Online Class Scheduling System

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA
College of Information Technology and Computer Studies
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with an Online class Scheduling System for College
of Information technology and Computer System (CITCS) department the
accommodates students enrollment needs that connotes an assignment of time
intervals for each course offering and subsequently maximize the department
faculty inventory and preferences.
Our project study aimed to create or class scheduling and loading system by
applying knowledge based approach, appropriate heuristic function and rule sets
to load correct course and allow a search for the best slot on multiple available
slots within the decision support framework. The result of the study indicate the
reduction of time required for the course scheduling and continuous improvement
for the system adding new constraint and requirements.
1.1. Project Context
Technology brought a massive change in our society today. It affects the
public transportation, businesses, communication, etc. “Technology is the
making, modification, usage and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques,
crafts, systems and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem,
improve a pre-existing solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied
input or output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the
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collection of such tools including machinery, modifications, arrangements and
procedures.”
One of the remarkable and much known products of technology advancement is
the conversion of manually-operated system into automated system. Automation
produces a great impact in the lives of man, particularly in the field of industry,
business, medicine and education.
The proponents came up to develop an Online Class Scheduling System
that will help the students and the administration or management itself. On its
25th years in the run , the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa (PLMUN) the
management suffers from manual processing system. With the proponents
experiencing this kind of difficulties for selecting subjects on a printed schedules
attached and covers 3-5 rooms a wide blackboard posted schedule in the
student to choose subject need to take for the semester , the proponents was
inspired to develop a system that will be truly beneficial. This compels the
researchers in creating a system called “Online Class Scheduling System”.
1.2. Purpose and Description
The purpose of this study is to help the students but the know their
schedule using online. This can help the Pamantasan to lessen its manual
processes. The proponents conduct the study entitled “Online Class Scheduling
System” that provides an online access to students to ease their burden seeking
their schedules in printed sheets posted in a blackboard in different rooms. This
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system will provide the Class Schedule of Students. This system will reflect the
Course Code, Course Subject, Time, Day, Room and Name of the Professor
assigned to the Subject.
1.3. Objective of the Study
This study is aim to develop and create design of an Online Class
Scheduling System for Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa (PLMUN). It is
designed to provide more accurate way on scheduling of classes using. This
system will detect if there is a conflict on the plotted schedule. To Support
instruction and students based online class scheduling management system and
to improve efficiency
To eliminate the use of Manual Scheduling by provide an easier and effective
way of scheduling.
1.3.1 Statement of the Problem
Unlike traditional and hybrid courses, fully online courses may be
Schedule during flexible times throughout the semester with classroom limitation
or time is block
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The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa (PLMUN) has its way of
manual system of plotting student schedules. Most of the students could not
select whether there is a conflict on a certain subject.
 There are often technical problems were students need to activate their
accounts in order to enroll and if students have failing grades or in
complete
 Large amount of simultaneous students trying to be coordinated can result
in a situation of conflict schedules
 Upon enrolment, various problems that implicate the schedules given or
selected subject by the students. With this kind of setting, Manual System
or Process may is accurate.
 Visualizing the schedule would allow those responsible for scheduling to
make adjustments and improve resource allocation by giving them
necessary tools observe potential problem areas as well as potentials
solution.
1.3.2. General Objectives
To develop and design an Online Class Scheduling System for
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa (PLMUN) that provides more accurate
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way of scheduling of classes. Our goal is to design schedule information that
allow access to a large audience with a single interface.
 To provide a system that displays Schedule information and effective
information. .
 To minimize manual processes in the university
 To facilitate suitable allocation per classes.
 Query- based systems that filter schedule information based
 Visualization based system that filter schedule information based
 To develop a system that can be access everywhere with the use of data
connection.
1.3.3. Significance of the Study
The significant study of the following people who will surely benefit of it.
University – This study will help the management of Pamantasan ng Lungsod
ng Muntinlupa (PLMUN) especially the College of Information Technology and
Computer Studies (CITCS) who were the first beneficiary of the Online Class
Scheduling System. This system will lessen the snail-paced transaction caused
by manual processes.
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Employees – This system will ease the burden of the employees in plotting and
checking of the schedules. This study or system will also help to make the
enrollment process conveniently.
Students – The students may access the system everywhere with the use of
data connection.
Future Researchers – This research will encourage future researchers to
conduct similar study on a wider scope, this research will also provide relevant
information that will help them to improve or develop a system which is alike with
the said system.
1.4. Scope and limitations
This study is designed to develop an Online Class Scheduling System for
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa. This covers the Subject Codes, Subject
Name, Number of Units, Time and Day Scheduled and the Room and Professors
assigned to a specific subject.
This system will only cover the schedules of the Bachelor of Science Major in
Information Technology (BSIT), Bachelor of Science Major in Computer Science
(BSCS) and Associate Computer Technology (ACT) students. The system will be
first implemented at College of Information Technology and Computer Studies
(CITCS).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the list of related studies and literature that serve. As
guidelines to the proponents in order to pursue the topic entitled “Online Class
Scheduling System. Different concept, and ideas, generalization or conclusions
and different development are stated and created Related to study of online class
schedule system were this system its help to students to see their schedule via
online. And this research is to guide our developing project for the system.
2.1. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
C# LANGUAGE
C# is designed to work with Microsoft's .Net platform. Microsoft's aim is
to facilitate the exchange of information and services over the Web, and to
enable developers to build highly portable applications. C# simplifies
programming through its use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) and
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) which allow access to a programming
object or method without requiring the programmer to write additional code for
each step. Because programmers can build on existing code, rather than
repeatedly duplicating it, C# is expected to make it faster and less expensive
to get new products and services to market
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My SQL
My SQL is an open source relational database management system
(RDBMS) based on Structured Query Language (SQL).LAMP is a Web
development platform that uses Linux as the operating system, Apache as the
Web server, My SQL as the relational database management system and PHP
as the object-oriented scripting language.
My SQL is a freely available open source Relational Database
Management System (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL).
SQL is the most popular language for adding, accessing and managing content
in a database. It is most noted for its quick processing, proven reliability, ease
and flexibility of use.
LOCAL LITERATURE
Online Class schedule System was proposed to replace the manual
searching in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa in order to advance an
organized flow of transaction and an ease of work concerned on how the manual
searching performs throughout the institution’s operations. The Administrator has
the right to update, add and delete records at the same time, tracing the
constraints and evaluation of then manual system essential. Online Class
Schedule System also provides the users to view their schedule as long as the
user or the student is enrolled in the institution and also connected through the
internet. On May 29, 1991, the Municipal Council of Muntinlupa passed
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Resolution No. 91-191 and Resolution No. 91-192 officially creating a
government-run college, which gave rise to the Muntinlupa Polytechnic College
(MPC). Housed in the Pedro E. Diaz High School in Alabang, Muntinlupa, the
college started with 309 students.
With the increase in the number of enrollees, MPC moved to another
temporary location on the second floor of the Contessa Building in Poblacion,
where all offices and classrooms were air-conditioned. At this time MPC
established linkages with the Commission on Higher Education for the
development of quality education.
In March 1998, MPC realized its dream of moving from the compact Contessa
Building to its own permanent two-storey building, which was erected at the
Muntinlupa National High School Compound in the NBP Reservation Area.
In 2002, the construction of the Academic Building was completed with the
third and fourth floors that house the library, auditorium and additional
classrooms. A year later, by virtue of City Ordinance No. 03-089, MPC became a
university and acquired its present name.
We proposed this online class Scheduling system because we saw for the
regular student and specially for irregular student is manually and then post their
schedule in bulletin board and after that the interview but during our interview the
respondents are also interested in our proposed system.
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Scheduling and lot sizing with sequence-dependent setup: A

