = 0.40m LI-A.0800… LI-A.2500
Z min. = 0.38 m LI-C.1000 … LI-C.3200
X/Y min = 0.50m LI-A.3200… LI-A.5000
Z min. = 0.63 m LI-C.4000 … LI-C.6300
Max. X + Y + Z = 2800mm
Max. Z = 1200mm

90
5.5.2 Straight trunking units:
Straight trunking units for horizontal and vertical installation without tap points and
joint unit:
Straight trunking units for Straight trunking units to Straight trunking units to
horizontal and vertical adapt to LI systems for adapt to LD systems for
installation without tap points indoor applications indoor applications
and joint unit
Configurable lengths X from LR-LI adapter element (x =

0.30 m to 3.00 m in 0.01 m 0.8 m or 0.95m) Adapter element (X = 1.0m)
steps available
Straight trunking units for tap-
off units on request
Fig5.5.2: Straight trunking units
5.6 Distribution board connection for distribution boards:
Connection to power distribution systems as type-tested low-voltage switchgear

assemblies compliant with DIN EN 61439-1 and DIN EN 61439-6
The distribution board and LI busbar trunking system are connected using an integrated
busbar trunking connection unit for rated currents up to 6300 A (Ie = 6300 A on request). The
busbars can be connected:
● From above
● From below (on request)
This enables a flexible arrangement. The link between the busbar trunking system and the
SIVACON S8 distribution systems ensures high short-circuit strength backed up by type
testing and a high level of reliability as regards power transmission.

91
Fig 5.6: Distribution board link
5.7Installation of the bus-bar connection unit:
The busbar connection unit in the distribution board must be copper-plated by the board
manufacturer or in compliance with that manufacturer's specifications. The board
manufacturer must ensure that the required short-circuit strength is achieved and the
permissible temperature limit of the busbar connection unit for distribution boards is not
exceeded.
Fig 5.7: Busbar connection unit for distribution boards
5.8 Connection unit for transformers and distribution boards:
The wide variety of transformer types reflects the variety of rated currents and the different
phase sequences and clearances. This type variety requires high flexibility as regards
transformer connection in busbar trunking systems.You can also use the universal connection
unit for connecting distribution boards.For LI busbar trunking systems up to 6300 A,

92
transformer connection units are available with busbar connection on the side (LI.....-TCE.)
and on the top (LI.....-TCET.).
Fig 5.8.a Fig 5.8.bFig5.8.c
Fig 5.8.a: Bus-bar connection on the side and customer connection on the bottom.
Fig5.8.b: Bus-bar connection on the side and customer connection on the side.
Fig5.8.c: Bus-bar connection on the top and customer connection on the bottom.
The total length is calculated from the phase clearances of the connection units to be
Table5.8: Planned (approx. 3 x phase clearance + 300 mm).

Connection unit type Selectable phase clearance
LI......-TCEL 135 … 800 mm
LI......-TCER 135 … 800 mm
LI......-TCETL 135 … 800 mm
5.9Tap-offs for power distribution:
5.9.1 Characteristics of tap-off units:

For a comprehensive power distribution structure, tap-off units are available in seven sizes:
● Tap-off units up to 160 A
● Tap-off units for 250A
● Tap-off units for 800 to 1250 A (on request)
The rated operating voltage Ue is 400 V. Regardless of the mounting position, the closed

93
enclosures ensure degree of protection IP55. As a general rule, they are equipped with:
● Fuse bases, fuse switch disconnectors, switch disconnectors with fuses or circuit
breakers with handle or motorised operating mechanism
● Bolts for cable connection
Conductor configurations in acc:

For conductor systems with insulated PE conductor, the tap-off units are supplied with the
addition of a separate PE connection.
Circuit breaker with manual operating mechanism:
This type of tap-off unit has a circuit breaker which can be controlled from the outside using
a handle.
Degree of protection
The tap-off units have IP54 degree of protection.
Opening the tap-off unit

The contact compartment and the copper connections between the contact mechanism and
the circuit breaker are encapsulated in a finger-proof casing. The cover can only be opened
if the breaker has been deactivated. This ensures voltage-free load when the cover is
removed.
Cable connection
On the load side, the outgoing cables are routed directly via the circuit breaker. The PE/PEN
conductor is fixed to a bolted connection as appropriate for the cross section. Single-core or
multi-core cables can be fed in from the side or via the front face. The sectional flange plate
facilitates the laying of the cables.
5.9.2 Tap-off units:

● Tap-off via tap-off point
● Anti-rotation feature prevents incorrect mounting
● IP20 touch protection whilst the unit is being connected to the tap-off
point

94
Note: Hot plugging:
In accordance with DIN EN 50110-1 (VDE 0105-1), national regulations must be observed.
Country-specific regulations may prohibit plugging when the busbar run is not switched off
and energized with electrical power.
Cable entry
You can insert the cables optionally from the side or the front. Integrated flange with cable
grommets facilitates multi-core cable entry. Aluminium plates are used for single-core cable
entry; you have to fit these with cable glands locally. Blanking plates are attached at the side
for delivery.
Safety during operation

To open the tap-off units, you must switch the breaker off either by actuation of the handle
or at the motorised operating mechanism of the breaker. Once this is done, the cable
connection area is no longer energized. The part of the contact device in the front of the
tapoff unit is ―finger-safe".
Implementing the tap-offs:

Tap-offs are required for different amperages depending on the size  and type of loads
involved. These are implemented by means of plug-in tap-off units up to 1250 A.
5.9.3 Tap-off units with fuse base up to 630 A:
Rated currents
Plug-in tap-off units in four sizes are available for selection:
● For 160 A
● For 250 A
● For 400 A
● For 630 A

95
Fig5.9.3a:Tap-off unit with switch disconnector with fuses up to 250 A and 400 A to 630 A
5.9.4 Tap-off units with circuit-breaker up to 1250 A:

Rated current:
Tap-off units up to 630 A in six sizes are available for selection:
● For 160 A
● For 250 A
● For 400 A
● For 630 A
● For 800 A
● For 1250A
Tap-off unit with circuit breaker up to 400 A Tap-off unit with circuit breaker up to 630
The tap-off unit permits rated currents of up to 630 A:

An equipment compartment is built onto thetap-off unit. Project-specific switchgear (e.g.
circuit breakers) is installed in the compartment and connected- both electrically and
mechanically - to the tap-off unit.Tap-off units are not designed forconnection whilst the
LRC system is live. All other characteristics and technical data can only be provided on
request for specific projects.
5.9.5 Tap-off units with circuit-breaker:

96
Short-circuit rating:
If you use circuit breakers, the conditional rated short-circuit current of the tap-off units with
switching capacity N is 55 kA, with switching capacity H 77 kA, and with switching capacity
L 110 kA.
Installed equipment:
The circuit breakers have the switching capacity N, H and L. They can come optionally with
3 or 4 poles.
Cable connection:
Bolts are used to connect cables with pre-fabricated cable lug. For the small size the
maximum compatible cross section per phase is up to 150 mm2, for the medium size up to
240 mm2, and for the large size up to 4 x 240 mm2.
5.10 Incoming cable connection unit:

If power needs to be supplied to the busbar trunking system via cables, you should use an
LI.-KE incoming cable connection unit.
Fig 5.10: Incoming cable connection unit

97
The maximum dimensions are 1000 mm x 950 mm x 655 mm (W x H x D).You can connect
single-core or multi-core cables. You can connect cross-sections up to 300 mm2 (bolted
connection) directly to the connection bars of the incoming cable connection unit.
5.11 Connection unit for transformers and distribution boards:
There are four different transformer connection pieces (LD.....-AS.) available for all rated
current ranges to connect various transformers to a busbar trunking system:
Fig5.11: Connection unit for transformers and distribution boards
We recommend a maximum clearance of 200 mm between the tags on the connection unit.
The universal connection unit can also be used to connect distribution boards.
5.12Coupling units:
Coupling units are used if devices or sections of the power supply need to be disconnected
or connected accordingly. To adapt the busbar trunking system to the actual load, the busbar
cross section can be reduced and protected against short circuits and overloads with a
coupling unit.
Coupling units can be fitted with switch disconnectors or circuit breakers as appropriate for
their application. Coupling units resistant to accidental arcs can be supplied as an option

