Unid 2

TntoolucAion -

A A Sed of value wed to epresent diffeTend qua ndi4:.

2uantitie
Knoon as number System
The tota numbes of digits used in a number S7stem

Calledits base o adiX

Numbe systes
Te didital Computer Ttpresents au kinds of data
and information in binary numbes .
Diffeent types of codes Rave been develo Ped and
wsed to TePs¬sent Re data entered
by +Re s e r s
in Re binoxy for mat
Computer Professionoals we diffe«e nt number 5ystems
accosdini te Reir se?ui vernmend to Communicate
wikk Compute-s

Positionol Numbe 5ystem

.A Re number $yste ms used by Professionuals Come
under positional numbes system
Positional numbes Sysem-- numbess ave repregented
wina some symbols Called digiks and Re values
oRese numbers a r e detev mi ned by ARe Po5iAion
oRe diji*s.
Positiomal NUnbes yste omn
PoSition of varios di qits indi cates ARe
to be atacked to Rat sidnifiance
Ex- digid.
410+ 210'+5* 10°+3*
4-25.32
Diffevent numbcs Sy6tem. Io-44*102
.s0me impoTtant numbe Sy 5tema
oecimal num ber Sy Oe as folou
Ste m
Binary number system.
Octal number Systemo
Hexaeat decimal number
57steM
 4- bit einoy Co ded decimal (8cD)
widhed 4-bik Bco
ExcesS 3 BCD
BinaY syStem
T Positional numbes Sysemn.
a

T Kas 2 5ym bos o r ditik s (o-1).

base 2numbe« $yskem

101001.0101

Octo and Hexadecima Numbes s

.Octal - base 8 (0-7)
Hexadecimal base 16
- USe A- F to be e p esent Re valueS 10 ARtu
15 in eack posikion
o umbes
Con version
Non- decimal to decimal
Decimal to non-de Cimal
Octal to Kexoa decima
o decima
* N o n - decimal poSiiD
PosLtiOn.
base Power
multiply by
The Symbol
B i n o y To Decimal
101.10aI),=((3.625 )16 -3
ox2 + 1 * 2
x2+1%22+
Ox2+1% 2 + 1 1 +

0.S + 0+0.12S
8+4 +0 ++
(13.625 )1o
HexA to Oecima
E3A D2)1 2.

I¢° + Dx 16"'+2 16
I6+x16'+A
Ex +2*16*
3xl6t
1Ox16++ 13x16l
14x 256 +
4312S
84-48 +|6+ . 8 1 2 S + 0.00

C42.8203)
OcAa to Decima

B1.54)
3 8 + 1x 8°+ 5x 8+4x *
24 +|+ 0. 625 + 0. 1O3345

(2S.434345)lo
C.
o1110 I10)2
2 + Ox 24+ Ix 2 + 122+1x2+0x2+ Ix2 +
Ix 22 0<2'
3L+O+ 8 + 4- +
1-+0+0.5+ 2S+0
46.45) 1o
29.64) g
I x 8+ 2%8+5x8+6 ®+ 4x 8
64 + I6+ S+ 0.49+0.
062S
8s.812$)1o
3(BÉD FC1)1e2.
316+Bi62+ Ex16+DxIt°+ fx16+CxI6IxI6
aI6+11x162+ 14x16+13xI6°+1S%16+12*I6+1l6"
46I6x 3 +| 256+ 14-I6+13x16+15xl6+12x16fxie
3 6 8 64- + 2816+224 +19O931S +6.04 6815+0.0062441
91+.3846)1o
Decimal to Non-decimal
15-98 -- - Bna
Division uotie nt semauunder
1S/

/2
/ O
 D.33 x 2 I 96

D.96x2 I. 9 2
PTo4 to Bodto 6)
0.92x22 I. 84

0.84 x 2 J.68

Ans 1. z
S3.124 Ocka

Diviaion QuoAient nainder

S
6/8 6
6
6/8
0.124-x = 0.992
0.9 92x 8 4. 93S
0.936x 8 4. 4 88

0.4 88 x 8 3.90 4
Ans (6S. 6443)8
676.53 Hexo
Divisi0n Quotient stmalnder
42 4
646/16 o (A)
4-2/16
O
2/16

