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    Stefan Boltzmann Apparatus

    Uploaded by

    Nik Saini
    This document describes an experiment to determine the Stefan Boltzmann constant using a hemispherical surface heated to different temperatures. A copper disc is placed at the center of the heated hemisphere and its temperature is measured over time. The experimental procedure involves heating the hemisphere to set temperatures and recording the disc temperature until it reaches equilibrium. The temperature measurements are then used to calculate the heat flux and derive the Stefan Boltzmann constant based on the relationship between flux and the temperature difference between the disc and hemisphere.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Stefan Boltzmann Apparatus

    Uploaded by

    Nik Saini
    88 views6 pages
    This document describes an experiment to determine the Stefan Boltzmann constant using a hemispherical surface heated to different temperatures. A copper disc is placed at the center of the heated hemisphere and its temperature is measured over time. The experimental procedure involves heating the hemisphere to set temperatures and recording the disc temperature until it reaches equilibrium. The temperature measurements are then used to calculate the heat flux and derive the Stefan Boltzmann constant based on the relationship between flux and the temperature difference between the disc and hemisphere.

    Original Title

    STEFAN_BOLTZMANN_APPARATUS

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    This document describes an experiment to determine the Stefan Boltzmann constant using a hemispherical surface heated to different temperatures. A copper disc is placed at the center of the heated hemisphere and its temperature is measured over time. The experimental procedure involves heating the hemisphere to set temperatures and recording the disc temperature until it reaches equilibrium. The temperature measurements are then used to calculate the heat flux and derive the Stefan Boltzmann constant based on the relationship between flux and the temperature difference between the disc and hemisphere.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    88 views6 pages

    Stefan Boltzmann Apparatus

    Uploaded by

    Nik Saini
    This document describes an experiment to determine the Stefan Boltzmann constant using a hemispherical surface heated to different temperatures. A copper disc is placed at the center of the heated hemisphere and its temperature is measured over time. The experimental procedure involves heating the hemisphere to set temperatures and recording the disc temperature until it reaches equilibrium. The temperature measurements are then used to calculate the heat flux and derive the Stefan Boltzmann constant based on the relationship between flux and the temperature difference between the disc and hemisphere.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 6

    CONTENTS

    1. Objective …………………………………… 2

    2. Aim …………………………………… 2

    3. Introduction …………………………………… 2

    4. Theory …………………………………… 2

    5. Description …………………………………… 2

    6. Utilities Required …………………………………… 3

    7. Experimental Procedure …………………………………… 3

    8. Observation & Calculation …………………………………… 4

    9. Nomenclature …………………………………… 5

    10. Precautions & Maintenance Instructions …………………………………… 5

    11. Troubleshooting …………………………………… 5

    12. References ……………………………………. 5

    Stefan Boltzmann Apparatus 1


    STEFAN BOLTZMANN APPARATUS

    1. OBJECTIVE:
    Study of Radiation heat transfer by black body and study the effect of hemisphere
    temperature on it.

    2. AIM:
    To find out the Stefan Boltzmann constant.

    3. INTRODUCTION:
    All substances at all temperature emit thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is an
    electromagnetic wave an does not require any material medium for propagation .All
    bodies can emit radiation and have also the capacity absorb all of a part of the radiation
    coming from the surrounding towards it.

    4. THEORY:
    The most commonly used law of thermal radiation is the Stefan Boltzmann law which
    states that thermal radiation heat flux or emissive power of a black surface is
    Proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature of the surface and is given by

    𝐸𝑏
    𝑄=
    𝐴

    The constant of proportionally is called the Stefan Boltzmann constant and has the valueof
    5.67x10-8 W/m²K4. The Stefan Boltzmann law can be derived by integrating the Planck’s

    law over the entire spectrum of wave length from 0 to ∞. The objective of this

    experimental setup is to measure the value of this constant fairly closely ,by an easy
    arrangement.

