Module-II

Direct stress
Any engineering design which is built up of a number of members is
in equilibrium under the action of the forces (Active and reactive)

Since the member itself is in equilibrium, the resultant force acting on it must
be zero, but they produce a tendency for the body to be deformed. This action
is resisted by the internal forces of cohesion between particles of the material.

X
Tension Compression

P P P P

X X

P
Rope attached to a crane

Leg of a table X
 Module-II

Stress

Stresses which are normal to the plane on which they act are called direct stress.

𝑃
𝜎= N/m2
𝐴
Strain

Is a measure of deformation produced in the member by the load.

If a rod of length l is in tension and the stretch or elongation produced

is 𝛿𝑙, then the direct strain ε is defined as
𝜹𝒍
𝝐=
𝒍
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Hooke’s law

Strain is proportional to the stress producing it

𝜎 𝛼 𝜖 E = Modulus of Elasticity
(Young’s Modulus)
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
𝜎
𝐸=
𝜖

𝑃𝑙
𝐸=
𝐴 δ𝑙
 Module-II

D
E

C
A Proportional limit
Stress

B
A B Elastic limit

C Yield point

D Ultimate stress

E Proportional limit

Strain
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Factor of safety
Stress calculated from- magnitude and position of application of the load,
the dimensions of the member, the properties of the material
Types of load
Dead load
Live load
Fluctuating load
Impact/Shock load

The maximum permissible stress or the allowable stress is determined from a

consideration of the above factors, the social and economic consequences of failure.

Factor of safety = Ultimate stress/Allowable stress

 Module-II

Strain Energy, Resilience

P
The Strain Energy(U) of the bar is defined

Load
as the work done by the load in straining it

1
𝑈 = 𝑃 𝛿𝑙
2

𝑃= 𝜎𝐴 Extension 𝛿𝑙
𝜎 𝛿𝑙
𝜀= =
𝐸 𝑙
1
𝑈 = 𝜎 𝐴 𝜎𝑙/𝐸
2 The Strain Energy per unit
𝜎2 volume is defined as the resilience
𝑈=( )𝐴 𝑙
2𝐸
 Module-II

Shear Stress
P

L M
Equal and opposite parallel forces not in same line,
then there is a tendency for one part to slide over or
shear from the other part across any section LM P

𝜏
𝑃
𝜏= Complimentary
𝐴
𝜏′ Shear Stress
Shear stress is tangential to
the area over which it acts. 𝜏′

𝜏
 Module-II

Shear Strain

φ Shear strain, φ is defined as the change in

the right angle. It is measured in radian

𝜏
𝐺= G = Modulus of Rigidity
∅
 Module-II

A square steel rod 20 mm Χ 20 mm in cross section is to carry an axial load (compressive)

of 100 kN. Calculate the shortening in a length of 50 mm. Take E = 2.14 Χ 103 kN/ m2

A hollow cast-iron cylinder 4 m long, 300 mm outer diameter and thickness of metal 50 mm is
subjected to a central load on the top when standing straight. The stress produced is 75000kN/m2.
Assume E = 1.5 Χ 108 kN/m2 and find i) magnitude of the load
ii) longitudinal strain produced
iii) total decrease in length
 Module-II

A steel wire 2 m long and 3 mm in diameter is extended by 0.75 mm when a weight of P is

suspended from the wire. If the same weight is suspended from a brass wire, 2.5 m long and 2
mm in diameter, it is elongated by 4.64 mm. Determine the modulus of elasticity of brass, if
that of steel is 2 Χ 105 N/ mm2
 Module-II

Poisson’s Ratio

𝜎 P 𝜎

Lateral strain α Longitudinal strain

Poisson’s Ratio (𝛾) = Lateral strain / Longitudinal strain

𝜎
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = −𝛾
𝐸
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A brass bar having cross sectional area of 1000 mm2 is subjected to axial forces as
shown. Find the total elongation of the bar. Take E = 100 GN/m2

50 kN 80 kN 20 kN 10 kN

0.6 m 1.0 m 1.2 m

 Module-II
A member ABCD is subjected to point load as shown. Calculate:
a) Force P necessary for equilibrium
b) Total elongation of the bar
Take E = 210 Χ 109 N/m2

B 2400 mm2 C
1200 mm2 D
A 600 mm2
50 kN P 200 kN
500 kN

1000 mm 1000 mm 600 mm

 Module-II

For the bar shown in the figure, calculate the reactions produced by the lower support on the bar.
Take E = 200 GN/m2. Also find the stresses in the bars

A
1.2 m A1 = 110 mm2
B

A2 = 220 mm2
2.4 m

C
 Module-II

700 mm length of Aluminium alloy bar is suspended from

the ceiling so as to provide a clearance of 0.3 mm between
A
it and a 250 mm length of steel bar as shown in figure.
Take Aal =1250 mm2 , As = 2000 mm2 500 mm
Eal = 70 GN/m2 , Es = 210 GN/m2 300 kN
Determine the stress in the Aluminium and Steel bar due to O
a 300 kN load applied at 500 mm away from the ceiling. 200 mm
B
0.3 mm
C
250 mm
D
 Module-II

A copper rod of 40 mm diameter is

surrounded tightly by a cast iron tube of 80
mm external diameter, the ends being firmly
fastened together. When put to a
compressive load of 30 kN, what load will
be shared by each? Also determine the
2m
amount by which the compound bar
shortens if it is 2 m long.
Take Eci = 175 GN/m2
Ec = 75 GN/m2
 Module-II
Shear Force and Bending Moment

Beams and shafts are important structural and mechanical element in engineering.