0.93x16 8.48

6 . 4 8x16 1.68

o.6816 A)103
0.3x le6 (E)14.4

T (2A4.4 AE)
 Ex

25+Ox24+ 1 2 + 1 x 2+ ox2+1x o
2+0
0 +|
64- +0 +0+ +4- +

2 (126.04) - 86-0625)1o
2

6 4 + 16+6 +O +0.062SS

86.062S) 10
3 (DC.FE )i (22.0.992)1o
-2
Bx16'+ 12 x 16° + 15x I6 -'+ 14- x 16
2 0 8 + 12 + 0 . 9345 + 0.0S 46 81 S
22o. 99 21845)o

4(25 88)
 BinaY Coded Decismal (BeD)
binory repesentadion fos decimal
Tt i a
dicj it is sep-re sented by
values wKére e a c k
bettoeen
a fixed numbe OP binaw bits, uyually
four and eizkt
.Popular 4 bik Bco
-
weiaaed 4- bit Beo
- Exces6 BCD

*weihteod 4--bit Bco

weiRted Code
Knoton as 8421 decimol
itencodes tRe
because
Tt i So Called Concep* o Positionad
ARe
6ystem into
binory usAina
weizhtina into Conaideratton.

Binoy 22
PoLOe

Binoy 4
weidit

4- -bit BCD
weikted
Click to add ex*
CD Re Presemtathon

Numesa

O00

A
dIIO

011

binory duqits
t P e L e n t a y inkeje byo S t i n oF
orexasnple, 149 Can be tpsesended in bAno7a3. o11lo 1oDIBO|.
 8bi BeD
4- bid Bco Systems avt inadejuate fos vePcese
sentin.
Randlisng noannumerie data for tukick sbi
and 8 bit 8co ave been dereleped
bits can
3 bids can Kandle sumeric as weu al n6n
data uOiAR allmost
numeri,.
aAl Special ckaracters
PoPulos 3 bit Codes ase
-

AsCII
E8cDIC, GraY Code
,

*Excess 3 BCD
Doca no& use 4Re Psinci ple otPositio nal wet gAaina
into
Conaidesati on. s0 Kaoon as non eizRAed
Bco.
The decimal unbes is
ransfoT med into 4- bis 8co
by fisst addind t o al ARe
diqits of +Re num ber
andd aRes Coretina indto Reis
4 21 BcD Code
Covvea Pondind
* Excess BCDD
Exasnple.
Decinal 8S
8+ 11
5+3 8
8421 Bco fov 11 i3 IdI
8421 Bco fos 8 A O0D
S0 XS- 3 BCD fos 8S iA 1ou 100D
ASCII CDde.
ASCTI 5t0nds for AmeriCas
SAandad cole
or InsormaiD Tnterckange
Initialy develDPed as 4 bit BcD h ande 123
Choracess, but Lokes
bdifieA
Can be imple sme nttd o 3 bit Code
by
LOst o on- IBM
Computer Sysm
X8 bit Be D I c
beD- E

ExtCnded Binovy Co ded Decivna

Extendec desokange
Code (E BC DIC)
fo« uMesie and
8-bit' binary Code
an
alphanumesdc Ckaractev s.
used by TAM
T aA derelopes and
TtPresendation i kich symbols,
TA a Coding ave
binaY
fresented in binary
leAterS and numbers

asduade y stemg
TBM- Com po4ible
Tarely used by nosn

X Coray Code. alko Knoon ag

bindry Code,
System UJkere
Thereflecked
numesal
ray Codle, iA o bsnavy in_Only onediqik
v a l u e s difter
Successive
tuwo number indo an
decimal
Used to Conert tRe
b i t binay sezuence number
decimal
didits ot+Re ony
CondidtuDus
eock otker by o n e bit
fvom
di ffer Binary codeaay Co&e
Decanal numbes s
OO06

