The Josephus Problem

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In 

computer science and mathematics, the Josephus problem (or Josephus permutation)


is a logical problem related to a particular counting-out game.

People are staying in a circle watching to be dealt with. Thinking comes out at a


fixed point in the circle and proceeds around the circle in a fixed direction.
After a limited number of people are skipped, the next person is dealt with. The
procedure is renewed with the going on people, setting up with the later person,
working in the same direction and dancing the same number of people, until hardly
one person remains and is freed.

The problem — given the number of people, starting point, direction, and number to
be passed up — is to single out the position in the initial circle to avoid
execution

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