98
Fig5.12: Coupling units
Rated currents
Rated currents adapted to the systems between 1100 and 3000 A can be supplied as
appropriate for the application.
Operator control
The coupling units can be operated using a handle or even a motor drive.
Dimensions
The installation length in the busbar trunking run is 1600 mm.
The dimensions are dependent on the device type and the current size and must be
obtained project-specifically.
5.13Additional equipment:
End cap:
If a busbar run is not to continue to another distribution board, you will need to fit an end cap.
You will need to install an end cap with a hook or a bolt at the end of a busbar run depending
on the version of the trunking unit.
Fig5.13: End cap with hook, End cap with bolt, End Cap

99
Suspension bracke:
The LD-B1/B2 suspension bracket is used to mount the busbar trunking system in a
horizontal installation.
● B1 for enclosure dimensions 180 mm x 180 mm
● B2 for enclosure dimensions 240 mm x 180 mm
Fig: Suspension bracke

Fixing bracket:
Fixing brackets for horizontal installation Fixing brackets for vertical installation
Joint block :
The joint block is used for the trunking units' electrical and mechanical connections. LR
trunking units are usually supplied without joint units (junction blocks or monoblocks, as
they
are also known). Accordingly, you need to make provision to plan and order joint blocks
separately as appropriate for the number of trunking unit connections.

100
Fig: Joint unit
Accessories for busbar connections with joint blocks:
Once the electrical link with the joint block has been established, it needs to be cast with
epoxy resin. For this purpose, moulding casts, cast resin mix, separators and various tools
are provided as accessories.
Casting mould Cast resin mix Tool set
5.14 CALCULATION:
5.14.1 Determining the Voltage drop:
With long trunking runs it may be necessary to calculate the Voltage drop:
∴V = K. 3.Ib.l.(R1.cos+X1.sin).10-3
Where, V = Voltage drop (V)
Ib = Rated current (A)
l = Total length of the system
K = Total distribution factor
R1 = ohmic resistance (m/m) with busbar final heating

101
X1 = Inducative resistance (m/m) ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
Cos = power factor
The load distribution factor K for calculating the voltage drop at the ed of the busbar trunking
system is defined ad follows.
* K = 1, If the load is connected at the end of the busbar trunkin system (power transmission).
* K = (n+1)/(2×n), if the load is distributed across n taps.
To calculate the voltage drop in distance (d) between the start of the tap and the start of the
busbar system. proced as follows:
K = (2×n+1 - n×d/L)/(2×n)
Voltage drope diagram:
Taking into account the final heating resistances

With a load distribution factor
K = 1 for hog current 4000 – 6300 A
K = 0.5 ‖ low and medium current 8000-3200A
at rated current load.
Table5.14.1 Thermal characteristics: Standard:
Ambient temperature 24- 200C 250C 300C 350C 400C 450C 500C
hour aveg.
Correction factor 1.075 1.05 1.025 1 0.95 0.9 0.85
5.14.2 Voltage Drop (outgoing):

It a BTS is particularly long, the value of the voltage drop must be verified. For there phase
system with a power factor (cos) not lower than 0.8, the voltage drop can be calculated by
using the formula:
a  3  I b  L  (rt cos   x sin  )

v = [v ]
1000
Where, a is the current distribution factor, which depends on the circuit supply and the
arrangement of the electric loads along the BTS, Table:

102
Table5.14.2:Current distribution factor:
Type of Supply Arrangement of Loads Current distribution factor
From one end only load concentrated at the end 1
Evenly distributed load 0.5
From both ends Evenly distributed load 0.25
Central load concentrated at the end 0.25
Evenly distributed load 0.125
Ib = is the load current (A);
L = is the BTS length (m);
rt = is the resistance per unit of length of BTS, measured under thermal steady state condition
(m/m)
x = is the phase reactance per unit of the length of BTS (m/m)
cos = is average power factor of the loads.
Percentage voltage drop is obtained from:

u
v% = 100
vr
Where vr is the rated voltage.
5.14.3 Calculation of voltage drop for unevenly distributed load:

If the load cannot be considered to be evenly distributed, the voltage drop can be calculated
more aceuately by using formula:
For the distribution of the three phase shown is the fig, the Voltage drop can be calculated by
the following formula if the BTS has a constant cross section (as usual):
3rt  I i Li cos i  x I i Li sin i
u= [v ]
1000
Where, rt = is the phase resistance per unit of length of BTS, measured under thermal steady-
state conditions (m/m)
x = is the phase reactance per unit of the length of BTS (m/m)
cosi = is average power factor of the i th load.
Ii = is the i-th load current (A)
Li = is the distance of the i-th load from the beginning of the BTS (m).

103
Table 5.14.4 Rated Current and short Circuit current of standard
transformers:
Rated Voltage 400/230v, 50 Hz

Rated short circuit 4% 6%
Voltage value
Rated Power Rayed current Initial symetrical short Initial symetical short
( KVA) Ir (A) circuit current Ik (A) circuit current Ik (A)
50 72 1933 1306
100 144 3871 2612
150 230 6209 4192
200 288 7749 5239
250 360 9716 6552
315 455 12247 8259
400 578 15506 10492
500 722 19438 12020
630 910 24503 16193
800 1154 - 20992
1000 1444 - 26224
1250 1805 - 32791
1600 2310 - 39818
2000 2887 - 52511
2500 3608 - 65547
3150 4550 - 82656
N.B. Ukr = 4% (100-630 KVA)

Ukr = 6% 630 Avobe

104
Formula:
Transformer Rated current: IN (A) = K × SNT
IN
Transformer short circuit AC current: I  ( A)
K
IUK 100
400V : K = 1.45
690V : K = 0.84
 1 KVA =? current
11000
K=
1.732  400
 3150 KVA = 3150 × 1.45
= 4567 A
Table 5.14.5 Technical data for LD System:
1. Rated operating voltage Ue AC 1000V
2. Standard degree of protection IP4.IP54
3. Rated current InA A 1100-5000
4. Rated short time withstand current Icw (1s) KA 55-116KA
5. Conditional circuit rating Ice for TU 800A and 100kA
above
6. Dimensions width×hight for copper mm x mm (240×180)
7. Fire load per tap-off point kwh/m 7.8-10.8
8. Voltage drop (V) mv/m/A 0.03
9. Magnetic fields T 14.4
10. Max. fixing distance m 2-3
11. Top off unit can be plugged into tap-off points at units
3m intervals
315A-630A 3
800A-1250A 2
N.B: 1. PE = clean Earth

2. Cos 0.9, Voltage drop for 50HZ, 3-
3. Magnetic field values measured with symmetrical load 0.5m away the BBT

105
4. Tap off units can only be connected between two busbar trunkings with a bolt-on joint
block (tixed tap-off unit)
5. IP34 = Ventilated (with busbars installed horizontally and edgewise)
IP54 = enclosed
5.15 Planning example:

1. Power distribution board
2. Busbar trunking system
3. Tap-off pont.
No. off floor :15 ( 8 residential units)
Effective installed loads Per residential Unit : 26 KW
Rated operating voltage Ue :400V
Power factor cos : 0.9
Load factor  : 0.6
utilization fator  : 0.5
Supply transformers : 1×1250 KVA, Uk = 6%
Degree of protection :1P30/1P54
Line system configuration :TN-S
N.B: Torque for single bolt terminal = 80N
5.15.1 Determining the rated current per floor:

Pinst . IBS = Rated current per storey (A)
IBS =
3.U e . cos  Ue = Rated operating voltage (V)
26  0.6 cos = power factor
= .103
1.732  400  0.9 Pinst = Instaled power rating (Kw)
= 25 A  = Rated diversity factor
 8 residential × 25A = 200A