literature review
Abstract
This paper reviews the literature related to the class of scheduling problems that
involve sequence-dependent setup times (costs), an important consideration in
many practical applications. It focuses on papers published within the last
decade, addressing a variety of machine configurations including single machine,
parallel machine, flow shop, and job shop systems and reviews the optimization
and heuristic solution methods used for each category. Since lot sizing is so
intimately related to scheduling, this paper reviews work that integrates these
issues in relationship to each configuration. This paper provides a perspective of
this line of research, gives conclusions, and discusses fertile research
opportunities posed by this class of scheduling problems.
OUTPATIENT SCHEDULING IN HEALTH CARE: A REVIEW OF

LITERATURE
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive survey of research on appointment

scheduling in outpatient services. Effective scheduling systems have the goal
of matching demand with capacity so that resources are better utilized and
patient waiting times are minimized. Our goal is to present general problem
formulation and modeling considerations, and to provide taxonomy of
methodologies used in previous literature. Current literature fails to develop
generally applicable guidelines to design appointment systems, as most
studies have suggested highly situation-specific solutions. We identify future
research directions that provide opportunities to expand existing knowledge
and close the gap between theory and practice.
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Class Scheduling System for Selected State University
Abstract
Expensive academic resources such as the laboratory rooms as well as the

expertise of some faculty members are usually being shared too. However,
problems regarding sharing. One of which stems from the conflict in class
schedules prepared by the school administrators every semester. Currently, most
of those parent universities are manually collating the class schedules from their
different satellite campuses. It’s very important that class schedules be accurate
and reliable for so many obvious reasons. Thus, this study aimed to develop a
new system that will provide those colleges and universities with satellite
campuses a new, easy and quick way of creating and generating room, class
and individual faculty time-table and at the same time allows users to
automatically detect and prevent conflicts upon the creation of schedule. The
study used an appropriate development method for the system design and
analysis. Then, the researchers chose the most suitable programming language
and database that were utilized in the development of a reliable scheduling
system intended for deployment via a suitable on-line access. The output was
evaluated based on the ISO 9126 Software Quality Assurance Model.
Class Scheduling System for URS – Binangonan Campus
Abstract
This study focused on how to develop and deploy a Class Scheduling

Management System that will enhance the traditional method of scheduling
system used in University of Rizal System. The general objective of this study is
to develop an effective and efficient scheduling of University classrooms, to help
minimize the admin, head and instructor’s problem during the starts of classes
and to maximize availability of classes to the students of University of Rizal
System Antipolo Campus. For University of Rizal System Antipolo Campus, the
result of the study can provide the management a view of their scheduling
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process. In gathering data, the proponents used different gathering instruments

such as interview guide, survey form, questionnaires, library research and web
surfing for gathering data to provide the researchers relevant information for the
development of the system.

With value to the functionalities of the proposed system, the respondents of the
survey found out that the proposed system is better to use than the existing
system in the university. The Dean and the Faculty of University of Rizal System
prefer to use the computerized Class Scheduling System in the future. The
proposed system resolves the problems and conflicts in the manual process.

University Course Scheduling System (UCSS): a UML
application with database and visual programming
By: JytteKlause
Abstract
Course scheduling of universities is a large, complex, and time-consuming task.

