International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181

Vol. 1 Issue 10, December- 2012

Cloud Computing In Distributed System

Pinal V Chauhan
Assistant Professor, Department of IT,
Om Vindhyavasini College of IT & Management, Morbi, Gujarat,

Abstract
With the development of parallel computing, distributed Cloud computing is a practical approach to
computing, grid computing, a new computing model experience direct cost benefits and it has the potential
appeared. The concept of computing comes from grid, public to transform a data center from a capital-intensive set
computing and SaaS. The basic principles of cloud up to a variable priced environment. The main character
computing is to make the computing be assigned in a great of cloud computing is in the virtualization, Distribution
number of distributed computers, rather than local computer and dynamically extendibility.
or remoter server. The two key advantages of this model are
Distributional refers to the physical node which
ease-of-use and cost-effectiveness. Though there remain
questions on aspects such as security and vendor lock-in, the the computation uses is distributed. Dynamic
benefits this model offers are many. This paper explores expandability is refers to through the dynamic
some of the basics of cloud computing with aim of extension virtualization level, then achieves carries on
introducing cloud computing in distributed system. The the management, the expansion, the migration, the
purpose of this paper is to explore key concepts and ideas backup through the hypothesized platform, all sorts of
surrounding the security challenges of cloud computing, with operations will be completed through the virtualization
particular reference to configuration having considerable level.
impact on securing cloud services. There are considerable The idea of cloud computing is based on a very
benefits of cloud computing systems, however this paper will fundamental principal of ―reusability of IT
primarily focus on the limitations that have emerged through
capabilities‖.
inaccurate configuration setups of both the platforms and
applications, and how these might be addressed. It also will The difference that cloud computing brings
highlight some research work in the area that offers possible compared to traditional concepts of ―grid computing‖,
solutions to the identified issues in Cloud security and the ―distributed computing‖, ―utility computing‖, or
―autonomic computing‖ is to broaden horizons across
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future of cloud computing in India.

organizational boundaries.

Keywords— Cloud computing, Grid computing, Cloud Forrester defines cloud computing as: ―A pool of
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Architectures, Scalable web applications, SaaS, IaaS, abstracted, highly scalable, and managed compute
PaaS, cloud computing analysis, Amazon EC2, infrastructure capable of hosting end-customer
AppEngine , Azure. applications and billed by consumption.‖ [3]

1. INTRODUCTION 1.2 Grid vs. Cloud Computing

The term ―grid computing‖ denotes dividing a
Distributed computing is a field of computer large task into many smaller ones that run on parallel
science that studies distributed systems. servers. [7] Wikipedia provides a vague, citation-less
A Distributed System consists of multiple definition broadly describing grid computing as ―a form
autonomous computers that communicate through a of distributed computing whereby a 'virtual super
computer network. The computers interact with each computer' is composed of a cluster of networked,
other in order to achieve a common goal. Distributed loosely coupled computers acting in concert‖ to carry
computing also refers to the use of distributed systems out processor-intensive large tasks.
to solve computational problems. In distributed [8]
computing, a problem is divided into many tasks, each According to IBM, the key advantage is that cloud
of which is solved by one or more computers. [1] computing not only is able to divide a large
Cloud computing is often considered as merely a computational task into many smaller tasks to run on
new application for classic distributed systems. [2]Cloud parallel servers, but could also support ―non grid
computing is a computing paradigm, where a large pool environments‖, such as a three-tier web site architecture
of systems are connected in private or public networks, (i.e. separation of presentation, application logic and
to provide dynamically scalable infrastructure for database, e.g. the Model-View Controller (MVC)) that
application, data and file storage. runs ―standard or Web 2.0 applications‖. By that IBM
With the advent of this technology, the cost of probably stresses that large, resource intensive
computation, application hosting, content storage and community websites could be built and run efficiently
delivery is reduced significantly. upon cloud architectures.