106
5.15.2 Determining the rated current of the trunking run:
IN = N. IBS. [N = number of floor)
=15×200×0.5
= 1500 A
 IN< Ie
The rated diversity factor in accordance with IEC/EN 61439-1 applies for the total number of
loads and the demand factor for the type of load. In the absence of precise figures for the
demand factor, reliable empirical values can be obtained from local utility compares,
However, these vary from region to region. Average values are listed in the table below:
5.15.2 Table Utilization factor:
Type of load 
Utilization factor
Residential accommodation with electric ovens and water heaters 0.1-0.2
off-peas storage heating 0.8-1
Lighting in office blocks and commercial building 0.7-09
Lifts and general facilities 0.6-0.8
Small offices 0.5-0.7
Conference Rooms 0.6-0.8
Large offices 0.4-0.8
In accordance with the system Selection criteria based technical data and areas of application.
The LI high voltage system is used in the planning for the example power distribution in
multi-story buildings with primarily vertical trunking Layout.
Combining the assessment criteria and calculation results an LI-A busbar system being
selected with 5 conductor and full neutral conductor cross section, a current carrying capacity
of 1600 A and a short circuit rating Icw (t=1s) = 65 KA
Selected busbar system LI-A.1600
Top-off Units with 3-pole 250A fuse

(designed for use with NH1 fuse link) are used to supply power to the distribution boards on
each floor.
Selected tap-off units: LI-T-0250-5H55-FSF-IEC-3-RD-G-BD-00

107
5.15.3 Load current calculation for three-phase system:
Load current Ib for a three phase system is calculated by the following formula:
Pt  b
I  [A]
b
3  Vr  cos 
Where, Pt = he Sum of the active power of all the installed load [W]
b = The supply factor which is
b = 1 if the BTS is supplied from one side only.
b = 0.5 if the BTS is supplied from the centre or from both ends simultaneously;
Vr = The overrating Voltage (v)
cos = The average power factor of the load.
5.15.4 Choice of BTS current carrying capacity:

The following formula : Ib< Izo × Kt = Iz
Where,
Izo = The current that the BTS can carry for an indefinite time at the reference temperature
(400C)
Ib = The load current
Kt = is the correction factor for ambient temperature values other than Table 1.
Iz = The continuous current carrying capacity of BBT.
aperature 15 20 25 35 40 45 50
oc
Kt 1.2 1.17 1.08 1.05 1 0.95 0.85
5.15.4 The following tables show typical parameters of the BTS present on the market:
Generic Type Number of Izo rph Xph Vr (V)
conductors (A) (m/m) (m/m)
5000A Cu 4 5000 0.008 0.005 1000
5000A Cu 5 5000 0.008 0.023 1000
* phase resistance at rph

* Izo current carrying capacity

108
5.15.5Technical data of BTS (CU):
Rated Current (A) 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3200 4000 5000
Casting Dimension lateral 85 85 130 160 200 266 326 406
Height of the bar 50 75 120 150 190 120 150 190
Verall dismension (mm) 140× 140× 140× 140× 140× 140× 140× 140×
85 85 130 160 200 266 326 406
** and Nutral cross section 300 450 720 900 1140 1440 1800 2280
**cross section (mmFe) 1071 1071 1206 1416 1966 1794 2100 2280
** between Pt/phase 45% 30% 21% 20% 17% 16% 15% 13%
section
**/Insulation Voltage 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
** resistance 200C (m/m) 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
** resistance @ 50% load 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
c (m/m)
** resistance @ thermal 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00
conditions (m/m)
** reatance (m/m) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
** @ 200C and 50% load 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
**Sistance of protective 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06
conductor (m/m)
** Short time current ** 24 30 33 36 48 60 60 72
Phase nutral fault (1s) KA
** Short-time current ** 24 30 33 36 48 60 60 72
Phase-PE fault (1s) KA
** Peak current for ** 88 110 121 132 176 220 220 264
Phase fault (KA)
** Peak Peak current for 53 66 73 79 106 132 132 158
Phase-PE fault (KA)
**/Insulation Voltage 53 66 73 79 106 132 132 158

109
Physical data:
5000 A 3000 mm-or-3 m (406×140) mm straight line
5000 A 200 mm-or-2 m (406×140) mm straight line
5000 A 400 mm (406×140) mm Left dihedral elbow
5000 A 400 mm (406×140) mm Right dihedral elbow
5000 A 800 mm (406×140) mm left or Right flat
elbow.
5.16BTS Testing:
1. Insulation/Megar test by applying 2.5KV for 1 minute
2. Temperature rise test
3. High voltage test-3.5 KV
4. Voltage withstand test.
5.17 Voltage drop calculation for outgoing cable:

For an electrical conductor with impedancez, the voltage drop is calculated by the following
formula:
L
u = KZIb = KIP (rcos+xsin) (v)
n
Where,
K = is a coefficient equal to:
- 2 for Single Phase and two phase system
3 for three-phase systems;
Ib = is the load current; if no information are available, the cable carrying capacity Is shall be
considered;
L = is the I ength of the conductor km)
n = is the number of conductors in parallel per phase;
r = (/km) is the resistance of the single cable per kilometer;
x = (/km) is the reactance of the single cable per kilometer;
cos = is the power factor of the load, sin = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
u
V% = 100
vr
Normally, the percentage value of in relation to the rated value vr is calculated by

110
NB: Resistance and reactance values per unit of length are set out on the following table by
cross sectional area and cable formate, for 50HZ, in case of 60HZ, the reactance value shall
be multiplied by 1.2.
5.17.1 Resistance and reactance per unit of length of copper cables:

Area (S) sqmm Single Core Single core Two/three core Two/three core
Cable Cable Cable cable
r(ohm/km) x(ohm/km) r(ohm/km) x(ohm/km)
1.5 sqmm 14.8 0.168 15.1 0.118
2.5 sqmm 8.9 0.156 9.08 0.109
4 sqmm 5.57 0.143 5.68 0.101
6 sqmm 3.71 0.135 3.78 0.0955
10 sqmm 2.24 0.119 2.27 0.0861
16 sqmm 1.41 0.112 1.43 0.0817
25 sqmm 0.889 0.106 0.907 0.0813
35 sqmm 0.6411 0.101 0.654 0.0783
50 sqmm 0.473 0.101 0.483 0.0779
70 sqmm 0.328 0.0965 0.334 0.0751
95 sqmm 0.236 0.0975 0.241 0.0762
120 sqmm 0.188 0.0939 0.191 0.074
150 sqmm 0.153 0.0928 0.157 0.0745
185 sqmm 0.123 0.0908 0.125 0.0742
240 sqmm 0.0943 0.0902 0.0966 0.0752
300 sqmm 0.0761 0.895 0.078 0.075
5.17.2 Current carrying capacity of sqmm cable:

mm (A) PVC (A)XLPE/ PVC (A) XLPE/EPR (A)
EPR
1.5 sqmm 22 A 26 A - -
2.5 sqmm 30 A 36 A - -
4 sqmm 39 A 49 A - -

111
6 sqmm 50 A 63 A - -
10 sqmm 69 A 86 A - -
16 sqmm 94 A 115 A - -
25 sqmm 125 A 149 A 131 A 161 A
35 sqmm 160 A 185 A 162 A 200 A
50 sqmm 195 A 225 A 196 A 242 A
70 sqmm 245 A 289 A 251 A 310 A
95 sqmm 300 A 352 A 304A 377 A
120 sqmm 350 A 410 A 352A 437A
150 sqmm 405 A 43 A 406 A 504 A
185 sqmm 460A 542 463 A 575A
240 sqmm 555 A 641 546 A 679 A
300 sqmm 640 A 741 629 A 783 A
400 sqmm 770 A - 754 A 940 A
500 sqmm 900 A - 868 A 1083 A
630 sqmm 1030 A - 1005 A 1254 A
800 sqmm 1165 A - - -
1000 sqmm 1310 A - - -
5.17.3Specific Voltage drop at cos = 0.9 for copper cables:

(cos = 0.9. 0.85)
Area Single-core cable Two or Three core cable
S(sqmm) Single Phase three phase Single phase Three phase
1.5 sqmm 26.79 23.20 27.28 23.63
2.5 sqmm 16.17 14.01 16.44 14.24
4 sqmm 10.15 8.79 10.31 8.93
6 sqmm 6.80 5.89 6.89 5.96
10 sqmm 4.14 3.58 4.16 3.60
16 sqmm 2.64 2.28 2.65 2.29
25 sqmm 1.69 1.47 1.70 1.48
35 sqmm 1.24 1.08 1.25 1.08
50 sqmm 0.94 0.81 0.94 0.81

112
70 sqmm 0.67 0.58 0.67 0.58
95 sqmm 0.51 0.44 0.50 0.43
120 sqmm 0.42 0.36 0.41 0.35
150 sqmm 0.36 0.31 0.35 0.30
185 sqmm 0.30 0.26 0.29 0.25
240 sqmm 0.25 0.22 0.24 0.21
300 sqmm 0.22 0.19 0.21 0.18
Example 1:
To calculated a voltage drop on a three-phase cable with the following specification:
* Rated voltage: 400V
* Cable length: 25 m
* Cable formation: Single-core copper cable, 3×50 mm2
* Load current: 100 A
* Power factor: cos = 0.9
From the table, 50 mm2 = 0.81
U = Ux.Ib.L Ib = 100 A
= 0.81×100×0.025 Ux = 0.81
= 2.03 V 25
L = 25 m = km
1000
= 0.025 km
Which corresponds to this percentage Value:

u
u% = 100
Vr
2.03
= 100
400
= 0.51 %

113
Example 2:
To calculate a Voltage drop on a three-phase cable with the following specification:
 Rated Voltage: 690 V
 Cable length: 50 m
 Cable formation: multi-core copper cable 2×(3×10) mm2
 load current: 50A
 power factor: cos = 0.85
From the table: 10mm2 = 3.60
L Ib = 50 A
U = Ux×Ib×
2 Ux = 3.60
0.05 I = 50 m
= 3.60×50×
2
= 0.05
= 4.5 V
for
L 0.05
multicore 
2 2
Which corresponds to this percentage value:

u
u% = 100
Vr
4.5
= 100
690
= 0.65%
Example 3: For long cable: or cable Selection:

Supply of a three phase load with Pu = 35 kw (Ur = 400v, fr =80 Hz, cos = 0.9) with a 140 m
cable insulated on a perforated tray, consisting of a multi-core copper cable with EPR
insulation.
V %  Vr
maximum permitted voltage drop 2%, Um max =
100  I b  L
Pu 35000
Load current Ib =  = 56 A
3V cos  3  40  0.9

114
From the table: 10 mm2 = 3.60 Ib = 56 A
U = Ux×Ib×L = 3.60×56×0.14 Ux = 3.60
= 28.2 V L = 140 m
= 0.14 km
Which corresponds to this percentage value:

V 28.2
V% = 100  100  7.05%
Vr 400
This value is too high, Another Formula

V %  Vr 2%  400
Um max = = = 1.02 (V/A.Km)
100  I b  L 100  56  0.14
From table: Cross Section of 50 mm2 can be chosen.

For this cross Section Ux = < 1.02 V/(A.km)
By using this value it results:
U = Ux×Ib×L
= 0.81×56×0.14
= 6.35 V
This corresponds to a percentage Value of:

u
U% =  100
Vr
6.35
=  100
400
= 1.6%

115
Chapter 6
DIU SUB-STATION
6.1 HT Side Equipment Selection & Calculation
6.1.1 Transformer Information
Transformer Rating =3150 KVA

Insulation Class= 12 KV
Short-circuit voltage Uk(%) = 6
No-load current I0(%) = 0.4
No-load loss Po= 3800 W
6.1.2 Primary Current of Transformer:
We Know, P = √3VI P = 3150 KVA = 3150 × 1000

P = 3150000 VA
I =
3V V = 11 KV = 11 × 1000 =11000 V
3150  1000 3  1.732
=
1.732  1100
3150000
=
19052
= 165 A

116
6.1.3 Short CKT Primary Current of Transformer:
Short circuit current,

3150 Transformer Rating =3150 KVA
𝑰𝑆𝐶 =
1.734 × 11 × %𝑍 Transformer Impedance=6%
3150
=
1.732 × 11 × 0.06
= 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟔 𝑨
6.1.4 HT Cable Calculation and Selection Indoor to Outdoor Sub-Station
According to Thoum Rule
Primary Current of Transformer= 165A
Safety factor 125% of full load current
 165 of 125%
= 165 × 1.25
= 206 A
# 1mm2= 1.2A/1.6A (for copper)
206
∴ 𝑅𝑚 =
1.2
=172mm2
So, we have to select next higher cable
Next higher cable size is 185 𝒎𝒎𝟐

117
6.1.5 Cable Short CKT Current
we know, S = Nominal Cross sectional area of the

conductor in mm of XLPE cable.
𝑆×𝐾
𝐼𝑆𝐶 =
𝑡 K = Conductor rang constant
= 185 × 0.143 Copper = 0.143, Aluminum = 0.094
=26.455 Ka(Short CRK Current of 185mm2 cable) t = Fault clearing time in Second (1 sec)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6.1.6HT Cable Calculation and Source to Outdoor Sub-Station
System Current=165×2=330A
 330 of 125%
= 330 × 1.25
= 413 A
[1mm2= 1.2A-1.6A (for copper)]
413𝐴
∴ Rm = = 𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑺𝒐,𝒘𝒆𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒏𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆
1.6
There is no cable in this rating. That‟s why next higher rating cable has to be select
∴ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐
6.2 Underground Cable Calculation and Selection for Tx
Underground Cable Calculation and Selection with the following specification-
 system voltage 11 V three phase

118
 Cable length=80 m (Sub-station1 to Sub-station2)
 Primary Current Tx=165 A
 Ground Temperature 250 C
 Depth of laying 105 cm
 1 Run Three Core Cable in Horizontal Formation in Touching
 permissible voltage dropis 5%
 power factor is 0.8
Correction Factors= 𝑲𝟐 × 𝑲𝟑 × 𝑲𝟒
=1×.99×.69
=.683
Selection of cable – Case #1
Let’s select 3 core 150 𝒎𝒎𝟐 cables for single run.
 Current capacity of 150𝒎𝒎𝟐 cable is: 436 Amp,

Resistance = 0.1240 Ω/Km and
Reactance = 0.304 mH/Km
 Total de-rating current of 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎𝟐cable = 436 × 0.683 = 297.788 Amp.
(𝟏.𝟕𝟑𝟐 × 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 × (𝑹𝒄𝒐𝒔Ǿ + 𝒋𝒔𝒊𝒏Ǿ) × 𝑪𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎)

 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑫𝒓𝒐𝒑 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = (𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 × 𝑵𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒖𝒏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 × 𝟏𝟔𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟎 ×. 𝟑𝟎𝟗 + . 𝟑𝟎𝟒 ×. 𝟔 × 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎

=
𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝟖 × 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟔 × 𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎

=
𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟖𝟕%
Table 6.2 Correction factor:

119
120
121
6.2.bTable of Voltage Drop

122
6.3 Protection of Primary Side of Transformer
6.3.1 Circuit Breaker Selection forTx Primary Side(Indoor Sub-Station):
Supervised Location (in Primary side only) of Transformer
Supervised Location (in Primary side only) of Transformer
 OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (Primary Voltage >600V):

 Rating of Pri. Fuse at Point A= 250% of Primary Full Load Current or Next higher
Standard size.
 Rating of Pri. Circuit Breaker at Point A= 300% of Primary Full Load Current or
Next higher Standard size.
∴ 𝑃𝐹𝐿𝐶 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝑨
P FLC= Primary Full Load Current
Circuit Breaker Rating= PFLC×3 = 165× 3
=495A

