Resonance in RLC Series and Parallel Circuit: Objectives

Resonance in RLC series and Parallel circuit
Objectives
To study the phenomenon of resonance in parallel and series RLC circuits. Determine the
resonant frequency and bandwidth of the given network using a sinusoidal response.
Theory
Parallel Resonance Circuit
A parallel circuit containing a resistance, R, an

inductance, L and a capacitance, C will produce a parallel
resonance (also called anti-resonance) circuit when the
resultant current through the parallel combination is in
phase with the supply voltage. At resonance there will be a
large circulating current between the inductor and the
capacitor due to the energy of the oscillations, then parallel
circuits produce current resonance. This energy is
constantly being transferred back and forth between the inductor and the capacitor which
results in zero current and energy being drawn from the supply. We know from the previous
series resonance tutorial that resonance takes place when VL = -VC and this situation occurs
when the two reactance’s are equal, XL = XC. The admittance of a parallel circuit is given as:
1 1
Y   2 fC
R 2 fL
Thus at resonance, the impedance of the parallel circuit is at its maximum value and equal to
the resistance of the circuit creating a circuit condition of high resistance and low current.
Also at resonance, as the impedance of the circuit is now that of resistance only, the total
circuit current, I will be “in-phase” with the supply voltage, VS.
Impedance in a Parallel Resonance Circuit:
Unlike the series resonance circuit, the resistor in a parallel resonance circuit has a damping
effect on the circuit’s bandwidth making the circuit less selective. Note that if the parallel
circuits impedance is at its maximum at resonance then consequently, the
circuits admittance must be at its minimum and one of the characteristics of a parallel
resonance circuit is that admittance is very low limiting the circuits current.
Current in a Parallel Resonance Circuit
As the total susceptance is zero at the resonant frequency, the admittance is at its minimum
and is equal to the conductance, G. Therefore at resonance the current flowing through the
circuit must also be at its minimum as the inductive and capacitive branch currents are equal
( IL = IC ) and are 180o out of phase.
We remember that the total current flowing in a parallel RLC circuit is equal to the vector
sum of the individual branch currents and for a given frequency is calculated as:
Parallel Circuit Current at Resonance
The frequency response curve of a parallel resonance circuit shows that the magnitude of the
current is a function of frequency and plotting this onto a graph shows us that the response
starts at its maximum value, reaches its minimum value at the resonance frequency
when IMIN = IR and then increases again to maximum as ƒ becomes infinite.
As a parallel resonance circuit only functions on resonant frequency, this type of circuit is
also known as an Rejecter Circuit because at resonance, the impedance of the circuit is at its
maximum thereby suppressing or rejecting the current whose frequency is equal to its
resonant frequency. The effect of resonance in a parallel circuit is also called “current
resonance”.However, the characteristics and graphs drawn for a parallel circuit are exactly
opposite to that of series circuits with the parallel circuits maximum and minimum
impedance, current and magnification being reversed. Which is why a parallel resonance
circuit is also called an Anti-resonance circuit.
Series RLC Resonance Circuit
Resonance occurs in a series circuit when the supply

frequency causes the voltages across L and C to be
equal and opposite in phase. Series Resonance circuits
are one of the most important circuits used electrical
and electronic circuits. Consider the simple series RLC
circuit below.
Firstly, let us define what we already know about series RLC circuits.From the above
equation for inductive reactance, if either the Frequency or the Inductance is increased the
overall inductive reactance value of the inductor would also increase. As the frequency
approaches infinity the inductors reactance would also increase towards infinity with the
circuit element acting like an open circuit.
Series RLC Circuit at Resonance
Since the current flowing through a series resonance circuit is the product of voltage divided
by impedance, at resonance the impedance, Z is at its minimum value, ( =R ). Therefore, the
circuit current at this frequency will be at its maximum value of V/R as shown below
Series Circuit Current at Resonance
The frequency response curve of a series resonance circuit shows that the magnitude of the
current is a function of frequency and plotting this onto a graph shows us that the response
starts at near to zero, reaches maximum value at the resonance frequency when IMAX = IR and
then drops again to nearly zero as ƒ becomes infinite. The result of this is that the magnitudes
of the voltages across the inductor, L and the capacitor, C can become many times larger than
the supply voltage, even at resonance but as they are equal and at opposition they cancel each
other out.
Phase Angle of a Series Resonance Circuit
Notice also, that the phase angle is positive for frequencies above ƒr and negative for
frequencies below ƒr and this can be proven by,
Then the relationship between resonance, bandwidth, selectivity and quality factor for a series
resonance circuit being defined as:
1). Resonant Frequency, (ƒr)
2). Current, (I)
3). Bandwidth, (BW)