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181

Vol. 1 Issue 10, December- 2012

2. What is Cloud Computing?

processing to video games. Usually, each application
―A Cloud is a type of parallel and distributed
will have its own dedicated server.
system consisting of a collection of interconnected and
virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned
and presented as one or more unified computing A central server administers the system, monitoring
resources based on service-level agreements established traffic and client demands to ensure everything runs
through negotiation between the service provider and smoothly. It follows a set of rules called protocols and
consumers.‖ [4] uses a special kind of software called middleware.
Middleware allows networked computers to
communicate with each other. Most of the time, servers
Cloud computing is a comprehensive solution that
don't run at full capacity. That means there's unused
delivers IT as a service. It is an Internet-based
processing power going to waste. It's possible to fool a
computing solution where shared resources are
physical server into thinking it's actually multiple
provided like electricity distributed on the electrical
servers, each running with its own independent
grid.
operating system. The technique is called server
virtualization. By maximizing the output of individual
Computers in the cloud are configured to work together servers, server virtualization reduces the need for more
and the various applications use the collective
physical machines.
computing power as if they are running on a single
system. The flexibility of cloud computing is a function
of the allocation of resources on demand.

This facilitates the use of the system's cumulative

resources, negating the need to assign specific hardware
to a task.

Before cloud computing, websites and server-based

applications were executed on a specific system.

With the advent of cloud computing, resources

are used as an aggregated virtual computer. This
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amalgamated configuration provides an environment

where applications execute independently without
regard for any particular configuration.
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2.1. Cloud Computing Architecture

[12] When talking about a cloud computing

system, it's helpful to divide it into two sections:

1) Front end
2) Back end

They connect to each other through a network,

usually the Internet. The front end is the side the
computer user, or client, sees. The back end is the
Front End – (the client's computer (or
Figure 1 . Front End of Cloud Architecture
"cloud" section of the system. computer network) and the application)
1) Front end
The front end includes the client's computer (or sdhfjhjj
Figure 1 . Front End Of Cloud Architecture
computer network) and the application required to
access the cloud computing system. Not all cloud
computing systems have the same user interface.
Services like Web-based e-mail programs leverage
existing Web browsers like Internet Explorer or If a cloud computing company has a lot of clients,
Firefox. Other systems have unique applications that there's likely to be a high demand for a lot of storage
provide network access to clients. space. Some companies require hundreds of digital
storage devices. Cloud computing systems need at least
2) Back end
twice the number of storage devices it requires to keep
On the back end of the system are the various
all its clients' information stored. That's because these
computers, servers and data storage systems that create
devices, like all computers, occasionally break down. A
the "cloud" of computing services. In theory, a cloud
cloud computing system must make a copy of all its
computing system could include practically any
clients' information and store it on other devices. The
computer program you can imagine, from data

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181

Vol. 1 Issue 10, December- 2012

copies enable the central server to access backup  Utilization and efficiency
machines to retrieve data that otherwise would be  Reliability
unreachable. Making copies of data as a backup is  Scalability
called redundancy.  Performance
 Security
 Maintenance

Cloud Computing Essential Characteristics

B
a Characteristic Definition
c On-demand The cloud provider should have the
k self-service ability to automatically provision
computing capabilities, such as server
E and network storage, as needed without
n requiring human interaction with each
service’s provider.
d
Broad network According to NIST, the cloud network
o access should be accessible anywhere, by
f almost any device (e.g., smart phone,
laptop, mobile devices, PDA).
C Resource The provider’s computing resources are
pooling pooled to serve multiple customers using
l a multitenant model, with different
o physical and virtual resources
dynamically assigned and reassigned
u according to demand. There is a sense of
d location independence. The customer
generally has no control or knowledge
C
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over the exact location of the provided

o resources. However, he/she may be able
to specify location at a higher level of
m abstraction (e.g., country, region or data
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p center). Examples of resources include

storage, processing, memory, network
u bandwidth and virtual machines.
ti Rapid Capabilities can be rapidly and
elasticity elastically provisioned, in many cases
n
automatically, to scale out quickly and
g rapidly released to scale in quickly. To
the customer, the capabilities available
for provisioning often appear to be
Figure 2 . Back End Of Cloud Architecture unlimited and can be purchased in any
quantity at any time.
2.2. Cloud Characteristics Measured Cloud systems automatically control and
service optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability (e.g., storage,
Cloud computing exhibits the following key processing, bandwidth and active user
characteristics:[10] accounts). Resource usage can be
monitored, controlled and reported,
 Empowerment providing transparency for both the
 Agility provider and customer of the utilized
 Application programming interface (API) service.
 Cost Table 1. Cloud Characteristics