Along the time line of each classroom slots must be able to be allocated to
instructors and their classes of different departments without violating any
predefined rules. This paper describes the use of UML (Unified Modeling
Language) in a course scheduling system which is designed to assist users to
solve this resource-constrained timetabling problem. The system is written in
Visual Basic .NET and SQL Server 2000 and is successfully deployed to support
two schools' course scheduling tasks in Arkansas Tech University
Automated Class Scheduling System

By Jeralyn M. Gamale
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Abstract
He study tested the functionality of Automated Class Scheduling System in terms

of speed, data handling, accuracy, security, stability and adaptability in making
class schedules. This study was conducted in Bohol Island State University Main
Campus, Tagbilaran City during the second semester of school year 2010-2011.
The respondents of this study were the 6 expert instructors in the field of
computer programming. They tested and evaluated the functionality of the
program in terms of its design, accuracy, data handling, security, stability and
adaptability. Another 8 instructors who are in charge of making class schedules
determined the functionality of the system in terms of speed, accuracy, data
handling, stability and adaptability of the software. Separate set of questionnaires
were given to two groups of respondents. The study concluded that the manual
and the automated class scheduling systems are both functional. However, the
automated system is more functional because of its extra features which solve
the primary problems in creating class schedules
Evaluation of ordering strategies for constraint satisfaction

reactive scheduling
Abstract
Reactive scheduling is essential in any scheduling system to incrementally
reconcile the discrepancies between the generative schedule and current status
of the factory. Typical events requiring the reactive scheduling process include
the delayed delivery of materials, machine breakdown, and failure to meet quality
control standards. To efficiently cope with these unexpected events, a reactive
scheduling procedure is proposed based on the constraint satisfaction approach,
and applied to the reactive adjustment of hot-rolling schedules at steelworks.
Various domain-specific strategies are devised as variable and value-ordering
heuristics to guide the search directions in the reactive scheduling process, and
implemented in a scheduling expert system. From the experiment conducted on
the prototype system developed, we find that the schedule performance is mainly
determined by the variable ordering strategy based on the criticality of scheduling
activities, and it can be further improved by adopting the appropriate value-
ordering strategy based on the least constraining resource heuristic.
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An immune algorithm approach to hybrid flow shops scheduling

with sequence-dependent setup times
Abstract
Much of the research on operations scheduling problems has either ignored

setup times or assumed that setup times on each machine are independent of
the job sequence. This paper deals with the hybrid flow shop scheduling
problems in which there are sequence dependent setup times, commonly known
as the SDST hybrid flow shops. This type of production system is found in
industries such as chemical, textile, metallurgical, printed circuit board, and
automobile manufacture. With the increase in manufacturing complexity,
conventional scheduling techniques for generating a reasonable manufacturing
schedule have become ineffective. An immune algorithm (IA) can be used to
tackle complex problems and produce a reasonable manufacturing schedule
within an acceptable time. This paper describes an immune algorithm approach
to the scheduling of a SDST hybrid flow shop. An overview of the hybrid flow
shops and the basic notions of an IA are first presented. Subsequently, the
details of an IA approach are described and implemented. The results obtained
are compared with those computed by Random Key Genetic Algorithm (RKGA)
presented previously. From the results, it was established that IA outperformed
RKGA.
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Causes and consequences of sleepiness among college

students
Abstract
Daytime sleepiness, sleep deprivation, and irregular sleep schedules are

highly prevalent among college students, as 50% report daytime sleepiness
and 70% attain insufficient sleep. The consequences of sleep deprivation
and daytime sleepiness are especially problematic to college students and
can result in lower grade point averages, increased risk of academic failure,
compromised learning, impaired mood, and increased risk of motor vehicle
accidents. This article reviews the current prevalence of sleepiness and
sleep deprivation among college students, contributing factors for sleep
deprivation, and the role of sleep in learning and memory. The impact of
sleep and sleep disorders on academics, grade point average, driving, and
mood will be examined. Most importantly, effective and viable interventions
to decrease sleepiness and sleep deprivation through sleep education
classes, online programs, encouragement of naps, and adjustment of class
time will be reviewed. This paper highlights that addressing sleep issues,
which are not often considered as a risk factor for depression and academic
failure, should be encouraged. Promotion of university and college policies
and class schedules that encourage healthy and adequate sleep could have
a significant impact on the sleep, learning, and health of college students.
Future research to investigate effective and feasible interventions, which
disseminate both sleep knowledge and encouragement of healthy sleep
habits to college students in a time and cost effective manner, is a priority.
Class Scheduling (aka Timetabling) Practices and

Technology
Abstract
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The September 2016 AACRAO 60-Second Survey focused on

undergraduate (n=701) and graduate (n=386) class scheduling practices
(Appendix A). As with all 60-Second surveys, respondents were not required
to answer all of the questions, nor were all questions proffered to each
respondent; as such, the number of respondents varies by question. Topics
included staffing level; primary responsibility for data entry; importance of
various factors in the scheduling process; process timeline, availability of
year-long registration; enrollment thresholds; the use of technology for class
scheduling and student schedule planning; and the expected return on
investment associated with the technology. Responses were collected from
institutions representing several combinations of control, size and type
(Appendix B). Responses were received from all 50 states, the District of
Columbia, Canada, several United States territories, Armenia, the Bahamas,
Bolivia, Egypt, Greece, China, Italy, Mexico, Oman, Qatar, Singapore, Costa
Rica, Jamaica, and Micronesia (Appendix C).One prevailing conclusion that
can be gleaned from the results of this survey is that class scheduling
practices vary; some scheduling services are centralized others are not, half
use assistive technology and half do not, and some have generous staff
resources, while others do not. The practice comments included in Appendix
D and E further elucidates the dissimilarities in practice. For example, one
respondent described their practices as “medieval”, while another described
them as “. . . pretty much just rolls over from year to year. . .”
2.4 Local Studies
XBased on Bohol island State University (2012-2013)
Abstract
Study tested the functionality of Automated class scheduling system in terms of

speed, data handling, security, Scheduling, stability and adaptability in making
class schedules. This study was conducted in Bohol Island state University Main
Campus, Tagbilaran City during the second semester of school year 2012
2013. The respondents of this study were the 6 expert instructors in the field of
computer programming. They tested and evaluated the functionality of the
program in terms of its design, and accuracy, data handling security, stability and
adaptability of the software. Separate set of questioners were given to two
groups of respondents. The study concluded that the manual and the automated
system is more functional because of its extra features which solve primary
problems in creating class schedules
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Based on the researcher (2011)

