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    Basement Seminar

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    Jaskirat
    The document discusses different types of basements including their grades, materials, and construction methods. It describes four grades of basements from basic utility to special use based on humidity and temperature control requirements. Common materials used are poured concrete, masonry blocks, and precast panels. Construction techniques covered are open-cut, cut-and-cover, bottom-up, and top-down methods. Factors like groundwater level, soil type, and accessibility determine the suitable basement type for a building.

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    Basement Seminar

    Uploaded by

    Jaskirat
    1K views22 pages
    The document discusses different types of basements including their grades, materials, and construction methods. It describes four grades of basements from basic utility to special use based on humidity and temperature control requirements. Common materials used are poured concrete, masonry blocks, and precast panels. Construction techniques covered are open-cut, cut-and-cover, bottom-up, and top-down methods. Factors like groundwater level, soil type, and accessibility determine the suitable basement type for a building.

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    BASEMENT SEMINAR PPT

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    The document discusses different types of basements including their grades, materials, and construction methods. It describes four grades of basements from basic utility to special use based on humidity and temperature control requirements. Common materials used are poured concrete, masonry blocks, and precast panels. Construction techniques covered are open-cut, cut-and-cover, bottom-up, and top-down methods. Factors like groundwater level, soil type, and accessibility determine the suitable basement type for a building.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views22 pages

    Basement Seminar

    Uploaded by

    Jaskirat
    The document discusses different types of basements including their grades, materials, and construction methods. It describes four grades of basements from basic utility to special use based on humidity and temperature control requirements. Common materials used are poured concrete, masonry blocks, and precast panels. Construction techniques covered are open-cut, cut-and-cover, bottom-up, and top-down methods. Factors like groundwater level, soil type, and accessibility determine the suitable basement type for a building.

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    Basement

    Types ,Construction & Techniques

    Efforts By- Pardeep Singh Submitted To – Ar. Damandeep Kaur


    Jaskirat Kaur
    • What Is Basement ?

    • A basement is a storey or
    several stories of a building
    that are either completely or
    partially below the ground
    floor.

    • Not all buildings have


    basements.

    • For buildings with basements,


    the furnace, water heater, car
    park and air-conditioning
    system of a house or building
    are typically located in the
    basement.
    • Basement Grades
    Grade Possible Use Conditions Required Moisture Exclusion
    Grade 1: Basic >65% relative humidity Minor wet seepage and
    Car parking,
    Utility Mechanical plant rooms visible damp patches may
    15-32oC temperature
    be acceptable.

    35-50% relative humidity Wet seepage


    Grade 2: Better Retail Storage, unacceptable. No visible
    Temperature depends
    Utility Electrical plant rooms moisture patches
    on use:<15oC for storage,
    up to 42oC for plant rooms

    Seepage and wet patches


    Grade 3: Offices, Residential use, 40-60% relative humidity
    Kitchens, unacceptable. Possible
    Habitable Temperature range 18- 29 C, active control of internal
    o
    Restaurants etc depending on use
    environment .

    Archive storage of 35-50% relative humidity Environment tightly


    Grade 4: controlled
    books, documents, Temperature range
    Special art etc by active measures.
    typically 13-22oC Seepage
    and visible dampness
    unacceptable.
    • The major design considerations for deep excavation is
    divided into five sections as follows:

    • Planning of surface investigation and laboratory testing


    • Evaluation of foundation of adjacent properties and their
    tolerances
    • Selection of type of retaining wall
    • Selection of type of support system
    • Design of retaining wall.

    • Selection types of basement


    • Level of ground water on site
    • Possible contamination of ground
    water
    • Natural drainage
    • Soil type
    • Access to site
    • TYPES OF BASEMENTS

    • Basic utility (car parking, plant rooms (excluding electrical


    equipment, workshops)
    • Utility (workshops and plant rooms requiring drier
    environments thanGrade1)
    • Habitable (ventilated residential and commercial areas)
    • Special (archives, requiring controlled environments)

    • BASEMENT MATERIALS
    Poured reinforced concrete basements: (Used in high water areas)

    • Solid concrete is better able to resist cave-ins caused by lateral


    pressures of water, earth, and wind.

    • More fire resistance-because solid concrete is dense and is joint


    free.

    • More resistant to water since concrete has fewer and smaller


    voids than concrete block
    Construction of a poured concrete Basement 3D section of a poured concrete Basement

    • Masonry block basements:( Used in low water table areas)


    • The basement walls are made with masonry block units
    • There are many joints where the masonry units connect and thus
    the walls need to be properly and adequately waterproofed (not dam
    proofed) to avoid water seepage

    Construction of a masonry block wall 3D section of a masonry Basement


    • Precast panel basements-

    • The precast basement panel can be created in much the same way as
    the poured concrete basement.
    • In this method, basement walls are generally molded at a location
    other than the building site.
    • The walls can then be transported to the building location and placed
    on the footer.
    • While the integrity of the walls may be similar to the poured concrete
    wall, a crane will be needed to place the walls on the footer.
    • The cost for such major equipment can increase the total cost of the
    basement construction

    Construction of a precast panel basement


    Basement Type
    • Type A - Tanked

    • Use impervious material internally or externally to exclude


    moisture

    • The selected waterproofing element must be capable to withstand


    hydrostatic pressure from ground water & other loadings

    • Create a tanking effect

    Internal Tanking External Tanking


    • Type B – Waterproof

    • Utilize waterproof materials within the structure of walls – structural


    integrated protection.