6). Quality Factor, (Q)
Apparatus
 Capacitor
 Inductor
 Resistor
 CRO
 Function generator
Procedure
 I connected the RLC parallel circuit with the component values R=1KΩ, C=1µF and
L=25mH and switched ON the ELVIS board power supply.
 I selected the function generator from the NI-ELVIS menu and applied a 4Vp-p
sinusoidal wave as input voltage to the circuit.
 I selected the oscilloscope from the NI-ELVIS menu. I set the source on channel A,
source on channel B, trigger and time base input boxes.
 I varied the frequency of the sine-wave on the FGEN panel to sweep through a range of
frequencies and observed the maximum peak to peak signal on the scope. I noted the
frequency at which the output signal is maximum. This gave the resonant frequency of
the circuit.
 I repeated the procedure for the series resonance circuit using L=33Mh and C=0.01µF
and R=1KΩ.
Simulation
RLC-Parallel
Observation table and Graph
Vin f(Hz) XC(Ω) XL(Ω) R(Ω) IC(A) IR(A) IL(A) I(A)

20
100 1592.357 20.724 2000 0.01256 0.01 0.965065 0.987625

20
1000 159.2357 207.24 2000 0.1256 0.01 0.096506 0.232106

20
10000 15.92357 2072.4 2000 1.256 0.01 0.009651 1.275651
Graph:
1.2
current (A) 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
100 1000 10000
frequency(Hz)
RLC-series
Observations and Graph:

Frequency VR I VL VC
(kHz) (volts) (amp) (mV) (V)
0.1 3 0.3 2 19
1 3 0.3 130 17.5
5 3 0.3 300 4.6
10 3 0.3 330 1.08
15 3 0.3 460 0.84
30 3 0.3 640 0.68
Graph
Conclusion
 In this experiment we studied about resonance in RLC Series circuit and parallel circuit.
The resonance of a series RLC circuit occurs when the inductive and capacitive
reactance’s are equal in magnitude but cancel each other because they are 180 degrees
apart in phase.
 Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs in electric circuits consisting of capacitors and
inductors.
 Resonance occurs when the capacitive impedance of the circuit is equal to the inductive
impedance.
 Resonance occurs in a parallel RLC circuit when the total circuit current is “in-phase”
with the supply voltage as the two reactive components cancel each other out.
 Also at resonance the current drawn from the supply is also at its minimum and is
determined by the value of the parallel resistance.

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Resonance in RLC series and Parallel circuit

Parallel Resonance Circuit

A parallel circuit containing a resistance, R, an

Impedance in a Parallel Resonance Circuit:

Current in a Parallel Resonance Circuit

Series RLC Resonance Circuit

Resonance occurs in a series circuit when the supply

Series RLC Circuit at Resonance

Series Circuit Current at Resonance

Phase Angle of a Series Resonance Circuit

1). Resonant Frequency, (ƒr)

2). Current, (I)

3). Bandwidth, (BW)

Observation table and Graph

Vin f(Hz) XC(Ω) XL(Ω) R(Ω) IC(A) IR(A) IL(A) I(A)

100 1592.357 20.724 2000 0.01256 0.01 0.965065 0.987625

1000 159.2357 207.24 2000 0.1256 0.01 0.096506 0.232106

10000 15.92357 2072.4 2000 1.256 0.01 0.009651 1.275651

current (A) 0.8

Observations and Graph:

1 3 0.3 130 17.5

5 3 0.3 300 4.6

10 3 0.3 330 1.08

15 3 0.3 460 0.84

30 3 0.3 640 0.68

The resonance of a series RLC circuit occurs when the inductive and capacitive

 Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs in electric circuits consisting of capacitors and

 Resonance occurs in a parallel RLC circuit when the total circuit current is “in-phase”

 Also at resonance the current drawn from the supply is also at its minimum and is

determined by the value of the parallel resistance.

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