Abstract
A web based-schedule viewing system for VERITAS Parochial School (VPS) in

Manila was developed to help its students search in a more efficient way without
hassles. It is with the web-based viewing schedule system for VPS that this style
of searching may beachieved. This new type of system offers its students new
option for searching at VPS. By logging on to VPS website. One can register and
search
Dynamic matching and scheduling of a class of independent

tasks onto heterogeneous computing systems
Abstract
Dynamic mapping (matching and scheduling) heuristics for a class of
independent tasks using heterogeneous distributed computing systems are
studied. Two types of mapping heuristics are considered: on-line and batch
mode heuristics. Three new heuristics, one for batch and two for on-line, are
introduced as part of this research. Simulation studies are performed to
compare these heuristics with some existing ones. In total, five on-line
heuristics and three batch heuristics are examined. The on-line heuristics
consider; to varying degrees and in different ways, task affinity for different
machines and machine ready times. The batch heuristics consider these
factors, as well as aging of tasks waiting to execute. The simulation results
reveal that the choice of mapping heuristic depends on parameters such as: (a)
the structure of the heterogeneity among tasks and machines, (b) the
optimization requirements, and (c) the arrival rate of the tasks.
A taxonomy of scheduling in general-purpose distributed

computing systems
Abstract
One measure of the usefulness of a general-purpose distributed computing system
is the system's ability to provide a level of performance commensurate to the degree
of multiplicity of resources present in the system. A taxonomy of approaches to the
resource management problem is presented in an attempt to provide a common
terminology and classification mechanism necessary in addressing this problem. The
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taxonomy, while presented and discussed in terms of distributed scheduling, is also

applicable to most types of resource management.
Nimrod/G: an architecture for a resource management and

scheduling system in a global computational grid
Abstract
The availability of powerful microprocessors and high-speed networks as
commodity components has enabled high-performance computing on distributed
systems (wide-area cluster computing). In this environment, as the resources are
usually distributed geographically at various levels (department, enterprise or
worldwide), there is a great challenge in integrating, coordinating and presenting
them as a single resource to the user, thus forming a computational grid. Another
challenge comes from the distributed ownership of resources, with each resource
having its own access policy, cost and mechanism. The proposed Nimrod/G grid-
enabled resource management and scheduling system builds on our earlier work
on Nimrod (D. Abramson et al., 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000) and follows a modular
and component-based architecture enabling extensibility, portability, ease of
development, and interoperability of independently developed components. It
uses the GUSTO (GlobUS TOolkit) services and can be easily extended to
operate with any other emerging grid middleware services. It focuses on the
management and scheduling of computations over dynamic resources scattered
geographically across the Internet at department, enterprise or global levels, with
particular emphasis on developing scheduling schemes based on the concept of
computational economy for a real testbed, namely the Globus testbed (GUSTO).
A fast, effective local search for scheduling independent jobs

in heterogeneous computing environments
Abstract:
The efficient scheduling of independent computational jobs in a heterogeneous

computing (HC) environment is an important problem in domains such as grid
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computing. Finding optimal schedules for such an environment is (in general) an

NP-hard problem, and so heuristic approaches must be used. Work with other
NP-hard problems has shown that solutions found by heuristic algorithms can
often be improved by applying local search procedures to the solution found. This
paper describes a simple but effective local search procedure for scheduling
independent jobs in HC environments which, when combined with fast
construction heuristics, can find shorter schedules on benchmark problems than
other solution techniques found in the literature, and in significantly less time.
Decoupling computation and data scheduling in distributed

data-intensive applications
Abstract:
In high-energy physics, bioinformatics, and other disciplines, we encounter
applications involving numerous, loosely coupled jobs that both access and
generate large data sets. So-called Data Grids seek to harness geographically
distributed resources for such large-scale data-intensive problems. Yet effective
scheduling in such environments is challenging, due to a need to address a
variety of metrics and constraints while dealing with multiple, potentially
independent sources of jobs and a large number of storage, compute, and
network resources. We describe a scheduling framework that addresses these
problems. Within this framework, data movement operations may be either tightly
bound to job scheduling decisions or, alternatively, performed by a decoupled,
asynchronous process on the basis of observed data access patterns and load.
We develop a family of algorithms and use simulation studies to evaluate various
combinations. Our results suggest that while it is necessary to consider the
impact of replication, it is not always necessary to couple data movement and
computation scheduling. Instead, these two activities can be addressed
separately, thus significantly simplifying the design and implementation.
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A competitive genetic algorithm for resource-constrained