123
6.3.2Circuit Breaker/FuseSelection forTx Primary Side (Outdoor Sub-
Station)
System Current =165×2=330A
∴ Circuit Breaker Rating = 330 × 3
=990A
∴ 𝐹𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 330 × 2.5
=825A
6.3.3 Lighting Arrester Selection
Since the arrestor is connected from phase to ground, phase voltage is used rather than line to
line voltage:
𝑉𝐿−𝐿 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑉𝑃 =
3 𝑉𝐿−𝐿 = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
11𝑘𝑣
𝑉𝑃 = = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝟏𝒌𝒗 (𝑹𝑴𝑺)
1.732
𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 × 2
= 6.351 × 1.414
= 𝟖. 𝟗𝟖 𝑲𝑽
However, the maximum overvoltage permitted isn‘t necessarily the nominal voltage rating-it could be
up to 5–10% over that, so:
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 × 1.1
= 8.98 × 1.1
= 𝟗. 𝟖𝟕𝟖 𝑲𝑽
So, we have to select next higher rating of “LA”

124
6.4 LT Side Equipment Selection & Calculation
6.4.1 Secondary Current of Transformer:
We Know, P = √3VI P = 3150 KVA = 3150 × 1000

P = 3150000 VA
I =
3V V = 415 V
3150  1000 3  1.732
=
1.732  415
3150000
=
719
= 4382.425 A
6.4.2 Short CKT Current of Transformer Secondary Side:
Short circuit current,

3150000 Transformer Rating =3150 KVA
𝑰𝑆𝐶 =
1.734 × 415 × %𝑍 Transformer Impedance=6%
3150000
=
1.732 × 415 × 0.06
= 𝟕𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟎. 𝟒 𝑨
6.4.3 LT Cable Calculation and Selection
According to Thumb Rule
∴ IFLC= 4382.425 A IFLC= Full Load Current Secondary Current

of Transformer
 4382.425 A of 125%
= 4382.4 A × 1.25
= 5478 A

125
∴ 1mm2= 1.2A-1.6A (for copper)
5478
∴ 𝑅𝑚 =
1.6
=3424 mm2
So, we have selected 500mm2cables
3424
=
500
= 6.848 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑠
So, we have selected 500mm2 cable and 7 Runs (7× 1𝐶 − 500𝑚m2)
6.4.4Circuit Breaker Selection forTx Secondary Side (Indoor Sub-Station)
IFLC= 4382.425 A
 4382.425 A of 125%
= 4382.4 A × 1.25
= 5478 A
Therefore, there is no ACB in this rating. So, we have to select next higher rating ACB
is 6300 A.
6.4.5Bus-bar Calculation for LT Panels
We know, Line current, IFLC= Full Load Current SecondaryCurrent

∴ IFLC= 4382.425 A of Transformer
Safety factor 125% of full load current 1mm2 = 1.2A-1.6 A (Copper)
 4382.425 A of 125% 1mm2 = 0.8 A (Aluminum)
= 4382.4 A × 1.25
= 5478 A

126
5478
∴ 𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 =
1.2
= 4565 mm2
We know that, height (H) is multiplied with copper width (w) to select bus-bar copper.
According to bus-bar size, (120×10) mm2 = 1200 mm2
 4× (120×10) = 4800 mm2
 4 Runs (120×10) mm2 copper Busbar will be need for LT panel
6.4.6Available Busbar Size:
(H×W) (H×W) (H×W)

2 2
(25×5) =125mm (60×5)=300 mm (100×8)=800 mm2
(25×10) =250mm2 (60×8)=480 mm2 (100×10)=1000 mm2
(30×5)=150 mm2 (60×10)=600 mm2 (110×8)=880 mm2
(30×8)=240 mm2 (70×5)=350 mm2 (110×10)=1100 mm2
(20×10)=200 mm2 (70×8)=560 mm2 (110×12)=1320 mm2
(35×5) =175mm2 (70×10)=700 mm2 (120×8)=960 mm2
(40×5)=200 mm2 (70×12)=840 mm2 (120×10)=1200 mm2
(40×8)=320 mm2 (80×5)=400 mm2 (120×12)=1440 mm2
(40×10)=400 mm2 (80×8)=640 mm2
(50×5)=250 mm2 (80×10)=800 mm2
(50×10)=500 mm2 (80×12)=960 mm2
6.5 P.F.I/A.P.F.C CALCULATION
6.5.1 KVAR Selection for 3150 KVA Transformer
We are to get KVAR of 60% of KVA
 P = 3150 KVA
= 3150 × 60%

127
= 1890 KVAR
We know that, 2 set PFI are used to 12 steps (2000-4000) KVA
1890
 = 945 KVAR.
2
 (945+945) KVAR.
6.5.2 Current Calculation for PFI Line:
P = 3VIsin sin = 1
P = 1 KVAR
P
 I=
3V sin  = 1000 VAR
11000
=
1.732  415 1
 1 KVAR = 1.39=1.4 A
 1890×1.4 = 2646 A.
IFLC=2646 A (for 1890 KVAR)
6.5.3 Calculation of PFI Incoming circuit Breaker:
∴ IFLC= 2646 A
2646 A of 150%
= 2646 A × 1.5
= 3969A
Hence nearest higher size of circuit Breaker 4000 A ACB is required.

128
6.5.4 Bus-bar Calculation for P.F.I
∴ IFLC= 2646 A 1mm2 = 1.2A-1.6 A (Copper)

Safety factor 150% of full load current 1mm2 = 0.8 A (Aluminum)
2646 A of 150%
= 2646 A × 1.5
= 3969A
3969
∴ 𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 =
1.2
= 3308 mm2
We know that, height (H) is multiplied with copper width (w) to select bus-bar copper.
According to bus-bar size, (120×10) mm2 = 1200 mm2
 3× (120×10) = 3600 mm2
 3 Runs (120×10) mm2 copper Busbar will be need for P.F.I panel
6.5.5 Incoming Cable Selection for PFI:
∴ IFLC= 2646 A
2646 A of 150%
= 2646 × 1.5
= 3969A
3969
∴ 𝐶𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 =
1.6
= 2480 mm2
So, we have selected 500mm2cables
2480
=
500
=4.96 Runs
So, we have selected 500mm2 cable and 5 Runs (5×1C-500mm2)

129
6.6 Outgoing of load current, Circuit Breaker and Cable Selection:
We know,
KW
KVA = [ Angle between Total power and Apparent power.  cos = 0.8]
cos
 KW = KVA × cos
= 3150×0.8
= 2520 KW
Therefore, our load line is four (4). So, we will distribution three load line,
1st load line = 1010 KW
2nd load line = 1010 KW
3rd load line = 500 KW
4th load line Spare.
* 1010 KW load : (1st and 2nd load line):
We know, P = 3𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Here

P =1010 KW
P
 I= = 1010000 W
3V cos
3 = 1.732
1010000
= V = 415 Volt
1.732  415  0.8
Cos = 0.8
1010000
=
575
= 1756 A
 Current I = 1756 A
Hence nearestr higher size of circuit Breaker against current.
So, We will Selected circuit Breaker 2000A ACB
Circuit Braker = 2000A, AB, 65KA

130
Cable Selection:
1756
Sqmm = [ 1mm = 1.8A copper]
1.8
= 976 sqmm
300 mm2 Cable can be current Carrying Capacity 475A So, If we Select 300 mm2 Cable we
will have to 4 run.
 300×4 = 1200 mm2
 4×5(1c – 300 mm2) cable for PVC Cable
4 = run
5 = TPN + PE
1c = Single core.
* 500 KW load:
We know, P = 3𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 P = 500 KW = 500000 W
500000 V = 415 V
 I=
1.7324150.8 3 = 1.732
500000 cos = 0.8
=
575
= 870 A
Circuit Breaker:
Current I = 870 A
Hence nearest higher size of circuit Breaker against current.
So, we will do select circuit Breaker 1000 A ACB or MCCB.
 Circuit Breaker = 1000A MCCB
870
Cable Selection: =484 Sqmm [ 1mm2 = 1.8 A copper)
1 .8

