Stress, Strain & Elasticity 1 Show-Intro

Stress, Strain & Elasticity
Items to be covered:
•Direct Tensile Stress
•Direct Compressive stress
•Relationship in terms of Modulus of
elasticity
•Ultimate & Yield Stress
•Reduced working or Permissible
stress
•Factor of Safety
A word on Units used
• Stress = Force per unit area,

• Units are kN/m2 or N/mm2
• Mass units are in Kilograms but in Structural
Analysis we use Weight units which is Force
exerted on a body by the gravitational pull of
the earth. (called Newtons)
• Mass to Force (acceleration due to Gravity is 9.81m/s2):
100Kg x 9.81m/s2 = 981 N (nearly 1000 N = 1kN)
Add meaning to the forces units:
• Average mass of a small apple is 100g (or 0.1kg)
• Weight (In Newtons ) = 0.1kg x 9.81 m/s2
• = 0.981 N (approx 1 N)
• So 1000 apples = 1000 N = 1 kN
• Large man weighs 100Kg, which translates to:
• 100 kg x 9.81 m/s2 = 981N or approx 1 kN
1N
1 kN
Direct Tensile Stress
Stress in the bar =

Applied Force /Area of cross section of the bar
E.g. Bar cross-sectional area is 2000mm 2
Being Pulled with axial force of 180kN
Stress in the bar = 180 x 1000 N / 2000 mm2
= 90 N/ mm2
i.e. each sq.mm of the bar is resisting 90kN
Direct Compressive stress
Stress at level XX =
Applied Force /Area of cross section of the Column
d loa d = 80kN
W = Applie E.g. Column dimension: 300mm x 300mm
Column material density 20kN/m3
Applied load W : 80kN
Dead Load at XX = [1.2m x 0.3m x 0.3m] x 20kN/m3

= 2.16 kN
1200mm
Total Load at XX = 2.16 plus Live Load W (=80kN)

= 82.16 kN
X Stress in the Column at section XX
X = 82.16 kN / 0.3m x 0.3m
= 912.88 kN/m2
Or = 912.88 x 103 N / 1 x 103 x103 mm2
= 912.88 N/1 x 103 mm2
= 0.912N/ mm2
70
0 m
m
7 0 0m
m i.e. each sq.mm of the column at section XX is being
Strain = Change in length / Original length
= δl / l
• Strain = Ratio of change of length of dimension to
original length for a material under stress
• A bar subject to a tensile force will slightly
extend.
• A column under pressure will slightly compress.
(i.e. get shorter)
• For elastic materials this change in dimension is
proportional to the applied loads (Hooks Law)
Compression (mm)
0.185
0.370
Load (kN)
10
20 A=
b (mm)
45
2025
d (mm)
45
mm2
L (mm)
300
Elasticity
0.556 30 E= 8000 N/mm2
0.741 40
0.926 50
1.111 60
1.296 70
1.481 80
1.667 90 180
1.852 100
2.037 110
2.222 120 160
2.407 130 Elastic Range
2.593 140
2.778 150 140
2.963 160
3.148 170
120
Yield Point
ed
100
Load (kN)
pli
ap
80
d
oa
F
al
60
δl a
gth
40
len
in
20
ge
Compression (mm)
an
0
Ch
TEST RIG 0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000
Modulus of Elasticity
Or “Young’s Modulus” after Thomas Young
• E = Stress / Strain ------ N/mm2 or kN/m2
• Same units as stress, as strain is just a ratio of
change in length to original length
F δl l
E = A / l E = F
δl
x
A
F l
E = x
l
A δl E= Gradient
of Graph
x
A
Strength of Materials
& Factor of Safety
Ultimate stress
Yield Point (about 270N/mm ) 2
(about 450 N/mm2 )
180
160
140
120
Design Stress = Yield stress
Factor of Safety
100
80
Factor of Safety varies between 1.4 -
2.4 depending on knowledge of
60 behaviour of material and loading
Load (kN)
situations
40
20 Steel bar on extensometer

0
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000
Elongation (mm)
Class Exercises
1. A steel tie bar 100 mm x 10 mm in cross-section is transmitting a pull of 135 kN. Calculate the stress in the bar.
2. Calculate the safe tension load for a steel bar 75 mm x 6 mm in cross-section, the working stress being 155 N/mm2
3. A tie bar is 75 mm wide and it has to sustain a pull of 100 kN. Calculate the required thickness of the bar if the permissible
stress is 150 N/mm2
4. A bar of steel circular in cross-section is 25 mm in diameter. It sustains a pull of 60 kN. Calculate the stress in the bar.
5. Calculate the safe load for a bar of steel 36 mm in diameter if the working stress is 155 N/mm2
6. A bar of steel, circular in cross-section, is required to transmit a pull of 40 kN. If the permissible stress is 150 N/mm 2
calculate the required diameter of the bar.
7. A timber tension member is 100 mm square in cross-section. Calculate the safe load for the timber if the permissible
stress is 8 N/mm2 . Calculate the diameter of a steel bar which would be of equal strength to the timber member.
Permissible stress for the steel is 150 N/mm2
8. Calculate the cross-sectional dimensions of a square brick pier to support an axial load of 360 kN, if the permissible stress
for the brickwork is 1.7 N/mm2
9. A short specimen of deal timber 50 mm square in cross-section failed in a compression machine at a load of 70 kN. The
permissible stress for such timber is 5.6 N/mm2 Calculate the factor of safety.
10. A steel stanchion carrying a load of 877.5 kN is to be provided with a square steel base plate to spread the load on to a
concrete foundation block. Calculate the minimum length of side (in mm) of the base plate if the stress on the
concrete must not exceed 4.5N/mm2
11. A steel column circular in cross-section is 150 mm in diameter and carries a load of 1.2 MN.
Calculate
a) the compressive stress in the column;
b) the length of side of a square steel base plate to transmit the column load to a concrete foundation block; the
permissible stress on the concrete is 4.5 N/mm2;
c) assuming the concrete base to weigh 150 kN, calculate the plan dimensions of the concrete foundation so that the stress on
the soil does not exceed 200kN/m2

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Stress, Strain & Elasticity

• Stress = Force per unit area,

Stress in the bar =

Dead Load at XX = [1.2m x 0.3m x 0.3m] x 20kN/m3

Total Load at XX = 2.16 plus Live Load W (=80kN)

20 Steel bar on extensometer

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