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KARACHI!

The Karachi Division was abolished in 2000 and five districts of Karachi were merged in
City District Karachi. The City District Karachi was divided in 18 Towns and 178 union
councils.
On 11 July 2011, Sindh Government restored 5 districts of Karachi division.
In November 2013, a new district (sixth), Korangi was formed by splitting District
Karachi East.
In August 2020, Sindh cabinet approved formation of the seventh district in Karachi
(Keamari District), Keamari District was formed by splitting District West.

Districts of Karachi Division

There are seven districts of Karachi, namely:

 Karachi Central District

 Karachi East District
 Karachi South District
 Karachi West District
 Korangi District
 Malir District
 Keamari District

Karachi, city and capital of Sindh province, southern Pakistan. It is the country’s
largest city and principal seaport and is a major commercial and industrial centre.
Karachi is located on the coast of the Arabian Sea immediately northwest of the Indus
River delta.

The city has been variously called Caranjee, Crochey, Krotchey, Currachee, and
Kurrachee, all of which are believed to be variants of the same name. In the 18th century
it was known as Kalachi-jo-Goth,meaning “the village of Kalachi” (Kalachi being the
name of an erstwhile head of the settlement).
The impetus to Karachi’s development originally came from its role as the port serving
the Indus River valley and the Punjab region of British India. The development of air
travel subsequently increased Karachi’s importance. It is also the port serving the
landlocked country of Afghanistan. Area city, 228 square miles (591 square km); Greater
Karachi, 560 square miles (1,450 square km). Pop. (2017) city, 14,916,456; (2018 est.)
urban agglom., 15,400,000.
Physical and human geography

Landscape

City site

Karachi Harbour, on the shores of which the city is situated, is a safe and beautiful
natural harbour. It is protected from storms by Kiamāri Island, Manora Island,
and Oyster Rocks, which together block the greater part of the harbour entrance in the
west.

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Now
A low-lying coastal strip runs along the shore of the harbour. Away from the coast, the
ground rises gently to the north and east to form a large plain, from 5 to 120 feet (1.5 to
37 metres) above sea level, on which the city of Karachi is built. The Malīr River, a
seasonal stream, passes through the eastern part of the city, and the Layāri River, also
seasonal, runs through the most densely populated northern section. Some ridges and
isolated hills occur in the north and east; Mango Pīr, the highest elevation, is 585 feet
high.

The 560 square miles that constituted the Federal Capital Area of Pakistan in 1948 are
considered, for all practical purposes, to form the Karachi metropolitan area. Almost
half of the area is occupied by the city and its suburbs, and the surrounding 332 square
miles consist of agricultural land and wasteland.
Climate

Karachi has pleasant weather for the greater part of the year. May and June are the
hottest months, when the mean maximum temperature is about 93 °F (34 °C). Spells of
enervating weather occasionally prevail in May and October, during which the
temperature shoots up to 105 °F (41 °C). The coolest months are January and February,
during which the mean minimum temperature remains about 56 °F (13 °C). A biting
north wind occasionally blows in these months, during which the temperature may drop
to 40 °F (4 °C). The relative humidity varies from 58 percent in October, the driest
month, to 82 percent in August, the wettest month. The average rainfall is 8 inches (203
mm); most of the rain falls during a total of 9 or 10 days in the months of June, July,
and August.
The city faces pollution problems. High humidity in the region does not permit
evaporation of stagnant water in some places, while fumes from factories and
automobiles contribute to air pollution, in spite of land and sea breezes.
Plant and animal life

The natural vegetation is scanty. Seaweed rises in tangles, and mangroves grow along
some of the shores. Coarse grass, cactus, and castor plants occur on the plains and hills,
and date and coconut palms grow in the river valleys.

The common wild animals are wolves, chinkaras (a type of gazelle), hog deer, jackals,
wild cats, and hares. Domestic animals include sheep, goats, horses, and cows. Local
birds include geese, ducks, snipe, cranes, flamingos, and ibis. Various types of snakes
are found in the region, particularly cobras, kraits, vipers, and pythons.
City layout

The most striking aspect of Karachi’s layout is the west-to-east parallel alignment of the
four arterial roads—Nishter Road (formerly called Lawrence Road), Mohammed Ali
Jinnah Road (formerly Bandar Road), Shahrah-e-Liaquat (Frere Road), and I.I.
Chundrigar Road (McCleod Road). Beginning at Mereweather Tower in the vicinity of
the port, these roads run through the centre of the city. Several roads, such as Napier
Road, Dr. Zia-ud-din Ahmed Road (Kutchery Road), and Garden Road, cut
perpendicularly across these arteries from north to south.