131
300 mm2 cable can be current carrying capacity 475A.
So, If we Select 300 mm2 cable we will have to 2 run.
 2× (1c – 300 mm2) cable for PVC cable.
2 = run
5 = TPN + PE
1c = Single core.
6.6.1 Short Circuit Current for XLPE and PVC Insulated Cables:
Voltage 450/750V and 600/1000V
Copper Max. Conductor Short Circuit Current Rating At 1

Conductor Resistance At Second
sqmm 200C XLPE Cable PVC Cable (KA)
ohm/km (KA)
1.5 12.1 0.215 0.173
2.5 7.41 0.358 0.288
4 4.61 0.572 0.46
6 3.08 0.858 0.69
10 1.83 1.43 1.15
16 1.15 2.288 1.84
25 0.727 3.575 2.875
35 0.524 5.005 4.025
50 0.387 7.15 5.75
70 0.268 10.01 8.05
95 0.193 13.585 10.925
120 0.153 17.16 13.8
150 0.124 21.45 17.25
185 0.0991 26.455 21.275

132
240 0.0754 34.32 27.6
300 0.0601 42.9 34.5
400 0.047 57.2 41.2
500 0.0366 71.5 51.5
630 0.0283 90.09 64.89
800 0.0221 114.4 82.4
1000 0.0176 143 103
0.143 A(mm 2 )
 XLPE Cable I =
t
0.115 A(mm 2 )
PVC Cable I = for equal and less than 300 mm2
t
0.103 A(mm 2 )
I= for A greater than 400 mm2
t
I : Short circuit current in KA
A: Conductor cross Section area in mm2
t : Time of short circuit in second.

133
6.7 Circuit & Panel Diagram For DIU,Building-4,Ashulia
Campus:
6.7.1(2×3150)KVA Single Line Diagram Of DIU,Building-4 ASHULIA

Campus:

134
6.7.2 (2×3150)KVA Layout Of DIU,Building-4 Campus:
Fig 6.7.2 (2×3150)KVA Layout Of DIU,Building-4 Campus
6.7.3 Circuit & Panel Diagram of HT Switchgear:

135
11KV HT SWITCHGEAR WITH VCB : 1 Set
This specification covers the supply of 11KV indoor, metalclad, switchgear
according to IEC publication 298, BSS227,2631,3659 and VDE 0670 /6.
The medium voltage switchgear panel shall be used for secondary distri-
ibution sub – station up to 12KV and suitable for an ambient temperature
of 45 Deg. C and rated rupture capacity of 350 MVA complete with all
accessories , diagrams, levels, wiring & terminals.
The 11KV, 350MVA rated switchboard would comply compulsory electricity

regulations by standards. All cubicles are fitted with security interlocks and
earthing switch.
The erection of the panel can be done directly on the leveled floor. Cable
trenches are necessary. Cables can easily installed from the bottom side
of the panel.
The design is done to allow safe operation in extremely tropical climate

conditions.
TECHNICAL DATA :
Service voltage : 11KV

Rated Voltage : 12 KV
Rated current of Busbars : 1000A
Rated current of circuit breaker : 630A
INSULATION LEVEL :
:75KV
Impulse withstand voltage 1.2 / 50 micro – sec (Peak)
Power frequency withstand voltage / 1 min. : 28KV rms.
6.7.4 HT panel shall comprising of :

1- Vmax-12.06.20
11KV, 630A, 20KA, triple pole, fixed type,Vacuum circuit breaker(VCB)
with auxiliary contacts, shunt trip coil, and operating mechanism with
visible disconnect & grounding feature with earth switch.
Origin : ABB of ITALY.
3- Cast resin insulated dry type 11KV double core current

Transformer with ratio 100/5/5A.
Core –1 : 30V, class 0.5M5
Core – 2 : 30VA, class 10P10
Siemens of germany
1– Ammeter scaled 0 –300A with selector switch.

Rise sun of Taiwan

136
3– Dry type cast resin insulated potential transformer for open delta
connection with primary switch.
Ratio : 11000/110V
Burden : 100VA, Class : 0.5
Siemens of germany
1– MCB for PT secondary protection.

Origin : ABB OF Italy
1– Voltmeter scaled (0 –11KV ) with selector switch.

Rise sun of Taiwan
1– Microprocessor based triple pole, IDMT relay with over,

current, earth fault and under voltage provision.
Origin : Mikro.
3– Indicating lamp RED/YELLOW/BLUE.

Origin : Telemaccnique.
1– Panel heater.
2- Set Cooling fan with filter.
1– set TP busbar suitably sized & air insulated.
Fig 6.7.3 Circuit & Panel Diagram of HT Switchgear
6.7.5 5000A ATS PANEL:
Fig6.7.5 5000A ATS Circuit & Panel Diagram

137
5000A CHANGE-OVER PANEL :
2 Set
16SWG Sheet steel fabricated, floor mounting, tropicalized design,
indoor low tension switchgear for 3 phase, 4 wire, 50Hz, 380 /415 AC
system and shall be supplied complete with TPN + PE bus-bars suitability
sized and properly insulated arrange to withstand & short current 50KA, of 1
sec.
The boards are designed & constructed in accordance with BS5486/IEC439.
The boards are factory assembled complete with all wiring, metal parts
bonded grounded points & finished with two coats of powder coated paint.
Busbars and other live parts are spaced and insulated in accordance with
European standards IEC158, UTE C20 – 040, VDE –C110 for 660V.
All MCCB units & panel boards shall fully comply regulations of the 15th
edition IEE wiring regulation for isolation & switching.
6.7.6 ATS panel shall comprising of : 2 SETS
INCOMING :
2- E3N 5000 PR121/P-LI In =5000A 3p F HR



138
ACB Auxiliary:
Shunt opening, Shunt closing Release, Under Voltage Release and Gear Motor
Origin : ABB fo Italy.
6
- Current transformer ratio : 5000/5A with suitable accuracy & burden.
2- Disital Ammeter scaled (0-5000A) with selector switch.
2- Disital Voltmeter scaled ( 0 – 500V) with selector switch.
6- Phase indicating lamp RED /YELLOW/ BLUE.
2- Set control fuse.
2- ON Indicating Lamp
2- OFF Indicating Lamp
2- ON/OFF push switch
4– Set (120X10)MM Copper Busbar with Tube insulated for ACB terminal.
4– Set (120X10)MM Copper Busbar for Nutural
1– Set (100X10)MM Copper Busbar for Earthing
2– Set (2100X900x1000)MM Powder Coated Panel

139
6.7.7 Synchronizing Panel for Genarator:
Fig 6.7.7 Synchronizing Panel for Generator
Technical Specification of 4 x 800 KVA diesel generators with auto

synchronization, auto load sharing including 1 x 5000 Amp common Auto
Transfer Switch.
Specification of generator:
4 units power generator sets - engine 4 stroke water cooled diesel engines close coupled to
brushless single bearing, AVR. controlled self excited alternator and droop kit, rated @
specific kVA, 400/230V, 3 Ph, 0.8PF, 1500 RPM, 50Hz Prime duty Prime rating allows
continuous operation with 10% overload for any one hour in twelve.
Each engine is water cooled with tropicalied radiator with fan guard/stone guard and dry
charged 24V DC lead acid battery system.
Each genset is mounted on a steel welded baseframe with inbuilt fuel tank including fuel feed
and return lines, fill, vent and drain points and a contents gauge. Heavy duty compressed
rubber anti-vibration mounts are supplied inbuilt.