OOO
O00

O01L

A
O1LO
O11
Ql0O
UOO
11O)
IOO
11

OO

13
14 IOOQ
*nRAy Code
binary 101o00lto r a y Coded no Ini0Olo
COTY idnores.
Binary addiion Corcay Co ded r

O +O

O+1
1+0
O O O
D O+O
1

ChRAY Code
Choy Coded b no
ii010o *o
binay 10dlt1O
hray Coded no. Binoy ad &iiion
i o y diqik
+1
O+0

+O
O+

6 bi Unicode.
TA i on
+O
ider not À0nat 616- bit Ckasackes
Condains bid
Sufficitnd opesent chasoctes Set tRat
set
OnA sPeci akosk aUl
almost
of Re orldaS11smbols used au +Re
Re teckn
Aechnic
Ta i by Re mator
supported by aksobst lond
alu OS
inmay Avitkme4i
x Bina7y Addition.

Rules o Binary Addition

.0+0 0
0+

+ - O, and CasvY 1 to HRe mext mosA Significar

bit
xAddikion Rudes w/Cosie.
0+0+0 OD ( OoitR O Cay)

O+0+I O(IwitR O Cary )

( o toR I COry)
0+1+I = l0
+1+| = 11 Twitk ICay)

XAddind Binaxy numbers.

20

BisoOvy Addi Aion

fov example.
00lO0Io
IDI0+000O O0
OdO
2 6 (baseio)
1 2 (bae 1o
ODIDD 11O 8(base lo)

2) 000100
+00IIO * OlolO0O
O00I 0 OI 19 (base lo
+ooI 0 (62 baseto
& (base 10)
B i n a y Subtsaction
subiraction

Rules o Binory
Re next
Re mext MosA
mas
O-0 O 1 #*om
I,and bo
O- I 5idnificont bik

XBinary subtsaciion
subiracdion
(toitk borroos
pertorm
we Canaluo (1O111) ) f*om
(I001DI)
(Iool10)
Subiracd
Exampe:

ODI1OT

O1O10

Binovy Subtractio.4

Fov eXasmple!
O00 IOlo0

1
O0ID0IOI - DDol O0o12
OOtOOIo

000I000

0 0 0 I o l i o = Ob01110
2 O01100 -

O011 0D1
0 0010I10
0O011 0

BinOvy Muldiplicati0on.
Ruules o Binasy
Muudi plicakion
OxO O
Ox i O
xBinary divisi on
diviaion is Re sepeated p*ocess o
BinayY
Tust as in decimQl diviA iON
Subtrockion
Fos exampl\e
O0II
o01dlol0
O00DO10 =000

10

O01yu

OO D

BinO<y liviAion
uotient
ExamPle

Diviso)

-Rermainde

epresentakÁo).
S id ned Trteger b i n a y numbers
in okich Sines&
There art Ksee s a y s
mAy be expse ssed
Sined matnitude,

One's Complement

Turo s
Compement
ComPutes
system
nedative a l u e s , e sianotavaluc
T o e P+esend RiR-OTder b i t to indi cate
aWoeate R e dna by&e
Aef4most b i
bit s Ke bit-
TKe Rih- order nifacamd
calledRe m o s t sid
k e value ofthe numbr
T ' s also
Condain
The vemainind bits
*Sidned rteex Rep-se5endatiom
8-bit wbrd. sned a g ni tude vtPtsee
Tn n
Places Re absolute value dP ARe
Sendakion
number dn +Re
bits to Re ight of ARe sifn bit
T8bit SAed madnttud
Posttive B i : Oo0000l1
Nedakive 3 is 10000o
Conputers pertovm asiKmetie opesaions on
SAdned manitde numbers Re Humans ignorr
Re sid of Re Operandi okisde doing a
Calculaion. aPplying tke aPPro Prtate sijn
a tRe end
x signed Tnteqer Rep-rtsentadion.
Example
Usind signed maanitude binary asitkmeiic,
find dRe sum of+S and 46
Convert 45 and 46 o binary . and arange a
a sum separrade Re (Positive) sign biks from
Re modnitude bit.
As in decimal
oritkme4te. find Re sun starind
LDitR tRe iitmbsk bit Ond
work left
Tn Re SeCond.bit. we Kove a
carry.50 &e
note i above Ke Rird bit
Sicd Lnteger Repcsentalion - 1's Compe snent