The old town lies near the port, to the north of M.A. Jinnah Road, and with extensions
stretching along the material roads for over a mile; unplanned, it is reminiscent
of medieval towns of the Middle East or Europe. East of the old town are such districts
as the Drigh Cantonment, the Civil Lines (residential areas for senior civil
service officers), and the Saddar Bazar. This area is planned on a checkerboard pattern
and shows European characteristics. Beyond this stretch several radial roads, along
which growth has taken the form of neighbourhood units; each unit is laid out with
straight, broad roads connected by smaller streets.

The land-use pattern of the city is complex. In the central area, the preponderance of
residential property tends to form a matrix within which all other functions are
distributed. There is, however, a marked concentration of commercial buildings at the
western ends of M.A. Jinnah Road and I.I. Chundrigar Road. Wholesale businesses are
located in the old town, retail businesses along M.A. Jinnah Road and in Saddar Bazar,
and the government offices on Shahrah-e-Liaquat, near Saddar. The outer areas are
dominated by dormitory suburbs interspersed with a scattering of cantonments
(military quarters), agricultural tracts, saltworks, airports, railway stations, and
marshaling yards.

The city proper has old and decayed buildings, occupied by members of the middle and
lower income groups. Farther from the city centre are modern bungalows occupied by
richer persons; the outer zone is occupied by workers.
Karachi has a variety of types of buildings. The central area contains apartment
bungalows, barracks, and multistoried buildings; the outer areas are characterized by
bungalows, blocks of flats, and quarters (streets of small houses). Buildings of the
British period were constructed with stone in Western styles of architecture; other stone
buildings in the central city show a blending of Eastern and Western styles and have
towers, domes, pillars, arches, hanging balconies, and rectangular courtyards. Buildings
in the outer areas are built of cement blocks, and with few exceptions they show no
uniformity in design. Some follow contemporary North American design, while others
incorporate features of traditional Muslim architecture.
People of Karachi

The city, which once comprised primarily Sindhis and the Baloch, is now made up of
several ethnic groups. The most numerous are Urdu-speaking muhājirs, Muslims who
left India as a result of the 1947 partition. Punjabis and Pashtuns have
sizable communities in Karachi as well. There are also communities of Black African
ancestry, called “Makranis” and “Sheedis,” whose ancestors were taken from Africa to
Karachi in the Indian slave trade.

The population is almost entirely Muslim, but there are small Christian, Hindu, Parsi,
Buddhist, and Jain minorities. Some of the members of the Christian minority are of
Indo-Pakistani origin, while others are descended from Portuguese or other European
groups.
Economy

Industry

Textiles and footwear are the principal items manufactured, followed by such items as
metal products, food and beverages, paper and printing, wood and furniture, machinery,
chemicals and petroleum, leather and rubber, and electrical goods. Karachi is also an
important centre for handicrafts and cottage industries that produce handloomed cloth,
lace, carpets, articles made of brass and bell metal (an alloy of copper and tin), pottery,
leather goods, and gold and silver embroidery. Karachi handles the entire seaborne
trade of Pakistan and of landlocked Afghanistan.
Finance

There are more than 25 banks in Karachi that have branches throughout Pakistan; these
include the State Bank of Pakistan, the Habib Bank Ltd., the National Bank of Pakistan,
the United Bank Ltd., the Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan, and the
Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan. The city is also the centre of about two
dozen insurance companies, which play an important role in the economic development
of the country by investing large sums in power development, housing programs, joint-
stock companies, government loan securities, and savings certificates.

Karachi has a stock exchange that handles nearly all of the transactions in government
securities and in the shares of most of the important industrial and financial
institutions.
Transportation

The Karachi-Peshāwar highway links the city with the interior of Pakistan, while the
Karachi-Ormāra highway extends along the coast. The Karachi-to-Zāhedān highway
connects it with Iran and other Middle Eastern countries. Express roads radiate from
the city centre, while feeder roads connect the express roads with local streets.

Karachi is the terminus of Pakistan’s railway system, which mainly serves to transport
goods between Karachi and the interior. There are also passenger trains, as well as a
circular railway that skirts the city on the north and the east, for commuter traffic and
the transport of goods between the port and the industrial areas.