 Device and location independence

 Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources
and costs across a large pool of users thus
allowing for:

o Centralization
o Peak-load capacity

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181

Vol. 1 Issue 10, December- 2012

As can be observed in the characteristics listed in

figure, there are many approaches and nuisances to Cloud Computing Deployment Models
cloud computing. Benefits to the enterprise, as well as Deployme Description of Cloud To Be Considered
risks, will vary depending on the types of service and nt Model Infrastructure
deployment models selected. Private • Operated solely for • Cloud services with
cloud an organization minimum risk
• May be managed by • May not provide the
2.3. Understanding Public & Private Cloud the organization or a scalability and agility
[9]
There are many considerations for cloud third party of public cloud
computing architects to make when moving from a • May exist on- services
standard enterprise application deployment model to premise or off-
one based on cloud computing. There are public and premise
private clouds that offer complementary benefits, there Public • Made available to • Same as private
are three basic service models to consider, and cloud the general public or a cloud, plus:
there is the value of open APIs versus proprietary ones. large industry group • Data may be stored
• Owned by an with the data of
organization selling competitors.
A) Public, Private, and Hybrid clouds cloud services • Data may be stored
in unknown locations
and may not be easily
retrievable.
Hybrid A composition of two • Aggregate risk of
cloud or more clouds merging different
(private or public) deployment models
that remain unique • Classification and
entities but are bound labelling of data will
together by be beneficial to the
standardized or security manager to
proprietary ensure that data are
technology that assigned to the correct
enables data and cloud type.
Figure 3 . Public Clouds application portability
(e.g., cloud bursting
for load balancing
between clouds)
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Figure 4 . Private Clouds

Figure 5 . Hybrid Clouds

Hybrid clouds combine both public and private cloud

models, and they can be particularly effective when
both types of cloud are located in the same facility

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Cloud Computing Service Models
Vol. 1 Issue 10, December- 2012
Service Definition To Be Considered
Model
Infrastructure Capability to provision Options to
as a Service processing, storage, minimize the impact
(IaaS) networks and other if the cloud provider
fundamental has a service
computing resources, interruption
offering the customer
the ability to deploy
and run arbitrary
software,which can
include operating
systems and
applications. IaaS puts
these IT operations
into the hands of a
third party.
Platform as a Capability to deploy • Availability
Service onto the cloud • Confidentiality
(PaaS) infrastructure • Privacy and legal
customer-created or liability in the event
acquired applications of a security breach
created using (as databases
programming housing sensitive
languages and tools information will
supported by the now be hosted
provider offsite)
• Data ownership
• Concerns around
e-discovery
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Software as a Capability to use the • Who owns the
Service provider’s applications applications?
(SaaS) running on cloud
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infrastructure. The •Where do the

applications are applications reside?
accessible from
various client devices
through a thin client
interface such as a
web browser (e.g.,
web-based e-mail).

Table 3: Cloud Computing Service Models Considerations

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 10, December- 2012

Amazon Web Services Microsoft Azure Google AppEngine

Computatio  x86 Instruction Set Architecture  Microsoft Common  Predefined application

n (ISA) via Xen VM. Language Runtime (CLR) structure and framework;
model  Computation elasticity Allows VM; common intermediate programmer-provided ―handlers‖
(VM) scalability, but developer must form executed in managed written in Python, all persistent
build the machinery, or third party environment. state stored in MegaStore (outside
VAR such as RightScale must  Machines are provisioned Python code).
provide it. based on declarative  Automatic scaling up and down
descriptions (e.g. which of computation and
―roles‖ can be replicated); storage;network and server failover;
automatic load balancing. all consistent with 3-tier Web app
structure
Storage  Range of models from block store  SQL Data Services  Megastore/Big Table
model (EBS) to augmented key/blob (restricted view of SQL
store (SimpleDB). Server).
 Automatic scaling varies from no  Azure storage service.
scaling or sharing (EBS) to fully
automatic (SimpleDB, S3),
depending on which model used.
 Consistency guarantees vary
widely depending on which
model used.
 APIs vary from standardized
(EBS) to proprietary.
Networking  Declarative specification of  Automatic based on  Fixed topology to
Model IPlevel topology; internal programmer’s declarative accommodate 3-tier Web app
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placement details concealed. descriptions of app Structure.
 Security Groups enable restricting components (roles).  Scaling up and down is
which nodes may communicate. automatic and programmer-
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 Availability zones provide invisible.