. T eetates
numbers by Comple mentin e a c
bit oRe number
O for posidive numbers. and
. we Keep tke sign bits
fo negadire.
ExaMPle
unaidned number
o 1o 4 bi^ S-bi* On's omplenest
+19,(a
POSAivenusm ber iN
Olo onis Complement)!
numbe'rin S-bit
D0lD
-
131a negatLe
Repesendakion-1s
Complement.
xSidned Tnteae
AdeiAion
numbers ase adsed Re ttso
OKen 2 Positive including
including Re
added
numbers m a y be CotCA
binay resulA wil be
bit Ond ke
5in
Example (4 bitt)
+ O. 1000

+3 O. 0o +9 0. 001

+ 0, o1 AnCoT¬d

+O O.lOlO -
Covrec4
i n c o e ct a n s wer
sule dives
Tf Re sum exceeds 15 Ris - 1'6 Complem e t
Rep«csentation
Tnteder
sidned
Subtrackion
bits are added
inchudind sidn
Two num bers
removtd
obtained Ren * A
O v e r f l o u iA
TOn Ciult (end around
car)
added to +Re
+S O. OIo

+2 10 OD O Cosect

+22 0, O 0Io
*Sidoed Tntcae Representatior- 1 's Com plenme.

Subtraction
Wken positive number added o negaive umhe
Tf no orer flous A dbtained Ke vesult iy
nEdakire Re anuwer iu in 1's CDmplemend.
-5 1, 1010
+3 D.001
2 's Con plesmend dt1oi A 6olo(2)
S e d Tnteae Rep-tsendalion 1's Complemenk.
The steps to be folletsed in subkcaction by 's
Complernent Ore:
T o w t e deton 1's Complement DtRe subtsahenA
r) To aAA HR oitA Re minued
it Te Re tJud D adJIAion kas a Caiy bvetken
it is doppid anA an a d s e d in Re Aast bis.
t THf Kee is no Caxy Oer,keN 1'S Cmplemet
0 Re stAu oP a dAiAion iA dbtaied do geA
Re final. sts wA anA A netative
*
Sidned Tntejer Repsesendaion- 2S
For Mixed Co mple ment
sìdn numbers
S3+5)+ (-3)
+S O, OIO
-3
0 ODII->1IDO+1->101)
+2 10 OO O

Tdrore
* 5iAed Todee RePre
For 2-ve sentation-2s
sdn umbers. ComPlemest
-
OKen 2-ve nos (n S
an
bvesfos nay be
Comple mert)ore Qdded,
re adAed
Sin bit will iscasded if any
be Core C* L
allotoed rane Sum is
D answer sitkin
 +Re sidn bi*
Tf ansWEs iM bud si de alletoed ranAe,
Lwould be z e o indi CaAina e s r o r
Complement
x Sicoed Trtedes Re P-rese ndadior)- 2'5
numbers
f o r 2-ve sidn
-5-3 (-S)+ (-3)
(Olo1-10I0+1-> Iol)
-S o
-3 , 11D O011-IO0+1-> 1101)
-8 11 ODD (o +1-2 1o00)

To
3 example
for 6ut Side sanee.
8
subtraction by 2s Co mplemend
Binary
No f 6its e2ual by adlin
101Oo
(mAKe
1OII o 1DI
before refix))
0ITOt01-O010l1J00 00lI+1eloto
0100
0loIIO0 ->10Io
Complimend
o
2s

brt 0
and sinesign
loID OI00

Dldl00
ose Cary
o

is 0101IODI

*Basic Computex Ordanization.

in twkich diffevend u i t s of
Tt explains tRe way
Connected twitR each otker
ave mter
Compute
Cordroiled
Some basic uniti are
Tnput unit
Memory Unit
-CPU (Central Pstcessind unt)
Cudput unit
 Memoy Unit butPud
TnPut Unit
unit
Cocke Memoy)