Beams – members that are slender and support loading that are applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis.

The deck bridge, the wing of an aircraft, the axle of an automobile, many of the bones of the human body

The Shear force at any section of a beam is the algebraic + -

sum of the lateral components of the forces acting on ෍𝐹 - ෍𝐹
either side of the section +
F F
W1 W2 A W3

R1 A R2
 Module-II

+ +
The Bending moment is the algebraic sum
of the moments about the section of all the ෍𝑀
forces acting on either side of the section.
- -
M M
W1 W2 A W3

R1 R2
A

Where the type of bending is changing from sagging to hogging, the BM

must be zero and this point is called the point of inflexion or contraflexure.
 Module-II
Relation between w, F and M

x
M+δM
F ෍ 𝑀𝑐 = 0
w.δx
O C
M
F+δF M+(F.δx/2)+(F+δF).(δx/2) = M+δM
δx
F = (dM/dx)
Let F = shear force at x
F+ δF = shear force at x+δx ෍𝐹 = 0
M = bending moment at x
M+δM = bending moment at x+δx
w = rate of loading w.δx + (F+δF) = F
w. δx = total load
w = -(dF/dx)
 Module-II

l Draw the S.F and B.M diagram for the

cantilever beam shown in the figure.
W

-W

-Wl
 Module-II

Draw the S.F and B.M diagram for the

cantilever beam shown in the figure.
l

Wl

(Wl2)/2
 Module-II
30 kN 50 kN A beam 10m long is simply supported at its ends and
carries concentrated loads of 30 kN and 50 kN at distances
of 3m from each end. Draw the S.F and B.M diagram.
Ra 3m 3m Rb
30 kN
M M

Ra Ra
x F x F

30 kN 50 kN
M

Ra
x F
 Module-II
1 kN Draw the SF and BM diagram.
1 kN 2 kN/m 1 kN
1 kN
E D C A
B F F C
1m 1m 2m 1m A A
M M

1 kN 1 kN
1 kN

F D C F E D C
A
M M A
 QRectangle QTriangle Module-II
12 m 6 kN/m
Draw the SF and BM diagram. Also find
9m
the maximum B.M and it’s location

෍ 𝑀𝑏 = 0
2 kN/m
B M
A
Ra 18 m Rb
2 kN/m
A F
Ra
 Module-II
3 kN 2 kN
6 kN 3 kN/m
D C Draw the SF and BM diagram for the
B
A beam shown. Also calculate the maximum
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5m 2.4m
BM and the point at which it occurs
 Module-II

5 kN/m

C B Draw the SF and BM diagram for the beam shown.

A
2m 1m
 Module-II

Bending Stress

If a length of a beam is subjected to a constant bending moment (shear force is zero), the stresses set
up on any cross section must constitute a pure couple equal in magnitude to the bending moment.

Assumptions
1. Material is homogeneous and isotropic and has the same value of Young’s modulus in
tension and compression.
2. The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal filaments bend into circular arc with a
common centre of curvature.
3. Transverse cross-section remains plane and perpendicular to the neutral surface bending.
4. The radius of curvature is large compared to the dimensions of the cross-section.
5. The stress is purely longitudinal and local effects near concentrated loads will be neglected.
 Module-II

M P Q M
y
N N
R M

NN = N’N’ = R.θ P’Q’ = (R-y).θ

Q’
𝑃𝑄 − 𝑃′ 𝑄′ 𝑅. 𝜃 − 𝑅 − 𝑦 . 𝜃 𝑦 N’
𝜖= = =
𝑃𝑄 𝑅. 𝜃 𝑅 M
P’
𝜎 𝑦 𝜎 𝐸
= = N’
𝐸 𝑅 𝑦 𝑅

Stress is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis

 Module-II

Compression
Normal force on the elemental area dA ,
𝐸
𝜎. 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑅 𝑦 . 𝑑𝐴 dA

Moment of this force about neutral axis,

𝐸
𝑑𝑀 = 𝑅 𝑦. 𝑑𝐴. 𝑦

Tension
Hence the total moment,
𝐸 𝐸
𝑀 = ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬2 𝑑𝐴 𝑀= න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑅 𝑅

𝐸 𝜎 𝐸 𝑀
𝑀= 𝐼 𝑀 𝐸
𝑅 = = =
𝐼 𝑅 𝑦 𝑅 𝐼

𝑀 𝑀
𝜎= =
𝐼 𝑍
𝑦
 Module-II

A 250 mm (depth) Χ 150 mm (width) rectangular beam is subjected to maximum bending

moment of 750 kN-m. Determine (i) the maximum stress in the beam.
(ii) If the value of E for the beam material is 200 GN/m2, find out the radius of curvature for this
portion of the beam where the bending is maximum.
(iii) The value of the longitudinal stress at a distance of 65 mm from the top surface of the beam.