abstraction of independent
network failure.
 Elastic IP addresses provide
persistently routable network
name.
Table 4: Examples of Cloud Computing vendors and how each provides virtualized resources (computation, storage, networking) and ensures
scalability and high availability of the resources.[11]

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 10, December- 2012

3. Objective There are some applications for which

The main purpose of our paper is to cloud computing is the best option. One
present a basic framework and determine example is the New York Times using
benefits from Cloud Computing as an Amazon's cloud service to generate PDF
alternative to conventional IT infrastructure, documents of several-decade old articles. The
such as privately owned and managed IT estimated time for doing the task on the Times'
hardware. Our effort is motivated by the rise servers was 14 years, whereas the cloud
of Cloud Computing providers and the provided the answer in one day for a couple
question when it is profitable for a business to hundred dollars. [6] However, the profile of the
use hardware resources in the Cloud". More companies that currently use the cloud
and more companies already embrace Cloud technology includes Web 2.0 start-ups that
Computing services as part of their IT want to minimize material cost, application
infrastructure. With our work we want to give developers that want to enable their software
an overview of economic and technical aspects as a service or enterprises that are exploring
of Cloud Computing that must be taken into the cloud with trivial applications.
the consideration while switching to Cloud. The fact that cloud computing is not used
With this paper we have tried to find out the for all of its potential is due to a variety of
security issues and obstacles in the cloud and concerns.
appropriate solutions for obstacles. Our
purpose to this paper is to represent the 4.2. Cloud Computing Deployment
Challenges and issues to be considered when Challenges
switching to virtual cloud in IT industry. Challenges that cloud computing
currently faces in being deployed on a
4. Challenges large enterprise scale:[26]
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4.1. Current View Self-healing
Critics argue that cloud computing is not SLA-driven
secure enough because data leaves companies' Multi-tenancy
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local area networks. It is up to the clients to Service-oriented

decide the vendors, depending on how willing Virtualized
they are to implement secure policies and be Linearly scalable
subject to 3rd party verifications. Salesforce, Data management
Amazon and Google are currently providing
such services, charging clients using an on-
demand policy. 4.3. Cloud Computing Security Issues
[5]
References statistics that suggest one
third of breaches are due to laptops falling in It’s identified seven issues that need to be
the wrong hands and about 16% due to stolen addressed before enterprises consider
items by employees. Storing the data in the switching to the cloud computing model. They
cloud can prevent these issues altogether. are as follows:[26]
Moreover, vendors can update o Privileged user access
application/OS/middleware security patches o Regulatory compliance
faster because of higher availability of staff o Data location
and resources. o Data segregation
According to cloud vendors, most thefts o Recovery
occur when users with authorized access do o Investigative support
not handle data appropriately. Upon a logout o Long-term viability
from the cloud session, the browser may be
configured to delete data automatically and log 5. Potential Benefits of Cloud
files on the vendor side indicate which user Computing
accessed what data. This approach may be While the promise of financial savings is a
deemed safer that storing data on the client very attractive enticement for cloud
side. computing, quite possibly the cloud’s best
opportunity is for enterprises to streamline

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 1 Issue 10, December- 2012

processes and increase innovation. It enables http://www.centernetworks.com/amazon-s3-

increasing productivity and transforming downtime-update.
business processes through means that were [14] THE AMAZON S3 TEAM. Amazon S3
prohibitively expensive before the cloud. Availability Event: July 20, 2008 [online]. July
2008. Available from:
Organizations can focus on their core business,
http://status.aws.amazon.com/s3-20080720.html.
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infrastructure. Solving peak business demands (June 2008). Available from: http://www.cio-
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cloud computing—translating into more [16] JACKSON, T. We feel your pain, and we’re
reliable backup, more satisfied customers, sorry [online]. August 2008. Available from:
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your-pain-and-were-sorry.html.
Some of the key business benefits offered [17] PAXSON, V. private communication,
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[18] BRODKIN, J. Loss of customer data spurs
• Cost containment. closure of online storage service ’The Linkup’.
• Immediacy Network World (August 2008).
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