ReiatesS

ALU
Corb Unit
CPU
BLock DIA GRAM oComPuter 5ystem
*Memo-Y Unii
USed to Store data, inructionu fo ProCe8stn doa
and steve also intermediate vtults &4nal.
Procesed ànfn.
The memory in a Computer syster i of Krte
fundamental type
rternal Proces8r Memoxy.
Pimary meory.
Secondary MeMOry
Memart
SeCondoy PmarY Trternal
Memo*Y Memor Memory
Examples ExamPle Cacke Memory
HO, magnekic RAM. ROM CPU vctLAterS
tape

Loo
Cost
SPecd
SLot- fatt
Capaciky
LOO
x MemovY Unit
Con be Categlosized on Re bas ia o
. Computer m e o r y
VoLadie and Non- Volatile Charactei4Nc3
setain
volatile Memory- meMory wkich Con
No- is Shut dbtDn
intornation even if Re Pooes
Re Stored (RoM
Memory Ore Read- only memory
Examples-
discS etc.
e soy 6Pti Co
xMemovY Unut
On tRe o ARev Kand, a volatile memo7's Content
oil be dost ken tRe pouser goea DAf /wken the
Computer i8 Skut lotn.
- Exampte!- Rondom Access Memory (RAM).Cokich is
Re most Cbmsbn form ot Peimovy 5torage
MeoOY Uut - P-ci 6 0 Y RAM

Tnfn ix ctaied as lond as 4Rere is Potoe SuPPly

Cvolaie memoY)
RAM atletws ke Compudes to Store data for mmediale
L
ynaupulakion and to KeeP tracK fokat CuTtndky

T
beinHRe
processed
ptace in a Computer Kere ke dPeTatiny
System. applicasion Prodrasns. and data in Curret
e axt kept So tRat Rey Cas be accessesd uckly
by Re Computer's Pstcessor.
MeorY Usii- P<imaxy RAM
Types O RAMs
Static RAM (o SAAM)
Dynamic RAM (o DRAM)
 Vs dynamie RAM
Static Dynamuc RAM
Static RAM
LesS Speea
Faste
CheaPe*
CoS4lie Used nMain nemory
Used n Cache
a t a to be efresked
d a t a not be
efreshed pe«a'odically Pesiod Colly n Order
norder to <ckain Ke oetain tRe dota
data
Consume lesS Potwer.
Consume mere Pötwer
Psinmay.
Me sloxy Unit

ROM Read dnly Memory 0f

t a d , not S s i t t e s : The Contests
Can Only be
nibt lost eren i n Case ofa: Sudden Potwer
ROM ave
* non-volatile in naAure
.

talure, makdng
TKe Cortents of RoMs e dectAes by +Re
a s e Peranentky
manutactureis TKe Contents
6t0cd in a Rom at Re time of ManufactNE,
enerally uscd to Store BToS Jkich pe forma
Pote 6n self test (PoST)
Diffeen ces bettueen RAM & RoM
RAM Rom
Read/ wrike Read only
VDlatle storocte Non-volaktle Storage
D a r a ee esased D a t a s ta N eveN
as Soo as Pouse a fter Poer suPPLY
SuPply is turned 0PA Ras ben turned oft
e Used as slasn memov USed to Store 8IoS
o Con puter system
Cache Mexmoxy.

made fron
Piece o f e y fast meaory,
Tt i a

sPeed stadC RAM KRatedu ces Re accers

data.
time dt Re
T i8 vey ex Peniive and ene saly incor Porated
kere vaua ble data and
intke procesS6.
sednends ave kepk
Podsasm
fociikakes tRe Syste m Ao catck uP
Tke Cacke
ttR 4Re P<ocessor's Spe ed
C aCke MesnOrY.