140
Specification of Engine:
Turbo-charged, water cooled, multi-cylinder direct-injection. Electronic or electronic engine

management governing. Replaceable elements for fuel, oil and air filters (where appropriate).
Requiring only lubricating oil, coolant, inhibitor, battery acid and fuel for immediate start up.
Manual start/stop operation, with heavy-duty dry-charged lead acid battery pack with connecting
leads and charging system. Heavy duty tropicalised radiator with fan and stone-guards for
water-cooled range.
Brand of Engine: Perkins/Cummins
Origin: UK/ Japan.
Specification of Alternator:
Alternator of single bearing design close-coupled to the engine to provide accurate alignment.
Brushless, self or magnet exciting, self regulating and solid state AVR controlled. Regulation
under full load is maintained to +/- 0.5 - 1.5% depending upon AVR type. Enclosed in
fabricated steel shell with drip-proof air ducts.
Tropically insulated windings to class ‗H‘, built in accordance with BS 5000, VDE 0530, IEC
34, UTE 5100 and NEMA MG1-22 regulations.
Brand of Alternator: Stamford/Mecc-alte
Origin & Shipment: UK/ Japan
Specification of Synchronization:
On each generator, the following equipments should be available in vibration isolated

control panel.
1 x Oil pressure gauge
1 x Engine temperature gauge
1 x Battery voltmeter
1 x Emergency stop button
1 x Set of fuses, terminations, relays and transformers (as appropriate)

141
The power system is controlled via a suite of freestanding sheet steel cubicles. Front access to
controls and components is via lockable and hinged doors.
Genset controls (per unit)
3 x Ammeters
1 x Genset voltmeter with selector switch - phase to phase and phase to neutral
1 x Frequency meter
1 x Speed control potentiometer
1 x Voltage control potentiometer
1 x Set of contactor / circuit breaker open/close push buttons
1 x Mains fed 3 Amp battery charger with on/off switch and ammeter / voltmeter
1 x Auto / manual contactor / circuit breaker control switch
1 x Emergency stop button
1 x Automatic/manual synchronising switch
1 x Microprocessor controlled automatic engine control module with inbuilt timers,
and safety protections: -
Pushbutton control for: - Automatic / Manual /Stop (Reset) / Start
LCD display for: - Oil Pressure / Engine Temperature / Hours Run / Battery Volts /
LCD and LED display for: - Fail to Start / Reverse Power / Low Oil Pressure /High
Engine Temperature / Overspeed / Auto mode / Manual mode / Low water level /
1 x Automatic synchronising relay / Load share relay c/w reverse power protection
1 x Set of protection circuit mcb‘s, terminations, relays and transformers (as appropriate)
1 x Output rated 3-pole motorised circuit breaker with thermal and magnetic overload trips

142
3 x Instrumentation / load share current transformers 5 Amp secondary class 1 Common
Equipment includes
1 x LED type synchroscope with inbuilt check synch relay and on/off switch
1 x Synchroscope switch on / off
1 x Duty selector switch G1 / G2/G3/G4 (or more as system is set up)
1 x Load level demand / Load Shed control via Kw sensing relays
1 x Earth bar running the horizontal length of the panel.
1 x TP &N (half size neutral) hard drawn high conductivity air insulated copper bus / cable
system running the horizontal length of the panel
Specification of ATS changeover switch comprising:
1 x Mains failure and under voltage relay
1 x Mains return timer
1 x Set of LED indications for Mains Available
Mains on Load
Generator Available
Generator on Load
1 x Set of engine start/stop contacts
1 x Set of protection circuit mcb‘s, terminations, relays and transformers (as appropriate)
1 x Pair of output rated Amp rated motorised circuit breakers with electrical and
mechanical safety interlocking and including thermal and magnetic overload trips,
under voltage release (with time delay on mains side)
Origin of module : Japan/UK
Origin of Circuit Breaker: Japan/UK/Italy/India

143
6.7.8 Circuit & Panel Diagram LT Switchgear:
Fig 6.7.8 Circuit & Panel Diagram LT Switchgear

144
5000A LT SWITCHGEAR : 2 Set
16/14 SWG Sheet steel fabricated, floor mounting,tropicalized design,indoor
low tension switchgear for 3 phase, 4 wire, 50Hz, 380 /415 AC system and
properly insulated arrange to withstand & short current 50KA of 1 sec.
The boards are designed & constructed in accordance with BS5486/IEC439.
Busbars and other live parts are spaced and insulated in accordance with
European standards IEC158, UTE C20 – 040, VDE –C110 for 660V.
All MCCB units & panel boards shall fully comply regulations of the 15th
edition IEE wiring regulation for isolation & switching.
6.7.9 LT panel shall comprising of :
INCOMING :
1- E3S 5000 PR121/P-LI In =5000A 4p F HR 2 SET


ACB Auxiliary:
Origin : ABB of Italy.
3- Current transformer ratio : 5000/5A with suitable accuracy & burden.

1- Ammeter scaled (0-5000A) with selector switch.
1- Voltmeter scaled ( 0 – 500V) with selector switch.
3- Phase indicating lamp RED /YELLOW/ BLUE.
1- Set control fuse.

145
Origin :Rise sun of Taiwan.
OUTGOING :
1- E2N 3200 PR121/P-LI In =3200A 3p F HR FOR PFI

2- E2N 2000 PR121/P-LI In =2000A 3p F HR FOR FLOOR


ACB Auxiliary:
1– T7S 1000 PR231 In = 1250A F F - For MDB

1000A, TP, 50KA, 415V, 50Hz MCCB with adjustable
thermal overload and magnetic short circuit protection.
1– Set, TPN+PE 5000A Copper Busbar with tube Insulation.

1– No. Panel Size : (HXWXD) = (2000X2250X750)mm.

146
6.7.10 Circuit & Panel Diagram of PFI :
Fig 6.7.10 Circuit & Panel Diagram of PFI
1890KVAR AUTO PFI PLANT : 2 Set
Auto/manual power factor improvement plant, 750KVAR in 12 steps.

16 SWG Sheet steel fabricated, floor mounting, tropicalized design,
indoor type, Power factor imrovement panel for 3 phase, 4 wire, 50 Hz 380/415V
AC system and shall be supplied complete with TP + N busbar short
current of 50 KA for 1 sec.
The boards are designed & constructed in accordance with BS5486/

IEC439.
Busbars & other live parts are spaced & insulated in accordance with
European standards IEC158, UTE, C20 – 040, VDE –C110 for 660V.

147
The panel shall fully comply regulations of the 15th edition IEE wiring
regulation for isolation & switching.
6.7.11 PFI panel shall comprise of :

7- 4x50KVAR, 415VAC, 50Hz, 3 Phase, dry type, self healing compact
PF capacitors bank with discharge resistor.
Origin : Epcos of Germany.

Origin : Epcos of India.

1- 50KVAR, 415VAC, 50Hz, 3 Phase, dry type, self healing compact

1- 20KVAR, 415VAC, 50Hz, 3 Phase, dry type, self healing compact

1- 12.5KVAR, 415VAC, 50Hz, 3 Phase, dry type, self healing compact

1- 157.5(50+50+50+7.5)KVAR, 415VAC, 50Hz, 3 Phase, dry type, self healing compact

PF capacitors bank with discharge resistor.(Fixed)
7- MC- 460A
Capacitor Switching Magnetic Contactor for 200( 4X50)KVAR capacitor.
Origin : ABB of India.
1- MC-370A
Capacitor Switching Magnetic Contactor for 150(3×50)KVAR capacitor.
1- MC-265A
Capacitor Switching Magnetic Contactor for 100(2×50)KVAR capacitor.
1- MC-116A
Capacitor Switching Magnetic Contactor for 50KVAR capacitor.

148
1- MC-50A
Capacitor Switching Magnetic Contactor for 20KVAR capacitor.
1- MC-32A
Capacitor Switching Magnetic Contactor for 12.5KVAR capacitor.
7- 400A, TP, 50Hz, 36KA MCCB for 200KVAR





1- 25A, TP, 50Hz, 25KA MCCB for 12.5KVAR

1- 320A, TP, 50Hz, 36KA MCCB for 157.5KVAR(Fixed)

1- 12 steps reactive power regulator which performs the switching of capacitor

bank in automatic power factor correction equipments depending on
changes of reactive power complete with p.f. luminescent indicators and
digital power factor meter.
MIKRO of Malaysia.
1- LT current transformer of adequate rating & burden.