    • Introduce crystallizing agent inside concrete + usage of proper


    construction joints
    Waterproofing a basement is applying a membrane to the basement wall that
    has the ability to bridge cracks if they should occur in the basement wall.
    If the site has a high water table or poor soil conditions then a waterproofing
    system should be used. However although the soil drains well many people
    waterproof the basement walls anyway for extra protection against water
    getting into the basement.

    Section of waterproofing components of a basement


    Type C – Drained

    • Allow the ground water to pass through the wall by providing mechanism
    to drain it away.
    A basement drainage system is key to keeping water out of the basement. There are several types of
    systems, including a floor drain, French drain and sump pump. A floor drain system is typically installed
    at the time of construction
    • TYPES OF BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION

    • OPEN-CUT CONSTRUCTION

    • CUT AND COVER CONSTRUCTION

    • BOTTOM UP

    • TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION


    • OPEN-CUT CONSTRUCTION
    BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION METHODS: This method is applied for shallow basement which need to be
    excavated with sloping side. The form is considered to be economical because foundation wall is not necessary
    in this case

    • For all excavations, operators must know:


    • the line
    • the final depth of the excavation
    • the approximate width of the excavation at the top and
    • the location of any services or other hazards.
    • If there is sufficient right of way, open cut trenches can be used in almost any soil
    condition.
    • Generally a sloped open cut excavation is the most cost and schedule effective
    method of trenching.
    • Open Cut Advantages-

    • Allows continuous excavation, laying and backfilling operations.

    • Minor breakdowns usually do not cause delays to all activities

    • Because there are no additional support operations and


    equipment, it is the economical choice.

    • The open trench provides easy access to the work because


    equipment and construction materials are minimized.

    • The open cut method is suitable for most ground conditions,


    except for oozing mud and running sands.
    • Open Cut Disadvantages

    • The slope of the bank requires more excavation and backfill volume
    than the other options.

    • The only bank support is the strength of the soil. If drying, flooding, or
    change of soil properties weakens the soil, then sloughing and
    collapse can happen with little or no warning.

    • The sloped banks require a wider work area.

    • The bank slopes may force the use of larger equipment because the
    distance to reach into the trench is increased and a greater volume of
    soil must be excavated and backfilled.
    • CUT AND COVER CONSTRUCTION -
    In a cut and cover tunnel, the structure is built inside an excavation and covered over with backfill
    material when construction of the structure is complete. Cut and cover construction is used when the
    tunnel profile is shallow and the excavation from the surface is possible, economical, and acceptable

    • The cut and cover construction technique has been used for many
    years as a means for building underground transportation facilities.
    • This method involves the installation of temporary walls to support the
    sides of the excavation, a bracing system, control of ground water, and
    underpinning of adjacent structures where necessary.
    • The main disadvantages of a cut and cover tunnel are its disruptive
    effects in congested urban environment.
    • Cost of cut and cover construction increases sharply with increased
    depth. Tunnel driving costs are usually higher per meter of tunnel than
    the average shallow cut and cover tunnel.
    Steel sheet piles

    Soldier piles and lagging


    • BOTTOM UP CONSTRUCTION-
    Bottom up – this conventional method involves first sinking temporary diaphragm walls to the required
    depth below ground, digging and removing soil, installing temporary steel strutting and then creating
    the complete hole with a concrete slab base and open to the sky
    • Bottom-up construction offers several
    advantages:
    • It is a conventional construction method well
    understood by contractors.
    • Waterproofing can be applied to the outside
    surface of the structure

    • Form perimeter walls to enclose the


    area to be excavated

    • Excavation ➔ install props ➔


    excavation

    • Construct foundation+column slab


    (suspended slab)

    • Proceed upper works: extend column,


    continue upper slabs towards ground
    level
    TOP DOWN CONSTRUCTION-
    Top down construction is the reverse method of bottom-up construction in which the permanent structure is
    built from top to bottom of the basement along with deep excavations. In this method, the basement floors are
    constructed as the excavation progresses.

    • Make use of permanent elements to


    provide rigidity and bracing.

    • Not required temporary props


    • Overall construction method: typically top
    down, bottom upwards or semi top-down.

    • Wall method. (temporary, permanent or both)

    • king post walls

    • steel sheet piling

    • soil mix columns

    • r.c. secant piles (hard/hard, hard/soft)

    • diaphragm walls
    • Wall selection
    • King post walls. Timber laggings allowed to slide downwards between
    king posts. Poor tolerances, loss of ground.

    • Sheet piling. poor tolerances, Split clutches due to obstructions.

    • Contiguous piles, secant piles. wasting of pile shafts. Over break.

    • Diaphragm walls. Slurry inclusions, poor joints, poor cover to steel,


    bleed, poor tolerances, inclusions at toe of walls.
    • Top-Down Construction
    • Formation of permanent retaining walls to
    the perimeter of basement area.

    • Form internal foundation and column


    support by using plunge method.

    • Create the uppermost floor slab (with


    temporary base)

    • Excavate downwards thru openings on slab


    or service shafts

    • Remove temp. base, excavate until the depth


    of next floor level.

    • Cast the next floor level, repeat the process.

    • Can use non-suspended slab for the


    basement slab.
    Thanks for your patience!

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