Jinnah International Airport provides international service. The port of Karachi is one
of the busiest east of Suez.
Administration and society

Government

The city and much of its surrounding area are administered by Karachi Metropolitan
Corporation, headed by a mayor elected among its members, and six district municipal
corporations, whose elected chairs are members of the metropolitan corporation. The
government of Sindh province maintains oversight over these elected bodies, including
some budgetary discretion and the ability to fill vacancies by appointment. The Korangi-
Lāndhi and Drigh-Malīr municipal committees were established in 1966 and 1970,
respectively, to provide civic facilities to the suburban areas developed after 1947. The
Karachi Cantonment Board is the administrative body for the areas where the military
are quartered. The Karachi Port Trust administers the affairs of the port and is
entrusted with the development and maintenance of the harbour.
Municipal services

The three main sources of the city’s water supply are Lake Hāleji, 55 miles (90 km)
away, fed by the Indus River; wells that have been sunk in the dry bed of the Malīr
River, 18 miles away; and Lake Kalri, 60 miles away, also fed by the Indus waters.
Although the city’s water mains stretch for many miles, some of the outer areas, such as
Lāndhi, Malīr, New Karachi, and Mauripur, still have an acute water shortage.

K-Electric (formerly Karachi Electric Supply Corporation) is responsible for electricity

services. It has several power stations located in the city; these stations use natural
gas, diesel oil, or both. A nuclear power station is operated at Paradise Point.

Most municipal services are carried out by the district municipal corporations and the
government of Sindh. Services include refuse collection, night soil removal, dog
catching, and antimalarial and antifly operations. Sweepers are employed to clean the
streets. Sewage is disposed of by two underground drainage systems, and there are
three sewage treatment plants, one serving the city proper and two serving the outlying
areas.
There are several well-equipped firefighting stations; separate fire brigade units are
attached to the railway network. In addition, the Port Trust and Pakistan International
Airlines (PIA) have services that can be used in emergencies.

The police are administered by the Sindh provincial administration; the inspector
general of police is assisted by a force of about 35,000. The city has more than 100
police stations.
Health

Karachi proper has more than 20 general hospitals, as well as several hospitals
specializing in tuberculosis, skin diseases, leprosy, and epidemic diseases. There are also
child-welfare centres and dispensaries, in addition to general hospitals in the suburbs.
Education

Karachi has thousands of schools, of which the majority are primary schools and the rest
are secondary schools. More than half of all these are privately run, the rest being run by
the government. Among schools established by different religious communities are
Karachi Grammar School, St. Joseph’s Convent School, and St. Patrick’s High School, all
of which are Christian; a school for the Parsi community; and Sindh Madressatul Islam,
a Muslim school.

The University of Karachi is the primary institution of higher education. It has more
than 40 graduate departments in arts and sciences, as well as a graduate school of
business administration. Courses in a variety of subjects, including commerce and law,
are provided by about 75 colleges affiliated to the university. In addition, there is a
medical college, as well as two engineering colleges, a polytechnic institute, a college of
home economics, and two teacher-training colleges.
Cultural life

The Arts Council of Pakistan is the primary cultural institution in the city; it organizes
various cultural functions, including art exhibitions, and offers training in music. The
Ghanshyam Art Centre and the Bulbul Academy promote Pakistani dancing and other
cultural activities.

Karachi does not have well-established theatre, but amateur dramas and variety shows
are frequently staged in Katrak Hall. Motion pictures are more popular, and at its peak
Karachi had more than 100 cinema theatres, although it now has fewer than 10 because
of a declining film industry and the growing ability to watch motion pictures at home.

Karachi has a small museum containing relics of the early Indus valley civilization and
examples of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara (a region of ancient India in what is
now northwestern Pakistan); it also has some ethnological collections representing life
in different regions of Pakistan.

The library of the University of Karachi is the city’s largest, but there are other libraries
containing books of a popular nature. Material of a more scholarly nature is to be found
in the British Council Library, the American Center Library, and the Liaquat Memorial
Library. The departmental libraries of the State Bank of Pakistan, the Pakistan Institute
of Development Economics, and the National Archives contain collections of books on
economics and on national matters.

There is a general shortage of open spaces and parks in Karachi. Gandhi Gardens and
Fatima Jinnah (Burns) Gardens are popular parks. There are a number of fine
swimming and fishing beaches, such as Paradise Point, Hawkes Bay, Sandspit, Manora,
and Clifton. The Karachi Zoo is located in the Gandhi Gardens and contains a varied
collection of mammals, birds, and reptiles.

Sports and games facilities are mostly provided by such associations as the Karachi
Gymkhana, the Parsi Gymkhana, the Agha Khan Gymkhana, and the Young Men’s
Christian Association (YMCA). Various organizations and educational institutions have
their own playgrounds. The largest sports area is the National Stadium, which contains
playgrounds for cricket, hockey, football (soccer), and tennis. There are also boating,
yachting, and flying clubs.

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