    5. DESCRIPTION:
    The apparatus consists of a hemisphere fixed to a Bakelite Plate, the outer surface of
    which forms the jacket to heat it. Hot water to heat the hemisphere is obtained form a hot
    water tank, which is fixed above the hemisphere. The copper test disc is introduced at the
    center of hemisphere. The temperatures of hemispheres and test disc are measured with

    Stefan Boltzmann Apparatus 2


    the help of temperature sensors.

    6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:

    1. Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220VAC, 50Hz,5-15Amp socket with earth Connection.
    2. Water supply Initial fill.
    3. Drain Required.
    4. Bench Area Required:1mx 1m.

    7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
    Starting Procedure:

    1. Close all the valves.


    2. Fill heater tank 3/4 th with water by removing the lid of the tank and put the lid back to
    its position after doing so.
    3. Ensure that switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
    4. Connect electric supply to the setup.
    5. Switch ON the Mains ON/OFF switches.
    6. Set the desired water temperature in the DTC by operating the increment or decrement
    and set button of DTC.
    7. Switch ON the heater and wait till desired temperature achieves.
    8. Remove the disc from the bottom of test chamber by removing the support provided to
    hold it.
    9. Switch OFF the heater.
    10. Fill test chamber with hot water of heater tank by opening the valve provided at top of
    the chamber, till observing the over flow of water through chamber outlet and then
    close the valve.
    11. Note the reading of water temperature (T 1) and initial temperature of the disc (T2i).
    12. Insert the disc to the bottom of the chamber and not the reading of temperature
    T2 after 5-10sec interval.

    Closing Procedure:

    1. After experiment is over switch OFF the Mains ON/OFF switch.


    2. Switch OFF electric supply to the setup.
    3. Drain the water from chamber and heater tank by the drain valve provided.

    Stefan Boltzmann Apparatus 3


    8. OBSERVATION&CALCULATION:
    DATA:
    Diameter of the disc (D) = 0.02m
    mass of the disc (m) = 0.006kg
    Specific heat of the disc material (s) = 385 J/kg-oC

    OBSERVATION:

    OBSERVATION TABLE :

    T2i =____ oC T1 =____ oC

    t (sec)

    T2 (oC)

    CALCULATIONS:
    𝜋
    AD= 4 d2 , m2 = ------------------m2

    TE= T1+273.15 k= -----------k

    TD= T2i+273.15 k= -----------k

    T = T2+273.15 k= --------------- k

    Plot the graph of t vs T and obtain the stop dT/dt

    𝑚 ×𝑆×(𝑑𝑇/𝑑𝑡 )
    𝜎= , w/m2k4 = -------------
    𝐴 𝐷 ×(𝑇𝐸4 −𝑇𝐷4 )

    9. NOMENCLATURE:

    D = Diameter of disc ,m
    AD = Area of disc ,m2
    m = Mass of disc, kg
    S = Specific heat of the disc material, kJ/kgoC
    T = Temperature of disc at time t ,K
    T1 = Temperature of enclosure,oC

    Stefan Boltzmann Apparatus 4


    T2 = Temperature of disc at time t,oC
    T2i = Initial temperature of the disc,oC
    TE = Temperature of enclosure ,K
    TD = Initial temperature of the disc ,K
    t = Time ,sec
    σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant, Watt/m2 K4

    10. PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:


    1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than180volts and above than 230 volts.
    2. Never switch ON mains power supply be for ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches
    given on the panel are at OFF position.
    3. Operator selector switch off temperature indicator gently.
    4. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.

    11. TROUBLESHOOTING:
    1. If electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light, check the main supply.

    12. REFERENCES:
    th
    1.Holman,J.P.,“Heat Transfer”,9 ed., McGrawHill, ND,2008, Page372.
    2.Y.A.Cengel,“Heat & MassTransfer”, McGrawHill,ND,2008, Page28,667-671.

    Stefan Boltzmann Apparatus 5

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