1- Set TP busbar suitably sized & air insulated.
3– No. Panel Size : (HXWXD) = (2100X700X600)mm.

149
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. RMU = Ring Main Unit

2. LA = Lighting Arrestor
3. DOF = Drop Out Fuse
4. AVR = Automatic Voltage Regulator
5. DG = Diesel Generator
6. HT Switchgear = High Tension Switchgear (Transformer HT Side)
7. LT Switchgear = Low Tension Switchgear
8. BBTs = Bus-bar Trunking System
9. AB Switch = Air Break Switch
10. VCB = Vacuum Circuit Breaker
11. SF6 Circuit breaker = Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker
12. ACB = Air Circuit Breaker
13. OCB = Oil Type Circuit Breaker
14. ACDB = Alternating Current Distribution Board
15. DCDB = Direct Current Distribution Board
16. PDB = Power Distribution Board
17. MPDB = Main Power Distribution Board
18. PCC = Power Control Centre
19. MCC = Motor Control Centre
20. MCP = Motor Control Panel
21. VVVF = Variable Voltage Variable Frequency Drive
22. VSD = Variable Speed Drive
23. DOL = Direct On Line
24. RDOL = Reverse Duty On Line
25. MLDB = Main Lighting Distribution Board
26. SLDB = Secondary Lighting Distribution Board
27. EMLDB = Emergency Lighting distribution board
28. CPSS = Construction Power Sub-Station
29. DSS = Distribution Power Sub-Station
30. RCC = Remote Control Cables

150
31. MCB = Miniature Circuit Breaker
32. MCCB = Moulded Case Circuit Breaker
33. MPCB = Motor Protection Circuit Breaker
34. EMPR = Electronic Motor Protection Relay
35. RCCB = Residual Current Circuit Breaker
36. RCBO = Residual Current Circuit Breaker With Over Current Protection
37. ELCB = Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
38. HRC = High Rupting Capacity Fuse
39. OLTC = On Load Tap Changer
40. UPS = Un-Interrupted Power Supply
41. JB = Junction Box
42. PB= Push Button
43. TB = Terminal Box
44. LCB = Local Control Board
45. SPNDB = Short Circuit Protection Neutral Distribution Board
46. TPN = Three Phase & Neutral
47. PE = Protective Earth
48. CT = Current Transformer
49. PT = Potential Transformer
50. SCIM = Squirrel Cage Induction motor
51. FDA = Fire Detection &Alarm
52. NO = Normally Open
53. NC = Normally Close
54. GI BUS-BAR = Galvanized Iron Bus Bar( For Earthing)ACVS

151
Conclusion:
This is one and only company in Bangladesh which work with power transmission.PGCV is
an established company and has a good repution.Here Engineers play great role.This
attachment makes our theoritical knowledge strong.We are learn practicaly how a substation
is protected equipment.We also learn about bus bar arrangement.A sub-station takes power
from a power generation company or from a grid and then according to the consumer demand
They step down the power and supply the power.Between the taking and distribution of
power there are a lot of procedure to do all the pwe procedure.Within the short time we have
tried my best to acquire knowledge about the transmission system,system protection planning
of sub-station.We have also learnt about the sub-station and the working principle of all sub-
station equipments.Bo th Engineer and suprvisor in all sectors were helpful to us.We hope
that the practical experience whice we have gained from PGCB will be helpful for my future
job sector.

152
Reference:
1. Principle of Power System by V.K Mehta & Rohit Mehta

2. Power System Analysis 7th edition by John J. Grainger & William D.
Stevenson,Jr.
3. Network Protection and Automation guide by Alstom
4. Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Ltd. Research paper
5. Staking sheet of PGCB
6. hhh://www.constantenergy.co.uk/generation.aspx
7. www.wikipedia,com
8. www.electrical4u.com
9. www.circuitstodoy.com
10. http://www.pgcb.org.bd/PGCB/index.php
11. http://www.slideshare.net/atik2050/power-genaration-in-bangladesh-
21460081

153

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PROJECT PAPER

Md. Kawsar Ahmed Vobotosh Ray

© Daffodil International University i

A Project submitted to the Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department of

Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering (EEE)

© Daffodil International University ii

Students’ names & Signatures

© Daffodil International University iii

© Daffodil International University iv

We feel grateful to and wish our profound our indebtedness to supervisor

We are thankful to our honorable Md. Dara Abdus Satter, Assistant

© Daffodil International University v

© Daffodil International University vi

Signature of the candidates

Md. Kawsar Ahmed

© Daffodil International University vii

Dr. Engr. … Chairman

Dr. Engr. --- Internal Member

© Daffodil International University viii

Fig 1.3: Single Line Diagram of Substation………………......................................... 3

Fig 1.4.1.a: Step up Substation...................................................................................... 4

Fig 1.4.1.b: Step Down Substation……………………………………………………… 5

Fig 1.4.1.c: Primary Substation...................................................................................... 5

Fig 1.4.1.d: Secondary Substation……………………………………………………… 6

Fig 1.4.1.e: Distribution Substation................................................................................. 6

Fig 1.4.1.f: Industrial Substation ……………………………………………………… 7

Fig 1.4.2.a: Converter Substation ……………………………………………………… 8

Fig 1.4.2.b: High Voltage Substations ……………………………………………...…… 9

Fig 1.4.2.c: Outdoor Substation ,Indoor Substation…………………………………….. 10

Fig 1.4.2.d: Pole Mounted Substation ………………………………………………….. 10

Fig 1.4.2.e: Underground Substation………………………………………………… 11

Fig 2.4.2: Transformer part ..................................................................................... 27

Fig 2.4.7: Transformer over current……………………………………..…………… 41

Fig 3.5.1.2.a: Low Voltage Circuit Breaker………………………………..…….......... 47

Fig 3.5.1.2.b: Indoor Vacuum Circuit Breaker…………………………………..……… 49

Fig 3.5.1.2.c: Outdoor Circuit Breaker………………………………………….…… 49

Fig 3.5.2.5: Images of HT CTs………………………………………………………… 57

Fig 3.5.3.3: Indoor Potential Transformers…………………………………..………… 63

Fig 4.8.3: Copper Rod Electrode Earthing System…………………………...……… 75

Fig 5.3: Overview of LD bus-bar trunking system………………………..…………… 84

© Daffodil International University ix

Fig 5.5.1: Z units , Offset knee . T units units LI…………………………………… 90

Fig5.5.2: Straight trunking units………………………………………………………… 91

Fig 5.6: Distribution board link………………………………………………………… 92

Fig 5.7: Busbar connection unit for distribution boards………………………………… 92

Fig 5.10: Incoming cable connection unit……………………………………………… 97

Fig 5.11: Connection unit for transformers and distribution boards…………………… 98

Fig 5.12: Coupling units………………………………………………………………… 99

Fig 6.7.1: (2×3150)KVA Single Line Diagram Of DIU,Building-4 ASHULIA Campus.....134

Fig 6.7.2 (2×3150)KVA Layout Of DIU,Building-4 Campus………………………… 135

Fig 6.7.3 Circuit & Panel Diagram of HT Switchgear…………………………………… 135

Fig 6.7.5 5000A ATS Circuit & Panel Diagram………………………………………… 137

Fig 6.7.7 Synchronizing Panel for Generator…………………………………………… 140

Fig 6.7.8 Circuit & Panel Diagram LT Switchgear……………………………………… 144

Fig 6.7.10 Circuit & Panel Diagram of PFI…………………………………………… 147

© Daffodil International University x

Table 5.2: Comparison of bus-bar trunking systems and cable trunking……………… 83

Table 5.2.2.a: AL/Cu Bus-bar Sizes (Single System)………………………………… 87

Table 5.2.2.b AL/Cu Bus-bar Sizes (Double System)………………………………… 88