CPU
RAM
TL1 | L
Cocke CacheK

or Li)-L6Cated uorARin
Re Cen
Psisnoav Cache (Lerelt
K a t K e muCTe Pr6cei Sos useg
CAP. ik 3 k e sne
snovy
frezuendky ued insrtu ckion& and ddosa.
stoe
(Level2 0 L 2 6ackSide CacAe)
SeCondsy Cacke
t A Re vomemory betuseen
LoCated near Re CPU ,
Re CPU Qnd RAM

Ca che memo i3 faster Kan RAM

seCondary storaje
used to store data and
secondavy storage t
not being P-ro ceAssed.
Prodrams wker Rey
Ore

Benefits seCondary stovae

No- vdlatide
-Lorde Storade Capociy
LoLos Cost
Reusabiity
- Portability .
SeComday Stoxade
Clasificadion oP secondary Storoge
.seCbndary Sto-Aje is Classitied accodine
accovolin
to Re metRnd of data acce3
- Sequential and direct
Se2uential. Access $tocade Devices MagneAte
Tape Device. Moenexe DMK,
Divect Acces storade
OptiCal DiSK
XUSB
.USB is an industy standard developes for ke
ConnecAion dfelechronte petpherals suok_as
Keybead, mice, bdems. asd hord drives to
a Computer
The Standard usas derelofed tRroutR a toind
efor, startindin l3 34, beteen Com Pag,
DEC, TBM. Inte!.
Microsoft. NEC and N6tel
a single interface tRat Couldbe used across
mutiple derices, elminate Re
many
offeest ConnectorS.
USB
Over tRe yea«s, Re UsB
SPecfs casion fas
undertóne mulipie tviAton.Tt all Stavted
i R USB 1.0. kich was
o 13 36
finalizes in Januo

Fast &
.

otRes
Compact&lorde CapacAty Cosm faved to
se morable
UsB
storaje.
Connectovs 19 96IDUsB
200
2.0 OsB 2.0
Us62.0 USB 3.0
3.0o USB 3.i&3.2

187.S KB/s Revised 2011 2014 & 201t

Data Tate (Lous SPecd) { 60MB/s 60MB/s62S MB/L2s 8
SM8/s 60MB/s
Super SPeedeupir
2.Sspecó4"
G8S
FuPer sPecd)
xBenefits-OSB
Ease Of Use
.One intesface for may devic
.Autoatic Confizuvasion 2

.Hot Puddable.

Bit Binary diqt

88t1 8yte-
l024 8ytes= 1 kB (kilo 8yie)
Unit Ex ac Nmber ¥bytes APPr6niiatio
Kilobyte 2 byies 13 byteg.
00ea byte 220 byies8 6 bytez
dica byte 230 byes o bytes.
tera byte 24 bytes Io2 byte
Peta by te 50 bytes 1o byte
exabyte 260 bytes to by tex
*PrOds@mming anuade
T isa languade inended 6 betused by a Pexson
to ex pre ss to process by wRch Computer Con Soke
a Probkem
MustKelp us write dood Prodvams, kere Oa
ProdramtA tood if ik easy to rtod Undevstand
and modify.
*A'S sembly Longude
ssembly Longuoge i8 a variant 0mackine
onuate in ORch a m e s and Sym bol take Ke
Ploce oP#Re actual Codes fo machne 0Pevations,
Values and stovade localiond, maKin kvmdrvidua
inuttuctions more ¬adob!e
The set 0f Symbols and ledtess form& Ae
assembky
Longuade
SUB AL, 30H
 Hidker Level LanJuoge3
assembly and machne Landuades re?ut
level
deep
deep Knotsledeje oP Compuder kord ware a r
as in Aonduoje you Kave *o Knas nty
Ki zhe«
Re indructions in Englisk ords and
latic
0f 4Re preblem
HgRer Aerel Languodes ave Simple languoges
Rat ue EnglisA and matke maCal 3ymbo
k e +, - » %,. /e4c.for its Prodram Constucln

DvevieuO GSoftware.
Tta set OtoiCal Instrucsions kken in
a Computer PL R a t 4ells ComPuter Kots *

acComplis A a speciftc ask

so$ttare is an interface betten h/w and ue
T gives Life t o kus
Types oSofA ware .
Syskem softwere
APpi cadào 5oftusare,
HigkeLere Landuaga.
Hiker Leve Lanauodes Karetplace mackinc
and as
sembly landuode in all astas &
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