project scheduling
Abstract
In this paper we consider the resource-constrained project scheduling
problem (RCPSP) with make span minimization as objective. We propose a
new genetic algorithm approach to solve this problem. Subsequently, we
compare it to two genetic algorithm concepts from the literature. While our
approach makes use of a permutation based genetic encoding that contains
problem-specific knowledge, the other two procedures employ a priority
value based and a priority rule based representation, respectively. Then we
present the results of our thorough computational study for which standard
sets of project instances have been used. The outcome reveals that our
procedure is the most promising genetic algorithm to solve the RCPSP.
Finally, we show that our genetic algorithm yields better results than several
heuristic procedures presented in the literature. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Naval Research Logistics 45: 733–750, 1998
Multiple and bicriteria scheduling: A literature survey
Abstract
Real life scheduling problems require the decision maker to consider a number of
criteria before arriving at any decision. A solution which is optimal with respect to
a given criterion might be a poor candidate for some other. The trade-offs
involved in considering several different criteria provide useful insights to the
decision maker. Thus considering problems with more than one criterion is more
relevant in the context of real life scheduling problems. Surprisingly, research in
this important field has been scarce when compared to research in single
criterion scheduling. In this paper, we provide a detailed literature survey of
multiple and bacteria problems in scheduling. We also provide a broad
classification scheme for scheduling problems.
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Stork: making data placement a first class citizen in the grid
Abstract:
Today scientific applications have huge data requirements which continue to
increase drastically every year. These data are generally accessed by many
users from all across the globe. This implies a major necessity to move huge
amounts of data around wide area networks to complete the computation cycle,
which brings with it the problem of efficient and reliable data placement. The
current approach to solve this problem of data placement is either doing it
manually, or employing simple scripts which do not have any automation or fault
tolerance capabilities. Our goal is to make data placement activities first class
citizens in the Grid just like the computational jobs. They will be queued,
scheduled, monitored, managed, and even check-pointed. More importantly, it
will be made sure that they complete successfully and without any human
interaction. We also believe that data placement jobs should be treated
differently from computational jobs, since they may have different semantics and
different characteristics. For this purpose, we have developed Stork, a scheduler
for data placement activities in the grid.
Foreign Literature
Design and implementation of a course scheduling system
using Tabu Search
Abstract
Building a course timetable is a difficult and lengthy task which universities
devote a large amount of human and material resources to every year. We have
developed a computer package to solve this problem. The program runs on a PC
and the user may set the objectives and parameters from among a wide range of
possibilities. It has a user-friendly interface for the user to input the relevant data
and obtain the corresponding results. The optimization process is based on a set
Page 21 of 35
of heuristic algorithms. The core is a Tabu Search procedure for which several
strategies have been developed and tested in order to get a fast and powerful
algorithm. The first tests of the package have produced satisfactory results.
Evaluation of ordering strategies for constraint satisfaction

reactive scheduling
Abstract
Reactive scheduling is essential in any scheduling system to incrementally
reconcile the discrepancies between the generative schedule and current status
of the factory. Typical events requiring the reactive scheduling process include
the delayed delivery of materials, machine breakdown, and failure to meet quality
control standards. To efficiently cope with these unexpected events, a reactive
scheduling procedure is proposed based on the constraint satisfaction approach,
and applied to the reactive adjustment of hot-rolling schedules at steelworks.
Various domain-specific strategies are devised as variable and value-ordering
heuristics to guide the search directions in the reactive scheduling process, and
implemented in a scheduling expert system. From the experiment conducted on
the prototype system developed, we find that the schedule performance is mainly
determined by the variable ordering strategy based on the criticality of scheduling
activities, and it can be further improved by adopting the appropriate value-
ordering strategy based on the least constraining resource heuristic.
Teaching and Learning in the College Classroom. A Review of

the Research Literature (1986) and November 1987 Supplement.
McKeachie, Wilbert J.; And Others
Abstract
A review of the research literature on teaching and learning in the college

classroom is presented. An introduction notes the role of research in identifying
new goals for higher education and offers a conceptual framework based on a
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student mediation model and a focus on the process-product relationships

between faculty teacher behavior and student outcomes. Individual sections then
How Block Scheduling Reform Effects Classroom Practice

William R. Veal, David J. Flinders
Abstract
Block scheduling has become an increasingly popular reform movement for

schools, school districts, and principals to enact. Much of the decision making as
to whether to implement some type of block scheduling has occurred without
understanding the implications this type of reform has on teachers and their
classroom practices. This paper reports on a study conducted in a high school
with three contiguous schedule types. Teachers, parents and students
perceptions were ascertained to determine the impact of scheduling change on
teachers and their classroom practices. Likert scale surveys, interviews,
classrooms observations, and text data were used to compile a picture of how
and why teachers adjusted to the change in schedule. Four areas of change from
the surveys and supported with other qualitative data are reported: 1) methods of
instruction, 2) opportunities for reflection, 3) student-teacher rapport, and 4)
levels of anxiety. These results are then discussed and compared to the broader
view of beneficial changes for block scheduling and the stability of context.
Overview of a performance evaluation system for global

computing scheduling algorithms
Abstract
While there have been several proposals of high-performance global computing

systems, scheduling schemes for the systems have not been well investigated. The
reason is difficulties of evaluation by large-scale benchmarks with reproducible
results. Our Bricks performance evaluation system allows the analysis and
comparison of various scheduling schemes in a typical high-performance global
computing setting. Bricks can simulate various behaviors of global computing
systems, especially the behavior of networks and resource scheduling algorithms.
Moreover, Bricks is partitioned into components such that not only can its
constituents be replaced to simulate various different system algorithms, but it also
allows the incorporation of existing global computing components via its foreign
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interface. To test the validity of the latter characteristics, we incorporated the NWS
(Network Weather Service) system, which monitors and forecasts global computing
systems behavior. Experiments were conducted by running NWS under a real
environment versus a Bricks-simulated environment, given the observed parameters
of the real environment. We observed that Bricks behaved in the same manner as
the real environment, and NWS also behaved similarly, making quite comparative
forecasts under both environments
Rites and Wrongs: Institutional Explanations for the Student