250 mm

150 mm
 Module-II

A symmetrical section 200 mm deep has a moment of inertia of 2.26 Χ 10-5 m4 about its
neutral axis. Determine the longest span over which, when simply supported , the beam
would carry a UDL of 4 kN/m run without the stress due to bending exceeding 125 MN/m2

4 kN/m
B
A
l
 Module-II

Two wooden planks 150 mm Χ 50 mm each are connected to form a T-section of a beam. If a moment of
3.4 kN-m ia applied around the horizontal neutral axis, inducing tension below the neutral axis, find the
stresses at the extreme fibres of the cross-section. Also calculate the total tensile force on the cross-section.
150 mm

50 mm

150 mm

50 mm
 Module-II

A simply supported beam of span 5 m has a cross section 150 mm Χ 250 mm. If the
permissible stress is 10 N/mm2, find (a) maximum intensity of UDL it can carry.
(b) Maximum concentrated load P applied at 2 m from one end, it can carry.
 Module-II

A beam simply supported at ends and having cross-section as shown in figure is loaded with a
UDL, over whole of its span. If the beam is 8 m long, find the UDL, if maximum permissible
bending stress in tension is limited to 30 MN/m2 and in compression to 45 MN/m2. What are the
actual maximum bending stresses set up in the section?

100 mm

30 mm

120 mm 30 mm

50 mm

120 mm
 Module-II
Torsion (Problems for practice)

1. Find the shear stress acting on solid circular shaft of radius 20 m subjected to a torque of 3000 Nm.

2. The outer and inner diameter of a hollow shaft are 40 and 20 cm. Find max strain energy stored if
Tmax is 50 N/mm2 and length of the shaft is 5m. Take G=8*104 N/mm2

3. A hollow shaft of 1 m length is designed to transmit a power of 30 kW at 700 rpm. The maximum
permissible angle of twist in the shaft is 1o. The inner diameter of the shaft is 0.7 times the outer
diameter. The modulus of rigidity is 80 GPa. Find the outside diameter of the shaft.

4. External and internal diameter of a propeller shaft are 400mm and 200mm respectively. Find
maximum shear stress developed in the cross section when a twisting moment of 50kN.m is applied.
Given G = 0.8 × 103N/mm2. If the span of the shaft is 4m, then find the twisting angle of shaft.

5. A hollow shaft of external diameter 200mm and 125mm internal diameter transmits 1600kW at
180 rev/min. Calculate the shear stress at the inner and outer surfaces and the strain energy per metre
length. G = 84,000 N/mm2
 Module-II

6. A solid steel shaft transmits 560kW at 300 rev/min with a maximum shear stress of 60N/mm2. What
is the shaft diameter ? What would be the diameter of a hollow shaft of the same material(diameter
ratio 2), to transmit the same power at the same speed and stress ? Compare the stiffness of equal
lengths of these shafts.

7. A hollow shaft, subjected 2to a pure torque, attains a maximum shear stress of τ. Given that the strain
τ
energy per unit volume is , calculate the ratio of shaft diameters. Determine the actual diameter of
3G
such a shaft to transmit 4MW at 110 rpm when the energy stored is 20,000 Nm/m3.
G = 80,000 N/mm2

8. A moment of 1000 Nm is acting on a solid cylinder shaft with diameter 50 mm (0.05 m) and length 1
m. The shaft is made in steel with modulus of rigidity 79 GPa (79 *109 Pa). Find max stress
and angular defliction
 Module-II

9. A 15 kW electric motor shall be used to transmit power through a connected solid shaft. The
motor and the shaft rotates with 2000 rpm. The maximum allowable shear stress - τmax - in the shaft
is 100 MPa. Find required Shaft diameter to transmit power?

10. The shearing stress in a solid shaft is not to exceed 40 N/mm 2 WHEN T=2000 N-M. Find the
diameter of the shaft.

11. A solid shaft of 150mm diameter is used to transmit torque. Find max. Torque transmitted if
TMAX=45 N/mm2

12. Determine the maximum strain energy stored in a solid shaft of diameter of 10 cm & length 1.25 m , if
maximum torque=50 N/mm2 . G=8 x 104 N/mm2

13. What must be the length of a 5mm dia aluminium wine so that it can be twisted through 1
complete revolution without exceeding a shear of 42N/mm2. Take, G=27 GPa.
14. Determine the maximum strain energy stored in a solid shaft of diametre 10 cm & length 1.25m. If
τ max = 50N/mm2 G=8x104 N/mm2.

15. A solid steel shaft in a rolling mill transmits 20 kW of power at 2 Hz. Determine the smallest safe
diameter of the shaft if the shear stress 𝜏𝑤 is not to exceed 40 MPa and the angle of twist θ is limited to
6°in a length of 3 m. Use G = 83 GPa.