Course-Scheduling Process in Urban High Schools
Carolyn Riehl, Aaron M. Pallas, and Gary Natriello
Abstract
Urban high schools operating in complex social and organizational environments

are likely to face high levels of uncertainty that may make it difficult to manage
core organizational processes efficiently and that may lead to tensions among
technical logics of action and institutionalized beliefs about schooling. Such
tensions can be observed in the course-scheduling process, one of the most
important administrative routines supporting the core instructional program of the
school. Scheduling matches students with human and intellectual resources in
the school and has the potential to sort students into different educational
trajectories. This article reports on a study of course scheduling in five urban high
schools. Although the scheduling process was enacted in all schools, and
students and teachers had schedules in hand on the first day of the semester,
many schedules were riddled with problems and inaccuracies that did not enable
students and teachers to begin the academic term in an orderly and productive
fashion. To explain why such a scenario can persist year after year, technical
and institutional influences on the process were explored. In all five schools, the
scheduling process reflected widely held beliefs and understandings about
schools and students. These institutionalized understandings were frequently
inconsistent with technical exigencies surrounding course scheduling, resulting in
a dynamic process that was not always efficient or effective. Data on the volume,
Page 24 of 35
intensity, and timing of changes made to students' course schedules are used to
illustrate the disruptive nature of the process.
An immune algorithm approach to hybrid flow shops scheduling

with sequence-dependent setup times
Abstract
Much of the research on operations scheduling problems has either ignored

setup times or assumed that setup times on each machine are independent of
the job sequence. This paper deals with the hybrid flow shop scheduling
problems in which there are sequence dependent setup times, commonly known
as the SDST hybrid flow shops. This type of production system is found in
industries such as chemical, textile, metallurgical, printed circuit board, and
automobile manufacture. With the increase in manufacturing complexity,
conventional scheduling techniques for generating a reasonable manufacturing
schedule have become ineffective. An immune algorithm (IA) can be used to
tackle complex problems and produce a reasonable manufacturing schedule
within an acceptable time. This paper describes an immune algorithm approach
to the scheduling of a SDST hybrid flow shop. An overview of the hybrid flow
shops and the basic notions of an IA are first presented. Subsequently, the
details of an IA approach are described and implemented. The results obtained
are compared with those computed by Random Key Genetic Algorithm (RKGA)
presented previously. From the results, it was established that IA outperformed
RKGA.
The Feasibility of 4X4 Block Scheduling in Secondary Schools:

A Review of the Literature
Stanley, Anthony; Gifford, Lorna J.
Abstract
This paper reviews the literature on 4x4 block scheduling. Studies reveal that the
advantages of such scheduling are simplicity, potential for greater student
Page 25 of 35
achievement, and reduced disciplinary referrals. Discipline is enhanced through

this type of schedule because it decreases the number of times that students are
moving in the halls between disciplined environments. The schedule promotes
student achievement by allowing students to attend additional classes during
their 4-year high school tenure, by encouraging more engaging learning
activities, and by allowing students to concentrate narrowly on the four subjects
taken each semester. This concentration may allow for better mastery of
material, but it does not allow for the breadth of coverage found in traditional
schedules. Consequently, the 4x4 block schedule should not be implemented in
districts where test scores and strict adherence to state curriculum guides are
considered sacred. Furthermore, student motivation plays a large part in the
success or failure of the 4x4 block schedule; motivated students excel in such an
environment, whereas poorly motivated students sometimes fall further behind
than in traditional schedule environments. It is emphasized that careful planning
in implementing 4x4 scheduling is essential to its success. Contains 21
references. (RJM)
A Comparison Study of Student Retention of Foreign Language

Video: Declarative versus Interrogative Advance Organizer
Abstract
The present study compared student retention of information in foreign language

(FL) videos in 2 advance organizer conditions. The participants were 67 college
students enrolled in 5 sections (4 experimental sections and 1 control section) of
a beginning-level French course. In the advance organizer declarative (AO.)
condition, the teacher read aloud 6 sentences that summarized, in chronological
order, major scenes in the upcoming video. In the advance organizer
interrogative (AO?) condition, the teacher began by reading aloud the same 6
sentences, but this time each declarative sentence had been transformed into a
question. For each question, the teacher suggested 3 possible answers, making
no indication as to which one was correct. The control condition consisted of a
group of students who watched the same videos as in the AO. And the AO?
Conditions, but had no advance organizer before the video viewings. Student
performance with 10 videos introduced in each of these 3 ways was examined on
tests of information in the videos. Results indicated that although there were no
significant differences in scores between the two AO experimental groups,
Page 26 of 35
students in both the AO. and the AO? Conditions scored significantly higher on
the tests than did the control group. The researchers interpreted these findings
as supporting the premise that it is significantly better to incorporate an advance
organizer with video than not, and as indicating that both declarative and
interrogative AOs can facilitate extensive listening in the FL classroom.
The Stealth distributed scheduler
Abstract:
The justification, design, and performance of the Stealth distributed

scheduler is discussed. The goal of Stealth is to exploit the unused
computing capacity of a workstation-based distributed system (WDS) without
undermining the predictability in quality of service that a WDS provides to
workstation owners. It is shown that the liberal approach taken by the Stealth
distributed scheduler is a promising method of exploiting the vast quantity of
unused computing capacity typically present in a WDS, while preserving
predictability of service for workstation owners
Foreign Studies
Information Systems
The implementation to support online class scheduling system. This
schemes are increasingly being used in administrations with the objective
providing good advantage. Online class scheduling system used by organization
can be grouped into different types such as schedule selection method,
management. Online Class Schedule System is used specially on schools to
provide information about their schedule. The information society maybe virtual
society.
A Schedule system helps and provides efficient and reliable services to
the students, enrollment personnel and administration. Moreover, this system
Page 27 of 35
improved the process of searching of rooms and subject schedules. Our
proposed software will improve this liability and allows the teacher more time
teaching and interacting with the
student. This will allow the teacher to feel more job satisfaction as well giving the
student the feeling of a more personalized education within the system. Software
with automatic scheduling for student that can be easily access to internet
anytime.
Based on Southern California Community

College (2012)
Abstract
The Southern California Community College Long Beach City College has
gone live with a Cognos-Based faculty and student scheduling management
system that was designed by Irvine, CA-base professional services firm e2e
Analytics. Priorto installing the new system. LBCC, which has two main
campuses and multiple satellites that support nine schools and 34
departments. The school’s scheduling management system budgeting and
planning up to three months to compile, consolidate, and implement.
Updating and checking of faculty and students Information was inspired by
the advancement of modern technology. The researchers gathered data
necessary in the scheduling system for the success of the study providing
benefit of the employees and students so they can have access and have
access and have the ability to manage information directly and conveniently
Based on the study of Los Angeles College (2013),

Before the new semester of 2012 School Year, The
Southern California Community College
Abstract
Page 28 of 35
Long Beach City College has gone live with a Cognos-Based faculty and
students schedule management system that was designed by Irvine, The schools
schedule management system planning and implement and updating and
checking of faculty and students Information was inspired by the advancement of
modern technology. The schedule system management is also used to view and
give the access to the students search their rooms, subjects and faculty
members in the school
CLASS SCHEDULES
ABSTRACT
A college degree is at your fingertips when you register for classes at West
Virginia State University. Whether day, night, or online, we have a variety of
courses that will meet your academic needs. Take a moment to review all the
general information that you need to know about getting registered and then visit
the class schedule so you can register today
Flexible-Modular Scheduling. Educational Management Review

Series Number 4
Abstract
This review surveys recent documents previously announced in RIE that are
concerned with flexible-modular scheduling. Benefits derived from innovative
scheduling techniques range across the entire spectrum of the educational
experience, frequently providing for substantial change in the roles of students,
teachers, and administrators. Under such a scheduling system, students can
choose instruction individualized to meet their needs and teachers can assume
greater participation in both curriculum planning and the development of new
instructional methods. In addition, administrators can choose from multiple
alternatives for organizing the school day and for managing time and space use
in their schools. (Author/EA)
System for scheduling classes and managing educational

resources
ABSTRACT
Page 29 of 35
A method is provided for automatically producing a schedule of classes for an

educational institution having a plurality of teachers, a plurality of students, and a
curriculum. The method preferably includes receiving designations of a plurality
of curriculum modules of the curriculum, each curriculum module including
educational material, one or more of the curriculum modules being prerequisite
modules for one or more subsequent modules. The method also preferably
includes receiving, as an input into a computer system, curriculum information
comprising an indication of which of the modules are prerequisite modules for
subsequent modules. An input into the computer system includes student
information comprising, for one or more of the plurality of students, an indication
of his level of competence with respect to the educational material of one or more
modules. The computer system preferably produces a schedule of classes for
teaching the educational material of at least some of the modules responsive to
the curriculum information and the student information. Educational material to
be taught in each of the scheduled classes includes the educational material of a
respective one of the curriculum modules. The students assigned to each of the
scheduled classes have preferably attained at least a predetermined level of
competence with respect to the educational material of the respective modules
that are prerequisite modules for the module to be taught in the class.
An Assessment of a Senior High School Modular Scheduling

Program
Abstract
Modular scheduling was introduced in the academic year 1967-68 at North Miami
Senior High School. After a year's operation under the Stanford School
Scheduling System, an "at home" evaluation of the new program was made.
Student grades on a cross-sectional basis did not suffer, but rather showed a
slight improvement. Moderate improvement was also noted in class conduct and
attendance. In the use of unstructured time, a positive change was also observed
in students' attitudes toward study. Large/small group study was favorably
accepted by students and teachers, but more attention to the small group design
for in depth discussion and personal interaction is needed to provide even
greater success. At the administrative level, general commitment to the program
is widespread, yet agreement on philosophies and educational assumptions of
Page 30 of 35
the program could increase. Generally there has been a movement toward more
individualized instruction. The report recommends that particular emphasis for
further improvement be placed on staff differentiation and use as well as on
further development of the new teaching techniques offered by modular
scheduling. (LN)
Risk-based maintenance (RBM): a quantitative approach for

maintenance/inspection scheduling and planning
Abstract
The overall objective of the maintenance process is to increase the profitability of

the operation and optimize the total life cycle cost without compromising safety or
environmental issues. Risk assessment integrates reliability with safety and
environmental issues and therefore can be used as a decision tool for preventive
maintenance planning. Maintenance planning based on risk analysis minimizes
the probability of system failure and its consequences (related to safety,
economic, and environment). It helps management in making correct decisions
concerning investment in maintenance or related field. This will, in turn, result in
better asset and capital utilization.
This paper presents a new methodology for risk-based maintenance. The

proposed methodology is comprehensive and quantitative. It comprises three
main modules: risk estimation module, risk evaluation module, and maintenance
planning module. Details of the three modules are given. A case study, which
exemplifies the use of methodology to a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning
(HVAC) system, is also discussed.
Scheduling for Flexibility; A Manual for Administrators of Small

Schools
Abstract
Page 31 of 35
The manual was prepared to provide administrators of small schools with

information on techniques which promote flexibility in school scheduling. While
no attempt was made to provide details for implementation of flexible scheduling,
the information provided should be sufficient to enable the administrator (1) to
determine if some variation of flexible scheduling would be beneficial and
feasible for his particular school situation and (2) to locate more specific
information by contacting schools or by obtaining literature referred to in the
manual. The 31-item bibliography at the end of this publication is composed of
citations and abstracts from "Research in Education." These citations were
selected specifically for their relevance to rural and small schools
Foreign Language Instruction in the United Sates: A National

Survey of Elementary and Secondary Schools. Language in
Education: Theory and Practice No. 93.
Abstract
A 1996-97 national survey of elementary and secondary schools investigated

current patterns and shifts in foreign language enrollment, languages and
programs offered, teaching methodologies, teacher qualifications and training,
and reactions to national reform issues. An introductory section of the survey
report offers background information on this and several previous surveys. The
second section outlines key questions to be addressed by the present study. A
third section is devoted to explanation of the research methodology used and a
demographic profile of the sample surveyed. The bulk of the report is devoted to
a summary of results, including numerical data, concerning: number of schools
teaching foreign languages; interest in offering language instruction; language
enrollment; languages taught; program types; grade levels and minutes per week
(elementary schools); levels offered and hours per week (secondary schools);
class scheduling during the school day; funding sources (elementary schools);
schools having curriculum frameworks or guidelines; sources of language
curricula; instructional materials; sequencing/articulation; number of language
teachers; teacher qualifications; staff development/in service training; foreign
language use in the classroom (secondary schools); schools' characterizations of
their programs; assessment; and standards for language learning. A concluding
section contains a discussion of findings. The questionnaires are appended.
Contains 9 references.
Page 32 of 35
The discriminatory impact of course scheduling on minorities
Abstract
This study examined scheduling practices in a large Midwestern urban school

district to determine if minority students were discouraged from full participation
in the school curriculum. Strong evidence was found that the school organization
continues to employ strategies and policies that “Caucasianize” upper level
classes and discourage minorities from completing course work that will lead to
entrance into colleges. Instead, minorities are tracked into terminal courses
which contribute to a sense of hopelessness and lead to low‐paying positions
with little opportunity for future professional or economic growth. The school
culture, driven by middle‐class values, is viewed as responsible, in part, for the
organization's reluctance to respond inclusively to minorities.
Page 33 of 35
3.2.1 Design of Software System, Product and Processes.
Create Shortcut
Information
Create Subject Information
ADMIN
List of Subjects
Create Section & year 0

Regular Student
Online class
Encoded to the selected section
Scheduling
List of Sections & Year
Irregular Section
Create Schedule
List of Schedule per section Selects subjects STUDENT
Encoded to the selected subjects
View subjects taken
Page 34 of 35
The diagram display a chosen subject, rooms, section. The history is to detect if
the students are irregular or not. It can creates your own schedule and section for
CITCS students.
Using data flow diagram, the process of online class scheduling system is easy
to understand how the program will flow. Data flow aids in describing the
boundaries of the system, it is beneficial for communicating existing system
knowledge to the users. DFD can provide a detailed representation of system
component, also DFD support the logic behind the dataflow within the system.
Page 35 of 35

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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

College of Information Technology and Computer Studies

of Information technology and Computer System (CITCS) department the

accommodates students enrollment needs that connotes an assignment of time

faculty inventory and preferences.

for the system adding new constraint and requirements.

1.1. Project Context

Technology brought a massive change in our society today. It affects the

public transportation, businesses, communication, etc. “Technology is the

making, modification, usage and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques,

crafts, systems and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem,

improve a pre-existing solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied

collection of such tools including machinery, modifications, arrangements and

One of the remarkable and much known products of technology advancement is

the conversion of manually-operated system into automated system. Automation

business, medicine and education.

The proponents came up to develop an Online Class Scheduling System

management suffers from manual processing system. With the proponents

experiencing this kind of difficulties for selecting subjects on a printed schedules

researchers in creating a system called “Online Class Scheduling System”.

1.2. Purpose and Description

their schedules in printed sheets posted in a blackboard in different rooms. This

assigned to the Subject.

1.3. Objective of the Study

This study is aim to develop and create design of an Online Class

Scheduling System for Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa (PLMUN). It is

designed to provide more accurate way on scheduling of classes using. This

system will detect if there is a conflict on the plotted schedule. To Support

To eliminate the use of Manual Scheduling by provide an easier and effective

1.3.1 Statement of the Problem

Unlike traditional and hybrid courses, fully online courses may be

The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa (PLMUN) has its way of

select whether there is a conflict on a certain subject.

accounts in order to enroll and if students have failing grades or in

 Large amount of simultaneous students trying to be coordinated can result

in a situation of conflict schedules

 Upon enrolment, various problems that implicate the schedules given or

or Process may is accurate.

 Visualizing the schedule would allow those responsible for scheduling to

make adjustments and improve resource allocation by giving them

necessary tools observe potential problem areas as well as potentials

1.3.2. General Objectives

To develop and design an Online Class Scheduling System for

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa (PLMUN) that provides more accurate

way of scheduling of classes. Our goal is to design schedule information that

allow access to a large audience with a single interface.

 To provide a system that displays Schedule information and effective

 To minimize manual processes in the university

 To facilitate suitable allocation per classes.

 Query- based systems that filter schedule information based

 Visualization based system that filter schedule information based

1.3.3. Significance of the Study

University – This study will help the management of Pamantasan ng Lungsod

ng Muntinlupa (PLMUN) especially the College of Information Technology and

enrollment process conveniently.

Future Researchers – This research will encourage future researchers to

the said system.

1.4. Scope and limitations

This study is designed to develop an Online Class Scheduling System for

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa. This covers the Subject Codes, Subject